s

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

College of Natural and Social Science
Emerging technology group assignment Section: R1

Nanotechnology
Group Members ID No

1. YONAS DEGAREGE…………………...………..ETS1731/14
2. YONAS GINBARU…………………………………ETS1730/14
3. YONAS GEMECHU………………………….……ETS 1733/14
4. YOHANNES SISAY…………………………………ETS 1714/14
5. YOHANNES HABTAMU ………………………..ETS1722/14
6. YONAS BELAYNHE………………………………..ETS1732/14

Submission date: 06/12/2022

Submitted to: Instr Teshay.G

Table of content
 History of nanotechnology ………………………………………. 1

 Definition of nanotechnology ……………………………………2

 Application of nanotechnology ………………………………….3

 In medicine………………………………………………………3

 In electronics …………………………………………………..4

 In vehicles……………………………………………………….5

 In food …………………………………………………………….6

 In agriculture ….……………………………………………….7

 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….9

History of Nanotechnology
New science and technology are frequently the result of human dreams and
creativity. These aspirations gave rise to the 21st century frontier of nanotechnology.
Understanding and manipulating matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nm,
where special phenomena allow for fresh applications, is referred to as
nanotechnology. 1 Although there have always been nanoparticles around, the
industrial revolution saw a sharp rise in this exposure. Nanoparticle research is not
brand-new. Richard Zsigmondy, a chemistry Nobel Prize winner from 1925, was the
one who initially coined the term "nanometer." He was the first to use a microscope
to measure the size of particles like gold colloids, and he also invented the term
nanometer specifically to describe particle size.

The inventor of contemporary nanotechnology is physicist Richard Feynman, who

won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1965. He gave a talk titled "There's Plenty of Room
at the Bottom" during the 1959 American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, when
he first discussed the idea of controlling matter at the atomic level. With this
innovative concept, new methods of thinking were demonstrated, and Feynman's
theories were later found to be true. He is regarded as the founding father of
contemporary nanotechnology because of these factors.

A Japanese scientist named Norio Taniguchi was the first to adopt the term
"nanotechnology" to describe semiconductor operations that took place on the
order of a nanometer, over 15 years after Feynman's talk. He argued that processing,
separating, consolidating, and deforming materials by a single atom or molecule
constituted nanotechnology. The 1980s saw the discovery of fullerenes by Kroto,
Smalley, and Curl. In 1986, Eric Drexler of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT) wrote a book titled "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology"
using concepts from Feynman's "There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and
Taniguchi's term "nanotechnology." Drexler put up the concept of a nanoscale
"assembler" that could create duplicates of both itself and other objects of any
complexity. "Molecular nanotechnology" is a common name for Drexler's
interpretation of nanotechnology. The creation of carbon nanotubes by Iijima2,
another Japanese scientist, furthered the field of nanotechnology.

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Definition of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology deals with the understanding and control of matter at dimensions
between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable
novel applications.

More specifically, nanotechnology is the imaging, modeling, measuring, design,

characterization, production, and application of structures, devices, and systems by
controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanometer scale (atomic,
molecular, and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices, and systems
with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property.

Unusual physical, chemical, and biological properties can emerge in materials at the
nanoscale. These properties may differ in important ways from the properties of bulk
materials and single atoms or molecules.

The bulk properties of materials often change dramatically with nano ingredients.
Composites made from particles of nano-size ceramics or metals smaller than 100
nanometers can suddenly become much stronger than predicted by existing
materials-science models.

The properties of materials can be different at the nanoscale for two main reasons:

Surface Area

First, nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when compared to the same
mass of material produced in a larger form. This can make materials more chemically
reactive (in some cases materials that are inert in their larger form are reactive when
produced in their nanoscale form), and affect their strength or electrical properties.

Quantum Size Effects

Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behavior of matter at the
nanoscale – particularly at the lower end – affecting the optical, electrical and
magnetic behavior of materials. This effect describes the physics of electron
properties in solids with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come
into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes dominant
when the nanometer size range is reached.

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Nanotechnology is new frontiers of this century. The world is facing great challenges
in meeting rising demands for basic commodities (e.g. Food, water and energy),
finished goods (e.g., cell phones, cars and airplanes) and services (e.g., shelter,
healthcare and employment) while reducing and minimizing the impact of human
activities on Earth’s global environment and climate. Nanotechnology has emerged
as a versatile platform that could provide efficient, cost-effective and
environmentally acceptable solutions to the global sustainability challenges facing
society. In recent years there has been a rapid increase in nanotechnology in the
fields of medicine and more specifically in targeted drug delivery. Opportunities of
utilizing nanotechnology to address global challenges in water purification, clean
energy technologies, greenhouse gases management, materials supply and
utilization, and green manufacturing and chemistry. Smart delivery of nutrients, bio-
separation of proteins, rapid sampling of biological and chemical contaminants and
nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals are some of the emerging topics of
nanotechnology for food and agriculture.

Application of nanotechnology
 Medical and Healthcare Applications
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology, It ranges from the
medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronic biosensors, and applications
of molecular, It is reserving and improving the human health by using molecular tools
and molecular knowledge of the human body.

Nanomedicine involves the use of nanoparticles in the surgical and medical

treatment of patients, and it is used for the treatment of diseases in living organisms,
Nanotechnology involves manipulating properties and structures at the nanoscale, It
often involves dimensions that are just tiny fractions of the width of a human hair.

Nanotechnology is already used in products such as cosmetics and sunscreens, the

nanoscale materials in cosmetic products provide greater clarity or coverage,
cleansing, and absorption. Nanoscale materials are used in antioxidant, anti-
microbial, and other health properties in the sunscreens, the cleansers, the
complexion the treatments, the creams and lotions, the shampoos, and specialized
makeup.

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Nanotechnology is used in cancer that can lead to breakthroughs in terms of
detecting, diagnosing and treating various forms of cancer, Medical nanotechnology
tools are more personalized, portable, cheaper, safer and easier to administer.

Nanotechnology will aid in the formation of molecular systems that may be strikingly
similar to living systems, these molecular structures could be the basis for the
regeneration or replacement of body parts that are currently lost to infection,
accident, or disease.

Nanotechnology has been used in the early diagnosis of atherosclerosis, or the build-
up of plaque in arteries and gold nanoparticles can be used to detect early-stage
Alzheimer’s disease. Quantum dots are semiconducting nanocrystals that can
enhance biological imaging for medical diagnostics when they are illuminated with
ultraviolet light, they emit a wide spectrum of bright colours that can be used to
locate and identify specific kinds of cells and biological activities. These crystals offer
optical detection up to 1,000 times better than conventional dyes used in many
biological tests, such as MRIs, and render significantly more information.

Nanotechnology is used in the multifunctional therapeutics where a nanoparticle

serves as a platform to facilitate its specific targeting to the cancer cells and delivery
of a potent treatment; they minimize the risk to normal tissues. The research is
underway to use nanotechnology to spur the growth of nerve cells such as in
damaged spinal cord or brain cells, Nanotechnology in medicine will benefit those
that suffer from heart disease, respiratory problems, and diabetes in the future.

Nanotechnology in medicine will be used to help in fertility-issues, brain issues or

malfunctions and even the reparation of senses.

 Electronics
Nanotechnology is used in many communications, computing and electronic
applications, It provides faster, smaller and more portable systems, these systems
can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information.

Nanoelectronics means using nanotechnology in electronic components, there are

many applications such as computing and electronic products include Flash memory
chips for iPod Nanos, antimicrobial and antibacterial coatings on the mouse, the
keyboard, and the cell phone castings.

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The aim of nanoelectronics is to process, transmit and store information by taking
advantage of properties of matter that are distinctly different from macroscopic
properties.

Nanotechnology is used for printed electronics for RFID, smart cards, smart
packaging, It is used for more life-like video games and flexible displays for e-book
readers. Nanotechnology is used for nanoscale transistors that are faster, more
powerful, and increasingly energy-efficient, you will see soon that your computer’s
entire memory may be stored on a single tiny chip.

Nanotechnology is used in many new TVs, laptop computers, digital cameras, cell
phones, and it is used in many devices to incorporate nanostructured polymer films
known as organic light-emitting diodes or OLEDs, where OLED screens offer brighter
consumption and longer lifetimes.

Nanotechnology is used for magnetic random access memory (MRAM) enabled by

nanometer‐scale magnetic tunnel junctions that can quickly and effectively save even
encrypted data during a system shutdown or crash, So, It enables resume‐play
features.

Nanotechnology in electronics provides faster, smaller and enhanced handheld

devices, It provides advanced display technologies with conductive nanomaterials,
data storage, quantum computing, printable and flexible electronics, and magnetic
nanoparticles for data storage.

Nanotechnology can actually revolutionize a lot of electronic products, procedures,

and applications such as electronic products include nano transistors, nano diodes,
OLED, plasma displays and quantum computers.

Nanotechnology in electronics increases the capabilities of electronic devices while

reducing their weight and power consumption, it increases the density of memory
chips and it reduces the size of transistors that are used in integrated circuits.
Nanotechnology improves display screens on electronic devices, so the power
consumption will be reduced, the weight and the thickness of the screens decreases.

 Vehicles
Nanotechnology has received increasing attention and is being applied in the
transportation vehicle field. With their unique physical and chemical characteristics,

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nanomaterials can significantly enhance the safety and durability of transportation
vehicles.

The potential applications of nanotechnology in transportation vehicles are nearly

endless. The design and production of nanomaterials, nanostructures, and
nanodevices provide new ways for developing sustainable vehicles.

The main use of nanotechnology in automobile transportation

 Effective and Efficient Nano-Based Coatings for Automobiles

 Nanotechnology for Lightweight and Higher Strength Automobile Bodies
 Safer and Secure Mirrors and Windows
 Efficient and Durable Nano-based Tires
 Nanotechnology for an Efficient Engine

The main use of nanotechnology in aerospace transportation

 Higher Strength and Lighter Weight in Aerospace

 For the Protection of the Airplane Body
 For More Efficient and Effective Body and Wire Networks in Airplanes
 Coatings to Enhance the Sensing and Safety of the Aircraft

The main use of nanotechnology in marine transportation

 Coatings to Handle Bio-Fouling and Corrosion

 for the Enhancement of Strength of Marine Vehicles
 Food
Nanotechnology is a key advanced technology enabling contribution, development,
and sustainable impact on food, medicine, and agriculture sectors. Nanomaterials
have potential to lead qualitative and quantitative production of healthier, safer, and
high-quality functional foods which are perishable or semi-perishable in nature.
Nanotechnology is the technology applied in the manipulation of nanomaterials for
several purposes, which plays a crucial role in the food and agriculture sectors,
contributes to crop improvement Nanotechnologies are superior than conventional
food processing technologies with increased shelf life of food products, preventing
contamination, and production of enhanced food quality.

Nanofood refers to the food generated by using nanotechnology in processing,

production, security, and packaging of food. Nanotechnology has immense potential

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in the post-harvest food processing. Nanotechnology is used in the production of
healthier food containing low fat, sugar, and salt to avoid food-borne diseases. It
enhances food bioavailability, taste, texture, and consistency, or conceals the
unpleasant taste or odor, and modifies the particle size, size distribution, possible
cluster formation, and surface charge.

Applications of nanotechnologies enhance the food bioavailability, taste, texture,

and consistency, achieved through modification of particle size, possible cluster
formation and surface charge of food nanomaterials.

In addition, the nanodelivery-mediated nutraceuticals, synergistic action of

nanomaterials in food protection, and the application of nanosensors in smart food
packaging for monitoring the quality of the stored foods and the common methods
employed for assessing the impact of nanomaterials in biological systems are also
discussed.

 Agriculture

Nanotechnology in agriculture has gained good momentum in the last decade with
an abundance of public funding, but the stage of development is good, even though
many methods became under the umbrella of agriculture. This might be attributed to
a unique nature of farm production, which functions as an open system whereby
energy and matter are exchanged freely. The scale of demand of input materials is
always being large in contrast with industrial nanoproducts with the absence of
control over the input of the nanomaterials in contrast with industrial nanoproducts.
Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide applications.
Nanotechnology can increase agricultural production, and its applications include:

 nanoformulations of agrochemicals for applying pesticides and

fertilizers for crop improvement;
 the application of nanosensors in crop protection for the identification
of diseases and residues of agrochemicals;
 nanodevices for the genetic engineering of plants;
 plant disease diagnostics;
 animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and
 postharvest management.

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Precision farming techniques might be used to further improve the crop yields but
not damage soil and water.

In addition, it can reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, and soil
microorganisms.

Nanotechnology applications include nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer in

plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and storage

and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology may increase the development of
biomass-to-fuel production. Experts feel that the potential benefits of
nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries and aquaculture need to be balanced
against concerns for the soil, water and environment and the occupational health of
workers.

The applications of nanomaterials in agriculture aim to reduce spraying of plant

protection products and to increase plant yields. Nanotechnology means like
nanocapsules, and nanoparticles are examples of uses for the detection and
treatment of diseases. Nanotechnology derived devices are also explored in the field
of plant breeding and genetic transformation.

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 Conclusion
The field of nanotechnology has advanced significantly in recent years. In conclusion,
the measurement, prediction, and production of matter at the scale of atoms and
molecules are necessary for nanotechnology. Atomic-scale nanotechnology is
anticipated to have a dramatic impact on how we create, develop, and do things in
the future. Building stable structures one atom or one molecule at a time using an
atomic or molecular technique is known as nanotechnology. As of now, scientists and
researchers are able to control, alter, and employ individual atoms or molecules to
attain astoundingly high levels of precision.

Although nanotechnology's contributions to society may currently seem insignificant,

it is believed that they will eventually provide results and advances with ongoing
financing and manpower. In the coming years, practically everyone on the planet will
be affected by nanotechnology if it continues to advance at its current rate. All
aspects of our existence, including agriculture, aerospace, energy, defense, materials
science, environmental science, and medical, are incorporating findings from
research and advancements in the subject of nanotechnology. A growing number of
scientists, doctors, government organizations, venture capitalists, and politicians are
researching the uses of nanotechnology as it fast develops.

Nanolithography, nanorobotics, nanodevices, nanopowders, nanocomputers,

nanoporous materials, nanostructured catalysts, molecular nanotechnology,
molecular manufacturing, nanolayers, pharmaceuticals, nanobiology (e.g., disease
prediction, prevention, and treatment), and some organic nanostructures are some
of the research areas that are currently active.

Future developments in nanotechnology may potentially make it possible for items

to capture energy from their surroundings. With a high conversion efficiency, new
nano-materials and ideas are now being developed that have the ability to generate
energy from motion, light, temperature fluctuations, glucose, and other sources.

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