Exercises with answers on Transformer

1. A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66 turns in the secondary. Calculate:

a) Primary turns b) primary and secondary full load currents?
Given: V1= 2000V, V2= 200V, S= 20,000VA, N2= 66
Solution
V 2 200 1
K= = =
V 1 2000 10
N1 V 1 V1N2 2000 x 66
a) = = N 1= = N 1= = 660 turns
N2 V2 V2 200
b) V 1 I 1=V 2 I 2=20 x 103 VA
3 3
20 x 10
I 1= = 20 x 10 = 10A
V1 2000
3 3
20 x 10
I 2= = 20 x 10 = 100A
V2 200
1
Alternatively, I 1=K I 2= 10 x 100=10 A
2. A 100-kVA, 2400/240-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer (ideal) is used between a transmission
line and a distribution system
a) Determine turns ratio.
b) What secondary load impedance will cause the transformer to be fully loaded, and what
is the corresponding primary current?
c) Find the load impedance referred to the primary.

Solutions
E1 N 1 I 2
a) Turns ratio, a = = = =¿ 2400 / 240 = 10
E2 N 2 I 1
S
b) E2 I 2 =S , from this, I 2=
E 2 100,000/240 = 416.67 A
I2
I 1= = 416.67 / 10 = 41.67 A
a
Magnitude of the load impedance (ZL)
V2
ZL = = 240/416.7 = 0.576 Ω
I2
E2 N 2 I 1 240 41.67
K= = = = =¿
E1 N 1 I 2
=
2400 416.67
=0.100072

Now the Load impedance referred to the primary (Z’L),

 ZL 0.576
2 = 2
=57.59Ω
K (0.1000072)
3. A single phase transformer has 350 primary and 1050 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 55 cm 2.If the primary winding be connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz single phase
supply, calculate

(i)The maximum value of flux density in the core and

(ii) The voltage induced in the secondary winding

Solution
Voltage applied to the primary, V1=400V
Induced e.m.f in the primary, E1= Voltage applied to the primary, V1=400V
N1= 350 , N2= 1050
Net Cross Sectional Area Ai= 55cm2= 55x10-4m2
Frequency of the supply, f=50Hz
Induced e.m.f in the primary is given by: E1 = 4.44f N1 Fm = 4.44f N1BmAi
Maximum value of flux density in the core
E1 400
B m= =B m= −4
=0.93 Tesla
4.44 f N 1 A i 4.44 x 50 x 55 x 10 x 350
E1 N 1
For an ideal Transformer, E = N
2 2
N2 1050
Voltage Induced in the secondary winding, E2= E1 x N =400 x 350 =1200 V
1

4. A 100kVA, 2200/ 440 V transformer has R1=0.3 Ω, X 1 =1.1 Ω, R2=0.01 Ω

¿ X 2 =0.035 Ω . Calculate:
a) The equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to the primary b) Total copper loss
Given
V 1=¿ 2200V, V 2=¿ 440V, R1=0.3 Ω, X 1 =1.1 Ω, R2=0.01 Ω, X 2=0.035 Ω
Solution
V 2 440 1
K= = =
V 1 2200 5
3
S 100 x 10
I 1= = = 45.45A
V1 2200
3
S 100 x 10
I 2= = = 227.25A
V2 440
 2
a ¿ R01 = R1+ R2 / K 2 = 0.3 + 0.01/( 1 ) = 0.55Ω
5
2
X 01= X 1 + X 2 / K 2 = 1.1+ 0.035 /( 1 ) = 1.975Ω
5
Z 01= √ R201+ X 201=√ ( 0.55)2 +(1.975)2 =2.05 Ω
2
b) Total copper loss = I 1 R01= ( 45.45)2 x 0.55 = 1136.14 W

Alternatively; Total CU loss = I 21 R1 + I 22 R2

2 2
( 45.45) x 0.3+ (227.25) x 0.01 = 1136.14 W
5. An ideal transformer has a 150-turn primary and 750-turn secondary. The primary is connected
to a 240-V, 50-Hz source. The secondary winding supplies a load of 4 A at a lagging power factor
(pf) of 0.8. Determine (a) the turn-ratio, (b) the current in the primary, (c) the power supplied to
the load, and (d) the flux in the core.
SOLUTION
N1
(a) The turn-ratio: a = =¿ 150/750 = 0.2
N2
b) Since I 2 = 4 A, the current in the primary is
I2 I2 4
a= , Therefore , I 1= , I 1 = =20 A
I1 a 0.2
c) The voltage on the secondary side is
V1 V1 240
a= , Therefore ,V 2 = ,V 2= =1200 V
V2 a 0.2
Thus, the power supplied to the load is
P L= V 2 I 2 cos θ 2= 1200 x 4 x 0.8 = 3840
(d) The maximum flux in the core is
E1 V1 240 −3
ϕm = = = =7.21 x 10 Wb
4.44 f N 1 4.44 f N 1 4.44 x 50 x 150
6. The primary and secondary windings of a 50kVA, 6600/220V transformer have resistances of
7.8 Ω and 0.0085Ω respectively. The transformer draws no load current of 0.328A at power factor
of 0.3 lagging. Calculate the efficiency at full load if the power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging.

Solution
220
K= 6600 = 1/30
Full load iron loss= V 1 I 0 cos θ o= 6600x0.328 x 0.3= 650W
R01=¿ R ¿+ R2 / K 2=7.8+ ( 0.0085 ) x ¿= 15.45 Ω
1
 50 x 10 S 3
Full load primary current, I 1=¿¿= V = = 7.57A
1 6600
F.L CU losses= I 21 R01=¿
Total full load losses= F.L iron loss + F.L CU loss= 650 + 885.4 = 1535.4 W
F.L output = S Cosθ L= 50 x 103 x 0.8=40,000W
F.L input= F.L output + Total full load loss = 40,000 + 1535.4 = 41535.4 W
F . Loutput 40,000
F.L Efficiency = F . L Input x 100 = 41535.4 x 100 = 96.3%

7. Find out the efficiency of a 500KVA transformer at full load and power factor of 0.8. The
transformer is 6600/400V, having R1=0.42Ω, R2=0.0011Ω, iron loss=2.9kw.
Given: - S =500KVA
V1=6600v, V2=400v, R1=0.42Ω, R2=0.0011Ω, iron loss (Pi=Pe+Ph) =2.9kw.

Required: - efficiency of transformer ()?

S 5000∗1000
Solutions I1= = V = =75.76A
1 6600
Copper loss at primary (P1) =I21R1= (75.76)2*0.42Ω=2410w
S 5000∗1000
I2 = V = =1250A
2 400
Copper loss at Secondary (P2)=I22*R2=(1250A)2*0.0011Ω=1718W
Total copper loss (Pc) =2410W+1718W=4128W=4.128KW
Total loss in transformer (Ploss) =Pc+Pi= 4.128kw+2.9kw=7.028kw
Power out (Pout) = S*Power factor=500KVA*0.8=400KW
Power output Pout 400000
(%) = Power Input = P out + Ploss
¿
400,000+7028
x 100 = 98.273%
8. In no load test of single phase transformer, the following test data is obtained
Primary voltage, V p=¿220V, Secondary voltage, V s = 110V
Primary current, I 0 = 0.5A, Input Power Pi= 30W,
Resistance of the primary winding is, R1=¿ 0.6 Ω
Find the following
a) Turns ratio, b) the magnetizing component of no-load current, c) its loss component,
d) The iron loss
V 1 N1 220
a) Turn ratio = =
V 2 N2
= 110
=2
 b) Pin = V 1 I 0 cos θ 0 ;
P¿ 30
cos θ 0= = =0.273 , sin θ0=0.962
V 1 I 0 220 x 0.5
I μ=I 0 sin θ0=0.5 x 0.962=0.48 A
c) I w =I 0 cos θ0=0.5 x 0.273=0.1365 A
d) Primary CU loss Pc = I 20 R 1= 0.52 x 0.6 = 0.15W
Therefore, Iron loss= Pi- Pc =30-0.15 = 29.85W
9. A 100KVA, 3 phase, 50 Hz, 3,300/400 V transformer is delta connected on the HV side and star
connected on the LV side. The resistance of the h.v winding is 1.05 Ω per phase and that of l.v
winding 0.02 Ω per phase. Calculate the iron losses of the transformer at normal voltage and
frequency if its full load efficiency be 95.8% at power factor of 0.8 lagging.

Given: V =V L(pri)=3,300 V ,∧V ph(Sec)=400 v V, V L(Seci) =¿ √ 3 x 400 =693V

ph( pri)

Solution
Full load output= S x p.f= 100 x103 x 0.8 = 80KW
P P 80,000
Ƞ¿ 0 , P¿= 0 = =83.5 KW
P¿ Ƞ 0.958
Let us find full load CU losses for which purpose, we would first calculate R02
Secondary voltage / phase 400 4
K= = =
Primary voltage / phase 3,300 33
2 4 2
R02=R 2 + R1 K = 0.02 + 1.05 ( ¿ ¿ =¿0.035 Ω
33
S S 100,000
Full load secondary phase current is I 2= = √
= = 144.3A
VL 3 x V p √3 x 400
2
Total copper loss = 3 I 2 R02 = 3 x 144.3 x 0.035 = 2186.36W
2

Total loss = P¿ −P0=83500−80000=3500 W

Iron loss = Total loss – full load CU loss = 3,500 – 2186.36 = 1313.64W
10. A 3-phase, 50-Hz transformer has a delta-connected primary and star-connected secondary, the
line voltages being 22,000 V and 400 V respectively. The secondary has a star connected balanced
load at 0.8 power factor lagging. The line current on the primary side is 5 A. Determine the current in
each coil of the primary and in each secondary line. What is the output of the transformer in kW?

Given:
It should be noted that in 3-phase transformers, the phase transformation ratio is equal to the turn
ratio but the terminal or line voltages depend upon the method of connection employed. The Δ/Y
connection is shown in the Fig. below.
 Solution
V ph ,sec
K= V = 400/22,000 × √ 3 = 1/ 55 √ 3
ph , prim

I L, prim
Primary phase current, I p h , prim= = 5/ √ 3 A
√3
5
/1
Secondary phase current, I p h ,sec = I ph , prim = √3 = 275 A
K 55 √ 3
Secondary line current, I L ,sec = I p h ,sec =¿ 275 A
Output Power = √ 3VL sec ILsec Cos ϴ = √ 3 × 400 × 275 × 0.8 = 152.42 kW
400
3Vph sec Iph sec Cos ϴ = 3 xx 275 x 0.8=¿152.42 kW
√3
11. A 11000/415V, delta-star transformer feeds power to a 30 kW, 415V, 3-phase induction motor
having an efficiency of 90% and full-load pf 0.833. Calculate the transformer rating and phase and
line currents on both high and low voltage sides
30
Transformer KVA rating, S= 0.9 x 0.833 = 40KVA
Solution
S S 40,000
Line Current on secondary, I L(Sec)= V = =
√ 3 x V ph (Sec) √ 3 x 415 = 55.65A
L(Sec)

For Star connected transformer winding, I ph(sec)=I L(sec) =55.65 A

S 40,000
11,000 = 3.64A
Line Current on primary, I L( pri)=¿ V =
L(Pri)

For Delta connected transformer winding, V ph( pri)=V L(pri)=11,000 V

I L( pri) 3.64
Phase Current on primary, I ph( pri) = = √3 =2.1A
√3
12. A 3-phase transformer is used to step-down the voltage of a 3-phase, 11kV feeder line. Per-
phase turns ratio is 12. For a primary line current of 20A, calculate the secondary line voltage, line
current and output KVA for the following Connections:
 a) Star-delta
a) delta-star
b) delta-delta
c) Star-star. Neglect losses
Given
V p (L)= 11KV, I1= 20A, a=12
Solution
a) Star- Delta Connection of 3-phase Transformer
V L( p) 11000
Phase Voltage on primary, V ph( p) = = =6351.04 V
√3 √3
Phase Current on primary, I ph( p)=I L( p) =20 A
V L( p) 11000
Phase Voltage on secondary = V ph(S )= = =529.25 V
a √ 3 12 x √ 3
Line Voltage on secondary, V L(S)= V ph(S )= 529.25V
Phase Current on secondary, I ph(S) =aI ph( p)=12 x 20=240 A
Line Current on secondary, I L(S )=√ 3 x I ph(s)= √3 x 240=415.68 A
Output KVA = 3 (V ph(S ) x I ph(S)) = 3 (529.25 x 240) = 381.062KVA
b) Delta – Star Connection of 3-phase Transformer
V ph( p) V L( p) 11000
Phase Voltage on secondary =V ph(S )= = = =916.67 V
a a 12
Line Voltage on secondary, V L ( S) = √ 3 V ph( S )= √ 3 x 916.67= 1587.67V
I L ( p) 20
Phase Current on primary, I ph( p)= =¿ A
√3 √3
20
Phase Current on secondary, I ph(S) =aI ph( p)=12 x =138.568 A
√3
Line Current on secondary, I L(S ) = I ph(S) =138.568 A
11000 20
Output KVA= 3 (V ph(S ) x I ph(S)= 3 ( 12 x 12 x 3 ) = 381.062KVA
√
c) Delta – Delta Connection of 3-phase Transformer
V ph( p) V L( p) 11000
Phase Voltage on secondary =V ph(S )= = = =916.67 V
a a 12
Line Voltage on secondary, V L ( S) = V ph (S )= 916.67V
I L ( p) 20
Phase Current on primary, I ph( p)= =¿ A
√3 √3
 20
Phase Current on secondary, I ph(S) =aI ph( p)=12 x =138.568 A
√3
Line Current on secondary, I L(S ) =√ 3 I ph(S) =√ 3 x 138.568 A=240 A
11000 20
Output KVA= 3 (V ph(S ) x I ph(S)= 3 ( 12 x 12 x 3 ) = 381.062KVA
√
d) Star – Star Connection of 3-phase Transformer
V ph( p) 11000
Phase Voltage on secondary =V ph(S )= =¿ =529.25 V
√3 a √3 x 12
Line Voltage on secondary, V L ( S) = √ 3 V ph( S )= √ 3 x 529.25 = 916.67V
Phase Current on primary, I ph( p) ¿ I L(p ) = ¿ 20 A
Phase Current on secondary, I ph(S) =aI ph( p)=12 x 20=¿240A
Line Current on secondary, I L(S ) = I ph(S) =1240 A
Output KVA= 3 (V ph(S ) x I ph(S)= 3 (529.25 x ) = 381.062KVA