CSE Graphics Processing Unit
CSE Graphics Processing Unit
Seminar report
On
Graphics Processing
Unit
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of degree Of Electronics
Submitted by :
Guided by
Prof. Dr. Ashwini Shaikh Abu Talha
CSE 56
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CERTIFICATE
Place : Aurangabad
Date : 17/5/24
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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
6. COMPONENTS OF GPU
9. TYPES OF GPU
10. GEFORCE4
11. GEFORCE4 TI
12. GEFORCE4 MX
13. GEFORCE4 GO
14. CONCLUSION
15. 3D GLOSSARY
16. REFERENCES
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT’S A GPU????
Many synonyms exist for Graphics Processing Unit in which the popular
one being the graphics card .It’s also known as a video card, video accelerator, video
adapter, video board, graphics accelerator, or graphics adapter.
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graphics standard came into being. A VGA display could support up to 256
colors (out of a possible 262,144-color palette) at resolutions up to 720x400. Perhaps
the most interesting difference between VGA and the preceding formats is that VGA
was analog, whereas displays had been digital up to that point. Going from digital to
analog may seem like a step backward, but it actually provided the ability to vary the
signal for more possible combinations than the strict on/off nature of digital.
be able to connect to your computer. While there are still a number of
graphics cards
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The illustration above shows how the various buses connect to the CPU.
PCI can connect up to five external components. Each of the five connectors
for an external component can be replaced with two fixed devices on the
motherboard. The PCI bridge chip regulates the speed of the PCI bus independently
of the CPU's speed. This provides a higher degree of reliability and ensures that PCI-
hardware manufacturers know exactly what to design for.
The need for streaming video and real-time-rendered 3-D games requires an
even faster throughput Intel debuted the
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Segments of system memory can be dynamically reserved by the OS for use by
the graphics controller. This memory is termed AGP memory or non-local video
memory. The net result is that the graphics controller is required to keep fewer texture
maps in local memory.
For these reasons, programmers can always expect to have more texture
memory available via AGP system memory. Keeping textures out of the frame buffer
allows larger screen resolution, or permits Z-buffering for a given large screen size.
As the need for more graphics intensive applications continues to scale upward, the
amount of textures stored in system memory will increase. AGP delivers these
textures from system memory to the graphics controller at speeds sufficient to make
system memory usable as a secondary texture store.
AGP Transfers
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AGP provides two modes for the graphics controller to directly access texture
maps in system memory: pipelining and sideband addressing. Using Pipe mode,
AGP overlaps the memory or bus access times for a request ("n") with the issuing of
following requests ("n+1"..."n+2"... etc.). In the PCI bus, request "n+1" does not
begin until the data transfer of request "n" finishes.
With sideband addressing (SBA), AGP uses 8 extra "sideband" address lines which
allow the graphics controller to issue new addresses and requests simultaneously
while data continues to move from previous requests on the main 32 data/address
lines. Using SBA mode improves efficiency and reduces latencies.
AGP Specifications
The current PCI bus supports a data transfer rate up to 132 MB/s, while AGP
(at 66MHz) supports up to 533 MB/s! AGP attains this high transfer rate due to it's
ability to transfer data on both the rising and falling edges of the 66MHz clock
The AGP slot typically provides performance which is 4 to 8 times faster than
the PCI slots inside your computer.
COMPONENTS OF GPU
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Graphics Processor
The graphics processor is the brains of the card, and is typically one of three
configurations:
Graphics co-processor: A card with this type of processor can handle all of the
graphics chores without any assistance from the computer's CPU. Graphics co-
processors are typically found on high-end video cards.
Graphics accelerator: In this configuration, the chip on the graphics card renders
graphics based on commands from the computer's CPU. This is the most common
configuration used today.
Frame buffer: This chip simply controls the memory on the card and sends
information to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) . It does no processing of the
image data and is rarely used anymore.
Memory – The type of RAM used on graphics cards varies widely, but the most
popular types use a dual-ported configuration. Dual-ported cards can write to one
section of memory while it is reading from another section, decreasing the time it
takes to refresh an image.
Graphics BIOS – Graphics cards have a small ROM chip containing basic
information that tells the other components of the card how to function in relation to
each other. The BIOS also performs diagnostic tests on the card's memory and input/
output (I/O) to ensure that everything is functioning correctly.
Display Connector – Graphics cards use standard connectors. Most cards use the 15-
pin connector that was introduced with Video Graphics Array (VGA).
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Computer (Bus) Connector – This is usually Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP).
This port enables the video card to directly access system memory. Direct memory
access helps to make the peak bandwidth four times higher than the Peripheral
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HOW IS 3D ACCELERATION DONE??????
engine applies assigned texture values to each pixel. This gives each pixel the correct
color value so that it appears to have surface texture and does not look like a flat,
smooth object. After a pixel has been rendered it must be checked to see whether it is
visible by checking the depth value, or Z value.
A Z check unit performs this process by reading from the Z-buffer to see
if there are any other pixels rendered to the same location where the new pixel
will be rendered. If another
There are many factors that affect the performance of a GPU. Some of the
factors that are directly visible to a user are given below.
• Fill Rate:
It is defined as the number of pixels or texels (textured pixels) rendered per
second by the GPU on to the memory . It shows the true power of the GPU.
Modern GPUs have fill rates as high as 3.2 billion pixels. The fill rate of a GPU
can be increased by increasing the clock given to it.
• Memory Bandwidth:
It is the data transfer speed between the graphics chip and its local frame
buffer. More bandwidth usually gives better performance with the image to be
rendered is of high quality and at very high resolution.
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• Memory Management:
The performance of the GPU also depends on how efficiently the memory is
managed, because memory bandwidth may become the only bottle neck if not
managed properly.
Now lets see how far GPUs have come as far as performance is concerned.
900
800
700
600
500 Operations(Millions)/se
400 c
300
200
100
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
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60
50
40
No of Transistors in
30 Millions
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0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
TYPES OF GPUS…
1. Those that can handle all of the graphics processes without any assistance
from the computer's CPU. They are typically found on high-end workstations.
These are mainly used for Digital Content Creation like 3D animation as it
supports a lot of 3D functions.
Some of them are……
Today’s GPU can do what was hoped for and beyond. In the last year a giant
leap have been made in the GPU technology. The maximum amount of RAM that can
be found on a graphics card has jumped from 16MB to a whopping 128MB. The
premier company in GPU manufacturing ATI,who has held the position past couple
of years has given way to nVidia , whose new ground breaking technology is leaving
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GEFORCE4
Chip Architecture
The LMA II
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In the upper left hand corner lies the LMA II. The LMA II controls the flow of
In the center to the right of the chip is the display unit. This unit is simple
and its only job is to determine the optimal display resolution for the display being
used. It also determines what type of display it is and optimizes its performance.
Application management
• Transparency & colored transparency window options
• Extends functionality of all applications
• Pop- up menu control
GEFORCE4 TI
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This chart shows comparison of performances of GeForce4 Ti 4600 and its predecessor in FPS.
GEFORCE4 MX
Performance comparisons
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GEFORCE4 GO
CONCLUSION
From the introduction of the first 3D accelerator from 3dfx in 1996 these
units have come a long way to be truly called a “Graphics Processing Unit”. So it is
not a wonder that this piece of hardware is often referred to as an exotic product as far
as computer peripherals are concerned. By observing the current pace at which work
is going on in developing GPUs we can surely come to a conclusion that we will be
able to see better and faster GPUs in the near future.
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REFERENCES
1. www.howstuffworks.com
2. www.tomshardware.com
3. www.intel.com
4. www.nvidia.com
5. www.extremetech.com
6. www.pcworld.com
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