CSE231 Digital Logic Design

Lecture 22
Memory Design
Section 13
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shahin Uddin
Email: [email protected]
 Memory
❖ A memory unit is a device to which binary information is transferred for storage and
from which information is retrieved when needed for processing. A memory unit is a
collection of cells capable of storing a large quantity of binary information.
❖ There are two types of memories that are used in digital systems:
• random‐access memory (RAM) and
• read‐only memory (ROM).
❖ The process of storing new information into memory is referred to as a memory write
operation.
❖ The process of transferring the stored information out of memory is referred to as a
memory read operation.
❖ RAM can perform both write and read operations.
❖ ROM can perform only the read operation.
 Memory
ROM is a programmable logic device (PLD). The binary information that is stored
within such a device is specified in some fashion and then embedded within the hardware
in a process is referred to as programming the device. The word “programming”he re
refers to a hardware procedure which specifies the bits that are inserted into the hardware
configuration of the device. ROM is one example of a PLD. Other such units are the
programmable logic array (PLA), programmable array logic (PAL), and the
field‐programmable gate array (FPGA). A PLD is an integrated circuit with internal
logic gates connected through electronic paths that behave similarly to fuses
Conventional and array logic diagrams for OR gate
Random Access Memory (RAM)
A memory unit is a collection of storage cells, together with associated circuits
needed to transfer information into and out of a device. The architecture of
memory is such that information can be selectively retrieved from any of its
internal locations. The time it takes to transfer information to or from any
desired random location is always the same—hence the name random‐access
memory, abbreviated RAM.
A memory unit stores binary information in groups of bits called words . A word
in memory is an entity of bits that move in and out of storage as a unit. A
memory word is a group of 1’s and 0’s and may represent a number, an
instruction, one or more alphanumeric characters, or any other binary‐coded
information. A group of 8 bits is called a byte . Most computer memories use
words that are multiples of 8 bits in length. Thus, a 16‐bit word contains two
bytes, and a 32‐bit word is made up of four bytes. The capacity of a memory
unit is usually stated as the total number of bytes that the unit can store.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
210 x16

A N D O M - A C C E S S M E M O RY

Consider, for example, a memory unit with a capacity of 1K words of 16 bits

each. Since 1K = 1,024 = 210 and 16 bits constitute two bytes, we can say
that the memory can accommodate 2,048 = 2K bytes.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

Consider, for example, a memory unit with a capacity of 1K words of 16 bits

each. Since 1K = 1,024 = 210 and 16 bits constitute two bytes, we can say
that the memory can accommodate 2,048 = 2K bytes.

The 1K * 16 memory of Fig. 7.3 has 10 bits in the address and 16 bits in each word.
As another example, a 64K * 10 memory will have 16 bits in the address (since 64K =
216 ) and each word will consist of 10 bits. The number of address bits needed in a
memory is dependent on the total number of words that can be stored in the memory
and is independent of the number of bits in each word. The number of bits in the
address is determined from the relationship 2k Ú m, where m is the total number of
words and k is the number of address bits needed to satisfy the relationship.
Random Access Memory (RAM)

Contents of a 1024 * 16memory

 Write and Read Operations
The steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a new word to be stored
into memory are as follows:
1. Apply the binary address of the desired word to the address lines.
2. Apply the data bits that must be stored in memory to the data input lines.
3. Activate the write input. The memory unit will then take the bits from the input
data lines and store them in the word specified by the address lines.
The steps that must be taken for the purpose of transferring a stored word out of
memory are as follows:
1. Apply the binary address of the desired word to the address lines.
2. Activate the read input.
Write and Read Operations
Example: Design a combinational circuit using a ROM. The circuit accepts a
three‐bit number and outputs a binary number equal to the square of the input
number.
The first step is to derive the truth table of the combinational circuit.
Three inputs and six outputs are needed to accommodate all possible binary numbers.
We note that output B0 is always equal to input A0, so there is no need to generate B0
with a ROM, since it is equal to an input variable. Moreover, output B1 is always 0, so
this output is a known constant
The minimum size of ROM needed must have three inputs and four outputs.
Three inputs specify eight words, so the ROM must be of size 8 * 4.
The three inputs specify eight words of four bits each.
Example: Design a combinational circuit using a ROM. The circuit accepts a
three‐bit number and outputs a binary number equal to the square of the input
number.
 Programmable Logic Array

PLA with three inputs, four product terms, and two outputs
 Programmable Logic Array
For each product term, the inputs are marked with 1, 0, or — (dash).
If a variable in the product term appears in the form in which it is true, the corresponding
input variable is marked with a 1.
If it appears complemented, the corresponding input variable is marked with a 0.
If the variable is absent from the product term, it is marked with a dash.
Programmable Array Logic
The PAL is a programmable logic device with
a fixed OR array and a programmable AND
array. Because only the AND gates are
programmable, the PAL is easier to program
than, but is not as flexible as, the PLA.
Memory Design
Memory Design
Memory Design
Memory Design
Memory Design
 Binary Cell
Memory Design
Address Multiplexing
Memory Design
Memory Design
Memory Design
Memory Design
❖ Construct a 1kB memory IC by using 1024 X4
Memory Design
❖ How many memory ICs having 12 address lines and 8 data lines are required to fill
the memory of 8085 micro-processor
Memory Design
❖ Determine the size of memory whose starting and Ending address are 4A00H and
69FFHrespectively.
Memory Design
❖ Determine the starting address of 4 kB memory with ending address BA3FH.
Thanks