Question 1: List at least five applications of computer graphics.

Answer: Computer graphics applications include data visualization,

computer-aided design (CAD), virtual reality, education and training, and
entertainment such as movies and video games.
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Question 2: "What sets raster graphics apart from vector graphics in terms
of their structure and usage?"
Answer

S.No. Raster Vector

1. Raster images are Vector images are constructed

constructed through pixels. through lines, curves, and fills.

2. Raster prefers graphic Vector uses graphic formats like

formats like GIF, JPEG,PNG EPS, WMF, TrueType, PICT
and PCX, etc. etc.

3. Raster are not that scalable. Vectors are scalable to any size.

5. They work best when it They work best when it comes to

comes to editing photos. drawings, illustrations, and
logos.

6. We can use rasters in GIMP, We can use vectors in

Photoshop, and paint shops. CorelDraw, Illustrator and
Inkscape.

7. It is complex and time We can easily convert a vector

consuming to transform a image into a raster image.
raster file to a vector
photograph.
 8. When the spot colours are It is easy to print vector images
limited, it becomes as the number of colours can be
challenging to print raster modified anytime during
images printing.

9. We can easily convert a We cannot change the vector

raster file into any file format. files

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Question 3: Provide examples of input devices that enhance user
interaction with digital environments. Discuss their roles in both general
computing and specialized contexts.
Answer
input devices outline various hardware tools that enable users to interact with
and input data into a computer or other digital systems.
1. **Keyboard: ** A fundamental input device used for typing text and
issuing commands to the computer.
2. **Mouse (2D and 3D): ** A peripheral that detects two-dimensional motion
relative to a surface. 3D mice also capture movement along the z-axis and
are often used in CAD and virtual environments.
3. **Trackball: ** An input device where a ball is rolled in a socket to move
the cursor, providing an alternative to mice, especially beneficial in limited
space environments.
4. **Space Ball: ** A specialized, stationary input device that interprets the
user's pull, push, and twist actions into 3D movements, used extensively in
3D modeling and virtual reality.
5. **Head Mounted Display: ** While primarily an output device for
immersive visuals, it can also track the user's head movements to provide
input for navigation and interaction within virtual spaces.
6. **Joystick: ** A lever that can be moved in multiple directions to control
objects or navigation in a user interface, similar in function to a space ball
but often movable.
7. **Data Glove: ** A glove equipped with sensors that detect hand and
finger movements, enabling nuanced interaction in virtual reality
environments, such as manipulating virtual objects.
8. **Image Scanner: ** Converts physical images or documents into digital
form, allowing them to be viewed, edited, and stored on a computer.
9. **Touch Panel: ** A touch-sensitive screen that registers input from direct
contact and is often used in devices like smartphones and tablets.
10. **Digital Camera and Digital Video Recorder: ** Capture still and moving
images, respectively, converting them into digital data for storage, editing, or
transmission.
11. **Laser Range Scanner: ** Captures detailed 3D information about
physical objects and environments, useful in creating digital models for
various applications.
12. **Motion Capture: ** Records the movement of objects or people, often
used in animation and virtual reality to produce realistic motions by applying
captured movements to digital models.
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Question 4:
Explain the role of a GPU in a computing system and describe its key
functions. How does it complement the CPU, and what is the significance of
a frame buffer in this context?
Answer:
The Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is an essential component in modern
computing systems, designed to offload and accelerate graphics rendering
and processing tasks from the CPU. This specialization allows for enhanced
performance in visual output tasks, particularly in areas that require intensive
graphical computations such as gaming, video editing, and computer-aided
design (CAD).
Key functions of a GPU include:
- **Rendering Graphics: ** The GPU generates visual imagery by
processing data and sending it to the display, significantly accelerating the
creation of complex images and scenes.
- **Anti-aliasing and Texture Mapping: ** These processes improve image
quality by smoothing pixelated edges (anti-aliasing) and applying detailed
surface textures to 3D models (texture mapping).
- **Accelerating Computations: ** Beyond graphics, GPUs facilitate faster
processing in applications like video editing and simulations, leveraging their
parallel processing capabilities.
- **API Support: ** GPUs work with various programming interfaces,
enabling developers to harness their power for a wide range of applications
and ensuring compatibility with different software.
- **Enhancing CPU-GPU Collaboration: ** By handling intensive graphical
tasks, GPUs free up the CPU to focus on other processes, promoting
efficient resource utilization and improved overall system performance.
The frame buffer is a critical component within the GPU, acting as a
dedicated block of memory that stores the pixels or image data to be
displayed. Its depth, defined by the number of bits, determines the color
range and resolution of the output, playing a crucial role in the quality and
detail of the visual output.
In essence, while the CPU orchestrates general computing tasks, the GPU
focuses on delivering high-performance graphics processing, making the two
complementary in advanced computing environments.
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Question 5:
List all the output devices discussed in the given text, and explain the working
and applications of a monitor and a plotter in detail?
Answer:
The output devices mentioned in the text are:
1. Monitor
2. Printer
3. Plotter
4. Speaker
5. Projector
Monitor:
- A monitor is a computer device used to display output on the screen in the
form of video, images, text, or streaming data.
- It consists of a display screen organized as a 2-dimensional matrix of pixels
arranged in rows and columns.
- Monitors are available in two main types: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
- CRT monitors were used in early computers, while modern computers use
LCD monitors that utilize liquid crystals and backlighting to produce images.
- Monitors receive data from the computer and display it on the screen for
the user to view.
Plotter:
- A plotter is a special type of output device that uses a pen, pencil, or marker
to draw continuous lines for creating an image on paper.
- It works in conjunction with the computer's graphics software to produce
high-quality, high-resolution output on large sheets.
- Plotters are commonly used for printing architectural blueprints, CAD
(Computer-Aided Design) drawings, maps, engineering designs, and
diagrams, where precise and detailed output on a larger scale is required.
- There are different types of plotters, such as flatbed plotters, drum plotters,
and inkjet plotters.
- Plotters are generally larger and more expensive than traditional printers.
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Question 6:

Answer:

Answer:

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Question 7:
Calculate the points between the starting coordinates (32, 3) and ending coordinates
(48, 8).

Answer:
Given:
 Starting coordinates = (X0, Y0) = (32, 3)
Ending coordinates = (X1, Y1) = (48, 8)

Step-01:

Calculate ΔX and ΔY from the given input.

 ΔX = X1 – X0 = 48 – 32 = 16
 ΔY =Y1 – Y0 = 8 – 3 = 5
2dy= 2*5 = 10
2dy-2dx= 2*5 – 2 * 16= -22
Step-02:
Calculate the decision parameter for the first point.
P0
= 2ΔY – ΔX
= 2 x 5 – 16
= -6
So, decision parameter Pk = -6

Step-03:
For the first point will start at x =32 y=3 according to pk
As Pk < 0, so case-01 is satisfied
Thus,
Xk+1 = Xk + 1 = 32 + 1 = 33
Yk+1 = Yk = 3

Step-04: the next point because po = -6 so next p k+1 = pk previous + 2dy =-6 +10 =4

As Pk >= 0, so case-02 is satisfied

Thus,
 Xk+1 = Xk + 1 = 33 + 1 = 34
 Yk+1 = Yk + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4
  For the next point Pk+1 = Pk + 2ΔY – 2ΔX = 6-22 = -18
Similarly, Step-04 is executed until the end point is reached

K pk x y
1 4 33 3
2 -18 34 4
3 -8 35 4
4 2 36 4
5 -20 37 5
6 -10 38 5
7 0 39 5
8 -22 40 6
9 -12 41 6
10 -2 42 6
11 8 43 6
12 -14 44 7
13 -4 45 7
14 6 46 7
15 -16 47 8
16 -6 48 8

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Question 8: Compare the computational complexity of the DDA algorithm and
Bresenhams algorithm?

Answer:
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Question 9:
Given the center point coordinates (0, 0) and radius as 10, generate all the
points to form a circle.
Answer:
Centre Coordinates of Circle (X0, Y0) = (0, 0)
Radius of Circle = 10

Step-01:

Assign the starting point coordinates (X0, Y0) as-

 X0 = 0
 Y0 = R = 10
Step-02:

Calculate the value of initial decision parameter P0 as-

P0 = 1 – R
P0 = 1 – 10
P0 = -9

Step-03:

As Pinitial < 0, so case-01 is satisfied.

K p XK+1 Y k+1 2XK+1 2yK+1

0 -9 1 10 2 20

1 -6 2 10 4 20

2 -1 3 10 6 20

3 6 4 9 8 18

4 -3 5 9 10 18

5 8 6 8 12 16

6 5 7 7 14 14

Thus,
 Xk+1 = Xk + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
 Yk+1 = Yk = 10
 Pk+1 = Pk + 2 x Xk+1 + 1 = -9 + (2 x 1) + 1 = -6
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Question 9:
What are the main functions of computer graphics? Explain their purpose
and importance.
Answer: