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Reduce Data Dimensionality Using PCA

The document discusses reducing data dimensionality using principal component analysis (PCA) in Python. It explains how PCA works to extract features from a higher dimensional space to a lower dimensional space while retaining maximum information. The steps to perform PCA in Python are outlined, including importing libraries, loading a dataset, standardizing features, checking feature correlation, applying PCA, and checking reduced feature correlation.

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Shobha Kumari Choudhary
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17 views6 pages

Reduce Data Dimensionality Using PCA

The document discusses reducing data dimensionality using principal component analysis (PCA) in Python. It explains how PCA works to extract features from a higher dimensional space to a lower dimensional space while retaining maximum information. The steps to perform PCA in Python are outlined, including importing libraries, loading a dataset, standardizing features, checking feature correlation, applying PCA, and checking reduced feature correlation.

Uploaded by

Shobha Kumari Choudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reduce Data Dimensionality using PCA

– Python
Introduction
The advancements in Data Science and Machine Learning have made it possible for
us to solve several complex regression and classification problems. However, the
performance of all these ML models depends on the data fed to them. Thus, it is
imperative that we provide our ML models with an optimal dataset. Now, one might
think that the more data we provide to our model, the better it becomes – however, it
is not the case. If we feed our model with an excessively large dataset (with a large
no. of features/columns), it gives rise to the problem of overfitting, wherein the
model starts getting influenced by outlier values and noise. This is called the Curse
of Dimensionality.
The following graph represents the change in model performance with the increase
in the number of dimensions of the dataset. It can be observed that the model
performance is best only at an option dimension, beyond which it starts decreasing.

Dimensionality Reduction is a statistical/ML-based technique wherein we try to


reduce the number of features in our dataset and obtain a dataset with an optimal
number of dimensions.
One of the most common ways to accomplish Dimensionality Reduction is Feature
Extraction, wherein we reduce the number of dimensions by mapping a higher
dimensional feature space to a lower-dimensional feature space. The most popular
technique of Feature Extraction is Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
As stated earlier, Principal Component Analysis is a technique of feature extraction
that maps a higher dimensional feature space to a lower-dimensional feature space.
While reducing the number of dimensions, PCA ensures that maximum information
of the original dataset is retained in the dataset with the reduced no. of dimensions
and the co-relation between the newly obtained Principal Components is minimum.
The new features obtained after applying PCA are called Principal Components and
are denoted as PCi (i=1,2,3…n). Here, (Principal Component-1) PC1 captures the
maximum information of the original dataset, followed by PC2, then PC3 and so on.
The following bar graph depicts the amount of Explained Variance captured by
various Principal Components. (The Explained Variance defines the amount of
information captured by the Principal Components).

In order to understand the mathematical aspects involved in Principal Component


Analysis do check out Mathematical Approach to PCA . In this article, we will focus
on how to use PCA in Python for Dimensionality Reduction.
Steps to Apply PCA in Python for Dimensionality Reduction
We will understand the step by step approach of applying Principal Component
Analysis in Python with an example. In this example, we will use the iris dataset,
which is already present in the sklearn library of Python.
Step-1: Import necessary libraries
All the necessary libraries required to load the dataset, pre-process it and then apply
PCA on it are mentioned below:
# Import necessary libraries

from sklearn import datasets # to retrieve the iris Dataset

import pandas as pd # to load the dataframe


from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler # to standardize the features

from sklearn.decomposition import PCA # to apply PCA

import seaborn as sns # to plot the heat maps

Step-2: Load the dataset


After importing all the necessary libraries, we need to load the dataset. Now, the iris
dataset is already present in sklearn. First, we will load it and then convert it into a
pandas data frame for ease of use.

#Load the Dataset


iris = datasets.load_iris()
#convert the dataset into a pandas data frame
df = pd.DataFrame(iris['data'], columns = iris['feature_names'])
#display the head (first 5 rows) of the dataset
df.head()

Output:

Step-3: Standardize the features


Before applying PCA or any other Machine Learning technique it is always
considered good practice to standardize the data. For this, Standard Scalar is the
most commonly used scalar. Standard Scalar is already present in sklearn. So, now
we will standardize the feature set using Standard Scalar and store the scaled feature
set as a pandas data frame.
#Standardize the features

#Create an object of StandardScaler which is present in sklearn.preprocessing

scalar = StandardScaler()

scaled_data = pd.DataFrame(scalar.fit_transform(df)) #scaling the data

scaled_data

Output:
Step-3: Check the Co-relation between features without PCA (Optional)

Now, we will check the co-relation between our scaled dataset using a heat map. For
this, we have already imported the seaborn library in Step-1. The correlation
between various features is given by the corr() function and then the heat map is
plotted by the heatmap() function. The colour scale on the side of the heatmap helps
determine the magnitude of the co-relation. In our example, we can clearly see that a
darker shade represents less co-relation while a lighter shade represents more co-
relation. The diagonal of the heatmap represents the co-relation of a feature with
itself – which is always 1.0, thus, the diagonal of the heatmap is of the highest shade.

 Python3

#Check the Co-relation between features without PCA


sns.heatmap(scaled_data.corr())

Output:
Co-relation Heatmap of Iris dataset without PCA

We can observe from the above heatmap that sepal length & petal length and petal
length & petal width have high co-relation. Thus, we evidently need to apply
dimensionality reduction. If you are already aware that your dataset needs
dimensionality reduction – you can skip this step.

Step-4: Applying Principal Component Analysis

We will apply PCA on the scaled dataset. For this Python offers yet another in-built
class called PCA which is present in sklearn.decomposition, which we have already
imported in step-1. We need to create an object of PCA and while doing so we also
need to initialize n_components – which is the number of principal components we
want in our final dataset. Here, we have taken n_components = 3, which means our
final feature set will have 3 columns. We fit our scaled data to the PCA object which
gives us our reduced dataset.

 Python

#Applying PCA
#Taking no. of Principal Components as 3
pca = PCA(n_components = 3)
pca.fit(scaled_data)
data_pca = pca.transform(scaled_data)
data_pca = pd.DataFrame(data_pca,columns=['PC1','PC2','PC3'])
data_pca.head()
Output:

PCA Dataset

Step-5: Checking Co-relation between features after PCA


Now that we have applied PCA and obtained the reduced feature set, we will check
the co-relation between various Principal Components, again by using a heatmap.

 Python3

#Checking Co-relation between features after PCA


sns.heatmap(data_pca.corr())

Output:

Heatmap after PCA

The above heatmap clearly depicts that there is no correlation between various
obtained principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3). Thus, we have moved from
higher dimensional feature space to a lower-dimensional feature space while
ensuring that there is no correlation between the so obtained PCs is minimum.
Hence, we have accomplished the objectives of PCA.

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