Contraction Material

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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SUMMER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Model Answer Subject Code: 22204
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
Q. Sub Q. Answers Marking

No. N. Scheme
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following:
(a) List any four artificial construction materials.
Ans Artificial construction materials.
1. Cement. Any four
2. Brick. 1/2 M each
3. Concrete.
4. Mortar.
5. Tiles.
6. Glass
Q.1 (b) State the factors on which the selection of type of materials depend.
Ans Factors for selection of materials.
1. Carry prescribed loads: The most significant requirement of a material used in
civil engineering project is that it should be able to carry the design loads. In
other words, the material should have adequate strength.
2. Durability: Selection of material should be such that it should sustain designed
load for design duration or period. It should resist the weathering action caused
by wind, rain, snow etc. Any four
3. Economical: In most of the cases, the cost of raw material account about the 1/2 M each
finished cost. Obviously the cost of the material is a major factor which
influences the choice of the material or process.
4. Environmental friendly: A construction material should satisfy all strength,
serviceability, and architectural requirement and at the same time, must not
cause environmental problem.
5. Aesthetically pleasing: Most nonstructural materials such as floor coverings,
paints, and doors and window are chosen based on aesthetic consideration.
Q.1 (c) List the four tools required for dressing of stone.
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Ans Tools required for dressing of stone.
1. Spall hammer
2. Dummy
3. Gad Any four
4. Scrabbling hammer 1/2 M each
5. Mallet
6. Drag
7. Pitching tool
8. Boaster
9. Point
10. Punch
Q.1 (d) List major ingredients of cement.
Ans Major ingredients of cement.
1. Lime (CaO)
2. Silica (SiO2) Any four
3. Alumina (Al2O3) 1/2 M each
4. Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
5. Magnesia (MgO)
6. Gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2O)
Q.1 (e) State any two uses of precast concrete blocks.
Ans Uses of precast concrete block.
1. In parking areas, footpaths, on road to give pleasant look.
2. Fencing poles for fencing work. Any two
3. It is used for loadbearing masonry, in earthquake zones. 01 M each
4. Lightweight blocks for partition walls.
Q.1 (f) State any two uses of "Plaster of Paris".
Ans Uses of Plaster of Paris.
1. It is used as architectural decoration material for false ceiling, cornices and other
decorative feature in interior finish. Any two
2. It is used for making casts for statues. 01 M each
3. It is used for wall plasters, wall board etc.
4. Ornamental work.
Q.1 (g) Give any two uses of granite and marble polishing waste.
Ans Use of granite and marble polishing waste.
1. It is used in manufacturing of brick and tiles Any two
2. It is used for filling joints in flooring. 01 M each
3. It is used in self-compacting concrete.
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following:
(a) Describe the factors for selection of construction materials on the basis of strength.
Ans Material must be selected for their ability to support the loads imposed by the building
over the whole life of the building. An appropriate structural system and correct 02 M
selection of structural materials can reduce excess material use and waste and increase
the building adaptability for other uses. Material should be used as per their functional
requirement.
A highly durable material may provide the most sustainable solution, if it reduces
maintenance or replacement requirement, but the material should also be appropriate 02 M
for expected life of the building.
Q.2 (b) State the role of civil engineer in the field of transportation engineering.
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Ans Role of civil engineer in the field of transportation engineering.
1. To maintain safety, adequacy and economy in the means of transport for the
need of society.
2. Civil engineer work to move people, goods and materials safely and efficiently Any four
from one place to another place. 01 M each
3. Civil engineer designs, constructs and maintains all types of transportation
facilities, including airport, highway. Railway track and docks and harbors.
4. Civil engineers are also involved in the construction of bridge tunnels etc.
5. Remote areas and rural areas become accessible and communicable if connected
by proper means of transport.
Q.2 (c) Describe the selection criteria for selecting stone for face work of building.
Ans Selection criteria for selecting stone for face work of building.
1. Appearance: For face work it should have fine, compact texture; Light-coloured
stone is preferred as dark colours are likely to fade out in due course of time.
2. Structure: A broken stone should not be dull in appearance and should have
uniform texture free from cavities, cracks, and patches of loose or soft material.
Stratifications should not be visible to naked eye. Any four
3. Strength: A stone should be strong and durable to withstand the disintegrating 01 M each
action of weather. Compressive strength of building stones in practice range
between 60 to 200 N/mm2.
4. Weight: It is an indication of the porosity and density. For stability of structures
such as dams, retaining walls, etc. heavier stones are required, whereas for
arches, vaults, domes, etc. light stones may be the choice.
5. Hardness: This property is important for floors, pavements, aprons of bridges,
etc. The hardness is determined by the Mohr’s scale.
6. Toughness: The measure of impact that a stone can withstand is defined as
toughness. The stone used should be tough when subjected to vibratory or
moving loads.
Q.2 (d) Explain defects in timber with neat sketch.
Ans Types of Defects in timber are grouped into the following divisions.
The main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber are abnormal growth
and rapture of tissues.
1. Knots: Bases of branches or limbs which are broken or cut off from the tree as
shown in the figure.
2. Star Shake: These are radial splits or cracks widest at the circumference and get
diminishing towards the center of the tress. These may arise mostly from severe
frost and fierce heat of sun.
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Any four
01 M each
3. Heart Shakes: These are the splits or cracks widest at the center and diminishing
towards the outside circumference, this defects usually occurs in over matured
tress and is probably caused due to the shrinkage of heart wood
4. Twisted fibers: caused by twisting of young trees by fast blowing wind as shown
in figure.
5. Radial Shake: These are similar to star shakes but they are fine, irregular and
numerous. They usually occur when tree is exposed to sun for seasoning after
being felled down.
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6. Rind galls: Rind means bark and gall indicates abnormal growth and peculiar
curved swellings found on the body of a tree.
Q.3 Attempt any. THREE of the following:

(a) Draw neat sketches of:
(i) Conventional bricks and (ii) Standard bricks showing all the dimensions
Ans i) Conventional brick.
02 M
ii) Standard brick.
02 M
Q.3 (b) State any four situations where hollow concrete block masonry is used.
Ans Situations where hollow concrete block masonry is used.
1) Hollow concrete blocks are fire resistant and hence are used in masonry where fire
resistance is necessary, like furnace, chimney etc.
2) Hollow concrete blocks are light weight. , and hence used in partition walls to reduce Any four
dead load of wall. 01 M for
3) Hollow concrete blocks are having good insulating properties and used in exterior each
load bearing masonry walls where sound and thermal insulation is essential. It keeps
house cool in summer and warm in winter.
4) Hollow concrete blocks are used in compound walls where economic construction is
necessary.
5) They are used to achieve uniform quality of masonry, faster construction.
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6) They are used to achieve lower labor involvement and greater durability, like
Retaining walls.
Q.3 (c) Write the field tests performed on bricks for its suitability.
Ans Field tests performed on bricks for its suitability:
1) Shape and size: Brick is closely observed. It should be of standard size 190mm x
90mm x 90mm. Its shape should be truly rectangular with plane faces, sharp edges and
right angles.
2) Water absorption test: A brick is weighed dry. It is then immersed in water for a
period of 16 hours. It is weighed again and difference in weight indicates the amount of
water absorbed by the brick. It should not be more than 20% of weight of dry brick. Any four
3) Hardness: A scratch is made on brick surface with a finger nail. If no impression is left 01 M for
on the surface then brick is treated sufficiently hard. each
4) Soundness: Two bricks are taken and they are struck with each other. Brick should
not break and clear ringing sound should be produced.
5) Color Test: Brick should have copper colored and free from cracks, holes, and lumps.
6) Structure: A brick is broken and structure inside should be uniform, compact, and
homogeneous.
7) Presence of soluble salts: Brick is immersed in water for 24 hours. It is then taken out
and allowed to dry in shade. The absence of white deposits on its surface indicates
absence of soluble salt.
Q.3 (d) State suitability of:
(i) Water proofing materials and (ii) Sound insulating materials
Ans i) Suitability of water proofing materials:
1. Concrete, Bricks, Stones, plaster have tendency to get deteriorate, hence
leakage of water may occur in slab, beam, columns. Bitumen and tars are
used for water proof coatings for making surfaces hydrophobic, for priming
surfaces.
2. Fibre glass water proofing material is a roll water proofing material suitable
for roofs and slabs.
3. Sealing water proof material are used for filling exterior joints in buildings
and installations Any four
4. Prefabricated water proofing concrete items are suitable for anti-corrosion 1/2 M for
waterproofing of installations each
5. Water proofing asphalt slabs are suitable for the waterproofing work and
filling of deformation joints.
6. Paints are suitable for the waterproofing of external walls where cracks are
developed.
7. Plastics waterproofing membranes in the form of sheets prevent water
penetration into pores and voids in structures.
8. Water proofing chemicals in liquid or powder form like zinc sulphate, alkaline
silicates calcium chloride are added to concrete to improve resistance to
water absorption.
9. Water repellents like soda, potash, calcium soaps, and waxes are suitable for
pore blocking.
ii) Suitability of sound insulating materials:
1) In Porous materials with a solid skeleton, sound is absorbed as a result of viscous
friction inside the pours. Light weight concrete with porous aggregate, foam
glass, mineral wool, glass wool in the form of strips, slabs, roll, mats are suitable
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materials used in various constructions underneath the floor.
2) Porous jagged structures, based on plastics, rubber are available in the form of
strips and liners. They provide sound proofing of reinforced concrete floors. Any four
3) Loose composition, like artificial and natural sand, slag is used as fillers. 1/2 M for
4) Panel material like veneer panel, rigid wood fibre board, are suitable for interior each
finishing of buildings to improve acoustic properties by dampening noises.
5) Baffle materials which includes, thin panels from veneer, solid card board are
suitable for facing suspended ceilings to insulate noise.
6) Acoustic tiles and acoustic plaster are suitable where absorption of sound is
required.
(a) Draw a neat sketch of cross-section of an exogenous tree and label the parts.
Ans Cross-section of an exogenous tree:
02 M for
sketch
02 M for
labeling
Q.4 (b) Write any four uses of plywood.

Ans Uses of plywood:
i) Plywood is used for preparing door panels and shutters of cup boards.
ii) It is used for false ceilings for interior designing . Any four
iii)For making chairs, tables ,and other kitchen furniture, office cabins 01 M for
iv) For making partitions between two rooms. each
v) For paneling of walls
vi) For railway coaches
vii) For formwork for concrete.
viii) For packing cases.
Q.4 (c) State situations where sound insulating and damp proofing materials are used.
Ans Situations where sound insulating materials are used:
1) Glass, mineral wool mats, are used as sound insulators as solid inner layers
underneath floors,
2) Wood fibre and asbestos cement slabs are used as strip lining in floors.
3) Plastic slabs are used for sound proofing of RCC floors.
4) Wood fibre board is used as sub floors to insulate impact noise.
5) Mineral wood boards are used in special chambers. Any four
6) Gypsum plaster boards are used for facing walls and ceilings 1/2 M for
7) Perforated plywood is usually suspended from trusses, so as to provide air space. each
8) Asbestos cement acoustic baffles are used for facing suspended ceilings or walls
to insulate noise.
9) Acoustical tiles are used where uniform sound absorption is necessary.
10) Acoustic plaster made by mixing cement and granular insulating material is used
on walls to make wall and room sound proof.
Situations where Damp proofing materials are used:
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1) Damp proof course of Concrete with damp proofing chemicals is used over
masonry at foundation and plinth to prevent dampness. Any four
2) Damp proof course of concrete with chemicals is used below flooring of marble, 1/2 M for
granite. each
3) Damp proofing materials are used on external side of walls to prevent dampness.
4) Damp proofing materials are used in toilet floors of upper story, so that no
dampness will occur in slab below that floor.
Q.4 (d) State the applications of geo-polymer cement.
Ans Application of geo polymer cement:
1) It is used in geo-polymer concrete, as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement.
2) It is used in transportation like roads, Bridges, embankment etc. Any four
3) It is used in construction of building components. 01 M for
4) It is used in manufacturing of pavement blocks. each
5) Geo-polymer cement has off shore application also.
Q.4 (e) State the situations where following paints are used:
(i) Oil paints
(ii) Distempers
(iii) Varnishes
(iv) Cement paints
Ans Situations where following paints are used:
1) Oil paints: structural steel members to protect from corrosion, wooden doors and
windows, walls, ceilings, to protect from insects.
2) Distempers : on internal walls , ceilings 01 M for
3) Varnishes: wooden surface of doors and windows, Brightening coats of painted each
surfaces, To improve appearance of ornamental grains of wood surfaces.
4) Cement paint: on external walls of building, stone masonry, concrete surfaces
(a) Describe four steps in operation of stone blasting.
Ans The stone blasting process is carried out by adopting following operations.
1) Drilling holes in the stones: Holes are drilled upto the required depth of the line of
least resistance manually by means of a knife-edged steel bar called as jumper or by
rotary drilling machine.
2) Charging the hole : After drilling; the holes are cleaned properly and allowed to dry.
Then gun powder or dynamite or blasting gelatin or any other suitable explosive is
inserted into the drilled hole along with fuse as shown in fig. 01 M for
each step
3) Tamping: After charging the hole by the explosive powder, the remaining portion of
hole is filled with clay or ash and compacted with the help of tamping bar. Care is to
be taken at the time of tamping, the one end of the fuse should be at the bottom of
hole completed merged in explosive powder and other end should be out from the
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hole so that it becomes easy for firing.
4) Firing: For the purpose of firing, a fuse is inserted throughout the hole. The free end
of fuse is finally fired either with a match or electricity. Detonators are being used for
firing if dynamite is used as explosive. After blasting, disintegrated blocks of stones are
collected and transported to the required site under construction.
Q.5 (b) Explain with neat sketch patterns provided in the dressing of trap stone.
Ans. Following Patterns are provided in the dressing of stones
1. Hammer Dressing: In this case, stone blocks are roughly made rectangular by
means of wallers hammer. The exposed face is roughly shaped by a mash
hammer.
2. Pitched face dressing: In this case the edges of stone upto 25 mm on all side are
dressed in level and superfluous stone on the face is remained as it is on the face
.
Any four
01 M for
3. Chisel drafting: In this type of dressing, drafts are made at all four edges with the each
help of chisel and any superfluous stone at all centre is removed by pitching tool
or scrabbling hammer. This type of dressed stones is used in the masonry work
as a quoin stones at corner.
4. Roughed tooled dressing: In this type of dressing work; first edges are made
squared and then a series of continuous and parallel fine chisel lines are
developed on the face with the help of batting or broad tool. This is common
dressing for ashlar masonry work.
5. Punched dressing: In this case, a rough tooled surface is further dressed so as to

form the series of parallel ridges with the help of punch.
6. Reticulated finish: In this type of dressing, polygonal or irregular shaped

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reticules are formed in the central portion of the stone.
7. Vermiculated finish: In this finish, the sinking about 10 mm below surface is

made more curved which resembles like worm eaten appearance.
8. Picked finish: In this type of finish, the exposed face of the stone is dressed with
the help of a tool called as point and thus it forms small pits on the exposed
surface. In this finish, most of the projections are removed and it gives fine
surface to the stone face.
Q.5 (c) Suggest the type of cement used for the following :
(i) For modular construction where form work needs to be removed early for re-use. .
(ii) Mass concreting such as construction of dam.
(iii) Decorative works in external surfaces of building.
(iv) Cementing the oil well.
Ans. i) For modular construction where form work needs to be removed early for re-
use. – Rapid Hardening Cement 01 M for
ii) Mass concreting such as construction of dam. – Low heat cement. each
iii) Decorative works in external surfaces of building – Coloured cement.
iv) Cementing the oil well. – Oil Well Cement.
Q.5 (d) Classify burnt clay bricks.
Ans. The bricks used in the construction works are burnt bricks and they are classified into
the following four categories:
1) First class bricks
2) Second class bricks
3) Third class bricks
4) Fourth class bricks.
First Class bricks: These bricks are table moulded and of standard shape and they are
burnt in kilns. The surfaces and edges of the bricks are sharp, square, smooth and
straight. These bricks have all qualities of good bricks. These bricks are used for superior
work of permanent nature.
Second class bricks: These bricks are ground – moulded and they are burnt in kilns. The
surface of these bricks is somewhat rough and shape is also slightly irregular. These 01 M for
bricks may have hair cracks and their edges may not be sharp and uniform. These bricks each
are commonly used at places where brickwork is to be provided with a coat of plaster.
Third Class bricks: These bricks are ground – moulded and they are burnt in clamps.
These bricks are not hard and they have rough surfaces with irregular and distorted
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edges. These bricks give dull sound when struck together. They are used for
unimportant and temporary structure and at places where rainfall is not heavy.
Fourth class bricks: These are over burnt bricks with irregular shape and dark colour.
These bricks are used as aggregate for concrete in foundation, floors, roads, etc.
because of the fact that the over burnt bricks have a compact structure and hence they
are sometimes found to be stronger than even the first class bricks.
Q.5 (e) Write two uses of each :
(i) Fly ash (ii) Blast furnace slag
Ans. I) Fly ash
The various uses of fly ash are:
1) Concrete production, as a partial substitute material for Portland cement.
2) For the construction of embankments and other structural fills.
3) For grouting and flow able fill production.
4) Waste stabilization and solidification. Any two 01
5) For cement clinkers production. M for each
6) For mine reclamation.
7) For stabilization of soft soils.
8) For the road sub base construction.
9) As fine aggregate substitute material.
10) For the manufacturing of bricks.
II) Blast furnace slag-
Blast furnace slag can be used for –
1) As a supplementary cementitious material either by premixing the slag with
Portland cement or hydrated lime to produce blended cement or by adding
the slag to Portland cement concrete as mineral admixture. Any two 01
2) Air cooled blast furnace slag is used as aggregate material M for each
3) It is used as a concrete aggregate in construction of bridges.
4) It is used as an aggregate with asphalt for construction of damp proof course
and water proofing.
5) It is used as insulation in mineral wool, in rail road ballast etc.
(a) State properties of good mortar
Ans. Following are the properties of a good mortar:
1) It should be capable of developing good adhesion with the building units such as
bricks, stones, etc.
2) It should be capable of developing the designed stresses. Any four
3) It should be capable of resisting penetration of rain water. 01 M for
4) It should be cheap. each
5) It should be durable.
6) It should be easily workable.
7) It should not affect the durability of materials with which it comes into contact.
8) It should set quickly so that speed in construction may be achieved.
9) The joints formed by mortar should not develop cracks and they should be able
to maintain their appearance for a sufficiently long period.
Q.6 (b) Write four types of special mortars and give one use of each.
Ans. Following are various types of special mortars which are used for specific purposes
1) Hydraulic Mortar
2) Insulating mortar
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3) Injection mortar
4) Acoustic mortar, and
5) X-ray projection mortar
Uses of special mortars-
1) Hydraulic Mortar – For plastering surfaces of various vessels for liquid products, Any four
walls of surfaces of basements, which are made with Portland cement, sulphate 01 M for
resistant Portland cement and waterproofing expanded cement. each
2) Insulating Mortar – To increase the thermal insulation, various compacting
admixtures such as sodium aluminate, emulsified asphalt and latexes are added
to the mixture.
3) Injection Mortar – For filling grout are intended to fill channels in pre-stressed
constructions for protection of reinforcement against corrosion.
4) Acoustic Mortar – Used for making sound proofing plasters.
5) X- Ray protection Mortar – Used for plastering the walls and ceiling of X-ray
rooms.
Q.6 (c) Write any four uses of rice husk
Ans. Uses –
1) In the manufacturing of bricks.
2) In thermal insulation of building, rice husk can be used. 01 M for
3) The ash produced after the husks have been burned is high in silica, which is each
used in production of aggregates and fillers for concrete and board.
4) Used in generation of heat energy, stream energy and electricity generation.
Q.6 (d) Write the situations where Geo-synthetic material products and artificial timber is
used.
Ans. Geosynthetic material products are used in following situations-
1) When there is a possibility of piping i.e. soil movement due to movement of
water. To prevent soil movement (piping), while letting water move through the
material. Any two
2) When it is necessary to improve grade soil situations such as roads valleys or 01 M for
laneways etc. each
3) When it is necessary to improve sloped grade situations such as banks or hill
sides.
4) When the soil is weak and it is necessary to improve the strength of soil i.e.
reinforcing soil for soil walls, bridge abutments, box culverts, bridges and soil
arches.
5) Whenever it is necessary to control water pressure i.e. allowing the flow in the
plane of material such as foundation walls.
Artificial timber is used in the following situations-
1) When it is necessary to use wood with any substitute material Any two
2) When it is necessary to improve the properties of goods, product, or furniture 01 M for
like termite resistance, resistance against hot water and chemicals, hardness each
with comparison to natural wood.
3) When it is necessary to improve the appearance with the use of artificial timber
for flooring.
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WINTER– 18 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Construction Materials Model Answer Subject Code: 22204
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q.N. Scheme
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following (10)
Q.1 (a) State the factors affecting selection of construction materials.
Ans. Following are the various factors being considered for selection of construction material.
1) Prescribed load: It is a design load which can be taken by the construction material.
The material should have sufficient strength to carry prescribed loads. Any two
2) Serviceability: Material should be selected in such a way that it should provide the factors –
optimum serviceability 01 M for
3) Aesthetically pleasing: The material used for the construction purpose should be each
aesthetically pleasing in appearance. It should be attractive to look at, or pleasing to
experience, determine its aesthetic appeal.
4) Economical: Cost the material used for construction should be low as possible.
Environmentally friendly: Material should be selected in such way that it should not disturb
the eco-system of environment and the required material should be eco-friendly or
environmentally friendly.
Q.1 (b) Define slaking of lime.
Ans. It is the process of chemical combination of quick lime with required quantity of water for
killing the heat and getting into powder form for use.
02 M
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2
(Quick Lime ) (Hydrate of Lime)
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Q.1 (c) State any two types of glass along with its uses.
Ans. Following are the types of Glass and its uses
1) Silica Galss : It is used for fibrous glass, rod, tubing, optical windows, laboratory ware
and ultra violet transmitting filters.
2) Soda-Lime-Silica Glass : It is used for window and plate glass, glass blocks, bottles of
all kinds, inexpensive table wares, fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs and Any two
innumerable other articles. 01 M for
3) Lead Glass : It is used for optical systems, for the finest tableware and for objects. It each
is also used in electric tubes, neon tubing.
4) Borosilicate Glass : It is used for industrial piping, cooking utensils and high
temperature thermometers, laboratory ware
Q.1 (d) List the materials used for water proofing.
Ans. Following materials are used for water proofing…
Water proofing materials based on bitumen and tar binders are
1) Emulsions and pastes
2) Mastics…. Hot and Cold Mastics 02 M
Bitumen , Rubber bitumen, Tar and Petroleum Asphalt.
3) Roll and Sheet Material
i) Coated impregnated roll materials
ii) Non Coated impregnated cardboard rolled materials
4) Sealing materials
Q.1 (e) Enlist the types of paints.
Ans. Different types of paints are :
1) Oil paint 2) Water Paint 3) Cement Paint 4) Plastic Paint
5) Aluminium Paint 6) Velvet Finish Paint 7) Elastic Paint
The paints are also divided based on purposes: 02 M
a) Decorative and Building paints: i) Flat wall paints for interior decoration, ii)
Exterior house paints, iii) Masonry finish paints, iv) Floor paints, v) White
line paints for factories and road linings, vi) Heat and fire resistant paints,
vii) Aluminium paints.
b) Industrial and Marine Paints : i) Chlorinated rubber paints which are
resistant to water and chemicals, ii) Urethane oils, iii) Ship paints, iv)
Anticondensation paints, v) Antifouling paints.
Q.1 (f) Define baggage. State its uses.
Ans. Bagasse is the fibrous residue left after sugar cane stalks are crushed to extract juice. It is a 01 M
waste by – product of sugarcane production process.
Uses:
i) Sugarcane bagasse ash can replace cement in concrete due to its excellent binding
properties. This improves the quality and cost of material Any two
ii) It is mixed with mortars to be used in making concrete pavers, roof tiles etc. 01 M
iii) When mixed with lime, it acts as a chemical stabilizer in compacted soil blocks.
iv) It improves the mechanical properties in concrete formulation.
Q.1 (g) Enlist any two natural and artificial construction materials.
Ans. Natural construction materials- Stone, Timber, Lime , Soil 01 M
Artificial Construction Materials – Bricks, Tiles, Cement, Aggregate, Artificial Sand, Plywood 01 M
and Glass
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following (12)
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Q.2 (a) Explain the criteria for selection of construction materials for different civil engineering
Structures on basis of their strength and durability.
Ans. The material must be selected for their ability to support the loads imposed by the building
over the whole life of the building. An appropriate structural system and correct selection of 02 M
structural materials can reduce excess material use and waste and increase the building
adaptability for other uses.
Highly durable material may provide the most sustainable solution if it reduces 02 M
maintenance or replacement requirements but a material should also be appropriate to the
expected life of the building.
The construction material should have sufficient strength to carry the prescribed load.
Q.2 (b) State the requirements of a good building stone.
Ans. 1) It should have high crushing strength more than 100 N/mm2.
2) It should have high durability.
3) Hardness should be more than 14.
4) It should have pleasing appearance and should retain its colour for longer time. Any four
5) Water absorption should be less than 0.6% by weight after 24 hours. 01 M for
6) It should be easy for cutting and dressing. each
7) It should have good fire resistance.
8) Specific gravity should be more than 2.7.
9) It should be economical and easily available.
10) It should have good weathering resistance.
11) It should have high impact value and high toughness index.
Q.2 (c) Describe the scope of construction material in environmental engineering.
Ans. The goal of environmental engineering is to ensure the community development and the
sensible use of water, land and air resources to make them sustainable. This goal is
achieved by managing these resources so that environmental pollution and degradation is
minimized.
For managing various construction activities related to environmental engineering for water 04 M
supply and sewerage, water treatment, sewage treatment, solid waste management
practices, various types of material are required. In addition, other activities of wastewater
treatment facilities in municipalities and industries, disposal and reuse of waste water and
the collection, transportation, processing and disposal of solid wastes various types of
construction material such cement, sand , aggregate, stone, lime, iron, glass, artificial sand ,
waterproofing and damp proofing material of required quality and quantity is used.
Q.2 (d) Define lime and explain manufacturing of lime by continuous kiln with neat sketch.
Ans. Lime: The moisture and carbon dioxide are removed from the limestone by the process of
calcination and the product which is remained after removing the moisture and carbon 01 M
dioxide is termed as lime. The chemical composition of lime is CaO i.e. Calcium oxide
Manufacturing of Lime by Continuous Kiln:
These kilns are used when lime is to be manufactured on large scale. The is kiln is a vertical
structure line with fireclay bricks. It is usually built on a slope to facilitate continuous
removal of lime.
Alternate layers of limestone and coal (sometimes wood) are charged from the top and lime
is removed from an opening at the ground level. Limestone free from earth or impurities
are broken into small pieces to about 5 cm gauge. Alternate layers of 75 mm stone and 02 M
6mm coal dust are fed into the kiln.
Fire is lighted in the kiln and as the calcination progresses lime is continuously withdrawn
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and fresh change is fed from the top. Air is required for combustion enters the same
opening through which lime is removed; thus it gets heated while the lime is cooled.
Burnt material is drawn out daily and fresh charge of limestone and fuel is added from the
top. Over burnt pieces are discarded whereas the under burnt ones reloaded into the kiln.
Lime obtained from such kiln is not of high purity as it gets mixed with as of fuel. Its
thermal efficiency is however higher than of other furnaces.
01 M
Fig. : Continuous kiln

Q.3 (a) Explain the manufacturing of burnt clay brick.
Ans. Manufacturing of Burnt Clay Brick consists of a) Preparation of clay. B) Moulding c)
Drying d) Burning.
a) Preparation of Clay:
 Unsoiling of clay consists of removal or vegetations and organic matter.
 lay is manually excavated or mechanically up to certain height above ground level.
 For obtaining better quality of bricks additions of chalk and sand is done.
 The heap of clay is exposed to atmospheric agent and bacteria for at least a month.
 A homogenous mass of clay is prepared with uniform consistency.
b) Moulding: -
 The clay is either hand moulded or machine moulded.
 In hand moulding a mould of wood or iron are used.
 Hand moulding is used in case of soft clay and is done on ground on the table. 01 M for
 In table moulding the bricks are laid on pallete board and the brick are prepared. each
c) Drying: -
In drying the moisture is removed from bricks without damaging the bricks.
Bricks are dried by natural drying or by artificial drying.
i) Natural drying: - Wet bricks are arranged in rows on ground on open air keeping
space in between bricks for circulation of air.
ii) Artificial Drying: - It is used when large quantities of bricks are required in shortest
time. In artificial drying special furnace are built or hot flue gases from cooling chamber are
used
d) Burning:-
Burning is done to remove water from clay and to impart hardness and strength in bricks.
Due to burning of the density of bricks is increased and water absorption capacity of
bricks is decreased.
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Burning can be done in two ways a) Clamps b) Kilns.
A) Clamps: -In clamps, bricks and fuel are placed in alternate layers in open air and
good quality of bricks are obtained.
B) Kilns: - the bricks are stacked without any fuel and burnt from fire places and
produces better quality of bricks.
Q.3 (b) Enlist the different sound insulating materials and also state their suitability.
Ans. Different sound insulating materials:
1) Asbestos , 2) rock wool , 3)glass ,4)silk, 5)Han felt
6) Mineral wool boards, 7)cane fibers. 8) Acoustical plaster boards and tiles 02 M
9)Corkoustics 10) Celotex building boards.11) Glass fibers.
Suitability of sound insulating materials.
1) In Porous materials with a solid skeleton, sound is absorbed as a result of viscous
friction inside the porous. Light weight concrete with porous aggregate, foam glass,
mineral wool, glass wool in the form of strips, slabs, roll, mats and strips are suitable
materials used in various constructions underneath the floor.
2) Porous jagged structures, based on plastics, rubber are available in the form of strips
and liners. They provide sound proofing of reinforced concrete floors.
3) Loose composition, like artificial and natural sand, slag is used as fillers. Any four
4) Panel material like veneer panel, rigid wood fibre board, are suitable for interior 1/2 M
finishing of buildings to improve acoustic properties by dampening noises. for each
5) Baffle materials which includes, thin panels from veneer, solid card board are
suitable for facing suspended ceilings to insulate noise.
6) Acoustic tiles and acoustic plaster are suitable where absorption of sound required
from tile to tile should be uniform.
Q.3 (c) Draw the flow chart of manufacturing of cement by wet process.
Ans. Flow chart of manufacturing of cement by wet process.
04 M
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Q.3 (d) State the uses of veneers and Laminated Boards:
Ans. Uses of Veneers: 1) They are used for making plywood.
2) They are used for making particle boards. 02 M
3) They are used for making decorative laminates.
4) They are used for making sunmica and formica.
Uses of Laminated boards: 1) It is used in kitchen and office furniture.
2) It is used to prepare table tops and door wardrobes.
3) It is used for making false ceiling. 02 M
4) It is used for wall cladding.
Q.4 (a) Enlist the methods of quarrying and explain any one in brief.
Ans. The process of taking out stones from natural rock beds is known as quarrying of Stones.
Methods of Quarrying of Stones: -
1.Digging 02 M
2.Heating
3.Wedging
4.Blasting
1. Digging – Digging or excavation of stones is carried out with the help of suitable tools
such as hammer, shovels, crowbars and pick-axes
Only those stones which occur in the form of detached nodules, buried in earth can be
recovered by this method.
2. Heating –: In this method, the top surface of rock is heated, by placing pieces of wood, or
by piling a heap of fuel over the surface for some hour. Due to unequal, upper layer of rock
separates out. It is indicated by dull bursting noise. The detached portion of rock is then
removed by suitable instruments
This method is used, where stones are required in pieces like road metal, railway ballast.
3. Wedging – When rock bed consists of natural fissures or cracks wedging method is used. 02 M for
Sometimes artificial holes are drilled for wedging. In this method, if rock surface contains any one.
cracks or fissures then steel wedges or points are driven through such cracks by means of
hammer. The blocks of stones are removed with the help of suitable instruments.
Wedging is adopted for stratified rocks which are comparatively soft such as laterite,
marble, limestone, sandstone.
4. Blasting- this method is used for hard fissure fewer rocks using explosives. In this method
explosives are used convert rocks in to small pieces. The stones obtained by blasting are
used in railways, concrete. Detonators and explosives like blasting powder or dynamites are
commonly used in blasting. Large blocks of stones are obtained by using blasting powder
but small blocks are obtained by using dynamite.
Q.4 (b) State the characteristics of good brick.
Ans. Characteristics of good brick:
1. The brick should have uniform size and plane, rectangular surfaces with parallel
sides and sharp straight edges.
2. The brick should have a uniform deep red or cherry color.
3. The brick should have uniform texture. 1/2 M
4. The surface should not be too smooth to cause slipping of mortar. For each.
5. Water absorption should not be more than 20% of its dry weight.
6. Crushing strength should not be less than 10N/mm2.
7. The brick should be so hard that when scratched by a finger nail no impression
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is made.
8. When two bricks are struck together, a metallic sound should be produced.
Q.4 (c) Describe in brief termite proofing.
Ans. Termite proofing:
 In building construction, wooden materials are used for doors, window frames,
furniture, electric boxes etc. These have tendency to be attacked by termites or
white ants and make holes under the moist conditions, Hence to protect wooden
items from such attack is known as termite proofing. Any four
 Dry wood termites make their houses in wood in the form of tubes and damage the 01 M for
wooden articles. each
 Subterranean termites live in soil in favorable conditions and damage building parts
by building nest in the form of colonies. Their growth is very fast and special
treatment is required to protect the building parts.
 To save wooden and building parts from attack of termites, anti-termite materials
are available in the market like, DDT, BHC, Aldrin , Heptachlor, Chlordane etc.
 If there is a growth of termite in the soil below building, then the holes are made
around the building and then termite proof chemicals are put into those holes.
Q.4 (d) Define plaster of Paris. State its uses.
Ans. A process which involves exposing the gypsum to very high temperature to create
calcium sulphate and then grinding it into a fine white powder is known as plaster of 02 M
Paris.
Uses of Plaster of Paris:-
 It is used as architectural decoration for formation of columns, and other decorative
 Features in interior finish. 02 M
 It is used by orthopedic surgeon for setting bones.
 It is used for wall plaster, wall boards, structural tiles, statue etc.
 It is used for metal filling etc.
Q.4 (e) State the advantages and disadvantages of pre-cast concrete.
Ans. Advantages of precast concrete products:
1. The concrete of superior quality is produced by strict quality control. 02 M
2. It is not necessary to provide joints in the pre-cast construction.
Disadvantages of precast concrete products:
1. If not properly handled, the pre-cast concrete may be damaged during transport. 02 M
2. It becomes difficult to produce satisfactory connections between the pre-cast members.
Q.5 (a) Explain defects in timber with neat sketch.
Ans. Types of Defects in timber are grouped into the following divisions.
The main natural forces responsible for causing defects in timber are abnormal growth
and rapture of tissues.
1. Knots: Bases of branches or limbs which are broken or cut off from the tree as
shown in the figure.
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Any four
01 M for
each
2. Star Shake: These are radial splits or cracks widest at the circumference and get
diminishing towards the center of the tress. These may arise mostly from severe
frost and fierce heat of sun.
3. Heart Shakes: These are the splits or cracks widest at the center and diminishing
towards the outside circumference, this defects usually occurs in over matured
tress and is probably caused due to the shrinkage of heart wood
4. Twisted fibers: caused by twisting of young trees by fast blowing wind as shown
in figure.
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5. Radial Shake: These are similar to star shakes but they are fine, irregular and
numerous. They usually occur when tree is exposed to sun for seasoning after
being felled down.
6. Rind galls: Rind means bark and gall indicates abnormal growth and peculiar
curved swellings found on the body of a tree.
Q.5 (b) Explain various types of Cement and also state the uses.
Ans. Following are the various types of cement:
1.Ordinary Portland Cement:-
This Cement is the basic Portland cement and is used in
general for most of the construction work. this cement is used at situations when there is
no exposure to Sulphates in the soil or ground water. This is the most common type of
cement used for all types of construction works.
Uses:
1) It is used in important structures, where great strength is required such as heavy
buildings and bridges etc.
2) It is used for plastering and painting.
3) It is used for drainage & water supply works.
4) It is used for making cement mortar, plain concrete, reinforced concrete etc.
2.White Cement:- Any two
White cement can be produce similar to O.P.C. except by restricting the amount of 02 M for
iron oxide by keeping it as low as possible. this can be archived by proper selecting the raw each
materials like chalk and limestone having low iron and white clay content.
Uses:
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1) It is used for floor finishing.
2) It is used for ornamental works.
3) It is used for plastering.
2) In swimming ponds white cement is used to replace glazed tiles. It is used for fixing
marbles and glazed tiles.
3.Coloured cement:
Coloured cement can be produced by adding color pigments into the
ordinary Portland cement.in this type of cement white cement or OPC is used as a base and
the coloured pigments varying from 2% to 10% depends upon the darkness of the cement
added into it.
Uses:
1) It is used for finishing of floors.
2) It is used for painting.
3) It is used for finishing of walls, roofs and window sills.
4.quick setting cement:
This cement is produce by adding a small percentage of aluminum
sulphate and by finely grinding the cement. the addition of aluminum sulphate and fineness
of grinding are responsible for accelerating the setting action of cement. The setting action
of cement starts within five minutes after addition of water and it becomes hard like stone
within 30 minutes.
Uses:
1) It is used in under water concreting work.
2) It is used in repairing as well as maintenance work.
5. Rapid hardening Cement:
The initial and final setting time of this cement is same as ordinary
cement. but it attains high strength in early days. It contains high percentage of tricalcium
silicate.
Uses:
1) It is used when higher strength at early stage is required and formwork is to be
removed earlier.
2) It is generally used for construction of road pavement so that road can be opened
for traffic without delay.
3) It is used for manufacturing of precast elements like slab panels, blocks, fencing
posts, electric poles etc. So that moulds can be released quickly and reused.
4) It also can be used for cold weather concreting to protect concrete from freezing.
This cement should not be used for massive concrete structures like dams, bridge
abutments, retaining walls etc. because it evolves much heat.
6.Expanding cement:
This type of cement is produced by adding an expanding medium
like sulpho-aluminate and a stabilizing agent to the ordinary cement.
Uses:
It is used for making pre cast products.
Q.5 (c) Define artificial Sand. State the Uses of artificial Sand.
Ans. Definition of Artificial Sand:
The sand which is obtained from stone crusher after crushing the natural stone. 02 M
Uses of Artificial Sand:
1.It is used in manufacturing of concrete.
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2.it is used for making cement mortar for plastering work.
3. It is used as a main component in mortar. Any two
4. It is used for filling in foundation design. 01 M for
5. It is used in road construction. each
6. It is used as fine aggregates for concrete.
Q.5 (d) State the Properties of thermal insulating materials.
Ans. Properties of thermal insulating materials:
1) Thermal insulating should be bio resistant and dry.
2) Thermal resistant should be chemically resistant and fire proof.
3) Thermal resisting material should have bulk density below 600Kg/m3 . Any four
4) Thermal insulating material should have more pores as the entrapped air or any other 01 M for
gases within the pores decreases the thermal conductivity of material. each
5) The pores in thermal insulating material should be closed so that water vapor does not
enter in the material.
6) With increase in the moisture content in the material, the coefficient of thermal
conductivity rises greatly.
Q.5 (e) Define seasoning of timber. Explain artificial seasoning with sketch.
Ans. Definition of seasoning:
Seasoning is process by which moisture content in freshly cut tree is reduced 01 M
to a suitable level.
Artificial seasoning:
1.Boiling – In this method timber is immersed in water and then water is boiled for 3 to 4
hours. Then it is dried slowly. This process is process very quick but expensive.
2. Kiln seasoning: in this method the seasoned timber is placed inside the kiln. Then fully
saturated air with a temperature 350 C to 380 C is forced in the kiln. This method is used
for seasoning for larger scale. 02 M
3.Chemical : An aquaen solution of certain chemicals have lower vapor pressure than pure
water. Timber is treated with such chemicals. Chemically treated timber will exhibit fewer
defects. Common salt is generally used.
4. Electric: In this method high frequency alternate electric current is passed through
timber. Resistance to electric current is low when the moisture content in timber is high.
This technique has been tried in some plywood industries but not in seasoning of timber on
mass scale.
01 M
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Q.6 (a) Define lime mortar. Explain its Properties.
Ans. Lime Mortar:-Lime Mortar is a paste prepared by adding required quantity of water to a 02 M
mixture of lime and fine aggregate like sand.
Properties of Lime Mortar :
1)It should be capable of developing good adhesion with the building units such as Any four
Bricks, stones, etc. ½ M for
2) It should be capable of developing the designed stresses. each
3) It should be capable of resisting penetration of rain water.
4) It should be cheap.
5) It should be durable.
6) It should be easily workable.
7) It should not affect the durability of materials with which it comes into contact.
8) It should set quickly so that speed in construction may be achieved.
9) The joints formed by mortar should not develop cracks and they should be able
To maintain their appearance for a sufficiently long period.
Q.6 (b) State the uses of fly ash and blast furnace slag.
Ans.I) I) Fly ash
The various uses of fly ash are:
1) Concrete production, as a partial substitute material for Portland cement.
2) For the construction of embankments and other structural fills.
3) For grouting and flow able fill production.
4) Waste stabilization and solidification.
5) For cement clinkers production.
6) For mine reclamation.
7) For stabilization of soft soils. Any four
8) For the road sub base construction. 01 M for
9) As fine aggregate substitute material. each
10) For the manufacturing of bricks.
II) Blast furnace slag-
Blast furnace slag can be used for –
1) As a supplementary cementations material either by premixing the slag with
Portland cement or hydrated lime to produce blended cement or by adding
the slag to Portland cement concrete as mineral admixture. Any four
2) Air cooled blast furnace slag is used as aggregate material 01 M for
3) It is used as a concrete aggregate in construction of bridges. each
4) It is used as an aggregate with asphalt for construction of damp proof course
and water proofing.
5) It is used as insulation in mineral wool, in rail road ballast etc.
Q.6 (c) State the properties and uses of varnishes.
Ans. Properties of varnishes:
1) It should render the surface glossy.
2) It should dry rapidly or quickly. 02 M
3) It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
4) The protecting film developed by varnish should be tough, hard and durable.
5) The color of varnish should not fade away when the surface is exposed to atmospheric
actions.
Uses of varnishes.
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1. Protecting of articles against corrosion. 02 M
2. Brightening coats of the painted surface.
3. Improving appearance and ornamental gains of wood surfaces.
Q.6 (d) Define rice husk. State the uses of rice husk.
Ans. Rice Husk: - The outer most layer of paddy grain is called as rice husk. It is separated from
Brown rice in rice mill. It has high silica content. Rice Husk is highly resistant to moisture 02 M
Penetration and fungal decomposition.
Uses –
1) In the manufacturing of bricks. 1/2 M
2) In thermal insulation of building, rice husk can be used. for each
3) The ash produced after the husks have been burned is high in silica, which is
Used in production of aggregates and fillers for concrete and board.
4) Used in generation of heat energy, stream energy and electricity generation.
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(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)
SUMMER -2019 EXAMINATION

Subject code: 22204 Model Answer
1) The answer should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and communication skill).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In the some cases, the assumed constants
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answer and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding
Q. Question and Model Answers Marks

No.
Q.1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10
a) State the materials for different civil engineering structures.
Ans: 1. Natural materials- Stone,Sand,Timber etc.. 1/2 M
2. Artificial materials- Brick, Tile, Cement etc. each for
3. Special materials- Fibre, Bitumen etc. Any
4. Finishing materials- POP, Wall Cladding etc. four
5. Recycled materials- Fly Ash, Rice Husk etc.
b) State the materials required for irrigation structures in general.
Ans: 1) Cement 2) Aggregate 1/2 M
3) Sand 4) Soil each for
5) Brick 6) Fly Ash Any
7) Tiles 8) Stones four
9) Steel 10) Bitumen etc.
c) Define quarrying.
Ans: The process of taking out stones from natural rock beds is known as quarrying of 2M
Stones.
d) What is moulding?
Ans: Moulding is the process of giving required shape & size to the plastic material (like
concrete / clay) till it harden by external surface support. 2M
1|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

e) What are the various operations involved in manufacturing of burnt clay
bricks?
Ans: Manufacturing of Burnt Clay Brick consists of
a) Preparation of clay. b) Moulding 1/2M
c) Drying d) Burning. each
f) What is wall cladding?
Ans: Wall Cladding or tiling is a process of finishing the surface with tiles. Due to wall
cladding, walls are easy to clean. It protects the exterior surface of building from 2M
atmospheric agents.
g) Enumerate the field tests to which bricks are generally subjected.
Ans: Field tests performed on bricks for its suitability: 1/2 M
1) Shape and size 2) Structure each for
3) Hardness 4) Soundness Any
four
5) Color Test
Q.2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Describe the broad classification of materials.
Ans: Materials can be classified into following types:
1) Natural materials
2) Recycled materials
3) Artificial materials
4) Special materials
5) Finishing materials
1) Natural construction materials:-
Any
a) Stone- stone is naturally available from rocks by quarrying process. It is dressed two
to be used for foundation, walls, floorings, kitchen otta etc. It is most strong and 2M
durable material. each
b) Timber- timber is used worldwide as construction material. It is useful for
formwork, centering, scaffolding, doors and window frames, shutters, for
furniture, as roofing materials, for making railway sleepers, temporary bridges.
c) Bituminous materials and mixtures:-asphalt, bitumen and tar are widely used
materials. They are obtained from petroleum and used in road construction and for
water proofing. They can be used in the form of emulsion, cutback, mastics, sheet
rolls etc.
d) Lime- lime is obtained from limestone by process of calcination in which
carbondioxide and moisture is removed. CaCo3 CaO+CO2
e) Soil- soil is naturally obtained from disintegration of rocks when they are
exposed to atmosphere by weathering agents like sun, wind, rain, frost etc. Soil is
used as construction and foundation material. It is used for making earthen dams,
canals, embankments. WBM roads. Clay is used in manufacturing of bricks andtiles.
Sand is used in filter bed.
2) Recycled construction materials:-
Rice husk- it is a natural hard coating over rice grain. Rice husk is difficult toburn.
The ash has insulating property. It has pozzolonic properties so it is used
inmanufacturing of bricks and alternative to cement for mortar, foundation
andconcreting.
b) Bagasse-it is fibrous residue left after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extractjuice.
It is rich in alumina, iron and silica and possesses pozzolonic property. The ash can is
mixed in cement or concrete. Bagasse is used in manufacturing ofboards, bricks, bio
fuels, papers etc.
c) Coir Fibers-It is obtained from coconut husk which are present in covering
2|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204
offruit. There may be green, white or brown coir fibers. It is mixed with
cementmortar as it increases impact and tensile strength.
d) Straw-It is agricultural by product .It is dry stalk of cereal plants like rice, wheat
and barley etc. after the grains and chaff is removed. It can be used to bind clay and
concrete, for insulation purpose and for roofing.
e) Fly ash-Fly ash is produced during combustion of coal generally in power plants.
It comprises of very fine particles. It possespozzolonic property so it is used in
construction as alternative to cement. It is also used in brick manufacturing and soil
stabilization.
f) Construction waste-It is obtained at construction site after completion of site and
after demolition of old structures. It is used in pavement filling, plinth filling and to
prepare low grade concrete.
3) Artificial construction material:-
a) Bricks- Bricks are made up of clay. They are used in brick masonry construction.
b) Tiles- Tile is used for Flooring and roofing. Varies types of tiles are available
inmarket like Vitrified, Shahabad, Mosaic etc
c) Cement- Cement is a fine grey powder which forms a paste with addition of
water.With due time it sets and becomes hard. It is mixture of calcareous,
argillaceous orsiliceous material burnt in a furnace which forms stone like mass. It is
then grinded tofine powder called cement.
d) Aggregate- Aggregates are the materials basically used as filler with binding
material in the production of mortar and concrete. They are derived from igneous,
sedimentaryand metamorphic rocks
e) Precast concrete product- These are the units casted or manufactured in
industries oron site. They are ready to use materials thus going speedy Construction
f) Artificial Sand- The sand which is obtained from stone crusher after crushing
thenatural stone.
g) Particle board -Particle board is manufactured using chips or particles of low
gradewood or sawdust mixed with strong adhesive and then compressed together
under highpressure.
h) Veneers- Veneers are thin sheets of wood or slices of wood of superior
qualityobtained by rotating a log a wood against a sharp cutter or saw. The thickness
of veneersvaries from 0.4mm to 0.6mm or more.
4) Special construction material
a) Damp-proofing: Damp proofing is a treatment given to the building
componentsduringConstruction to prevent entry of moisture.
b) Water-proofing- In building construction, mortar brick, stone and concrete are
havingtendency to get deterioted due to passage of time. Due to which cracks and
pores areformed in this material and water leakage occurs. This leakage of water is
stopped byusing special materials called as water proofing materials.
c)Thermal insulating material- The thermal insulating material is used to conserve
aconstant heat or temperature inside the building, irrespective of the temperature
changesoutside.
d) Artificial Timber - The timber which is converted in a factory by some
mechanical processes is termed as ‘Artificial timber’. And such timber possesses
desired shape,appearance, strength and durability. It is a wood substitute made from
solid waste like flyash, silica, bituminous, and other bio-degradable material.
e) Geo-synthetic materials- Geo-synthetics are man-made materials used to improve
soil conditions. ‘Geo’ means earth or soil and synthetic means man-made
f) Fibre: Fibre is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete
elongated pieces, similar to length of thread.
5) Finishing construction material:-
3|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204
a) Plaster of Paris-A white powder that sets to a hard solid when mixed with water,
used for making sculptures and casts, as an additive for lime plasters, and for making
casts for setting Broken limbs.
b) Mortar- when some binding materials such as cement or lime is mixed with inert
material such as sand, surkhi or cinder and lubricating material such as water is added
to it, a paste is formed which is plastic in nature, this paste is known as mortar.
c) Wall Cladding- Wall cladding is a process of finishing the surface with tiles.
d) Paints- paints are applied on the surfaces of timber, metals and plastered surface
as a protective layer and at the same times to get pleasant appearance
e) Tiles- Tile is used for Flooring and roofing. Varies types of tiles are available in
market like Vitrified, Shahabad, Mosaic etc
Note:- Student may write any two descriptions. So accordingly credit to be
given.
b) Describe the field tests for cement.
Ans: Open the bag and take a good look at the cement. There should not be any
visible lumps. The colour of the cement should normally be greenish grey. Any
Thrust your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling. four
Take a pinch of cement and feel between the fingers. It should give a smooth and 1M
not a gritty feeling. each
Take a hand full of cement and throw it on a bucket full of water, the particles
should float for some time before they sink
Take about 100 gms of cement and small quantity of water and make it stiff
paste. From the stiff paste, pat a cake with sharp edges. Put it on a glass plateand
slowly take it under water in bucket. See that the shape of the cake is notdisturbed
while taking it down to the bottom of the bucket. After 24 hr the cakeshould retain its
original shape and the same time set to attainsome strength.
c) What are the requirements of good sand?
Ans: Requirement of Good Sand :
1. Silt Content should be less than 3% by weight (12% by volume in 10 min) 1M
2. Sand should be free from Organic materials, dust, clay etc. each
3. Sand shall not contain any harmful impurities such as iron, pyrites, alkalies,
salts, coal or other organic impurities.
4. Sand should be well graded.
d) State the applications of soils as a construction material.
Ans: Soil is naturally obtained from disintegration of rocks when they are exposed to
atmosphere by weathering agents like sun, wind, rain, frost etc. Any
Applications of Soil : four
 Soil is used as construction and foundation material. 1M
 It is used for making earthen dams, canals, embankments. each
 It is used for making WBM roads.
 Soil form of clay is used in manufacturing of bricks and tiles.
 Sand from soil is used in filter bed.
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Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following 12M
a) Explain various types of tiles based on their use
Ans 1. Natural tile: These types of tiles are produced from natural materials that are
quarried, finished and cut to size. Common types of stones used as flooring tiles
include granite, marble, limestone and slate.
2. Artificial tile: These types of tiles are manufactured by the use of natural materials
with various process performed on it. Common types are porcelain, mosaics, ceramic
tiles used for flooring and decorative purpose.
3. Drain tile: These types of tiles are laid in water logged areas and allow the 1 mark
subsoilwater to drain. They may be circular, semi-circular or segmental in shape. each
4. Floor or paving tiles: These types of tiles are popular in the name of ceramic (any
tileswith various trade names. These tiles have a very attractive look and available four)
invarious shade of colour. They have very light weight as compare to mosaic tiles
ormarble or granite. These tiles are suitable in residential buildings.
5. Roof tiles: These tiles are mostly used for covering pitched roof or slope
roof.Various types of roof tiles are available in the market in name of Allahabad
tiles,corrugated tiles, guna tiles, mangalore tiles, Flemish tiles, flat tiles, pan tiles,
pottiles etc.
6. Encaustic tiles: Depending upon the addition of coloured pigment in clay,
thesetiles acquire the desire print or colour after manufacturing. They are famous
inthe name of galicha tiles.
b) Describe the wet process of manufacturing of cement
Ans Various stages in wet process of manufacturing of cement:
The manufacturing of cement by wet process can be divided into three stages.
Stage-I Mixing of raw materials:
In this stage, 10% of chalk and 30% of clay which contains some sand, iron
Oxide, magnesia, etc. are crushed, grounded and mixed uniformly. Generally
theingredients are crushed in a crushing mill and carried by water into large 1 ½ M
tankswhere it is allowed to settle for weeks. The water is then taken out and the
slurryis then dug out and dried in an oven.
Stage-II Burning:
Burning of the above dried slurry is carried out in a rotary kiln. Kiln rotates
At a rate of 1RPM about its longitudinal axis. The slurry is injected the upper
endwhereas the hot gasses are forced through the lower end of the kiln. As the 1 ½ M
slurrymoves down nodules are formed, which after gets converted into clinkers.
Thecooled clinkers are collected into containers of suitable size.
Stage-III Grinding:
In this process, the clinkers are ground to very fine powder in ball mills andTube
mills. The powder is then spread over a dry floor for some days for airSlacking and
then 5% Gypsum is added to improve the quality of cement. TheFinely ground 1M
cement is stored in silos. It is then weighed and packed in bags of50kg by weight.
c) What are the different types of aggregates ?

Ans Aggregate are divided into two categories:
1. Coarse Aggregate: The size of aggregate bigger than 4.75mm is considered 2M
as Coarse Aggregate.
a) Crushed stone particles. b) Brick bats c) Slag
2. Fine Aggregate: Aggregate whose sizes is 4.75mm and less is considered as Fine
Aggregate. 2M
a) River sand. b) Sea sand. c) Pit sand d) Artificial crushed stone sand.
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d) Write short note on solid concrete blocks
Ans Solid Concrete Blocks:
 The specification and the characteristics of a solid concrete blocks depend on the
machine used to manufacture concrete blocks.
 The most common size of solid concrete block is 300 x 200 x 150 mm. The basic
raw material is cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water taken in
appropriate proportion. 4M
 Mechanical compaction and vibration gives the block high quality in spite of lean
mix, which uses very little cement.
 Solid concrete block is more cost effective as compared to other traditional
walling system
 It has high quality, high strength and uniform size and shape.
 It is environmental friendly and hence utilizes wastes and local resources.
Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 M
a) What are the properties of tar?
Ans Properties:
i) It is deep black in colour. 1M
ii) It contains more carbon content. each
iii) It has high viscosity. (any
iv) It becomes more fluid when heated. four)
v) It setting time is less.
b) What are the properties of precast pavement blocks?
Ans Properties of precast pavement blocks:
i) It should have good dimensional stability.
ii) It should have non-skid surface. 1M
iii)It should have good compressive strength from 20 N/mm 2 to 50 N/mm2 each
(any
iv) It should have very low water absorption about 5%
four)
v) It should have good transverse strength (3 N/mm2 and above)
vi) It should have average abrasion about 3mm
c) What are the properties of sound insulating materials?
Ans Properties of sound insulating materials:
1. It should be light in weight
2. Easy to handle and fix 1M
3. It should be resistant to attack termite and insect each
4. It should have low density and porous texture (any
5. It should be fire resistance four)
6. It should be moisture resistance
d) Explain the process of distempering
Ans Process of Distempering: The application of distemper is carried out in the following
way
1. Surface Preparation: The surface to receive the distemper is thoroughly
rubbed and cleaned. New plastered surfaces should be kept exposed for a 2M
period to two months or so to dry out before distemper is applied on them.
The presence of dampness on the surface results in failure of distemper
coating. Irregularities such as cracks, holes etc. are filled by putty. If
distempering is to be carried out on an old distemper surface, old distemper
should be removed by proper watering.
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2. Application of coats of distemper: After preparing the surface a primary coat is
applied and it is allowed to dry. Over primary coat, coats of distemper of good 2M
quality should be applied uniformly in succession. The second coat should be
applied only after the first coat has become hard. Distempers should be applied
with broad stiff brushes in dry weather. On new plastered walls, distempers should
be applied in two or three coats over coat of primer.
Q. 5 Attempt any THREE of the following 12
a) Explain various types of clays with their suitability.
Ans. Types of clays are:
1. Refractory clay (Terra cotta clay): This clay is highly disperse and very plastic. This
clay contains high percent of alumina. ½ M for
Uses: Used to manufacturing of refractory bricks, cornices, jambs, sills. type
2. High melting clay: High melting point clays have high refractoriness @ 1580OC. It and ½
contains less impurities like quartz, feldspar, mica, CaCO3 and magnesium M for
carbonate. its use
Uses: Manufacturing of facing bricks, floor tile, sewer pipes.
3. Low melting clay: Refractoriness less than 1300OC. The composition is not uniform. (any
Uses:Manufacturing of bricks, blocks, tiles. four
4. Stoneware / Earthenware Clay: Selected clay mixed with ground glass, stone dust, Types)
potteries, sand, etc.
Uses: Manufacturing of Pipes for drains & sewers.
5. Kaolin / China Clay: White color pure clay possessing a high degree of tenacity &
plasticity.
Uses:Manufacturing of glazed pottery, porcelain.
b) Explain the manufacturing process of hydraulic lime.

Ans. 1. Burning of impure limestone / kankar containing clay containing less than 30 %.
With coal or charcoal as fuel.
2. If soft limestone is used, it is powdered, mixed with clay in right proportion & burnt
in kiln.
3. If hard limestone is used, It is burnt &slaked first, mixed with clay and then reburnt. 1 M
4. The product on canclination is slaked with water or ground into powder for use in each
construction. (any
5. Hydraulic lime slaked with difficulty, therefor lumps of hydraulic lime should be four)
ground before slaking. (time required @ 12 – 48 hrs.)
6. Hydraulic lime is kept in sacks without injury as long as it is protected from air &
moisture. After slaking it should be used within a week.
c) Give propertiesand uses of ceramic materials in construction.

Ans. Properties:
1. It is hard.
2. It is bristle. ½ M
3. It is in the form of amorphous (non-crystalline) each
4. The structure is glassy. (any
5. It is insulator thermally & electrically. four)
6. It is behave elastically at low temp and under proper conditions of stress and temp.
It deform by viscous flow.
7. Less expansion & contraction.
8. Not affected by chemicals.
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Uses:
1. It is used in refractory product manufacturing for thermal insulations.
2. Manufacturing of bricks, tiles. ½ M
3. Manufacturing of glass. each
4. For making abrasives. (any
5. For Manufacturing of porcelain. four)
6. For making POP.
7. For making electric.
8. For Manufacturing of sanitary wares, pavers.
d) Explain why you need agro and industrial waste as a construction materials.
Ans. 1. To maintain ecosystem.
2. To reduce / control pollution.
3. To reduce the cost of construction material. 1 M
4. To improve the required properties in construction materials like light weight each
product, thermal insulation, shock resistant, sound insulation, etc. (any
5. To solve the problem of industry waste disposal. four)
6. To conserve the natural resources.
e) State the situations where oil paint and distempers are used.
Ans. situations where oil paint are used:
1. It can be used on dry surface (damp free), on wood & metal works. For enhancing
the appearance. 1 M
2. To protect the metals works from corrosion. each
3. To protect the wood works from attack of termites. (any
4. To prevent the wood works from humidity. two)
5. To increase the life of material.
situations where distempers are used:
1. Commonly used for interior works of buildings on plastered surfaces. 1 M
2. Used on wall boards. each
3. To enhance the appearance of plaster. (any
4. To increase life of plaster. two)
Q. 6 Attempt any THREE of the following 12

a) State the properties of an ideal varnish.
Ans. 1. It should render the surface glossy.
2. It should dry rapidly / quickly. 1 M
3. It should form hard, durable, flexible film on painted surface. each
4. It should not be affected by atmospheric action. (any
5. It should stick easily to surface. four)
6. It should not shrink / cracks after drying.
b) Give properties and uses of POP.
Ans. Properties of POP:
1. Fire resistant
2. Heat resistant
3. Light in weight 1 M
4. Not affected by bacteria. each
5. Sets without shrinkage within 5 minutes. (any
6. Good adhesion to the plaster, wood work. two)
7. Can be molded to any shape.
8. It is hard after molding.
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Uses of POP: 1 M
1. As an insulation material from heat action. each
2. Ornamental work on plastered surface. (any
3. Used in artwork, pottery. two)
4. Sound insulating boards.
5. For partition wall.
c) Write any two uses of rice husk and coir fibre.
Ans. Uses of rice husk :
1. To make sound insulating material.
2. To make thermal insulation. 1 M
3. Used in manufacturing of clay bricks. each
4. To make high grade concrete & mortar. (any
5. Used as fuel in boilers & for power generation. two)
6. To make boards.
Uses of coir fibre :
1. To make rope.
2. To make door mats, brushes, mattresses.
3. To make floor tiles. 1 M
4. Used for thermal insulation. each
5. Used for packing delicate articles. (any
6. Used for geotextile. two)
7. Used in plaster work to make crack resistant plaster.
d) Give the uses of granite & marble polishing waste.

Ans. Uses of granite & marble polishing waste :
1. Used as fine aggregate in mortar & concrete.
2. Used in manufacturing of bricks. 1 M
3. Used inmanufacturing of artificial stone. each
4. Used inmanufacturing of paving blocks.
e) State the uses of (i) Glass Fibres (ii) Asbestos Fibres.

Ans. Uses of Glass Fibres :
1. Used as filter in air conditioners. 1 M
2. Used as fine aggregate for finishing plaster to reduce cracking. each
3. Used with plastic to produce glass reinforced plastic (GRP), for water proofing of (any
roofs. two)
4. Used in manufacturing of water tanks.
Uses of Asbestos Fibres :
1. For manufacturing the roofing sheet used with cement.
2. Used to make pipe (rainwater pipe) 1 M
3. Used to make damp proof course material by mixing with bitumen to prepare felts. each
4. It is used to form asbestos paint. (any
5. It is used for thermal insulation work for pipe line. two)
6. Used in electrical insulation work.
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(Autonomous)
_____________________________________________________________________________
WINTER–19 EXAMINATION
MODEL ANSWER Subject Code:
22204
Subject: Construction Materials
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors etc… should not be given more
Importance (Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
Que. Sub Marking Total

Answer
No. Que. Scheme Marks
1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10
a) State the role of civil engineering in human life
Ans. The Civil Engineering plays an important role in human life in the following ways: 1 mark
1. Designing and construction of infrastructure
each
2. Includes roads, bridges, dams, canals, buildings, water supply and other
facilities (Any 2
3. Electricity generation by constructing dams
Two)
4. Water supply for drinking, agriculture, waste disposal etc. is also done by
civil engineers.
b) List any four applications of Irrigation engineering
The applications of irrigation engineering are:
1. Construction of dams, canals, spillways etc.
2. Supplying Water for Agriculture, Drinking Etc. ½ mark
3. Irrigation engineering also deals with the various systems of irrigation such each (Any
as sprinkler, drip etc. to supply water in farms
4. Ground water storage can also be developed by constructing percolation Four) 2
tank
5. It ensures water supplies during the periods of less rainfall or during
summer when water is not available in abundance
Page 1 of 12
(Autonomous)
c) Define quarrying of stone. State any two methods of quarrying

The process of taking out stones from natural rock beds is known as quarrying of
1
Stones.
Methods:
a) Digging b) Heating c) Wedging d) Blasting 2
1
(Note: Any two methods to be written)
d) Enlist any four types of flooring tiles. ½ mark
Ans. Types of flooring tiles: each (Any
2
Shahabad, Kotah, Ceramic, Granite, Marble, Vitrified, Glazed, Plastic tiles four)
Concrete tiles, Mosaic tiles, Clay tile.
e) Enlist any four types of special bricks
Ans. a) Acidic bricks
b) Perforated bricks
c) Silica bricks
½ mark 2
d) Colored bricks
e) Fire bricks each (Any
f) Blue bricks four)
g) Fly ash bricks
h) Engineering bricks
1 i) Refractory bricks
j) Sand lime bricks
f) Define Enamel paint and Plastic paint
Ans. Enamel Paint: It contains white lead, oil, petroleum, spirit and resinous 1
2
material. It is used for external and internal walls
Plastic Paint: It contains the necessary variety of plastics and it is available in
1
market under different trade names. It is used in internal walls
g) Enlist any four properties of ferrocrete
Ans. 1. It can be used in construction of roads and walkways.
2. It has higher early strength
3. Quick setting
½ mark 2
4. Early demolding, handling and use of precast units
5. More finely grounded than Portland cement each (Any
6. Chemically similar to Portland cement four)
7. Does not contain any added accelerators or admixtures
8. Color similar to OPC.
9. Composite building material made from combination of concrete and iron.
10 It is highly resistant to wear and tear
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a)
State the role of civil engineer in the field of Environmental Engineering.
Ans. The civil engineer plays an important role in Environmental Engineering in
the following ways:
1 mark
1. Sensible use of water, land, and air so that the environmental pollution and
each
degradation is minimized 4
point
Page 2 of 12
(Autonomous)
2. Engineers study water, soil and other pollution problems and develop solution
to solve and control them.
3. Facilities like water supply for drinking, agriculture, ground water quality is
developed by civil engineers.
4. Thus it includes planning, designing, construction of water and waste water
treatment plants, and disposal of solid waste.
(Note: Any other relevant point should be considered)
b) What do you mean by eco-friendly building materials? State any two
properties of it.
Ans. Eco-friendly means earth-friendly or not harmful to the environment. This term 4
most commonly refers to products that contribute to green living or practices that 2
help conserve resources like water and energy. Eco-friendly products also
prevent contribution to air, water and land pollution
Properties of Eco-Friendly Material:
1. It is bio-degradable.
2. It is renewable source.
3. It is reused & recycled. 2
4. It increases durability & life span of living bodies. (Any two)
5. It aids energy efficiency in building.
6. It reduces air pollution, land pollution & water pollution.
7. It is locally available.
c) Draw cross section of timber. Give any four engineering properties of
2 timber.
Ans.
2
Properties of Timber:
1. Appearance: A Freshly cut timber should have shining appearance 4
2. Colour: The Colour of the timber should be dark. Light colour of timber
indicates low strength. 2
3. Durability: A Good timber should be durable. It should be capable of (Any
resisting insects and other agencies. It should be long-lasting four)
4. Fire resistance: Timber is a bad conductor of electricity and heat. It
should not catch fire easily.
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(Autonomous)
5. Smell: A Good timber should have sweet smell, unpleasant smell

indicates decayed timber
6. Seasoning: The Timber should be well seasoned
7. Strength: A Good Timber should be sufficiently strong and should be
capable of taking loads.
8. Toughness: It should be capable of resisting shocks
9. Defect: Good timber should be free from defects
10. Texture: The texture of timber should be even.
d) Explain two properties and two uses of sand.
Ans. Properties:
a) It is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided 2
rock and mineral particles.
b) It is obtained by dredging of river, hence harmful for the ecosystem.
Uses of sand:
a) Commonly used a building material 4
b) It is mixed with cement and water to make concrete 2
c) Manufacture of bricks (Any two)
d) Used in filtration of water
e) Used to make casts.
a) Draw neat sketches showing all the dimensions of:
i) Conventional bricks and
ii) Standard bricks
Ans.
2 marks
for sketch
2 marks 4
for
dimensions
Standard Brick Conventional Brick
Page 4 of 12
(Autonomous)
b) Draw flow chart showing various stages in wet process of manufacturing of

cement
Ans.
c) Suggest the type of glass used for the following work:

i) Making panel of partition wall
ii) Cashier Cabin
iii) Skylight
iv) Door Shutter
Ans. 4
i) Making panel of partition wall: Block glass OR Sheet Glass OR chipped and 1 mark
ground glass OR soda lime glass each
ii) Cashier Cabin-Polished plate glass OR bullet proof glass OR soda lime glass
OR laminated glass
3 iii) Skylight: Wired glass OR rolled figured glass OR clear window glass or lead glass
iv) Door Shutter: Soda lime glass OR tempered glass
d) Explain the method by which waterproofing of existing old slab can be done.
Ans. i) Clean the slab
ii) Expose cracks by tools and make them ‘V’ shaped.
iii) Fill mix of cement mortar
iv) Fill brick bats and sand over the slab
4 4
v) Sprinkle cement slurry and paste of water proofing chemical or compound and
cure it for 3 days.
Page 5 of 12
(Autonomous)
vi) Fix china chip tiles over the layer of cement mortar 1:3
vii) Cure it for 3 days and slab is water proof.
a) Explain defects in timber with neat labeled sketches
Ans. a) Knots: These are the bases of branches which are broken off from the tree.
This occurs because of improper cutting of tree.
b) Shakes: These are cracks in the timber which appear due to excessive frost or
twisting due to wind during growth of tree.
c) Wind cracks: If wood is exposed to atmospheric agencies, its exterior surface
shrinks which results in cracks
d) Twist and wrap: Twist is when a timber is spirally distorted along its length.
Warp is twisting out of shape.
e) Cup: This is curvature formed along the transverse direction of timber 2 marks
f) Bow: This is bending along the longer side of timber. for any
two types
and 2
marks for
sketch.
4
Twist Wrap
Page 6 of 12
(Autonomous)
b) Explain the field tests performed on bricks for its suitability.

Ans. a) Shape and Size: In this, a brick is closely inspected. It should be of standard
size and shape and should be truly rectangular with sharp edges.
b) Soundness: In this, when two bricks are struck with each other, clear ringing
sound should be produced.
4
c) Hardness: In this, when a scratch is made on brick surface with the help of
finger nail, no impression should be made on the brick.
d) Colour: The colour of the bricks should be reddish brown
e) Water absorption test: After immersing the bricks in water for 16 hours, it
should not absorb more than 20% water of its weight. 1 mark
each (Any
f) Dropping test: In this test, when the burnt clay bricks are dropped flat on hard four)
ground from a height of about 1m, it should not crush into pieces. This indicate
good strength of brick.
c) State various thermal insulating materials. State any two properties of
insulating material
Ans. Thermal insulating materials:
1) Asbestos
2) Aluminum Foil ½ mark
3) Thermocol each
4) Saw dust (any four)
4 5) Cork board slabs
6) Foam glass
7) Rock Wool
8) Glass Wool
4
9) Concrete Block
10) Flexible Blankets
11) Gypsum Boards
Properties:
a) It should be fire proof
b) It should not absorb moisture
c) It should be easy to handle
d) It should be chemical proof.
1 mark
e) It should be bio resistant and dry each (any
f) Bulk density should be below 600kg/m3 two)
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(Autonomous)
g) Pores: Most of the common insulating materials are porous in structure.

The entrapped air or any other gas within the pores decreases the thermal
conductivity of the material.
h) Presence of Moisture: with the increase in moisture content, the coefficient
of thermal conductivity rises greatly
d) State important properties and uses of geopolymer cement
Ans. Properties:
a) It gain ultimate strength within 24 hours and cures more rapidly than OPC.
b) It has an ability to form strong chemical bond with all types of reagents and
water. 1 mark
c)It is manufacture from industrial waste like fly ash (Any two)
d)It is environmental friendly green product
e) It has fire and heat resistance
f) It is highly resistant to acids, toxic wastes and salt waters.
g) There is no CO2 emission.
Uses:
4
a) It is being developed and used as an alternative to OPC
b) It can be used with any type of rock based aggregates, since it forms a strong
bond
1 mark
c) Used in Construction of structure in sea water
(Any two)
4 d) Partial replacement with OPC (80-90%), reduces CO2 emission
e) Since it is highly resistant to acids and chemicals, it is used in construction
chemical industry and laboratory
f) It is more effective in the construction of transportation infrastructure
g) It protects aquifers and surface bodies of fresh water via the elimination of
fly-ash disposal sites.
h) Various applications in building industry
e) State the properties and uses of distemper
Ans. Properties:
1mark
a) Less durable than paint
each (Any
b) Easy to apply
two)
c) Poor workability
d) Available in variety of shades
e) Costly
f) Gives smooth and pleasing surface 4
g) Uses: a) They are applied on internal surfaces on plastered cement concrete
of buildings
2
b) To paint the buildings from outside in areas of low rainfall
Page 8 of 12
(Autonomous)

a) Define asphalt and state any three properties of asphalt.
Ans. Definition: It is a form of bitumen which is sticky, black and viscous liquid or 1
semisolid in nature. Aggregates + bitumen = asphalt.
OR
It is an artificial mixture of bitumen and inert matter like alumina, lime, silica etc...
Properties:
1. It is black or brownish in colour 1 mark
2. It is elastic each
4
3. Good insulator of heat and electricity (Any
4. It is waterproof. three)
5. It has adhesive property
6. It softens as it is heated.
7. It hardens as it is cooled.
8. It is tough and durable material
9. It is soluble in C2S, Benzene, Naptha
b) Describe the selection criteria for selecting stone for face work of building
1. Appearance: Stone to be used for construction should be decent in
Ans. appearance and have uniform colour
2. Durability: A Good building stone should be durable i.e. it should resist
atmospheric action and should be long lasting
3. Crushing strength: For a good stone, the crushing strength should be 1 mark
more than 100 N/mm2 each
4. Facility of dressing: Stones should be such that they can be dressed easily (Any 4)
and economically. 4
5. Specific gravity: For a good building stone, the specific gravity should be
more than 2.7
6. Water absorption: The percentage of water absorption of water by weight
5 after 24 hours should not exceed 60%
7. Resistance to fire: Minerals in stones should be such that it should not
catch fire easily.
8. Seasoning: Stones should be well seasoned before use.
c) State the uses (two each) of the following construction materials:
i) Soda lime glass
ii) Ferrous metal
1 mark
Ans. i) Soda lime glass: a) Used in window and plate glass
b) Glass blocks each
c) Bottles (Any two)
d) Inexpensive table wares
e) Fluorescent and incandescent light bulbs 4
ii) Ferrous metal: a) CI (Cast Iron) is used in making rainwater and sanitary pipes 1 mark
each
b) Wrought iron is used in making nails, wires, chains
(Any two)
Page 9 of 12
(Autonomous)
c) Square bars are used in making grills

d) Rolled steel sections are used in making beams, columns and trusses.
e) Corrugated sheets are used for roofing known as GI sheets
f) Carbon steel is used for making tools
g) Weld meshes are used for partition and fencing
d) State the two uses of the following construction materials:
i) Hollow blocks
ii) Pavement blocks 1 mark
i) Hollow Blocks: each
Ans.
a) Used for external load bearing walls, (Any two)
b) Panel walls,
c) Columns, 4
d) Retaining Walls
e) Compound Walls,
f) Used for sound insulation
g) It Keeps the house cool in summer and warm in winter
h) Load bearing and framed structure.
ii) Pavement blocks: 1 mark
a) Used in parking areas each
b) Footpath, parks (Any two)
c) On roads to give pleasant look
d) Petrol pumps
e) gardens
f) Airports
g) Kids play area
h) Jogging tracks
5 e) State any two properties and any two uses of fly ash
Properties:
a) It contains SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and some toxic elements
b) Flyash together with bottom ash is a non-hazardous material 1 mark
c) These particles are spherical in shape each
d) It is a heterogeneous material (Any two)
Uses:
a) Used in brick production
b) Used for concrete production as a substitute for Portland cement and sand
c) It is used as a building material 4
d) Used in road construction
e) Used in production of hollow concrete blocks
f) Flyash light aggregates
g) Used in agriculture 1 mark
h) Used for embankments each
i) Used for filling cracks (Any two)
j) Used for waste stabilization
k) Used for land reclamation
l) Used in cement production
Page 10 of 12
(Autonomous)
m) Production of roller compacted concrete

n) Used in geopolymers
a) State four types of special mortars and give one use of each
Ans. a) Fire resistant mortars: Uses: a) Used with fire bricks for lining furnaces
b) Used at fire places, ovens etc.
b) Injection mortar: Uses: a) For protecting the reinforcement from
corrosion
b) Used for protection of steel
c) Grouting work 1 mark
c) Hydraulic insulating mortar: each
4
Uses: Used for plastering various vessels for liquid products b) For walls ( Any
of basements four)
d) Acoustic mortars:
Uses: Used for making sound proofing plaster. Used for heat proof
constructions.
e) X ray shielding mortar:
Uses: Used for plastering of walls and ceiling of X ray room in hospitals
and clinics
f) Light weight mortar: Used in sound proof and heat proof constructions.
(Note: Marks should be given for any ONE use of any four types of mortar to
be written)
b) Enlist constituents of Plaster of Paris and state the two uses of Plaster of Paris
Ans. The constituents of POP are

1
It consists of calcium sulphate. It is chemically CaSO4.H2O. It is obtained by
2
2
calcining gypsum at 120 deg. C. by removing ¾ of water of crystallization.
4
Uses:
a) Used for making interiors for beautification, formation of columns
b) Manufacturing of black board chalk
c) Making casts of statues 2
d) For surgical equipment and toys (Any two)
e) In dentistry it is used for dentures, metal filling
f) Used by orthopedic surgeon for setting bones
g) Used for wall plasters, wall boards, structural tiles.
c) Explain about geo synthetics materials. Mention application of it
Ans. Geosynthetics are man-made materials used to improve soil condition. Geo
means earth or soil and synthetics means man made.
2
Geo grids, geo textiles, geomembranes, geo cells are some of the Geosynthetics.
Page 11 of 12
(Autonomous)
6 They are made from petrochemical based polymers (plastics) that are biologically
inert and do not decompose from bacterial or fungal action.
Applications:
a) It is used to improve soil properties 4
b) It is used for drainage
c) Also used for soil stabilization
d) Used for erosion control
e) Used for road construction 2
f) Used to improve level grade soil situations like roads, valleys, laneways. (Any two)
g) To improve slope grade situations such as banks, hill sides.
h) Reinforced soil- soil walls, bridge abutments, culverts, bridges, soil
arches
d) Explain about Agro waste material. State its importance in construction.
Ans Waste materials produced from agricultural byproducts such as coconut shells,
sugarcane bagasse, straw, rice husk, coconut fibers, coconut and areca nut tree
trunks, coconut leaves etc. are known as Agro waste materials which can be used 2 4
as a construction material due to its various properties.
Importance:
a) Agro waste materials are used as a replacement of traditional building
materials like bricks, cement, concrete etc.
b) These materials are sustainable and eco friendly
c) These are cost effective
d) It is used as an alternative to aggregates for concrete and board production 2
e) It is used as an insulation material for homes (Any two)
6 f) Manufacture of bricks
g) Used as a renewable energy source
h) Mixed with mortars and used in making of concrete pavers, roof tiles etc…
i) Used in manufacture of floor tiles, brushes, mattresses
j) Mixed with cement mortar which increases the impact strength
.
Page 12 of 12

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Q. Sub Q. Answers Marking

Page No. 3/12

Page No. 4/12

Q.3 Attempt any. THREE of the following:

ii) Standard brick.

Q.4 (b) Write any four uses of plywood.

Page No. 8/12

5. Punched dressing: In this case, a rough tooled surface is further dressed so as to

6. Reticulated finish: In this type of dressing, polygonal or irregular shaped

7. Vermiculated finish: In this finish, the sinking about 10 mm below surface is

Page No. 10/12

Page No. 12/12

Q. Sub Answer Marking

Fig. : Continuous kiln

Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following (12)

Q.6 Attempt any THREE of the following (12)

(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

SUMMER -2019 EXAMINATION

Q. Question and Model Answers Marks

1|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

4|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

c) What are the different types of aggregates ?

5|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

6|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

b) Explain the manufacturing process of hydraulic lime.

c) Give propertiesand uses of ceramic materials in construction.

7|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

Q. 6 Attempt any THREE of the following 12

8|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

d) Give the uses of granite & marble polishing waste.

e) State the uses of (i) Glass Fibres (ii) Asbestos Fibres.

9|9 Summer-2019 CMA-22204

Que. Sub Marking Total

c) Define quarrying of stone. State any two methods of quarrying

5. Smell: A Good timber should have sweet smell, unpleasant smell

Standard Brick Conventional Brick

b) Draw flow chart showing various stages in wet process of manufacturing of

c) Suggest the type of glass used for the following work:

b) Explain the field tests performed on bricks for its suitability.

g) Pores: Most of the common insulating materials are porous in structure.

5 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

c) Square bars are used in making grills

m) Production of roller compacted concrete

Ans. The constituents of POP are

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