BIO 460
BIODIVERSITY
LABORATORY REPORT
PRACTICAL 2 : ANIMALIA
LECTURER : SIR MUHAMMAD SYUKRI BIN NOOR AZMAN
GROUP : RAS2011B
GROUP MEMBERS:
NO. NAME STUDENT ID
1. NUR HANIS BINTI SHUHAIMI 2023415484
2. NUR SYAHIRA IZWANI BINTI FAUZI 2023239906
3. SAFIRAH BINTI ISHAN 2023884772
4. NUR AMIRA FATINI BINTI AHMAD FATHILLAH 2023696428
5. ADDINA BINTI AHMAD HAZRIZAL 2023680198
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................3
OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................4
MATERIALS.......................................................................................................................................4
METHODS..........................................................................................................................................4
RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................5
DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................8
POST-LAB QUESTIONS...................................................................................................................9
INTRODUCTION
Animals are multicellular, oxygen-consuming, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit
considerable motility. Most animals are diploid and reproduce sexually, although asexual
reproduction is common. The animal life cycle includes a period of embryonic development.
During this stage, three primary germ layers which are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
form and give rise to adult tissues.
Most animals develop in distinct stages, which include a zygote, which is formed by
the product of the first few divisions of cells after fertilization; a blastula, that is a hollow ball
of cells formed by the developing zygote; and a gastrula, which is formed when the blastula
folds in on itself to form a double-walled structure with an opening to the outside, the
blastopore (Myers, n.d.).
Of the million or more animal species in the world, more than 98% are invertebrates.
Invertebrates’ lack of an internal skeleton made of bone. Many invertebrates have a fluid-
fluid, hydrostatic skeleton, like jellyfish or worms. Others have a hard outer shell, like insects
and crustaceans. All animals are invertebrate except those in the phylum chordate. In this
study, representatives from main invertebrates’ phyla will be examined.
The phylum chordate consists of most species that are vertebrates (with a backbone)
and minorities are invertebrates’ chordates. Chordates are deuterostome coelomates with
bilateral symmetry. All chordates have the following features at some point in their life: a
notochord that supports the body. A dorsal, tubular nerve cord lies parallel and above the
notochord and gut and functions as their nervous system, a pharynx that has gill slits that
functions in feeding, respiration, or both and a postanal tail that exists near the anus.
As it goes higher in the animal category, the vertebrates take over. The vertebrates
can be distinguished from other chordates by having backbones or vertebral column.
Members of the subphylum vertebrata consist of fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and
mammals. As with all classifications, they must identify qualities that are shared by all
animals as well as traits that can be used to differentiate across related groups of species.
Animals are classified based on their anatomy, morphology, evolutionary history,
embryological development traits, and genetic make-up. Whenever new knowledge about
species emerges, classifications will continually evolve. We can better preserve the diversity
of life on Earth by comprehending and categorizing the wide range of existing species
(Holmberg, n.d.).
OBJECTIVES
1. To recognize representatives of invertebrates, chordates, and vertebrates.
2. To explain the basic body plan of invertebrates, chordates, and vertebrates.
3. To identify the structures found in the animal groups and their functions.
MATERIALS
Squid
Fish
Shrimp
Earthworm
Knife
Dissecting microscope
METHODS
1. The external parts of the specimens were observed.
2. The specimens' internal parts were examined by dissection.
3. Dissecting microscope were used to examine the specimens.
4. The observations were recorded, draw, and labelled.
RESULTS
Invertebrates
Phylum Annelida (Oligochaeta; earthworms)
EXTERNAL EARTHWORM ORGAN
EXTERNAL EARTHWORM ORGAN
Phylum Mollusca (Cephalopoda; squid)
EXTERNAL SQUID ORGAN
Arm
Ventral
Eye
Mantle
Tentacle
Sucker
Funnel
Valve
Dorsal Mantle
Collar
Fin
SQUID HEAD
Beak
Buccal Cavity
INTERNAL SQUID ORGAN
Kidney
Nidimental Gland
Inc Sac (Nephridium)
Squid bone
Phylum Arthropoda (Crustaceans; shrimps)
SHRIMP EXTERNAL OGRAN
Maxilliped
Eye
Scaphocerite
Chela
Pleuron
Antennal
flagellum
Telson
Pereiopods
or legs
Endopod
Pleopods
Exopod
SHRIMP EXTERNAL OGRAN
Abdomen(6 segments)
SHRIMP INTERNAL OGRAN
SHRIMP INTERNAL OGRAN
Brain
Heart
Chordates (vertebrates)
Phylum Chordata (Fish)
EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF FISH
Dorsal Fin
Lateral
Soft-Rayed Spiny line Operculum
Eye
Caudal Nares
Fin
Mouth
Gills
Scales Anal Fin Pectoral
Vent Pelvic Fin
Fin
INTERNAL ORGAN OF FISH
Stomach
Swim bladder
Gills
Intestine
Pyloric Liver
cecum Heart
Gonad
Brain
DISCUSSION
Invertebrates
Phylum Annelida (Oligochaeta; earthworms)
Annelida (Greek: annelus = little ring, ida = suffix) is a phylum that comprises what
are popularly called segmented worms, such as bristle worms, earthworms and their relative.
For example, leeches, crayfish worms, and acanthobdellidands. Based on differences in
staining, ultrastructure, and granule composition, earthworm coelomocytes are divided into
two primary groups: eleocytes (which mostly perform nutritional functions) and amoebocytes
(which primarily perform immunological functions).
Earthworms are primarily free-living terrestrial invertebrates that live in moister, more
densely vegetated environments. They are also known by the names Lumbricidae,
Oligochaeta, and Annelida. They are in the dirt, under stones, and under leaf litter. They are
protostomian beings without lungs that breathe via their skin. Free coelomocytes are present
in the coelomic fluid that fills their real coelom. The mucous layer that is expelled onto the
skin to keep the outermost layers wet for gas exchange serves as the body's first line of
defense against invaders. Mucus has the ability to fight microorganisms. Bacteria can enter
the coelomic cavity via dorsal holes, which link each section of the cavity to the outside
environment.
Phylum Mollusca (Cephalopoda; squid)
Phylum Arthropoda (Crustaceans; shrimps)
The term "arthropod" derives from the Greek words "arthro-" meaning joint and "-
pod" means foot, which describes a distinctive characteristic of the group: appendages, or
joined legs, which varies greatly in number and function (Phylum Arthropoda, n.d.). Within
the phylum Arthropoda are many common species which on land, these include insects,
spiders, scorpions, centipedes, and millipedes meanwhile in water, they include crabs,
crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, and barnacles. The phylum has been separated into five subphyla:
Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, crayfish, isopods, barnacles, and some zooplankton), Chelicerata
(horseshoe crabs, arachnids, scorpions, and daddy longlegs), Hexapoda (insects and
relatives), Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, and relatives), and Trilobitomorpha (trilobites,
all extinct) (14.8: Phylum Arthropoda, 2022). In this experiment, the representative of the
Phylum Arthropoda that was dissected was shrimp.
The primary features of all organisms in this phylum are functioning segmentation of
the body and the existence of jointed appendages. The segmented body and fusion of sets of
segments that result in functioning body parts known as tagma which can present as a head
and trunk, a cephalothorax and abdomen, or a head, thorax, and abdomen (14.8: Phylum
Arthropoda, 2022). Arthropods have developed an exoskeleton composed mostly of the
resilient, waterproof polysaccharide chitin. (Boundless, 2021). The thick and hard
exoskeleton of certain animals, which includes crabs and barnacles, is the result of by the
secretion of calcium carbonate. Arthropods need to remove their exoskeletons on occasion in
order to grow and develop. To provide for growth, they develop a bigger exoskeleton during
the molt (Phylum Arthropoda, n.d.).
Segmentation possesses two joined appendages that are linked with each other. The
anterior pairs serve as sensory organs (antennae) or as mechanisms for retrieving food
(chelicerae, or maxillae and mandibles), whereas the posterior pairs are often used as
swimming legs (swimmerets) (Phylum Arthropoda, n.d.). The body has a central cavity
known as the hemocoel, which is also referred to as the blood cavity, and the tubular or
single-chambered heart regulates the open circulatory system. The respiratory systems are
differed for different groups of arthropods. For example, while aquatic crustaceans use gills,
terrestrial chelicerates use book lungs, and aquatic chelicerates use book gills, insects and
myriapods use a series of tubes (tracheae) that branch throughout the body, open to the
outside through openings called spiracles, and perform gas exchange directly between the
cells and air in the tracheae (14.8: Phylum Arthropoda, 2022).
Chordates (vertebrates)
Phylum Chordata (Fish)
Majority of species in the phylum Chordata are classified as vertebrates with a
backbone, whereas a smaller fraction is classified as invertebrate chordates. Chordates are
bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome coelomates. Their circulatory systems are closed, and
typically possess an endoskeleton. Members in the phylum Chordata have flexible rods
supporting their dorsal or rear surfaces. Chordata is derived from the Greek word chord,
meaning string. Phylum Chordata was characterized by the notochord, muscular tube, dorsal
tubular nerve cord, and postanal tail. Animals such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals are the examples of vertebrate chordates (Phylum Chordata, n.d.).
The experiment's representative of the Phylum Chordata that has been dissected is the
fish. Fish belong to two primary groups: Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes. All fish with
bones belong to the class Osteichthyes. Osteichthyes are cold-blooded organisms that swim
with fins and breathe through gills, similar to all other fish. A skeleton made of bone, scales,
paired fins, one pair of gill openings, jaws, and paired nostrils are some of the characteristics
that set bony fish apart from other species. Approximately 96% of all fish species are
classified as Osteichthyes. The Chondrichthyes (sharks and their cousins), Myxini
(hagfishes), and Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys) are fish which are not classified as members
of the Osteichthyes family (All About Bony Fishes - Scientific Classification, n.d.).
Oxygen is taken up from the water by blood passing through the gill filaments.
Through the fish's mouth, water enters the gill chamber, and it leaves through gill holes
located under the operculum (All About Bony Fishes - Anatomy and Physiology , n.d.). Swim
bladders are gas-filled bladders found in many bony fish species. As illustrated by the "lung"
of lungfish, the swim bladder appears to have originated in fish as a respiratory organ. The
primary function of the swim bladder in contemporary bony fishes is to maintain neutral
buoyancy. Some fish have developed swim bladders that serve as sound amplifiers. Fish that
live in freshwater and saltwater similarly control the amount of water flows over their bodies.
Saltwater constantly exits a marine fish's body through its skin and gills because its tissues
are less salted than the surrounding environment. A marine fish produces a little amount of
concentrated pee and consumes vast amounts of water to prevent dehydration. Its gills are
also designed to release salt.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the experiment used invertebrates including an earthworm, a squid, and
a shrimp and vertebrate of animal fish as the samples. The experiment conducted was to
explain that animals are multicellular organisms that move and reproduce sexually, and they
develop in stages. Many animal species are invertebrates, whereas vertebrates are
distinguished by the presence of a backbone. Animals are classified based on various
characteristics, and understanding and categorizing species is critical for biodiversity
conservation. The objectives of the experiment have been successfully achieved as the
structure and the body plan of the animals has been specifically differentiated and identified.
Hence, earthworm classified in the phylum Annelida, squid in the phylum Mollusca, shrimp
in the phylum Arthropoda, and fish in the phylum Chordata.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Describe the adaptation of bivalves to seawater.
ADAPTATIONS DESCRIPTION
Shell structure Protection: Bivalves possess a two-part shell that provides
protection against predators and physical stress. The shell is
composed of calcium carbonate and is hinged, allowing the
bivalve to close tightly, sealing itself within the protective
confines of its shell.
Filter feeding Feeding Strategy: Bivalves are efficient filter feeders,
relying on their gills to extract plankton, organic particles,
and detritus from the surrounding seawater. Water is drawn
into the mantle cavity through an incurrent siphon, and
suspended particles are filtered out by the gills. The cilia on
the gills then move food particles to the mouth for ingestion.
Gill adaptions Respiration: The gills of bivalves serve not only in filter
feeding but also in respiration. Oxygen exchange occurs
across the gill surfaces, enabling bivalves to extract oxygen
from seawater for metabolic processes.
2. Externally, arthropods have specialized parts compared to annelids. Explain.
An open circulatory system with a dorsal heart, a well-developed head and
mouthpart, striated muscles, a chitinous exoskeleton, jointed/segmented
appendages, and other important variations distinguish all arthropods
compared to their annelid ancestors.
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