NOVEMBER

2023

EDEN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

BACHELOR OF SCIENCES

NON-QUOTAS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

(BIO 1120)

EXAMINATION

DURATION 3 HOURS Date: 02 NOVEMBER 2023

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE

1. Indicate your student ID and NRC numbers on the booklets used.

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A AND B
3. Answer ALL QUESTIONS IN C ONE and ONE question in Section C TWO.
4. Show all necessary working so as to obtain full marks.
CELLPHONES, SMART WRIST WATCHES AND PRAGRAMMED CALCULATORS
ARE NOT ALLOWED IN THE EXAMINATION ROOM.
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTILL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO BY THE
INVIGILATOR
SECTION A-Multiple Choice- (50 Marks)
1. Who is regarded as the father of Genetics ?
a) Bateson b) Morgan c) Albert Einstein d) Gregor johann Mendel
2.Pick the correct statement
a) Pleiotropic genes exhibit single phenotype b) Pleiotropy is caused by a gene that has multiple
phenotypic effect c) lethal genes cause the appearance of ancestral characters d) Sickle cell Aneamia is
an example of multifactorial inheritance.
3. Innate tendency of offspring to resemble their parents is ……………

a) resemblance b) inheritance c) Heredity d) Variation

4. which of the following can not cause mutations ?
(a) chemical mutagens found in the environment (b) Products Produced by cells involved in chronic
inflammation (c) Transcription errors by RNA polymerase
(d) Oxygen radicals produced by mitochondria.
5. because they arise from a single precursor cell, tumor cells are genetically identical
(a) True (b) False
6. DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to determine the probable identity of a person based
on the nucleotide sequences of certain regions of human DNA that are similar to all individuals
(a) True (b) False
7. A gene showing codominance-
a) has both alleles independently expressed in the heterozygote
b) has one allele dominant to the other c) has alleles tightly linked on the same chromosome
d) has alleles expressed at the same time in development.
8. A cross between two true breeding lines one with dark blue flowers and one with bright white flowers produces
F1 offspring that are light blue. When the F1 progeny are selfed a 1:2:1 ratio of dark blue to light blue to white
flowers is observed. What geneticphenomenon is consistent with these results?
a) epistasis b) incomplete dominance c) codominance d) inbreeding depression
9. Mary’s karyotype is 45 X/ 47, XXX. Her karyotype can be the result of nondisjunction of chromosome
X in the: a) 2nd division of a normal zygote b) 3rd division of a normal zygote
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c) 1st meiosis of Mary’s fathers spermatogenesis d) None of the above.
10. The most important consequence of crossing over is: a) Increasing recombination in gametes b)
Proper nuclear division in mitosis c) Normal gametogenesis d) None of the above
11. A phenotypically normal couple has experienced multiple spontaneous abortions. Cytogenetic studies
of the couple have shown that the miscarriages were due to a balanced chromosomal mutation seen in one
seen in one of them. Which of the following might have been seen in this couple?
a) The husband had a balanced translocation, and the wife had a normal karyotype b) The husband had a
balanced inversion, and the wife had a normal karyotype c) The wife had a balanced translocation, and the
husband had a normal karyotype d) Two of the above
12. Positional cloning refers to :
a) cloning a portion of a gene using PCR b) isolating a gene by PCR using primers from
another species c) isolating a gene from a specific tissue in which it is
being expressed d) mapping a gene to a chromosomal region and then identifying and cloning agenomic
copy of the gene from the region.
13. An experiment was conducted in E. coli to map the following genes (pro, his, bio, met, phe and trp)
on a circular map using 3 different Hfr strains. The Hfr strains transferred the genes to an F- strain in the
following order:
Strain 1 Order of transfer (early to late): trp met his pro
Strain 2 Order of transfer (early to late): his met trp bio
Strain 3 Order of transfer (early to late): pro phe bio trp
Based on these results, what of the following below is the most likely map?

14. The karyotype of most true hermaphrodite individual is:

a) 46, XY with abnormal Y b) 46, XX/ 46XY c) 46, XX d) A or B
15. The F2 dihybrid phenotype 9:3:4 is expalained on the basis of
a) Epistatic gene b) Supplementary gene c) Allelic gene d) Complementary gene
interaction.

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16. The frequency of a trait inherited in which of the following modes of inheritance is significantly
increased among the children born to consanguineous marriages?
a) Cytoplasmic b) Autosomal dominant c) Autosomal recessive d) X-linked dominant
17. Mary is infetile. Her karyotype is 46, XY. Her close examination shows that she lacks testes and has
an underdeveloped uterus. Which of the following could be related to her phenotype?
a) Androgen Insensitivity syndrome b) Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia c) A Y-chromosome that has
lost part of its short arm d) A Y-chromosome that has lost part of its long arm
18. A form of vitamin D-resistant rickets, known as hypophosphatemia, is inherited as an X-linked
dominant trait. Ifa male with hypophosphatemia marries a normal female, which of the following
predictions concerning their potential progeny would be true?
a) All of their sons would inherit the disease b) All their daughters would inherit the disease.
c) About 50% of their sons would inherit the disease d) About 50% of their daughters would inherit the
disease
19. Except for gametes ,all normal human cells contain
a) At least one Y chromosome b) At least one X chromosome
c) An X or Y chromosome d) an X and a Y chromosome
20. A linkage map shows
a) the location of genes on a chromosome b) all the human chromosomes arranged by size
c) the pattern of inheritance of autosomal trait d) the frequencies of phenotypes for a polygenic
trait
21 Given that : Purple color (P) is dominant over white color (p) ,and tall plants (T) are dominant over
short(t) plants. Lets say, if a PPTT plant is crossed with a pptt plant ,what are the potential phenotypes of
the offspring? a) Purple-tall plants and white –short plants b) Purple tall plants Only
c) Purple-short plants and white-tall plants. d) white-short plants only.
22. In a population of individuals wth the same genotype ,the percentage of individuals who express the
phenotype for that genotype is known as ……………….
a) Epistatic expression b) Penetrance c) epistasis d) hypostasis
23. when two lines are crossed (mating) to yield a hybrid ,then next, selected individuals from the progeny
are crossed with one of the parents (or with an organism genetically similar to the parent) ,this best describes
a) Test cross b) Monohybrid cross c) Mendel hybridization d) back cross
24. What are the Two blood tests ? a) Rh and ABB b) ABO and Rh c) ABO and Rn d) ABC and Rhesus

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25. A first year second semester Eden student ,Under supervision, perfomed an experiment to separate
DNA fragments from four samples radioactively labeled with 32P at University teaching Hospital(UTH)
childrens Hospital. The fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. The visualized bands areillustrated
in the figure below.

The electrophoretic separation of the pieces of DNA in each of the four samples was achieved
because of differential migration of the DNA fragments in an electric field. This differential
migration was caused by the
a) relative amounts of radioactivity in the DNA b) number of cleavage points per fragment
c) the size of each fragment d) overall positive charge of each
fragment

SECTION B: (SINGLE WORD ANSWER): (10 Marks)

1. ELECTROPHORESIS is used to separate mixtures of biomacromolecules, such as DNA, RNA and
proteins. This technique separates by molecular size and/or charge. This is achieved by drawing molecules
through a gel containing tiny pores using an electrical field. (1 Mark)
2.AUTOSOMES Are chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics that are unrelated to sex.(1 Mark)
3. These have effectively eliminated some of the worst diseases on the planet, such as smallpox, and
reduced the number of deaths from other modern diseases, such as COVID-19.
VACCINES are small parts or incapacitated versions of a pathogen that are designed to stimulate our
immune system and help prevent severe disease.(1 Mark)
3.A linkage map shows the LOCATION of genes on a chromosome.
4. What molecules are detected in the following types of blotting Techniques.
Southern blot DNA . Northern blot RNA…..Western blot…PROTEINS..South western blot
………DNA+ PROTEINS .(1 Mark)
5.Traits controlled by more than one gene are called POLYGENIC ….traits. (1 Mark)
6. VECTOR… is a DNA molecule that is used to carry a foreign DNA into the host cell. It has the ability
to self replicate and integrate into the host cell. (1 Mark)
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7. Diffrences in ALLES..account for the considerable genetic Variaton among people.(1 Mark)
8. REPORTER GENE….is any gene whose protein product can visually report the location of a
particular protein, cell type, or circuit.(1 Mark)
9. PEDIGREE….is a diagram that shows the inheritance pattern of a trait in a family.(1 Mark)
10. About 40% of Cats with white fur and blue eyes are deaf. The gene responsible affects pigmentation
as well as the ability to hear.( meaning that pigmentation may play a role in maintaining fluid in ear
canals). This is an example of what phenomenon ? PLEIOTROPY…..(1 Mark)

SECTION C - ONE :ANSWER ALL Questions.(Show all your working for question 2 and 3)
(30marks)

1. (10 Marks) In 40% to 80% of the somatic cells of normal females (XX) one of the X chromosomes is
inactivated or turned off. An inactivated X chromosome can be visualized when a cell is stained. There
was often some question in the past as to the sex identity of certain Olympic athletes. In somatic cells of
females, the number of Barr bodies is one less than the number of X chromosomes. A stained inactivated
X chromosome is called a Barr body. (a) How many Barr bodies would be in the following individuals?
a) XY ______ XX ______ XO ______ XXY _______ XXXX _______ XXXXX (9 Marks)
b) Will an adult female who undergoes a sexual phenotype change by surgery (i.e. female to male) lose
her sex identity or Barr bodies? (1 Mark)

2. You are a lawyer, accredited, certified by ZIALE (Zambia Institute of Ad-vanced Legal Education) and
fit for service representing a defendant, man with blood type B. A woman of blood type 0 has a child
with blood type A and is proposing that the man fathered the child. Using what you have learned about
blood typing and genetics, (a) briefly state your argument to the jury in defense of your client. (10
Marks)

3. In the next court session, A lawyer sets out to prove that a child with type A blood is the son of a man
with type B blood and a mother with type AB blood. Determine if it is possible for the man to be the
father. Is he definitely the father? Explain (10 Marks)

SOLUTIONS:
C1:
a) XY: 0 XX: 1 XO: 0 XXY: 1 XXXX: 3 XXXXX: 4
b) ANSWER: NO, A person's genetic inheritance, their biological sex, is an immutable
characteristic. It is possible to change a person's outward appearance, including bodily
features. No. Humans cannot change sex, which was determined at fertilization (genotype) and
during embryonic development (phenotype).

C2: ANSWER: Here is the situation: In order for the woman to request the fatherhood of the little
kid there are many things that may fit into this: 1.The woman's blood type has to be OO. 2. The
man's blood type has to be BO or BB. The child's blood type has to be AO or AA.
Here it is impossible for the man or the mother to have given the baby his/her A type so we may
conclude that the man can't be the father. Another man with the A type must be the father.
SHOW WORKING, GENOTYPES ,CROSSINGS AND PROGENY(OFFSPRING)

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C3:

YES it is possible for the man to be the father , but only if his genotype is Heterozygous B.

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SECTION C: TWO: (10 Marks) ANSWER ONE Question ONLY

1. Suppose a baby is born with 47 chromosomes,instead of the Normal 46: 22 pairs of Autosomes,
plus two X and one Y chromosome. List two different ways that non disjunction could have resulted
in this particular chromosome combination. (10 Marks)

2. A Mans maternal grandmother had normal vision and his maternal grandfather was colour-blind,
and his father has normal Vision.(10 Marks)

a) What are the genotypes of his parents and these two grandparents ?
b) Will this man be colour-blind or normal?
c) If he marries a woman who has the same genotype as his sisters ,what will the phenotypes of
their children be?

3. A pregnant woman and her husband are concerned about the possibility their unborn child could
have a genetic disorder. They decide to have amniocentesis and karyotyping perfomed to look for
chromosomal abnormalities. It turns out that the child has 47 chromosomes: 23 normal autosomal
pairs plus one X chromosome and two Y chromosomes.

a) Will the child be male or female explain? (5 Marks)

b) This chromosomal abnormality resulted from non disjunction event during meiosis. Did the
Non disjunction occur in the father or in the mother (assuming both have normal karyotypes)?
Explain your reasoning briefly (5 Marks)
C TWO.1:
(1) Non disjunction in meiosis I in the Mother: XX gamete produced ,fertilized by Y from father
(2) Non disjunction in meiosis II in the mother:XX gamete produced fertilized by Y from father
(3) Non disjunction in meiosis I in the father:X and Y gamete produced ,fertilized by X from Mother
(cant be meiosis II in the father ,because X and Y have already separated at this Point ,so only an
XX or XY gamete could be produced by non disjunction,resulting in an XXX or XYY offspring
after fertilization.
MORE OPTIONS
a. Step 1/6 :
1) Non disjunction could have occurred during meiosis I in the fathers sperm cell formation
,resulting in a sperm cell with both an X and a Y chromosome. When this sperm cell
fertilizes a normal egg cell with oneX chromosome, the baby would have 22 pairs of
autosomes ,two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome.
2) Step 2/6 :
Non disjunction could have occurred during meiosis II in the fathers sperm
formation,resulting in a sperm cell with both an X and Y chromosome. When this sperm
cell fertilizes a normal egg cell with one X chromosome, the baby would have 22 pairs of
chromosomes, two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome.
3) Step 3/6:
Non disjunction could have occurred during meiosis I or II in the mothers egg cell
formation,resulting in an egg cell with two X chromosomes. When this egg cell is fertilized
by a normal sperm cell with one Y chromosome, the baby would have 22 pairs of
autosomes, two X chromomsomes and one Y chromosome. So ,the 3 different ways that
nondisjunction could have resulted in this particular chromosome combination are:

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 Step 4/6 :
1. Non disjunction in meiosis I in the fathers sperm formation
Step 5/6:
2. Non disjunction in meiosis II in the fathers sperm cell formation
Step 6/6:
3. Non disjunction in meiosis I or II in the Mothers egg cell formation
C TWO 2:
a)His color blind mother can only be homozygous XcXc; his father can only be XcY. His mothers mother
had normal Vision,but in order to produce a colour blind daughter ,she must have contributedan Xc allele
,so she must be XCXc
b) will this man be color blind or normal?
The Man gets his X chromosome from his mother, and she has only Xc to give, so hes Xcy and color blind.
c) If he marries a woman who has the same genotype as his sisters,what will the phenotype of their children
be?
The mans sisters get Xc from their mother and XC from their father,so theyre heterozygous.
If he marries a woman of this genotype, the cross is XcY x XCXc .Daughters will get Xc from him but
could get either allele from their mother. So ½ of their daughters will be color blind and ½ will have
normal vision but carriers. Sons can get either allele from the Mother, so ½ will be color blind and ½ Normal

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