SCIENCE9 Quarter4 Week3 Repuno MaJunnarey
SCIENCE9 Quarter4 Week3 Repuno MaJunnarey
SCIENCE9 Quarter4 Week3 Repuno MaJunnarey
I. PRELIMINARIES
1. Relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects (e.g., vehicular
Competency collision) (S9FEIVb-36)
2. Infer that the total momentum before and after collision is equal
(S9FEIVb-37)
1. Define momentum as the product of an object’s mass and its velocity.
Objectives 2. Describe linear momentum as a vector quantity with the same direction
as the velocity of the object.
3. Determine that the total momentum before and after collision is equal.
4. Explain how the concept of impulse applies to road safety considerations
in everyday life, e.g. airbags, seatbelts, crumple zones and arrestor beds.
Topic/
LINEAR MOMENTUM (Momentum, Impulse and Collision)
Subject Matter
Science 9 Learner’s Module
Textbook
Exploring Life Through Science Series
Materials Answer Sheet, Bond paper, Ball pen
Mass - m
(scalar quantity) MOMENTUM (p)
Velocity - v
(vector quantity) Conservation of
Change in momentum
Momentum
Force (F)
IMPULSE (J or 𝑰) COLLISION
C
time (t)
(Concept Map patterned from Mr. Croom’s Physics. Developed by Mr. Jeff Alaimo and ysicsforus.wordpress.com)
1
III. CONTENT NOTES
Try to observe the illustration below. Which will be easier for the man to stop, a bicycle or a truck?
Do you know why?
We have seen that road accidents at high speeds are very much worse than accidents at low
speeds. This is because the momentum of vehicles running at high speeds is very high and
causes a lot of damage to the vehicles and injuries to passengers during the collision.
Just like a bullet, although small in mass, has a large momentum because of an extremely large
velocity and can cause harm or injury to anyone. So, what is MOMENTUM?
In physics, momentum refers to the quantity of motion that an object possesses. Any
objects that are on the move possess momentum. And the more on the move they are, the more
momentum they possess. The amount of momentum that an object has is dependent upon two
variables:
1. how much stuff is moving = mass(m) Momentum is
2. how fast the stuff is moving = velocity (v) “mass in motion”
So, objects that has less momentum takes lesser effort to stop.
While objects that has more momentum takes more effort to stop
There are two types of momentum, (a). angular momentum (i.e. due to the rotation of an
object), and (b) linear momentum (movement in a straight line).
We are only concerned with linear momentum.
A. Linear Momentum
Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. It is an idea that is similar to inertia and
kinetic energy.
If you can remember in 8th grade on Newton’s first law of motion which is the Law of
Inertia, saying that Inertia is the property of an object to stay at rest or stay in motion. While
Kinetic Energy is the amount of energy that an object has due to its motion.
Momentum is not truly either of these, but instead ends up like a mix of the two. If one must
compare and contrast momentum and kinetic energy, one must notice couple of things:
First, they both have mass and velocity in their formula
Second, kinetic energy has to do with ability to do work, momentum does not.
Although they are similar, they are not the same.
We haven’t given any way to calculate inertia yet, so is momentum the same as inertia?
NOT really. INERTIA is a concept, not something that is measured.
Linear Momentum (p) is calculated by multiplying the mass and velocity of an object.
The equation is p = mv SI units
where p = momentum (kg.m/s)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
The units for momentum would be mass units times velocity units. The standard metric unit
(SI) of momentum is the kg•m/s.
2
While the kg•m/s is the standard metric unit of momentum, there are a variety of other units
that are acceptable (though not conventional) units of momentum. Examples include kg•mi/hr,
kg•km/hr, and g•cm/s. In each of these examples, a mass unit is multiplied by a velocity unit to
provide a momentum unit. This is consistent with the equation for momentum.
Momentum is a vector quantity. Meaning, it has direction associated with it.
1. Direction of Momentum Rule:
The direction of an object’s momentum is in whatever direction that the object is moving.
So, an object that is…
Vectors are quantities that are fully
… moving east has an eastward momentum described by a numerical value and a
… moving down has a downward momentum direction
Example 1: A 1000 kg car is moving at 2.78 m/s. Determine the momentum of the car.
p = mv
p = 1000 kg (2.78 m/s)
p = 2,780 kg m/s
Example 2 Determine the momentum of a 6 kg object moving at 5 m/s -1 to the right.
Solution: p = mv = 6kg (5m/s-1) to the right
= 6kg x 5 m/s-1
= 30 kg.m.s-1 to the right
Example 3:
m x v =p m x v =p
4kg x 2 m/s = 8kg m/s 2kg x 2 m/s = 4kg m/s
These illustration means that momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity:
So as an object’s …mass increases its momentum increases or velocity decreases its momentum decreases
3
B. Impulse and Momentum
What causes changes in momentum?
Changes in momentum happen every time. A fast-moving car when
suddenly stopped might have damaging effects not only to the vehicle itself
but also to the person riding it. Various devices have been installed in
vehicles in order to ensure the safety of the passengers. The use of seatbelts
is even prescribed by law in order to lessen injuries from car crashes.
Inflatable airbags are also installed in most cars aimed to increase the time
of impact between the driver or passenger and the crashing vehicle in the
event of an accident. Can you think of some other safety devices installed
on vehicles? Figure 1. Seatbelt and Airbag
How is momentum related to impulse? When a force acts on an object for a short amount of
time, impulse is the measure of how much the force changes the momentum of an object.
As mentioned earlier, the more momentum an object has, the more effort it takes for it to
stop. Thus, it would require a greater amount of force or a longer amount of time or both to
bring such an object to a halt. As the force acts upon the object for a given amount of time, the
object's velocity is changed; and hence, the object's momentum is changed which is what we
now call “IMPULSE” represented by “J” or “I” (Here, we will use “I” to represent impulse)
• Impulse is the product of the net force acting on an object and the time the net force acts on
that object.
The formula for impulse looks like this:
Or to simplify I=Fxt
This is called the impulse-momentum theorem.
Because impulse is a measure of how much the momentum changes as a result of force acting on
it for a period of time, an alternative formula for impulse looks like this:
Examples of Impulse
In this first example, we'll look at the impulse for an object that collides with a wall and stops
after the collision. If the 2.0 kg object travels with a velocity of 10 m/s before it hits the wall,
then the impulse can be calculated.
4
I = pf- pi
I = m vf- m vi
I = (2.0 kg)(0 m/s) - (2.0 kg)(10 m/s) = -20 kg m/s
In this second example, we'll look at the impulse for an object that collides with a wall and
bounces back after the collision. If the 2.0 kg object travels with a velocity of 10 m/s before it
hits the wall and a velocity of -10 m/s after the collision (negative because it bounces back in the
opposite direction), then the impulse can be calculated as follows:
Δ p = pf- pi
Δ p = m vf- m vi
Δ p = (2.0 kg)(-10 m/s) - (2.0 kg)(10 m/s) = -20 kg m/s - 20 kg m/s = -40 kg m/s
In this next example, we'll calculate impulse a different way. What is the impulse caused by an
average force of 10 Newtons if it acts on a ball for 2.0 seconds? The impulse here can be
calculated as: I=F x t (Force x time)
= (10 N) (2.0s)
= 20 Ns
Another Example: Tiger Woods hits a 0.02 kg golf ball, giving it a speed of 25 m/s. What
impulse does he impart on the ball?
Given: m = 0.02 kg
Δv = 25 m/s – 0 = 25 m/s
Find: 𝑰?
Solution: Since the golf ball is initially at rest, the initial velocity is equal to zero.
Thus, the formula, 𝑰 = m Δv
= (0.02 kg) (25 m/s)
= 0.50 kg-m/s or 0.50 Ns
Conservation of Momentum
In Grade 8, you have learned that an
external force is required to make an object
accelerate. Similarly, if we want to change
the momentum of an object, an external
force is required. There will be no change
in momentum if there is no external force.
Let’s take this situation as an example.
Two children on skateboards are initially at Figure 2 . A system is a group of objects that interact and
affect each other. Examples are (a) Bowling ball and pin
rest. They push each other so that eventually and (b) two football players.
the boy moves to the right while the girl moves in
the opposite direction away from each other.
Newton’s Third Law tells us that the force that the
girl exerts on the boy and the force that makes the
girl move in the other direction are of equal
magnitude but opposite direction. The boy and the
girl make up a system – a collection of objects that
affect one another (Figure 18). No net/unbalanced
external force acts on the boy-girl system, thus, Figure 3. In this example, the totalmomentum of the boy-
girl system before pushing is zero. After pushing, the total
momentu m of the boy -girl system is still zero because the
the total momentum of the system does not change momentum of the girl is of equal magnitudebut opposite
direction to the momentum of the boy.Note that the
(Figure 19). Remember that momentum, like momentum of the boy alone is not the same before and
after pushing; and the momentum of the girllone a is not the
velocity and force, is a vector quantity. The same before and after pushing.
pushoff/provide own photograph)
(redraw figure as
momentum gained by the girl is of equal
magnitude but opposite direction to the momentum gained by the boy. In this system, no
momentum is gained or lost. We say that momentum is conserved.
5
Example 1a
Two ice skaters stand together. They “push off” and travel
directly away from each other, the boy with a velocity of 1.50
m/s. If the boy weighs 735 N and the girl, 490 N, what is the
girl’s velocity after they push off? (Consider the ice to be
frictionless.)
Solution:
Remember that W = mg, thus, m = W/g.
mass velocity
Boy 75 kg 1.50 m/s Figure 4. Pushoff
Girl 50 kg ?
The ice where they stand on is considered to be frictionless, thus, no external force is present.
The momentum of the boy-girl system is conserved. There is no change in the momentum of the
system before and after the push off.
Total Initial Momentum = Total Final Momentum
0= pboy+ pgirl
-pboy= pgirl
-(mv)boy = (mv)girl
-37.5 kg m/s = 50 kg (vgirl)
-0.75 m/s = vgirl
The girl moves with a velocity of 0.75 m/s opposite to the direction of the boy.
Example 1b
Two ice-skaters stand together. They “push off” and travel directly away from each other, the
boy with a speed of 0.50 m/s and the girl with a speed of 0.65 m/s. If the mass of the boy is 60
kg, what is the girl’s mass? (Consider the ice to be frictionless.)
Solution:The momentum of the boy-girl system is conserved. There is no change in the
momentum of the system before and after the push off.
Total Initial Momentum = Total Final Momentum
0 = pboy+ pgirl
-pboy= pgirl
-(mv)boy = (mv)girl
30.0 kg m/s = (mgirl) 0.65 m/s
46kg = mgirl
6
2) it is spent in producing deformation or damage, such as when two cars collide
2 Types of Collision
Elastic Energy – one in which the total kinetic energy of the system does not change and
colliding objects bounce off after collision. Total Kinetic energy is conserved.
Inelastic collision – one in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes (i.e.
converted to some other form of energy). Total Kinetic energy is not conserved. Objects
that stick together after collision is said to be Perfectly Inelastic.
Keep in mind:
- Momentum is ALWAYS conserved in a collision
- Total ENERGY may or may not be present.
Can you identify which type of collision is shown in each situation?
(a) (b)
Figure 5 above are examples of collision (a) colliding pendulum, (b) colliding cars
The figure (a) a moving steel ball pendulum collides head on with another steel ball. The
collision is elastic, that is, the total kinetic energy of the system (2 steel balls) is the same before
and after the collision. The total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the
product of the first ball’s mass and velocity. The total momentum of the system after the collision
must be equal to the total momentum after the collision. The first ball come to rest while the second
ball moves away with a velocity equal to the velocity of the first ball. In this case, the two steel
balls have equal masses. The momentum of the first ball is transferred to the second ball. The first
ball loses its momentum while the second ball gains momentum equal to the first ball’s momentum
The greater the time over which the collision occurs, the smaller the force acting upon the
object. Thus, to minimize the effect of the force on an object involved in a collision, the time must
be increased.
One example is the use of air bags in automobiles. Air bags are used in automobiles
because they are able to minimize the effect of the force on an object involved in a collision. Air
bags accomplish this by extending the time required to stop the momentum of the driver and
passenger.
When encountering a car collision (Figure(b)), the driver and passenger tend to keep
moving in accord with Newton's first law. Their motion carries them towards a windshield that
results in a large force exerted over a short time in order to stop their momentum. If instead of
hitting the windshield, the driver and passenger hit an air bag, then the time duration of the impact
is increased.
Example 1: Jennifer, who has a mass of 50.0 kg, is riding at 35.0 m/s in her red sports car when
she must suddenly slam on the brakes to avoid hitting a deer crossing the road. She strikes the air
bag, that brings her body to a stop in 0.500 s. What average force does the seat belt exert on her?
F = (mass * velocity change)/time
F = (50 kg* 35 m/s) / 0.500 s
F = 3500 N
If Jennifer had not been wearing her seat belt and not had an air bag, then the windshield would
have stopped her head in 0.002 s.
Example 2: A 3.0x102 g cart moves on an air track at 1.2m/s It collides with and sticks to another
cart of mass 5.0x102 g, which was stationary before collision. What is the velocity of the combined
cart after the collision?
7
Solution
mass Velocity (before collision)
Cart 1 0.30 kg 1.2 m/s
Cart 2 0.50 kg 0
The total momentum of the system is conserved before and after the collision.
Total Momentum (before collision) = Total Momentum (after collision)
(cart1+ cart2) before = (cart1+ cart2) after
(mv)1, before+ 0= (m1 + m2) vafter
0.36 kg m/s= 0.80 vafter
0.45m/s = vafter
Since the two carts stuck together after collision, they have the same velocity after
collision. The combined carts move at 0.45 m/s after the collision.
Figure a - Elastic Collisions. (a) moving object collides with a stationary object (b) two moving
objects collide head-on (c) two objects moving in the same direction collide
Figure b - Inelastic Collision. Two objects collide, stick together and move as one.
IV. ACTIVITIES
8
ACTIVITY 2. Egg Volleyball (Performance Task) Score: 25 points
9
V. EVALUATION
Directions: Choose the letter which you think is best and write on your answer sheet.
1. Which has more momentum, a heavy truck moving at 30 km/h or a light truck moving at
30km/h?
A. heavy truck B. light truck C. both have same momentum D. neither one has
2. A moderate force will break an egg. However, an egg dropped on the road usually breaks
while one drops on the grass usually does not break, this is because for the egg dropped on the
grass…
A. the change in momentum is greater C. the time interval for stopping is greater
B. the change in momentum is less D. the time interval for stopping is less
3. In certain martial arts, people practice breaking a piece of wood with the side of their bare hand.
Use your understanding of impulse to explain how this can be done without injury to the hand.
a. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller, the impact force is bigger
b. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger, the impact force is bigger
c. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is smaller, the impact force is smaller
d. Given the same change in momentum, when the time interval is bigger, the impact force is smaller
4. A lady tennis player hits an approaching ball with a force of 750 N. If she hits the ball in 0.002
s, how much impulse is imparted to the tennis ball?
A. 0 N s B. 1.5 N s C. 3.0 N s D. 6.0 N s
6. Momentum is directly proportional to mass and velocity. It has magnitude and direction, so
what type of quantity is momentum?
A. vector quantity B. scalar quantity C. vector quality D. scalar quality
8. A type of collision in which the total kinetic energy of the system changes
A. elastic B. potential C. inelastic D. kinetic
9. Two billiard balls approach each other at equal speed. If they collide in a perfectly elastic
collision, what would be their velocities after collision?
A. zero C. same in magnitude but opposite direction
B. same in magnitude and direction D. different magnitude and opposite direction
10. Two equal-mass carts are put back-to-back on a level frictionless track. Cart 1 has a spring-
loaded piston which pushes on cart 2 to separate them. Which is true?
A. 1 moves but 2 remains at rest.
B. Both move but 1 has larger speed than 2.
C. They gain equal and opposite velocities.
D. Both move but 1 has less speed than 2. E. 2 moves but 1 remains at rest.
10
11. Impulse experience by a body is equal to the change in its ____________.
A. velocity B. kinetic energy C. momentum D. potential energy
12. Rain falls vertically downward into an open cart rolling along a level, frictionless track.
Consequently, the cart's speed:
A. increases
B. remains unchanged
C. decreases
13. In which case is the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball largest?
A. A ball moving at speed v is brought to rest.
B. A ball at rest is struck so that it ends up with speed v.
C. A ball comes in at speed v and is struck so that it returns backward at speed v. D. More than
one of the above is correct
For numbers 14 and 15: Two 0.5 kg balls approach each other with the same speed of 1.0 m/s.
15. If there is no external force acting on the system, what the total momentum of the system after
collision?
A. 0 B. 0.50 kg m/s C.1.0 kg m/s D. -1.0 kg m/s
11
d. Objects involved in collisions encounter impulses.
e. The Newton is the unit for impulse.
f. The kg•m/s is equivalent to the units on impulse.
g. An object which experiences a net impulse will definitely experience a momentum change.
h. In a collision, the net impulse experienced by an object is equal to its momentum change.
i. A force of 100 N acting for 0.1 seconds would provide an equivalent impulse as a force of 5
N acting for 2.0 seconds.
3. Which of the following statements are true about elastic and inelastic collisions?
a. Perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions are the two opposite extremes along a
continuum; where a particular collision lies along the continuum is dependent upon the amount
kinetic energy which is conserved by the two objects.
a. Most collisions tend to be partially to completely elastic.
b. Momentum is conserved in an elastic collision but not in an inelastic collision.
c. The kinetic energy of an object remains constant during an elastic collision.
d. Elastic collisions occur when the collision force is a non-contact force.
e. Most collisions are not inelastic because the collision forces cause energy of motion to be
transformed into sound, light and thermal energy (to name a few).
f. A ball is dropped from rest and collides with the ground. The higher that the ball rises upon
collision with the ground, the more elastic that the collision is.
g. A moving air track glider collides with a second stationary glider of identical mass. The first
glider loses all of its kinetic energy during the collision as the second glider is set in motion
with the same original speed as the first glider. Since the first glider lost all of its kinetic
energy, this is a perfectly inelastic collision.
h. The collision between a tennis ball and a tennis racket tends to be more elastic in nature than
a collision between a halfback and linebacker in football.
VIII. REFERENCES
Books
Alvarez, Liza et al. 2017. Science Grade 9 Learner's Module. Pasig City: Department of Education: Burearu of Learning
Resources (DepEd -BLR).
Felicerta, Corazon N. 2013. Breaking Through Science 7. Quezon: C and E Publishing Inc.
Ferriols-Pavico, Josefina Ma., et al. 2014. Exploring Life Through Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing house.
Laurente, Jomar Aries. 2015. Science for the 21st Century Learner 7. Quezon: University Press of First Asia.
Websites
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/momentum/Lesson-1/Momentum-and-Impulse-Connection
https://physicsforus.wordpress.com/physics-2/momentum-n-impuls/the-meaning-of-linear-momentum-and-impulse/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/8-1-linear-momentum-and-force/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/8-2-impulse/
http://studyphysics.ca
Prepared by:
Name: Ma. Junnarey L. Repuno
School: Talisay City National High School
Contact No: 09217770738
12
IX. FEEDBACK NOTES SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 4 WEEK 3
PARENT’S FEEDBACK
________________________
LEARNER’S
FEEDBACK ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ ________________________
__________________ _________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
__________________
13
__________________
____________
X. ANSWER SHEET
SLK for SCIENCE 9
QUARTER 4 WEEK 3
Name: ______________________________________ Grade and Section: ______________
School: _____________________________________ Contact Number: ________________
Name of Teacher: _____________________________Control Number: ________________
Activity 1. Problem Solving (Please use a separate sheet for your solution
1. a.
b.
c.
2.
3.
Activity 2. (Performance Task) (You may use a separate sheet)
1.___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Evaluation
1. _____ 4. _____ 7. _____ 10. _____ 13. _____
2. _____ 5. _____ 8. _____ 11. _____ 14. _____
3. _____ 6. _____ 9. _____ 12. _____ 15. _____
Additional Activity
1.
2.
3.
14