Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Unit 6 CONTROL AND

LEARNING WITH LOGO

UNIT OUTCOME
Students will be able to:
 understand the logo language;
 recognize to produce a variety of diagrams using the logo language.

6.1 CONTROL AND LEARNING WITH LOGO

L O G O (L ogic O riented, G raphics O riented) is a high level programming language specifically
designed for its ease of use and graphics capabilities. LOGO was originally developed in 1 96 7 by
S e y m our P a p e rt and a team at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M IT) in U nited States. It was
originally designed to introduce children to programming concepts, and to help develop better
thinking skills that could be transferred to other contexts. It is easy to learn, easy to use, easy to
read, but also powerful and able to cope with complex problems.
L O G O is so easy that it can be understood by the 7 to 7 7 years old. L O G O ’ s graphics language
is called turtle graphics, which allows complex graphics images to be created with a minimum of
coding. L O G O has evolved into a powerful computer language. L O G O is considered an interpreted
language because L O G O programs are executed by an interpreter.
Some benefits of L O G O over other programming languages are:
1. It fosters (promotes) group collaborative work.
2. It allows students to visualize mathematical and geometrical concepts.
3. It teaches students that the computer is a device to be controlled, rather than one that controls.
4. It introduces students to programming structures and concepts.
5. It promotes concepts associated with the Technology and Enterprise Learning A rea.
6. It is immediate. There is no waiting while the program is run.
7. It uses simple ‘ English’ commands and is not case-sensitive.
8. It is graphical in nature.
The programming language you will be learning in this U nit is Logo. The version of LOGO that
we are using is M S W L O G O (W indows based), which is available from S of tron i c s, I n c . as freeware
on the Internet (http://www.softronix.com).
Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 117
Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Starting LOGO
To start L O G O , perform the following steps:
Click S ta rt → Al l P rog ra m s → M i c rosof t W i n d ow s L og o → M i c rosof t W i n d ow s L og o
(see Fig. 6 .1 ).

Fig. 6.1: Starting LOGO

OR
Double click on the M SW Logo shortcut icon on the desktop of your computer (see Fig. 6 .2 ).

Fig. 6.2: MS Logo Shortcut Icon

The screen shown in Fig. 6 .3 will appear:

118 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Fig. 6.3: MSW Logo Screen

Some M SW Logo screen elements are given below:
T i tl e b a r: Title bar contains the name of program (M SW Logo).
M e n u b a r: M enu bar contains various options for handling, editing and formatting file. M enu
titles contain various sub-options which comes when these menu titles are clicked upon.
B utton b a r: B utton bar provides additional shortcuts for Logo commands. To execute a button
command, position the mouse cursor on the button and press the left mouse button.
Graphics window
Graphics window is the area where the turtle moves around and draws. The Turtle appears in this
area.
Listener window
Listener window is the area where the commands are typed. Y ou will see small question marks(? )
in this area.

The turtle moves on the screen according to the commands given. It understands only LOGO
commands. Centre of the screen is the home of the turtle.

l Using Primitives
W hen you load L O G O , a triangular shape pointer appears at the centre of the screen called Turtle.
It has a pointing tip. Turtle indicates that position on the screen, from where the drawing will
start. In other words, we can say that turtle is a point of invisible pen, that helps in drawing
figures. The home position of turtle is in the centre of the screen, where it appears in the beginning.
The primitives are typed in the white space at the bottom left corner of the screen known as the
Command Input B ox.
The first step to learn any drawing is to know about drawing a line. Therefore, you will read
about some primitives which are useful in drawing lines and boxes.
Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 119
Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Forward (FD)
This primitive moves the turtle in the forward direction with the number of steps mentioned with
the primitive. The turtle draws a line while moving. For example, to draw a line of 4 0 steps type
the following command in the Input B ox.

C O M M AN D R E S U L T

FD 2 0 ↵ (Here, ↵ means press Enter key) ↑ (a line of 2 0 steps)

FD2 0 ↵ I don’ t know how to FD2 0

F O RW A RD 5 0 ↵ ↑ (a line of 5 0 steps)
FD ↵ not enough inputs to FD
F O RW A RD5 0 ↵ I don’ t know how to F O RW A RD5 0

Back (BK)
Turtle moves backward and draws a line of specified number of steps.
The turtle moves in the direction, where it has its back.
It is just like driving a car in reverse (back) gear.
For example, to draw a line of 50 steps in backward direction, type the following command in the Input
B ox.

C O M M AN D R E S U L T

B K 6 0 ↵ (Here, ↵ means press Enter key) (a line of 6 0 steps)

B A CK W A RD6 0 ↵ I don’ t know how to B A C K W A RD6 0

B K 4 0 ↵ I don’ t know how to B K 4 0
B K ↵ not enough inputs to B K
B K 5 0 ↵ (a line of 5 0 steps)

120 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

1. LOGO commands are known as the ‘ Pr imitives’ .

2. LOGO is not case-sensitive, that is, upper-case letters are not distinguished from lower-case letters.
3. B Y E primitive is used to exit LOGO.

Turning the Turtle

Turtle can be turned in right (clockwise) or left (anti-clockwise) direction by using RT (Right) or LT (Left)
primitives.

R i g ht ( R T )
To turn the Turtle in right or clockwise direction, use RT/ RIGH T primitive. It needs number of degree to
know the angle of turn. For example,

L fe t ( L T )
To turn the Turtle towards left or in anti-clockwise direction, use LT/ LEFT primitive. It needs number of
degree to know the angle of turn. For example,

W e can move the turtle forward, backward, right and left on the screen.

Home
Turtle always rests in the centre of the screen which is known as its home. From here, the turtle moves
around the screen.
H OM E primitive sends the turtle in the centre of the screen. The H OM E primitive is not followed by
any number. The turtle draws a line as it goes back to its home and faces upwards in its home position.
For example,
Type the following commands in the Command Input B ox to see the output shown on right side:
FD 10 ↵
RT 90 ↵
FD 10 ↵
H OM E ↵

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 121

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

H i d e T urtl e ( H T )
W h en this command is entered, the turtle disappears from the screen.
Turtle follows all the commands and can draw anything even though it is not seen on the screen. For
example,

1. N o space(s) is/ are required within a primitive. If you give space, error message appears.
2. To use more than one primitive at a time, we must leave a space in between them.

S how T urtl e ( S T )
ST command brings the turtle back on the screen, which had disappeared using H T command. For
example,

C l ear T ext ( C T )
It clears the Text A rea.
A ll the commands disappear from the Listener window. For example,

122 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

C l ear S c reen (C S )
CS command clears the Graphics area. For example,

CLEA N command clears the entire drawing from the screen but leaves the turtle at its last position.

P en U p (P U )
A s you lift your pencil up when you want to leave some gap between the two words while writing, so is
the case with the turtle.
To move the turtle without drawing a line PE N U P primitive is used. There is no need to give any
number after P EN U P command. For example, to draw the two lines shown on left, type the commands
shown on right side.

In the above example, we have used PD command, let us see why this command has been given.

P ne D ow n ( P D )
Y ou cannot draw till you put your pencil down. The same way, turtle starts drawing again only when
you give P EN DOW N (P D) command. There is no need to mention any number after P D command. For
example,

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 123

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

P ne E ras e ( P E )
The turtle can erase a line on which it moves. For this P EN ERA SE (P E) primitive is used. Y ou need to move the
turtle on the lines you want to remove/ erase after giving P E command. For example,

To erase a line of 10 steps so that this figure can become a square of 40 steps, give the following
commands:

To bring your turtle in the normal mode again, give PE command so that you can complete your figure
after correcting the mistake.

Using the LOGO primitives to draw a variety of shapes

N ow, you are familiar to LOGO primitives. So, let us use these primitives to draw a variety of shapes:
E xam p l e 1: Draw an equilateral triangle of side 10 steps, using the LOGO primitives.
Type the following commands in the Command Input B ox to draw an equilateral triangle of side 10
steps:
FD 10 ↵
RT 120 ↵
FD 10 ↵
RT 120 ↵
FD 10 ↵
RT 120 ↵
E xam p l e 2: Draw a circle of radius 8 0 using the LOGO primitives.
Type the following command in the Command Input B ox to draw a circle of radius 80 with the turtle
at the centre of the circle:
A RC 360 80 ↵
OR
CIRCLE 8 0 ↵
124 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook
 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Type the following command in the Command Input B ox to create a circle of radius 8 0 with the turtle
at the edge of the circle:

CIRCLE2 80 ↵

E xam p l e 3: Draw a square of side 60 steps, using the LOGO primitives.

Type the following commands to draw a square of side 60 steps:

P ri n t C om m an d
P RIN T/ P R primitive is used to display a letter, number, word or a sentence on the screen. It can also
be used for doing calculations. This command takes only one input at a time and displays the output in
Recall List B ox. For example,

P RIN T 201 ↵

will print 201 1 in the Recall List B ox.

Use “ before a letter/word and enclose a sentence in “ “ or [ ].

R pe eat C om m an d
REP EA T primitive is used when same set of commands are to be given again and again. Instead of
typing same set of commands repeatedly, they can be clubbed up in a single line REP EA T command. For
example, to draw a square of side 6 0 steps, type the following command:

REP EA T 4 [FD 60 RT 90] ↵

OR

REP EA T 4 [FD 60 RT 360/4] ↵

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 125

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

H ere, the number 4 after the REP EA T primitive, tells the computer to repeat four times whatever
command is given within the square bracket.
The structure of REP EA T command is:
JN o. of turtle steps in N
N o. of times
K each line direction and O
REP EA T the commands are
K O
KK the angle by which
to be repeated OO
L turtle turns each time P
N ow, type the following command in the Command Input B ox to draw the regular polygons (pentagon
and hexagon) by using the REP EA T command:

REP EA T 5[FD 100 RT 72] ↵

REP EA T 6[FD 100 RT 60] ↵

For an N side regular polygon, the Turtle will turn by 360/ N degrees.

l Writing Procedures Using RANDOM

To write a procedure in LOGO is to teach the turtle how to draw something. Let us learn about the
procedures in LOGO:

Procedures
Pr ocedures are the heart of LOGO and other programming languages. Pr ocedures are small programs that
can be called on again and again through one word and without typing them all out.
The structure of a procedure in LOGO is:
To Procedurename
Steps of the procedure
End
A procedure must start with the word To, followed by a name you give. Then come all the steps you
would write on the command line. A procedure must end with the word End.

126 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Remember the following points while writing procedures in LOGO:

1. Y ou must avoid use of LOGO commands as procedure names!
2. Pr ocedure name can have letters, numbers and symbols.
3. The first character in procedure name should always be a letter.
4. B lank space and arithmetic operators are not allowed in the procedure name.
5. Y ou can use small or capital letters or a mixture of these for a procedure name.
Commands having a semicolon (;) in front are called comments which are ignored by M SW LOGO.

Random Command
LOGO provides one of the best ways of stimulating children in their work by using the RA N DOM command.
The command RA N DOM is usually followed by a number. For example,
RA N DOM 1 5 ↵
would generate a random integer number less than 15.
Type the following and see the output:
REP EA T 5 [SH OW RA N DOM 100] ↵

H ow d o y ou w ri te a p roc ed ure i n L O G O ?
A LOGO procedure can be written in the following ways:
1. U sing the Input B ox (see Fig. 6.4) , which can be opened
by typing in TO followed by the Pr ocedure N ame in the
Command Input B ox.
2. U sing the Editor window (see Fig. 6. 5) , which can be opened
Fig. 6.4: User Input Box
by any one of the following:
(i) Clicking the Edall button on the Button bar
(ii) U sing the Edit option in the File menu
(iii) Typing “ Edit Pr ocedure N ame in the Command Input B ox (do not forget quotation mark before
Pr ocedure N ame).

Fig. 6.5: Editor window

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 127

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Let us write a simple procedure S Q U AR E in LOGO, using the I n p ut B ox , to draw a square of side of
length 50.
To code, run and save the procedure, perform the following steps:
1. Click the I n p ut B ox .
2. Type in T O followed by the name of the procedure, here we type, T O S Q U AR E .
3. Pr ess the Enter key. The user I n p ut B ox appears.
4. Enter the set of instructions one after other for drawing a square. Pr ess the Enter key after each
line.
5. Wh en all the instructions have been entered, type in E N D and press the Enter key. Y our Pr ocedure
S Q U AR E has been defined. The entered procedure code is shown below:
TO SQ U A RE
; Pr ocedure SQ U A RE
CS ; Clear Screen
REPEAT 4 [FD 50 RT 90]
H T ; H ide Turtle
EN D
6. To run the procedure, type S Q U AR E in the C om m an d I n p ut B ox and press the Enter key.
This draws a square of side length 5 0 on the graphics screen as shown below:

7. To save the procedure, click on the I n p ut B ox to make it active and type:

SA V E “S Q U A RE.
The file saved in LOGO will have an extension .LGO. Type LOA D “Pr ocedure N ame to recall a saved
procedure.

In LOGO, you can put a procedure within REPE A T command or within another procedure. Let us write
procedures to include REPE A T and RA N DOM command:
E xam p l e 1: Wr ite a procedure to draw a simple star shape using REPE A T command.
TO STA R
; Pr ocedure STA R
CS ; Clear Screen
REPEAT 10 [LT 60 FD 50 RT 120 FD 50 LT 60 RT 36]
H T ; H ide Turtle
EN D
Type the following in the Command Input B ox and press the Enter key to run the procedure:
STA R

128 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

This draws a star on the screen as shown below:

E xam p l e 2: W rite a procedure to draw circles randomly using RA N DOM command.

TO DRA WC IR
; Pr ocedure DRA WC IR to draw circles randomly
CS ; Clear Screen
REPEAT 10 [CIRCLE RANDOM 100]
H T ; H ide Turtle
EN D
Type the following in the Command Input B ox and press the Enter key to run the procedure:
DRA WC IR
This will draw circles randomly on the graphics screen as shown below:

Y our output may be different every time when you run the LOGO procedure(s) having RA N DOM
command(s).
E xam p l e 3: Wr ite procedure(s) to draw squares randomly using RA N DOM command.
Let us write a procedure SQ U A RE1 first and then use it in another procedure RSQ U A RES to draw
random squares:

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 129

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

TO SQ U A RE1
; Pr ocedure SQ U A RE1
REPEAT 4 [FD 40 RT 90]
HT ; Hide Turtle
EN D
TO RSQ U A RES
; Pr ocedure RSQ U A RES
CS ; Clear Screen
REPEAT 30[SQUARE1 PENUP RT RANDOM 360 FD RANDOM 50 PENDOWN]
EN D
Type the following in the Command Input B ox and press the Enter key to run the procedure:
RSQ U A RES
This will draw random squares on the screen, lifting the pen and moving it to a random location before
drawing another square as shown below:

Type ERA SE “Pr ocedure N ame and press Enter key to erase a procedure. The ERA SE A LL command
erases all the procedures.

Activity 6.1
DRAW A VARIET Y OF SHAPES USING THE LOGO PRIMITIVES AND PROCEDURES
Students in small groups will use the LOGO primitives and procedures to draw a variety of shapes. The group
leader from each group will give a brief presentation to the class based on it.
LOGO Primitives
The LOGO Primitives are basic LOGO Commands.
Procedures
Procedures are small programs that can be called on again and again through one word and without typing
them all out.

130 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook

 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

Drawing Shapes using Primitives and Procedures

We can draw various shapes in LOGO using the CS, FD, LT, RT, HOME, HT primitives and procedures. For
example,

S hap e L O G O P roc ed ure to D raw the S hap e

A S c al en e T ri an g le TO Scalene
; This procedure will draw a scalene triangle
CS
FD 100
RT 150
FD 50
HOME
HT
END
An I sosc el es T ri an g le TO Isosceles
; This procedure will draw an isosceles triangle
CS
RT 20
FD 100
RT 140
FD 100
HOME
HT
END
An E q ui l at er al T ri an g le TO Equilateral
; This procedure will draw an equilateral triangle
CS
FD 100
RT 120
FD 100
RT 120
FD 100
HT
END
A R ec tan g le TO Rectangle
; This procedure will draw a rectangle
CS
REPEAT 2[FD 100 RT 90 FD 50 RT 90]
HT
END

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 131

Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

A S q uar e TO Square
; This procedure will draw a square
CS
REPEAT 4[FD 100 RT 90]
HT
END

KEY CONCEPTS
 LOGO stands for Logic Oriented, Graphics Oriented.
 MSW LOGO screen is divided in two parts—Graphics window and Listener window.
 CS primitive clears the graphics screen.
 We can write a procedure in two ways using the “Input Box” or using the “Editor window”.
 Procedures are small programs that can be called on again and again through one word without typing them
all out.
 The file saved in LOGO will have an extension .LGO.
 BYE primitive closes the LOGO.

Review Questions
Fill in the Blanks
1. LOGO was developed by ...................... and his team.
2. Wh en you load Logo, a triangular shape pointer appears at the centre of the screen called .................... .
3. The ...................... primitive moves the turtle in forward direction.
4. The ...................... primitive turns turtle’ s face on left side.
State Whether True or False
1. Logo is a high-level programming language.
.2 Logo is considered an interpreted language because Logo programs are executed by an interpreter.
.3 The B K primitive turns turtle face on right side.
.4 The ST primitive shows the turtle again.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A ll the figures are drawn by ...................................... in LOGO.
(a) Turtle (b) H and
(c) B ye (d) Pr int
2. Wh ich of the following LOGO primitive moves the turtle’ s face in right side?
(a) ST (b) H OM E
(c) PD (d) RT
132 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook
 Unit – 6 Control and Learning with LOGO

3. Wh ich of the following LOGO primitive moves the turtle in backward direction?
(a) FD (b) B K
(c) H T (d) B Y E
4. A set of LOGO commands referred by a name, which is given to perform a particular task is called a .
..................................... .
(a) Operator (b) Pr ocedure
(c) A ction (d) Random

Match the Following

Column A Column B
1. Graphics window in LOGO (a) Generates a random integer number
2. Listener window in LOGO (b) U sed to exit LOGO
3. B Y E primitive (c) The area where the commands are typed
4. Random command (d) The area where the turtle moves and draws

Answer the Following

1. Wh at is LOGO? Wh o developed LOGO and when?
2. Label the following LOGO window.

3. Wh at are LOGO primitives? Explain any four LOGO primitives to draw shapes.
4. Wr ite a procedure using RA N DOM command in LOGO.

Suggested Activities
1. Wr ite a procedure to draw an equilateral triangle.
2. Wr ite a procedure to include a random number generator e.g., throwing a die.
3. U se Full version of LOGO language.

Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 133

 Glossary

GLOSSARY
A D at a C om m un i c at i on s: The moving or sharing
of encoded information between two or more data
AI ( Arti f i c i al I n tel l i g en c e) : It is the branch of sources using an electronic medium.
computer science concerned with making computers
behave like humans. D i stri b uti on L i st: A lso called a mailing list, is a
collection of e-mail addresses that allows you to e-mail
An al og : It is any fluctuating, evolving, or
multiple people at one time.
continually changing process that represents data by
measurement of a continuous physical variable. D V D : Digital V ersatile Disc or Digital V ideo Disc.
Ap p l i c at i on S of tw ar e: A program that is designed
to perform specific tasks. E
AS C I I : A merican Standard Code for Information E - C om m er c e: B uying and selling or business
Interchange. It is pronounced (as-kee). transaction conducted on the Internet.
B E - M ai l : Stands for Electronic M ail. This is a system
of relaying messages across the Internet, from one
B ac k up : To copy files or data to a second source or Internet user to another.
media so as to safeguard it.
B C D : B inary Coded Decimal. F
B I T ( B i n ar y D i g I T ) : It is the smallest unit of F orm at P ai n ter : H elps to copy the format that has
processing of computerized data in terms of 1s or 0s .
been applied to text and apply it to another.
B row ser : Software program that allows the user to
find and read encoded information in a form suitable F T P ( F i l e T ran sf er P rotoc ol ) : A software protocol
for display especially on Wo rld W ide W eb. for exchanging information between computers over a
network.
B y te: A combination of 8 bits to represent computer
data transfer or data storage measurement.
G
C G i g ab y te ( G B ) : 2 to the 30t h power (1,073,741,824)
C D -R O M ( C om p ac t D i sc R ead - O n l y M em ory ) : bytes. One gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes.
A durable and low cost circular optical storage device G I G O : It is an acronym that stands for Garbage In,
widely used to store large amounts of information. Garbage Out.
C om p uter : A computer is an electronic device that
accepts, processes, stores and outputs data under the H
control of a set of instructions.
C P U ( C en tral P roc es si n g U n i t) : A processor on H ar d w a re : The physical equipment used in a
an IC chip (called a microprocessor) that serves as the computer system, such as the CPU , peripheral devices
and memory.
‘ brain’ of the computer.
H om e P ag e: The initial page of a site on the Wo rld
W ide W eb.
D
H T M L ( H y p er text M ar k up L a n g uag e) : It is a
D at a: A collection of raw facts and figures or a collection of structuring and formatting tags used to
raw input which when processed or arranged makes create W eb pages.
meaningful output.
134 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook
 Glossary

H T T P ( H y p er T ext T ra n sp ort P rotoc ol ) : The M eg ab y te ( M B ) : A bout a million bytes of space.

standard protocol for transferring hypertext documents A ctually it is 2 raised to the 20t h power or 1,048,576
on the Wo rld W ide W eb. bytes of space.
H y p er text : A method of storing data through a M em ory : Internal storage areas in the computer.
computer program that allows a user to create and MO D E M : Stands for M Odulator and DEM odulator.
link fields of information at will and to retrieve the It is a device that changes data from digital (computer
data non-sequentially. language) to analog (phone line language) and then
back again.
I M other b oar d : The main circuit board of a
I c on : A picture or symbol to represent a command microcomputer.
on a computer screen. M P E G ( M oti on P i c ture E xp er ts G roup ) : A format
ID E ( I n teg rat ed D e v el op m en t E n v i ron m en t) : to make, view, and transfer both digital audio and
A programming environment integrated into an digital video files.
application. M S - E xc el : Spreadsheet application software,
I T ( I n f orm at i on T ec hn ol og y ) : The development, provided by M icrosoft.
implementation, and maintenance of computer M S - P ow er P oi n t: Pr esentation software, provided
hardware and software systems to organize and by M icrosoft.
communicate information electronically. M S - Wo rd : Wo rd processing application software,
I n ter n et : The Internet is a network of networks provided by M icrosoft.
all of which use the same set of communications
protocols. N
I S P ( I n ter n et S er v i c e P rov i d er ) : A company that
N et i q uet te: The rules of etiquette that apply when
provides access to the Internet.
communicating over computer networks, especially
the Internet.
J
N et w ork : A system containing any combination
J AV A: A high-level programming language of computers and its peripherals, used to transmit or
developed by Sun M icrosystems.
receive information.
K
O
K i l ob y te ( K B ) : This is about a thousand bytes of
space. In reality, it is two to the 10t h power or 1,024 O p er at i n g S y stem : A system software program
bytes. that works as a bridge between computer hardware
and the user. Operating systems perform basic tasks,
L such as recognizi ng input from the keyboard, sending
output to the display screen, keeping track of files
L AN ( L oc al Area N et w ork ) : A network that
and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral
links together computers and peripheral equipment
devices such as disk drives and printers.
within a limited area, such as a building or a group of
buildings. O utp ut D ev i c e: A device that translates information
processed by the computer into a form that humans
L an g uag e P roc es sor: Software that converts a
can understand.
high level language or assembly language code into
machine understandable form.
L og i n : To attach to a computer using the user’ s
P
ID. P en D ri v e: A secondary storage device that can be
L O G O ( L og i c O ri en ted , G rap hi c s O ri en ted ) : used to easily transfer files between U SB -compatible
A high level programming language specifically systems.
designed for its ease of use and graphics capabilities. P l otter : A computer output device that draws
images on paper using a pen.
M P ri m i ti v es : The LOGO commands are known as
M ai n f ram e: Second largest computer available ‘ Pr imitives’ .
after the supercomputer.
Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook 135
Glossary

Q T er ab y te (T B ): 2 to the 40t h power

(1,099,51,627,76) bytes.
Q uer y : U sed to retrieve information on a certain
condition from a database. T roj an : A type of computer virus that is loaded
into an unsuspecting users system via a host program
such as a free game.
R
T urtl e: A triangular shape pointer used in LOGO
R AM ( R an d om Ac c es s M em ory ) : A volatile that helps in drawing figures.
computer memory available to the user for the
temporary storage and manipulation of data. U
R el at i v e R e f er en c e: The default reference in a
spreadsheet package. U N I C O D E : B inary coding scheme that uses 2
bytes (16 bits) for each character. It allows almost all
R O M ( R ead - O n l y M em ory ) : A memory in which the written languages of the world to be represented
program instructions, operating procedures, or other using a single character set.
data are permanently stored, generally on electronic
chips during manufacture, and that ordinarily cannot U P S ( U n i n ter rup ti b l e P ow er S up p l y ) : It is a
be changed by the user or when power is switched backup power unit that provides continuous power
off. when the normal power supply is interrupted.
U ti l i ty P rog ram : A program developed to run
S within an Operating System to perform a specific
service.
S c rol l B ar : A widget found in graphical user
interface and used to show and control which portion V
of a document is currently visible in a window. A V i rus: A program or piece of code that is loaded
window may have a horiz ontal or, vertical scroll bar, onto your computer without your knowledge and
or both. runs against your wishes.
S er v er : This is a mainframe computer that serves
the other computers attached to it. W
S heet T ab : In spreadsheet applications, this refers
W AN ( W i d e Area N et w ork ) : A network in
to a tab at the bottom of a worksheet that acts as a
which computers are connected to each other over
means to identify or access different sheets within a
a long distance, using telephone lines and satellite
workbook.
communications.
S l i d e S how : U sed to display the slides in a desired
W eb p ag e : A single, usually hypertext document
sequence.
on the Wo rld W ide W eb that can incorporate text,
S ourc e C od e: Pr ogram code written in a computer graphics, sounds, etc.
language.
W eb ser v er : A computer that runs specific software
S of tw a re: The set of instructions used to direct to serve web pages to the Internet.
the operation of a computer, as well a documentation
Wo rd P roc es sor: Software that processes textual
giving instructions on how to use them.
matter and creates organized documents.
S p read sheet : A document which helps to organize
W ( Wo rl d W i d e W eb ) : Series of servers or
data in rows and columns that intersect to form cells.
computers that are interconnected through hypertext.
S y stem : A combination of the hardware,
WY S I WY G : Wh at Y ou Say Is Wh at Y ou Get.
software, and firmware. A system typically consists
of components (or elements) which are connected
together in order to accomplish a specific function or X
set of functions. X M L ( eX ten si b l e M ar k up L an g uag e) : It is a
S y stem S of tw ar e: It is a set of master programs markup language, not limited to W eb documents.
that keeps the computer system working.
Z
T Z i p D i sk s: The disks with a special high-quality
T as k b ar : The bar that contains the start button magnetic coating that have a capacity of 10, 250 or
and appears by default at the bottom of the desktop. 750 megabytes.
136 Information Communication Technology — Grade 9 Student Textbook