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CSC 112 - Lecture 8

The document discusses numerical analysis and partial fractions. Numerical analysis is used to approximate solutions to problems that cannot be solved exactly. Three common root finding methods are bisection, Newton-Raphson, and simple algebraic/graphical. Partial fractions involves resolving algebraic expressions by factorizing denominators and setting equal coefficients of like terms.

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21 views6 pages

CSC 112 - Lecture 8

The document discusses numerical analysis and partial fractions. Numerical analysis is used to approximate solutions to problems that cannot be solved exactly. Three common root finding methods are bisection, Newton-Raphson, and simple algebraic/graphical. Partial fractions involves resolving algebraic expressions by factorizing denominators and setting equal coefficients of like terms.

Uploaded by

olumideemmanuel940
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CSC 112 – LECTURE EIGHT

Numerical analysis

Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as
opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical
analysis. Numerical analysis can be applied in solving problems which may not have a
straight-forward approach.
They can be used where getting the exact solution to the problem cannot be
accurately arrived at. With numerical analysis, an approximation can be derived.
Many equations can only be solved graphically or by methods involving successive
approximations to the roots. These are the numerical methods and can also be called
Iterative methods. The 3 common methods used in numerical analysis of finding the
roots of an equation are:

i. Bisection method
ii. Newton-raphson method

iii. Simple algebraic/ graphical method

Each approximation relies upon a good previous estimate of the value of a root being
made.
These methods are used for finding the approximate roots of a polynomial. We would
not look into depth, these 3 methods of root finding.
Still under numerical analysis, we will consider partial fractions. Though resolving into
partial fractions is not strictly considered as a numerical analysis method, it might be
needed in numerical analysis.

Partial fractions

By algebraic addition,
1 +3 = (x+1)+3(x−2)

x−2 x+1 (x−2) (x+1)


= 4x−5

The reverse process of moving from 4x−5 to 1 +3

x−2 x+1

is called resolving into partial fractions.


In order to resolve an algebraic expression into partial fractions, the following
rules apply:

i. The denominator must be one that can be factorized (in the


above example, x2−x−2 factorizes as (x−2)(x+1))
ii. The numerator must be at least one degree less than the
denominator (in the above example, (4x−5)is of degree1since the highest
powered x term is x1 and (x2 −x−2)is of degree 2).
iii. When the degree of the numerator is equal to or higher than the
degree of the denominator, the numerator must be divided by the
denominator until the remainder is of less degree than the denominator.
Types of partial fractions
There are basically three types of partial fractions and these will be represented
in tabular form.

Type Denominator Expression Form of partial fraction


contains:

1 Linear factors +

2 Repeated linear +
factors

3 Quadratic factors
Example

Resolve into partial fractions.

The denominator factorizes as (x−1) (x+3) and the numerator is of less degree
than the denominator. Thus, can be resolved into partial fractions.

Let ≡ ≡ +

Where A and B are constants to be determined,

Since the denominators are the same on each side of the identity , then, the
numerators are equal to each other.

Thus, 11−3x≡A(x+3)+B(x−1)
11−3x≡Ax+3A+Bx−B

Group the like terms,

11−3x≡(A+B)x+3A−B
So, A+B=-3 and 3A−B =11
These two equations form a set and when solved, give the value of x.

A+B=-3

3A−B =11

4A=8, A=2
Substituting the value of A, that is, 2, we have 2+B=-3, B=-5
A=2, B=-5

So, the resolved fraction is -

i. Resolve

ii. Resolve

Example

Convert into the sum of three partial fractions.

Let ≡ + +

2 −9x−35≡A(x−2)(x+3)+B(x+1)(x+3)+C(x+1)(x−2)

2 −9x−35≡A( +x-6)+B( +4x+3)+C( −x-2)

2 −9x−35≡ +x(A+4B-C)+(-6A+3B-2C)

Equating coefficients on both sides of the equation, we have:

A+B+C=2-------- i
A+4B-C=-9-------ii

-6A+3B-2C=-35—iii

Taking i and ii and solving simultaneously, we have:

A+B+C=2

-
A+4B-C=-9

-3B+2C=11-------iv

Taking i and iii and solving simultaneously, we have:

A+B+C=2

-6A+3B-2C=-35

Multiply i by 6 and add both equations

6A+6B+6C=12
+

-6A+3B-2C=-35

9B+4C=-23-------v
Taking the newly generated equations, iv and v and solving them
simultaneously, we have:
-3B+2C=11-------iv (X3)

9B+4C=-23-------v
Multiply iv by 3 and add to eliminate B

-9B+6C=33

+
9B+4C=-23
: 10C=10, C=1
Substituting C=1 in eqn iv, we have
-3B+2(1)=11, -3B=9, B=-3

Substituting B=-3 and C=1 in eqn i, we have


A+(-3)+1=2

A=2+2=4
So, A=4, B=-3 and C=1

The resolved partial fraction is ≡ - +

ALL THE BEST IN YOUR EXAMINATIONS!

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