Chapter 2

COMPONENTS OF THE
COMPUTER SYSTEM

Prepared by TCA Gafoor,AKM HSS Kottoor

http://www.hsslive.in
 COMPONENTS OF THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM
• Concepts: HARDWARE & SOFTWARES
• Processor
• Motherboard
• Peripherals
• Memory
• Input/Output Devices
• E-Waste
• Software Classifications ….etc
 HARDWARE

The physical devices that

constitute a computer are
collectively called Hardware.
 PROCESSOR (CPU)
 Processor is the computer’s brain.
 It processes basic instructions stored in memory.
 It co-ordinates all computing and decision making
operations.
 It determines the overall performance of the
computer.
 It is a package that contain transistors and other
components into a silicon chip referred as
microprocessor.
 Registers are the storage locations inside the CPU
Block Diagram
 Registers are the storage locations
inside the CPU, They are
1. ACCUMULATOR
 It is used to store data to perform
arithmetic and logical operations.

 The result of operations is stored in

the accumulator.
 2. MEMORY ADDRESS
REGISTER(MAR)

It stores the address of memory

location
to which data is either to be read or
written by the processor.
 3.MEMORY BUFFER
REGISTER(MBR)

It holds the data either to be written to

or read from the memory by the
processor.
4. INSTRUCTION REGISTER (IR)

The instructions to be executed by the

processor are stored in the instruction
register.
 5.PROGRAM COUNTER (PC)

It holds the address of the next instruction

to be executed by the processor.
 MOTHER BOARD

It is the main circuit board of computer

which contains the connectors for
additional boards, CPU, memory.
MOTHER BOARD
 PERIPHERALS AND PORTS

 Peripherals are devices which are attached to a

computer system to increase its capabilities.
(Input/output devices, Storage devices,
Communication devices).

 Peripherals are connected via some kind of port

(I/O port).
PERIPHERALS AND PORTS
PERIPHERALS AND PORTS
 SERIAL PORT

It transmits data one bit at a time

typically on older PCs, a modem,
mouse or keyboard.
SERIAL PORT
 PARALLEL PORT
 It transmits 8 bits of data at a time.

 It is faster than serial port.

 It is used to connect printer or scanner.

 It uses 25-pin connectors.

Serial and Parallel Ports
 USB(UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS) PORT

 USB is a newer type of serial connection which is

faster than old serial ports.

 It is used for short distance communication.

(keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner)
It also provides voltages to devices connected in USB
USB(UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
 LAN PORT
LAN Port is a port connection that
allows a computer to connect to a
network using wired connection.
they also called Ethernet Port
 PS/2 PORT
(Personal System / 2)
 These ports are used to connect
keyboards and mouses.

 Speed is low.
 AUDIO PORTS
These are small connectors for
connecting sound input.
(microphone, external speakers, Line in)
 VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY(VGA)
PORT

 It is used to connect a monitor or a

projector to a computer.

 VGA Connector has 15 pins.

VIDEO GRAPHICS
ARRAY(VGA)
 HIGH DEFINITION MULTIMEDIA
INTERFACE (HDMI)
It is a digital connection capable of
transmitting high definition video and
multichannel audio over a single cable.
 MEMORY
• a collection of storage locations
• Classified in to two
• Primary Memory (Working Memory used
for storing data temporarily)
• Secondary Memory (used for permanent
storage of data for future usage)
 Primary Memory types : RAM and ROM.
Random access memory (RAM)
It is a volatile memory because the contents will be
erased automatically when power is turned off.
Capacity of RAM 2GB,4GB etc

Read-only memory (ROM)

It is a non volatile memory because the contents will be stored for permanent
use, but Read only. Types are
Programmable read-only memory (PROM).
 Erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).
(UV Light used for erasing data)
 Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM).
(Electrical signals used for erasing data)
 Cache memory

Cache memory is faster than main memory, but slower

than the CPU and its registers. Cache memory, which
is normally small in size, is placed between the CPU
and main memory (Figure 5.5).

Figure 5.5 Cache memory

5.30
 Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Memory)

They are classified in to Two

1. Sequential Access
Here the data accessed in a sequential manner
i.e. one after another
Example: Magnetic Tape
2. Direct / Random Access
Here the data accessed in any location randomly.
It is classified in to two:
Magnetic Disk and Optical Disk
 Hard Disk
• It contain a group of metallic disks, coated
with magnetic material in a dust proof case.
• Each plate have read write head.
• It has huge capacity from 80 GB to 1TB.
• The average delay required to access data
from the disk is called access time.
• The recordable surface of a disk is divided
into number or invisible concentric circles
called Tracks.
• Each track again divided into pie shaped
segments called sectors.
Optical Disk
 They are using laser light read/write data
Compact Disk (CD)
Made up of a layer of aluminum in between
two plastic plates.
Its capacity is 700 MB. It may be CDROM &
CD R/W
To read and write high beam of laser light is
used.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
Its capacity is 4.7 GB to 17 GB in dual layer.
 DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC
(DVD)

 It is designed to work with video player

and television.
 They can store huge volume of data.
 Storage capacity: 4.37 GB- 15.9 GB.
 Recording and reading of data is done
using DVD Drive.
(DVD)
 TYPES OF DVD
 DVD-ROM: DVD Read Only Memory
functions in the same way as CD-ROM.

 DVD-RW: DVD Rewritable discs can be

erased and rewritten at any time.

 DVD-RAM:DVD Random Access Memory can

be recorded and erased repeatedly.
Blu-ray Technology
 Name is derived from the blue-violet laser
used to read and write data.it can store 25
GB to 50 GB of data in one disc
 It also require special blue ray drive to read
discs
 Developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association
with more than 180 members.
 Dell
 Sony
 LG

38
 Blu-ray Technology
 Data capacity
 Because Blu-ray uses
a blue laser(405
nanometers) instead of
a red laser(650
nanometers) this
allows the data tracks
on the disc to be very
compact.
 This allows for more
than twice as small pits
as on a DVD.

39
 SEMICONDUCTOR STORAGE
(FLASH MEMORY)

• It uses electrically erasable ROM

chips for data storage.

• It is faster and durable compared to

the other types.
 USB FLASH DRIVE

 Small external storage device.

 Portable and rewritable.

 Storage capacity: 2 GB-64GB.

 USB FLASH DRIVE
(Pen Drive,Flash Drive,Thump Drive)
 FLASH MEMORY CARDS

 Flat type memory cards.

 Storage capacity: 1 GB- 32 GB.

 Used in cell phones, laps,

tablets.
FLASH MEMORY CARDS
 INPUT DEVICES
• KEYBOARD,MOUSE,LIGHT PEN,TOUCH
SCREEN,GRAPHIC TABLET,TOUCH
PAD,JOYSTICK,MICROPHONE ,MICR,SCANN
ER,OMR,BARODE/QR READER, BIO METRIC
SENSOR,SMART CARD READER,DIGITAL
CAMERA etc

OUTPUT DEVICES
• VISUAL DIPLAY UNIT, PRINTERS, PLOTTERS
Keyboard
 Working of keyboard
• When a key is pressed, the processor
inside the keyboard detects pressed key.
• Then An ASCII number corresponding to
the key is passed to the motherboard then
to the microprocessor.
• It converts the number to the
corresponding character
• (ASCII of A is 1000001)
Mouse
 Mouse
 It is a pointing device to point and select
objects from the screen and also draw
pictures.
 It contains a scroll wheel to scroll pages on
screen
They Comes with port Serial or USB
Eg: Optical mouse
 Working of Mouse
 The two light resources with photo detectors
in optical mouse emits light
 It reflect back to small plastic lenses.
 When mouse move a grid line detect the light
 The mouse returns it as electric pulse to the
processor.
 Light Pen

 Light pen is an another pointing device.

 To draw pictures, design objects and also
put digital signatures directly on the screen.
 Here the photocell inside the light pen
responses the picture element on the
screen.
 TOUCH SCREEN
• Operated by touching on the display
screen.
• It has touching sensitive display
screens.

• eg; Smart phones,

• Laps, ATMs.
 GRAPHIC TABLET

 It consists of an electronic writing area.

 Special pen works on it.

 It allows artists to create graphical

images with motions and actions.
GRAPHIC TABLET
 TOUCH PAD
• It allows to move the mouse pointer
without the need of an external
mouse.
• It is operated by using finger and
dragging across the flat surface.
Joystick
 Joystick
• It is a pointing device used to select and move
objects on the screen.
• Mainly used to play simulation games, and
controls robots.
• It place in a base, it cal move any direction.
• It has two control buttons.
Microphone
 Microphone
• They help us to input sound to the
computer.
• It translate the vibration in the air in to
electric pulse.
• The sound can store and reuse for
voice recognition applications.
Scanner
 Scanner
• The are used to scan and digitalize
images, documents etc.
• Here a light source moves to and fro
to red the document
• The detectors convert the document
to electric pulse.
• OCR(optical Character Recognition) is also a
scanner/Software which scan printed
document and converts it into text format, that
can be edited using word Processors)
Optical Mark Sheet
 Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
 They detects marks made by a dark pencil or
pen on special pre printed form.
 The OMR scan the document and transform
it in to electric pulses.
 Uses:
 Objective type exam Advantages:
Speed
 Surveys. Accuracy of result
 Order forms Reliable
 BAR CODE/ QUICK RESPONSE(QR)
CODE READER

• Used to input data from a set of

barcodes.
• Scanned by scanners.
• Bar codes are single dimensional.
• QR Codes are two dimensional.
• QR Codes can store more data than
bar codes.
BAR CODE/QR Code
 BIOMETRIC SENSOR
 Identifies human physical features.
 Uses finger prints, retina.
 Used to verify and authenticate the
identity of the user.
 Types: 1. Semiconductor sensor.
2. Optical sensor.
3. Ultrasound sensor.
BIOMETRIC SENSOR
 MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION (MICR)
• This device is used to read special number
printed below on bank cheques, drafts etc
• The special number printed with a ink
contains iron oxide
• MICR code contains cheque number,
branch code, bank codes etc
• MICR reduces error in data entry and
speed up money transfer
MICR
 SMART CARD READER
• It is a plastic card that stores and transacts data.
• The data card may contain memory or microprocessor.
• The smart card is used in banking, telephone calling etc.
• It is contact type of reader, with physical contact with
cards.
• It is inserted to the reader.
• Contactless type reader works with radio frequency.
SMART CARD READER
Digital Camera
 Digital Camera
• A digital camera allows to take digitized
photographs or videos without using films.
• Without using any other studio equipments
we can directly transfer the image to the
computer.
• To store images memory card is used.
 Output Devices
• It communicate the result of processing to
the external world.
• They translate machine representation in
to human readable form.
• So It is an electro mechanical device.

1.Visual Display Unit (Soft Copy)

2.Printers (Hard Copy)
3.Plotters (Hard Copy)
 Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is a standard and soft copy output
device of the computer.
They are:
 1. Monochrome Monitors and Color
Monitors with CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)
 2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display
 3.LED
 4.LCD Projector
CATHODE RAY TUBE
 Monochrome Monitors and Color Monitors with
CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)

• CRT is a vacuum tube.

• The rectangular part is coated with phosphor.
• An electron gun (In color Monitor 3 electron
guns for red , green and blue) emits
electrons towards the screen.
• It creates and glow tiny dots called pixels on
the screen.
• The number of times a monitor scans the
entire screen in each second is called refresh
rate.
 Disadvantages of CRT Monitors
• They are heavy
• Bulky size
• High power consuming
• Not portable
• Make eyestrain
 FLAT PANEL MONITOR

 Thinner and lighter.

 Consumes less power.
 Emits less heat

 Eg: LCD Monitors, LED Monitors,

Plasma Monitors, OLED Monitors.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

• Made up of special kind of liquid crystal

placed between two plates.
• When electricity passed through it, crystal
liquid become solid and block the light.
 LCD MONITOR
• It consists of liquid crystal made by two
plastic plates.

• These crystals rearrange to form an

image when electric current is passed.

• A light source at the back of the plate

makes the picture visible.
 Advantages of LCD Monitors
• They are weightless
• Slim size
• Low power consuming
• portable
• Not make eyestrain
FLAT PANEL MONITOR
 LED MONITOR
 It uses LED directly behind the LCD in
order to light up the screen.
 This technique gives the screen its
own light.
 It can be ON or OFF stage.
 It is expensive.
 The advantages are colour
quality, clarity and wider viewing angle.
 PLASMA MONITOR
 It consists of Neon/Xenon gas
between two sealed glass plates.
 Electrodes are parallely deposited on
their surfaces.
 When a voltage pulse passes between
the electrodes, the gas lights up
different colours.
 It creates images on the monitor.
 It is expensive.
 ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING
DIODE (OLED) MONITOR
 Panel of OLED is made up of millions
of tiny LEDs.
 OLED Screens are thinner and lighter
than LCD and LED.
 It can produce better quality images
and better viewing angle.
 Needs less power.
 Very expensive.
 LCD PROJECTOR
 It is a video projector for displaying
video images on a large screen.
 A beam of high intensity light travels
using thousands of pixels in a LCD
display.
 This beam of light projects and focuses
the image on the surface.
 Printers
 Printed output is the most useful and
convenient form of information for users.
 It is a hard copy device.
They are different types like:
1. Dot matrix Printers
2. Inkjet Printers.
3. Laser printers
4. Thermal Printers
 Dot Matrix Printers
 There is physical contact between with
print head and paper.
 It produce noise.
 Slow printing speed
 Poor quality, but can produce carbon copy
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
 Dot-matrix Printers
 They are slow and print a single
character at a time.
 Characters are formed by the impact of
pin sets.
 When print head moves pins are strike
on the paper.
 They versatile (can print both text and
graphics), Print cost is low but low
speed, low quality and noisy.
 Inkjet Printers
• Here ink from ink bottle(catridge) is used
• Printing is done by spraying ink to the
paper through a nozzle.
• There is no physical contact between print
head and paper.
• Printing speed is high.
• High quality with color printing.
• Not produce noise.
• Highly used for home usage ,because it is
cheap
Inkjet Printers
 Laser Printers
• Here carbon powder (toner) used for printing
• Printing is done by electrostatic process.
• Printing speed is high.
• High quality with color printing.
• Not produce noise.
• It has 180-300 cps speed.
• Working: Image to be printed transferred to a
drum using laser beam(+ve charged),Toner
powder(-ve charged) sprayed to drum .it is
transferred to paper by rolling and heating)
Laser Printers
 Plotters
• They are used to produce large drawings
or images
• Used to print building plans, machine
designing, blue prints etc.
• It has arms with colored pens
• Useful in CAD (Computer Aided Design)
• They are two types:1) Drum plotter
2) Flat bed plotter
DRUM PLOTTER
 FLATBED PLOTTER
 Also known as Table Plotter.
 Paper fixed over flatbed table.
 Has two drawing arms.
 Holds coloured ink pens.
 Drawing arms move over the paper
and draw graphs.
 Very slow in process.
FLAT BED PLOTTER
 3D PRINTER
• 3D printing refers to any of the various
processes for printing a three-dimensional
object.Primarily additive processes are used,
in which successive layers of material are laid
down under computer control. These objects
can be of almost any shape or geometry,

• Can be created toys,ceramic cups,metal parts

etc
3D PRINTER
 AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICE

• Audio Output is the ability of the

computer to produce sound.

• Speakers are the output device.

• These are connected to Audio port.

AUDIO OUTPUT DEVICE
 E-Waste

Prepared By TCA Gafoor,AKM HSS Kottoor

http://www.hsslive.in
Solid Waste Introduction
Municipal
waste

Electronic
waste

Biomedica
l waste

Industrial
waste 9847995577
 Telecommunication Waste:

• Mobile phones
• Telephones
• Telephone exchanges Wireless Equipment cables and related scrap material
• PC and TV

Electrical Waste:

• Switches
• Relays
• Connectors and related Scrap Material.

Electronic Waste:

• Electronic – metal waste

• Printed Circuit Boards
• E – Equipment and Machinery
• IC
• Sockets Connectors.

Cable Waste:

• PVC
• Pre Insulated Copper and Aluminum Cable waste.
 Presentation Outline

1. What is e-Waste?
2. Why should we be concern about e-Waste?
3. What happens to the e-Waste?
4. What are the e-Waste disposal methods?
5. Role of students in e-Waste disposal.
 What is E-waste?
 Any waste that has a circuit board or CRT.
 Electronic products nearing the end of their ‘useful life’.
 The definition includes:
 Televisions
 Computers: central processing units (CPUs), monitors, laptops
 Computer keyboards, speakers, printers, and peripherals
 VCRs and DVD players
 Fax machines …from HOUSEHOLDS

The used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling or disposa l
are also considered as e-Waste.

9847995577
E-Waste

 Nowadays electronics is part of modern life.

 Every year we buy new and updated
equipments to satisfy our needs.
 More than 300 million computers and one
billion cell phones are produced every year.
 These goods become obsolete or unwanted,
often, within two or three years of purchase.

9847995577
E-Waste

 Technological advances speed up

obsolescence & lead to more e-waste
 It is estimated that 50 million tons of e-Waste
are produced each year.
 Only 15-20% of e-Waste is recycled, the rest
of these materials go directly into landfills
and incinerators.

9847995577
 Why should we be concerned about
e-Waste?
 Electronic waste is not just waste.
 It contains some very toxic substances, such as mercury, lead, cadmium,
brominated flame retardants, etc.
 The toxic materials can cause cancer, reproductive disorders and many other
health problems, if not properly managed.

 It has been estimated that e-Waste may be responsible

for up to 40% of the lead found in landfills.

9847995577
 Important hazardous chemicals, their
sources and consequences.
CHEMICAL SOURCE CONSEQUENCE

LEAD Found as solder on printed It can cause damage

circuit boards and in to the central and
computer monitor glass peripheral nervous
systems, blood
systems and kidneys
in humans
MERCURY Found in PCBs, LCD screen Affect baby’s growing
backlights brain & nervous
system. Adults can
suffer organ damage,
mental impairment &
other symptoms.
CADMIUM Found in chip resistors and Cause various types of
semiconductors. cancer. It can also
9847995577 accumulate in the
kidney and harm it.
 Important hazardous chemicals, their
sources and consequences.

CHEMICAL SOURCE CONSEQUENCE

BFRs – Found in PCBs and These toxins may

BROMINATED some plastics increase the risk of
FLAME cancer.
RETARDANTS

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 What happens to the e-Waste?
 An incredibly small percentage of e-Waste is recycled.
 The majority of e-Waste is most often dumped or burned – either in formal landfills
and incinerators or informally dumped or burned.
 In effect, our soil, water and air are easily contaminated.

 The United States Environment Protection Agency

includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of
‘hazardous household waste’

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E-Waste Disposal Methods

Re use
Incineration
Recycling of E-waste
Land filling

9847995577
What are the e-Waste disposal methods?

1. REUSE :
 Second-hand use or usage after it has been
upgraded or modified.
 Old computers are passed on to relatives/friends or
returned to retailers for exchange or for money.
 Or passed on to charitable institution or
educational institutions
 Inkjet cartrideges, laser toners are also used after
refilling.
 This method reduces the volume of e-Waste
9847995577

generation.
What are the e-Waste disposal methods?

2. INCINERATION :
 It is a controlled and complete burning process.
 The waste is burned in specifically designed incinerators at a high temperature
in the range of 900 to 1000 degree celsius.

9847995577
What are the e-Waste disposal methods?

3. RECYCLING OF E-WASTE :
 It is the process of making or manufacturing new products from a product that
has originally served its purpose.
 Monitors, Keyboards, Laptops, Modems, Telephone boards, Hard drives,
Compact disc, Mobiles, Fax machines, Printers, CPU, Memory Chips, Connective
wires and cables can be recycled.

9847995577
What are the e-Waste disposal methods?

4. LAND FILLING :
 It is one of the widely used but not recommended method for the disposal of e-
Waste,

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Role of students in e-Waste disposal

1. Stop buying unnecessary electronic

equipments.
2. When electronic equipments get faulty try to
repair it instead of buying a new one.
3. Try to recycle electronic equipments by selling
them or donating them to others.

9847995577
Role of students in e-Waste disposal

4. If you really need to buy new electronics,

choose items with less hazardous substances,
greater recycled content, higher energy
efficiency, longer life span etc.
5. Buy rechargeable batteries instead of
disposable batteries.
6. Buy products with good warranty and take
back policies.

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9847995577
GREEN COMPUTING or GREEN IT
It is the study and practice of environmentally
sustainable computing or IT.
It is the designing , manufacturing, using and
disposing of computers and associated
components such as monitors, printers,
storage devices, etc., efficiently and effectively
with minimal or no impact on the
environment.

9847995577
Some steps that can be taken
for Green IT
 Turn off computer when not in use.
 Power-on the peripherals such as laser printers only
when needed.
 Use power saver mode.
 Use laptop computers rather than desktop
computers whenever possible.
 Take printouts only if necessary.
 Use LCD monitors rather than CRT monitors.
 Use H/W & S/W with Energy Star label.
 Dispose e-Waste according to central, state & local
regulations.
 Employ alternative energy sources like solar energy.
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Definition of Green Computing

The environmentally responsible and

eco-friendly use of computers and
their resources is known as
Green Computing.

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How to make computers Green ?

To promote green computing the following

four complementary approaches are
employed.
1. Green Design
2. Green Manufacturing
3. Green Use
4. Green disposal

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CHECK YOURSELF
 The environmentally responsible and eco-friendly
use of computers and their resources is known as
___________.
 Green computing
 The process of making or manufacturing new
products from the product that has originally
served its purpose.
 Recycling
 The labelling programme to promote energy
efficiency in computers and their resources is
called ________.
 Energy star
9847995577
 Download these slides from
http://www.hsslive.in
Prepared by TCA Gafoor AKM HSS Kottoor
 Soft wares
 Itis a set of instructions to
perform a desired and useful
work done by the help of
computers.
 They are classified in to two.
 1) System Software
 2) Application Software.
System Software
 It is a collection of programs that directly
control the computer’s internal operations
and also that help ordinary users to make
use of computer effectively and efficiently.
 It is also known as system package.

They are again classified in to three.

They are
 1) Operating System
 2) Language Processors.
 3) Utilities
Operating System
• It acts as an interface between the user
and the hardware.
• It is a set of programs that control, co-
ordinate the operations of a computer and
help to make efficient use of resources.
It has the following functions.
• Process management, Memory
management, File management,
Device Management
• Example: MS Windows XP, Vista, Linux,
DOS
Language processors

 They are used to translate the assembly

or high level language programs or
instructions in to equivalent machine
language instruction.
 They are classified in to three.
 They are
 1) Assembler
 2) Compiler
 3) Interpreter.
Computer Language
 Low Level Language(LLL)
 1.Machine Language: Language
Understood by Machines,like binry 1,0

 2.Assembly Langauge uses mnemonics

codes like ADD,SUB,INC,etc

 High Level Language(HLL) Which uses

english language to write programs .eg , if
a>b print “a is big”
Language processors

Source Object
Program Program
Assembler, Compiler, Interpreter
Assembler

 It converts machine language or assembly

language codes.
 Which is uses numbers and memory
locations for representing instructions.
Compiler

 It translates all lines of high level language

program at a time in to its equivalent
machine code.
 The language like C++ and Java are used
compiler.
Interpreter
 It translates high level language program
in line by line in to its equivalent machine
code.
 The language like BASIC used interpreter.
 Compiler V/S Interpreter

Compiler Interpreter
It translates whole code at a Only one statement is
time. translated at a time.
Errors listed only after the Errors listed in each line.
compilation.
Compiler generates an object It does not generate an object
program. program.
Execution of program requires Execution of program requires
source program or compiler. both source program and
interpreter.
Utilities

 Softwares used for system

maintenance tasks for the smooth
functioning of computer

 They are used to assist the computer for

back upping files, scanning viruses etc.
 They are Backup Utility, Compression
Utility(Zipping), Disk Defragmenter,
Antivirus software etc.
Utilities
Application Software

Application software is a set of one or more

programs, designed to solve a specified
problem, or do a specific task for an
individual or an organization.
 They are classified in to.

 1) Software packages (General Purpose)

 2) Customized software (Specific Purpose)
(General Purpose packages)
It needs too many users. They are.
 Word processors :creates documents with
formatted text
(MS Word, Open Office Writer, Soft word, LEAP, ISM)
 Electronic Spread sheets: creates worksheet to
perform calculations
(MS Excel, Open Office Calc, VisiCalc, Lotus and Quattro pro)
 Presentation: to create multimedia slides
(Adobe Flash, MS Power point,Open office impress)
 Multimedia Software:to play
audio,video,graphics etc
(VLCPlayer,Real Player , Media Player)
 Database management systems: Create &
manage database
(DBMS) (MS Access, My SQL, Oracle)
Specific Purpose Software

 They are developed to solve an individual

or organization’s need.
 Example: Pay roll, Air line reservation,
sales and inventory control, Hospital
management, Library management,
Supermarket management, banking,
insurance, accounting etc.
 Software

System Software Application Softwrare

Operating Language
General Purpose
Systems processors

Assembler

Interpr
Customised
eter

Comp
iler

Utilities
Free & Open Source software
 Free software provides freedom to
1. Use
2. Copy
3. Distribute
4. Examine
5. Change & Improve the software

Eg: GNU/Linux, Gimp,Firefox,Open Office

Package
Freeware , Shareware, Proprietary
Softwares
 Freeware software provides free usage of
copyrighted programs
 Eg:Audio Players,Video Players,CD Wrtiting Tools etc

 Shareware software can be used freely, but on

trial basis,or demo mode,if we like the program ,we
must buy it for getting full facilities or features
 Eg:Audio Video Converter/Cutter

 Proprietary Softwares: These are copyrighted

softwares ,which cannot be used,copied or
distributed without license agreement
 Eg: Windows,MS Office,Adobe Photoshop etc
Humanware
 Humanware is term used to refer humans
who use computer

 Eg: Computer System Administrators

 System Manager
 Database administrators
 Computer Engineers
 Computer Operators
 System Analyst
The End….
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