SRI MANAKULA VINAYAGAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PUDUCHERRY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Subject Name: PROTECTION & SWITCHGEAR Subject Code : U20EET822

Prepared By:
Mr.R.Ragupathy, AP/EEE

Verified by: Approved by:

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UNIT –IV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

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Two Marks

1. What are the different types of circuit breakers?

 Air blast circuit breaker

 Oil circuit breaker
-Minimum oil circuit breaker
 SF6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

2. What are the properties of SF6.

a) The dielectric strength of SF6 in on average 2.5 times that of air, and by increasing
pressure, it can be seen that the dielectric strength also increase.
b) It is a gas which the speed of sound propagation is about three times less than in air, at
atmospheric pressure.
c) It is colourless, odourless and non-toxic
d) It is about five times heavier than air and has a density of 6.1Kg/m3
e) SF6 is a synthetic gas.

3. What are the merits of SF6 circuit breaker?

a) Excellent insulating, arc extinguishing, physical and chemical properties of SF6 gas is
greater advantage of SF6 circuit breakers

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b) The gas is non-inflammable and chemically stable. The decomposition products are
non-explosive i.e, there is no risk of fire or explosion
c) Outdoor EHV SF6 circuit breaker has less number of interrupters per pole in
comparison to the air-blast circuit breaker and minimum oil breaker. Outdoor SF6
circuit breaker is simple, comparatively cheaper in cost, maintenance free and compact
d) Its performance is not affected due to variation in atmospheric conditions
e) It gives noiseless operation it does not make sound like air-blast circuit breaker during
operation
f) No frequent contact replacement-arcing time is small owing to outstanding arc
quenching properties of SF6 and therefore contact erosion is less. Hence contacts do not
suffer oxidation
g) Therefore is no reduction in dielectric strength of SF6 since no carbon particle is formed
during the arcing
h) Minimum maintenance. The breaker may require maintenance once in four to ten years
i) The sealed construction avoids the contamination by moisture, dust, sand etc.
j) Same gas is re-circulated into the circuit thereby reducing the requirement of SF6 gas.
k) No over voltage problem. The arc is extinguished at natural current zero without the
current chopping and associated over-voltages originating across the circuit breaker
terminals
l) The SF6 gas circuit breaker can perform various duties like clearing short line faults,
opening unloaded transmission lines, capacitor switching, transformer reactor switching
etc. without any problem
m) Sufficient overload margin. For the same size of the conductors the current carrying
capacity of the SF6 circuit breakers is about 1.5 times that of the air blast circuit
breakers because superior heat transfer capability of the SF6 gas

4. What are the demerits of SF6 circuit breaker?

a) SF6 breakers are costly due to the high cost of SF6 gas.
b) Imperfect joints leading to leakage of the SF6 gas. Continuous monitoring devices
are required
c) SF6 gas is suffocating to some extent. In case of leakage in the breaker tank SF6
gas being heavier than the air settles in the surroundings and may lead to
suffocation of the operating personnel. However it is not poisonous
d) Arced SF6 gas is poisonous and should not be inhaled
e) The internal parts need thorough cleaning during periodic maintenance under clean
and dry environment. Dust of Teflon and sulphides should be removed
f) Special facilities are required for transportation of gas, transfer of gas an
maintenance of quality of the gas. The deterioration of quality of gas affects the
performance and hence reliability of the SF6 circuit breaker

5. What is the purpose of oil in oil circuit breaker?

a) Oil produces hydrogen during arching. The hydrogen helps extinguish the arc.
b) The oil provides insulation for the live exposed contacts from the earthed portions of
the container
c) Oil provides insulation between the contacts after the arc has been extinguished

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d) It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gas which has excellent cooling
properties.
6. What is the disadvantage of oil circuit breaker?
a) Oil is inflammable and may cause fire hazards. When a defective circuit breaker fails
under pressure, it may cause an explosion
b) The hydrogen generated during arcing, when combined with air, may form an explosive
mixture
c) During arcing, oil decomposes and becomes polluted by carbon particles, which
reduces its dielectric strength. Hence, it requires periodic maintenance and replacement.

7. Define pre-arcing time.

It is the time between the commencement of fault and the instant when cut off occurs. The pre-
arcing time is generally small nearly 0.001s

8. Define Arcing time.

It is the time between the end of pre-arcing time and the instant when the arc is extinguished.

9. Define cut-off.
It is the maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse melts.

10. What is load break switch?

A load break switch is a disconnect switch that has been designed to provide making or
breaking of specified currents. This is accomplished by addition of equipment that increases
the operating speed of the disconnect switch blade and the addition of some type of equipment
to alter the arcing phenomena and allow the safe interruption of the arc resulting when
switching load currents

11. What are the different types of air circuit breakers?

a) Axial blast type (in which air flow blast is directed along the arc path)
b) Cross-blast type (in which the air blast is directed at right angle to the arc path)
c) Radial-blast type (in which air blast is directed radially)
12. Write merits of vacuum circuit breaker.
a) They are compact, reliable and have longer life
b) There are no fire hazards
c) There is no generation of gas during and after operation
d) They can interrupt any fault current
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e) They require little maintenance and are quiet in operation

f) They can successfully withstanding lightning surges
13. Write the desirable characteristic of fuse element.
a) Low melting point e.g., Tin, lead
b) High conductivity e.g., Silver, copper
c) Free from deterioration due to oxidation e.g., silver
d) Low cost e.g., Lead, tin, copper.
14. What is meaning of HRC fuse?
Low and uncertain breaking capacity of semi-enclosed re-wire able fuse is overcome in High
Rupturing capacity (HRC) cartridge fuse. The space within the body surrounding the element
is completely packed with a filling powder. The filling material may be chalk, plaster of paris,
quartz or marble dust and acts as an arc quenching and cooling medium.
15. List out the advantage of HRC fuses.
a) They are capable of clearing high as well as low fault currents.
b) They do not deteriorate with age
c) They have high speed of operation
d) They provide reliable discrimination
e) They require no maintenance
f) They are cheaper than other circuit interrupting devices of equal breaking capacity
g) They permit consistent performance.

16. What is DC circuit breaking?

DC does not alternate, so there are no natural current zeros. That implies two things, the physical
opening of the breaker must be faster and physically greater to create sufficient dielectric withstand to
extinguish the arc.

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11 MARKS

1. Explain the basic working principle of circuit breaker.

Construction:

The Fig below shows the elementary diagram of a circuit breaker. It consists of two contacts a
fixed contact and a moving contact.A handle is attached at the end of the moving contact.It can be
operated manually or automatically. The automatic operation needs a separate mechanism which
consists of a trip coil. The trip coil is energized by secondary of the current transformer.The terminals
of circuit breaker are brought to power supply.

Operation:

Under normal working condition:

Under normal working conditions the e.m.f produced in the secondary winding of the
transformer is insufficient to energize the trip coil completely for its operation. Thus the contacts
remain in closed position carrying the normal working current. The contact can be opened manually
also by the handle.

Under abnormal or faulty condition:

Under abnormal or faulty conditions high current in the primary winding of the current
transformer induces sufficiently high e.m.f in the secondary winding so that the trip coil is energized.
This will start opening the motion of the contacts. This action will not be instantaneous as there is
always a time lag between the energization of the trip circuit and the actual opening of the contacts.
The contacts are moved towards right away from fixed contacts.

Extinction of Arc:

As we have seen already the separations of contact will not lead to breaking or interruption of
circuit as an arc is struck between the contacts. The production of the arc delay the current interruption
and in addition to this it produces large amount of heat which may damage the system or the breaker.

Thus it becomes necessary to extinguish the arc as early as possible in minimum time , so that heat
produced will lie within the allowable limit.This will also ensure that the mechanical stress produced
on the parts of circuit breaker is less.

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The time interval which is passed in between the energization of the trip coil to the instant
of contacts separation is called opening time. It dependent on fault current level.The time interval from
the contact separation to the extinction of arc is called arcing time.

It depends not only on fault current but also on availability of voltage for maintenance of
arc and mechanism used for extinction of arc.

2. What are the different types of air-blast circuit breaker? Explain with neat diagrams.
[Apr/May-14]

These type of circuit breakers were employed in earlier days for voltage ranging from 11 to
1100 kv. At high voltage this type of circuit breakers are most suitable. In this type of circuit breaker
the compressed air is used for the arc of extinction. Hence it is called compressed air circuit breaker.

Construction of Air Blast Circuit Breaker

At the bottom there is a tank which is called air reservoirs with the valves. On this reservoir
there are three hollow insulator columns. On the top of each insulator column there is a double arc
extinguishing chamber. The current carrying parts are connected to the arc extinction chamber in
series.The assembly of entire arc extinction chamber mounted on insulators as there exists large
voltage between the conductor and air reservoir.

The double arc extinction chamber is shown separately in fig below. It can be seen that for
each circuit breaker pole there are six breaks as there are three double arc extinction pole in
series.Each arc extinction chamber consists of two fixed and two moving contacts. These contacts can
move axially so as to open or close. The position depends on air pressure and spring pressure. The
opening rod is operated by the opening mechanism when it gets control signal (may be electric or
pneumatic). This will lead to flow of high pressure air by opening the valve.The high pressure air
enters the double arc extinction chamber rapidly.

Due to flow of air the pressure on moving contacts increases than spring pressure and contacts
open. The contacts travel through the small distance against the spring pressure. Due to the motion of
the moving contacts the port for outgoing air is closed and the whole arc extinction chamber is filled
with high pressure air. But during the arcing period the air passes through the opening shown and
takes away ionized air of arc.

In case of making the operation the valve turned which connects hollow column of insulator
and the reservoir. The air is passed to the atmosphere due to which pressure of air in the chamber is
dropped to atmospheric pressure and closing of moving contacts is achieved against spring pressure.

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Working of Air Blast Circuit Breaker:

An auxiliary compressed air system is required by this type of circuit breaker. This will supply
air to the air reservoir of the breaker. During the opening operation, the air is allowed to enter in the
extinction chamber which pushes away moving contacts.

The contacts are separated and the blast of air will take ionized gases with it and helps in
extinguishing the arc. This will require only one or two cycles.

There are two major types

 Cross blast (the blast of air cuts across the arc )and
 Axial blast. (the blast of air is along the arc)

Cross Blast Type:

The flow of air is across the arc. The moving contact is near to the arc splitter assembly. The
air blast forces the arc on to the arc splitter plates. These plates will lengthen the arc. Depending upon
the breaking capacity of the breaker, the size and the number of plates are decided.The fixed contact is
mounted at the base between the two insulating blocks.

It consists of a number of silver surfaced spring loaded copper fingers.

The arcing portion is surfaced with silver tungsten alloy. The moving contacts consist of flat
copper sliver based blade. Resistance switching is not required as sufficient resistance is automatically
introduced in the arc to control the restriking transient.

The cross blast breakers are commonly used in indoor circuit breakers of medium high voltage class.

AxialBlast Type:

There are two sub types which are shown in figure (a) & (b) i.e single blast type & double blast type.

The double blast arrangement is also called radial blast type due to the fact that the blast flows
radially into the space between the contacts.In this type air flows from high pressure reservoir to the

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atmosphere through a nozzle, whose design makes air to expand in the low pressure zone. It will attain
high velocity.

The high speed air flowing axially along the arc will cause removal of heat from the periphery
of the arc.The diameter of the arc reduces to a low value at current zero.At this instant of arc
interruption the contact space is filled with the fresh air.This will make possible to remove the hot
gases and fast building up of the dielectric strength of the medium.

3. Explain with a neat sketch the working of sf6 circuit breaker. [APR/MAY-12]

Sulphur Hexafluoride(SF6) Circuit Breaker

Pure sulphur hexafluoride gas is inert and thermally stable. It is having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. It is also an electronegative gas and has strong tendency to absorb free
electrons.

SF6 gas remains in gaseous state up to a temperature of 9oC. Its density is about five times that
of air and the free heat convection is 1.6times as much as that of air.Also being inert it is non-
inflammable, non-poisonous and odourless.The contacts of the breaker are opened in high pressure
flow of SF6 and an arc is struck between them. The conducting electrons from the arc are captured by
the gas to form relatively immobile negative ions.

The loss of this conducting electrons develops enough strength of insulation which will
extinguish the arc. Thus SF6 circuit breakers are found to be very effective for high power and high
voltage service and widely used in electrical equipments.Only the care to be taken is that some by-
products are produced due to breakdown of gas which are hazard to the health of the personnel and it
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should be properly disposed. Several types of SF6 circuit breakers are designed by various
manufacturers in the world during the recent years which are rated for voltages from 3.6 to 760kv. The
property of this gas is that the gas liquefies at certain low temperatures.

The liquefaction temperature can be increased with pressure. This gas is commercially
manufactured in many countries and now used extensively in electrical industry.The gas is prepared by
burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in fluorine gas in a steel box.The box must be provided with
staggered horizontal shelves each containing about 4kg of sulphur. The steel box is gas tight.

After the chemical reaction taking place in the box, the SF6 gas obtained contains impurities in
the form of fluorides such as S2F10 , SF4 etc. Thus it must be purified before it is supplied. The
manufacturing of this gas at large scale reduces its cost.

The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at any pressure is more than that of air.When the gas comes
in contact with the electric arc for long period, the decomposition effects are small and dielectric
strength is not considerably reduced and the metallic fluorides that are formed are good insulators and
are not harmful to the breaker.

Properties of SF6 Gas

The properties of SF6 gas are divided as,
1. Physical properties
2. Chemical properties
3. Dielectric properties

Physical properties
i. The gas is colourless, odourless , non-toxic and non-harmful to health.
ii. The gas is non-inflammable.
iii. It is heavy gas having high density.
iv. Liquification starts at low temperatures which depends on pressure.
v. The heat transferability is high as compared to air at same pressure.
vi. The heat content property is much more which will assist cooling of arc after current zero.
vii. The gas is electronegative.

Chemical properties
i. The gas is chemically inert and stable upto 500 oC. The life of metallic part, contacts is longer
in SF6 gas. The components do not get deteriorated. Hence the maintenance requirements are
reduced.
ii. During arc extinction, SF6 is decomposed to SF4 , SF2 . The products of decomposition are
toxic and hence proper care must be taken for their disposal.
iii. The metallic fluorides are good dielectric materials. Hence are safe for electrical equipment.

Dielectric properties
i. The dielectric strength of SF6 gas at atmospheric pressure is 12.9 times that of air and 30% less
than that of dielectric oil.
ii. With rough electrode surface, breakdown voltage reduces as ionisation starts earlier near the
sharp points. Hence the surface must be smooth.

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iii. The breakdown can occur at low values provided that the insulator supports are covered by
moisture and conducting dust, as flashover may take place along the surface of support
insulators. Hence insulators must be extremely clean.
iv. The breakdown is initiated at sharp edges of conducting parts having maximum stress
concentration. Good dielectric stress distribution is important.

Construction of Non-Puffer Type SF6 Breaker

The fig shows the constructional details of SF6 circuit breaker.

It consists of the arc interruption chamber wherein fixed and moving contacts are enclosed.The
chamber is filled with SF6 gas. The chamber is connected to a reservoir containing SF6 gas.

When the contacts of circuits breakers are opened, the valve mechanism allows high pressure
SF6 gas from the reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.The fixed contact is a hollow,
cylindrical current carrying contact fitted with arc horn.

The moving contact is also hollow cylinder containing holes in the sides to permit SF 6 gas to
pass through these holes after flowing across the arc. The tips of fixed and moving contacts are coated
with copper tungsten arc resistant material. The gas is reconditioned and reused by suitable auxiliary
system after each operation of the breaker.

Working

During the normal working conditions the contacts are in closed position which are surrounded
by SF6 gas at a pressure of about 2.8kg/cm2.

When the contacts are separated then arc is struck between them. The movement of moving
contact and opening the valve are synchronized together which permits high pressure SF6 gas from the
reservoir to the arc interruption chamber.The high pressure gas absorbs free electrons in the arc path to
form immobile negative ions. The gas also removes the heat from the arc.

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Due to this, arc diameter reduces and it becomes small during current zero with the turbulent
flow around current zero, the arc is extinguished.Due to electro negativity of SF6 gas the medium
between the contacts immediately builds up and causes extinction of arc. After the breaker operation
the valve is closed by a set of springs.

In SF6 breakers, the gas is made to flow from high pressure zone to a low pressure zone
through a convergent divergent nozzle. The flow of mass of gas is a function of nozzle throat diameter,
the pressure ratio and time to flow.The gas flows axially along the arc length at very high speed which
will take away heat from the arc causing the reduction in diameter of arc.

Finally the arc diameter becomes very small at current zero and arc is extinguished. The
contact space is filled by fresh SF6 gas and dielectric strength of contact space is rapidly built due to
electronegativity of SF6 gas.

Consider the flow pattern shown in above fig .In earlier days puffer type circuit breakers were
used with single flow pattern. The single flow pattern has limited quenching ability and is use for
breaking currents.

The four stages of puffer action explains arc quenching process in single flow puffer type
circuit breaker.When the breaker is fully closed, the pressure in puffer cylinder P 1 is equal to that of
outside the cylinder. But during opening operation, puffer cylinder and moving contact tube starts
moving. Gas gets compressed within puffer cylinder (P1>P2).

When contacts move further, arc is drawn. The compressed gas flows from higher pressure P 1
to lower pressure P2 through the nozzle.After further advancement the flow pattern was improved. The
gas from puffer cylinder was allowed to flow in forward direction through nozzle and also in reverse
direction through hollow contact tube.

Double flow removes the heat from the arc efficiently and causes lengthening of arc. It gives
the breaking capacity one and half times more than that of single flow type. So now a days double
flow pattern is used in SF6 circuit breakers.

Single Pressure Puffer Type SF6 Circuit Breaker

It employs puffer principle explained earlier. The fig 12.13 shows principle of operation of
single pressure puffer type SF6 circuit breaker.
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The operating mechanism (1) is installed at base of the insulator and is linked with movable
contacts in the interrupter by means of insulating operating rod (4) and a link mechanism (5). The
circuit breaker is filled with SF6 gas at a pressure of about 5 kgf/cm2. The breaking time obtained with
puffer type breaker is nearly 3 cycles.

In this case, gas is compressed by the moving cylinder system and is released through a nozzle
while extinction of an arc.The fig 12.13 (a) illustrates fully closed position of interrupter. Moving
cylinder 1 is coupled with moving contact 2 against the fixed piston 5.As a result there is a relative
motion between 1 and 5 and the gas is compressed in the cavity 6. This trapped gas is released through
a nozzle hole, during arc extinction process.

During the travel of moving contact 2 and movable cylinder 1 gas puffs over the arc and
reduces arc diameter by axial conversion and radical dissipation. At current zero arc diameter
becomes too small and arc gets extinguished.The puffing action continues for sometime even after the
arc extinction until the contact space is filled with cool and fresh gas.

Advantages of SF6 Circuit Breaker

1. The size of SF6 breaker is smaller than conventional circuit breaker of same rating.
2. SF6 gas is non-inflammable and chemically stable, decomposition products are not explosive hence
no danger of fire.
3. Same gas is recirculated in the circuit hence requirement of gas is small.
4. Ample overload margin: for the same size of conductor, current carrying ability of SF6 circuit
breaker is about 1.5times than that of air blast circuit breaker because of more heat transferability.
5. The breaker is silent in operation and does not make sound like air blast circuit breaker due to its
closed gas circuit.

Disadvantages

1. Sealing problem arises due to the type of construction.

2. Imperfect joint lead to leakage of gas
3. The presence of moisture in the system is very dangerous.

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4. Double pressure SF6 circuit breaker are relatively costly due to type of construction and complex
gas system.
5. Internal parts should be cleaned thoroughly during periodic maintenance under clean and dry
environment.
6. SF6 breakers are costly as there is high cost of SF6 gas.

Applications

 A typical SF6 circuit breaker consists of interrupter units.

 Each unit is capable of interrupting currents upto 60kA and voltages in the range 50-80kV.
 A number of units are connected in series according to system voltage.
 SF6 breakers are developed for voltage ranges from 115 to 500 kV and power of 10 MVA to
20MVA ratings and with interrupting time of 3cylces and less.

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4. With neat diagram discuss the construction details and working of minimum oil circuit
breaker. [Apr -13]

CONSTRUCTION:

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5. With neat diagram discuss the construction details and working of vaccum circuit breaker.
[Apr/May -13]

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6. With neat diagram discuss the construction details and working of plain oil circuit breaker.

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7. With neat diagram discuss the construction details and working of pressure oil circuit breaker.

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8. With neat diagram discuss the construction and operation of HRC fuses.

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9. Discuss the characteristics of HRC fuses.

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10. Explain the photovoltaic fuses in detail.

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PV fuses are used to protect components within a solar PV array. This can range from
individual panel protection to string or complete array protection. PV fuses are specifically designed
for such applications and are rated up to 1500VDC making them the only choice to protect your
investment. Other forms of protection are either not viable alternatives or are simply not available.

Solar Fuse / PV options:

1. PV panel / small string protection up to 20A cylindrical fuses
2. Large PV string protection NH style fuse links
3. Array protection NH XL links up to 400A

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