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Manipulating Strings

The document discusses various string manipulation methods in Python including escape characters, raw strings, multiline strings, indexing and slicing strings, string methods like upper(), lower(), title(), isalpha(), join(), split(), strip(), replace() and more.

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Allireza Hajihosseini
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11 views

Manipulating Strings

The document discusses various string manipulation methods in Python including escape characters, raw strings, multiline strings, indexing and slicing strings, string methods like upper(), lower(), title(), isalpha(), join(), split(), strip(), replace() and more.

Uploaded by

Allireza Hajihosseini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Manipulating Strings

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Escape characters
An escape character is created by typing a backslash \ followed by the character you
want to insert.

Escape character Prints as

\' Single quote

\" Double quote

\t Tab

\n Newline (line break)

\\ Backslash
Escape character Prints as

\b Backspace

\ooo Octal value

\r Carriage Return

>>> print("Hello there!\nHow are you?\nI\'m doing fine.")


# Hello there!
# How are you?
# I'm doing fine.

Raw strings
A raw string entirely ignores all escape characters and prints any backslash that
appears in the string.

>>> print(r"Hello there!\nHow are you?\nI\'m doing fine.")


# Hello there!\nHow are you?\nI\'m doing fine.

Raw strings are mostly used for regular expression definition.

Multiline Strings
>>> print(
... """Dear Alice,
...
... Eve's cat has been arrested for catnapping,
... cat burglary, and extortion.
...
... Sincerely,
... Bob"""
... )

# Dear Alice,

# Eve's cat has been arrested for catnapping,


# cat burglary, and extortion.

# Sincerely,
# Bob

Indexing and Slicing strings

H e l l o w o r l d !

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Indexing
>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> spam[0]
# 'H'

>>> spam[4]
# 'o'

>>> spam[-1]
# '!'

Slicing
>>> spam = 'Hello world!'

>>> spam[0:5]
# 'Hello'

>>> spam[:5]
# 'Hello'

>>> spam[6:]
# 'world!'

>>> spam[6:-1]
# 'world'

>>> spam[:-1]
# 'Hello world'
>>> spam[::-1]
# '!dlrow olleH'

>>> fizz = spam[0:5]


>>> fizz
# 'Hello'

The in and not in operators


>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello World'
# True

>>> 'Hello' in 'Hello'


# True

>>> 'HELLO' in 'Hello World'


# False

>>> '' in 'spam'


# True

>>> 'cats' not in 'cats and dogs'


# False

upper(), lower() and title()


Transforms a string to upper, lower and title case:

>>> greet = 'Hello world!'


>>> greet.upper()
# 'HELLO WORLD!'

>>> greet.lower()
# 'hello world!'

>>> greet.title()
# 'Hello World!'

isupper() and islower() methods


Returns True or False after evaluating if a string is in upper or lower case:

>>> spam = 'Hello world!'


>>> spam.islower()
# False

>>> spam.isupper()
# False

>>> 'HELLO'.isupper()
# True

>>> 'abc12345'.islower()
# True

>>> '12345'.islower()
# False

>>> '12345'.isupper()
# False

The isX string methods


Method Description

isalpha() returns True if the string consists only of letters.

isalnum() returns True if the string consists only of letters and numbers.

isdecimal() returns True if the string consists only of numbers.

isspace() returns True if the string consists only of spaces, tabs, and new-lines.

returns True if the string consists only of words that begin with an
istitle() uppercase letter followed by only lowercase characters.

startswith() and endswith()


>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello')
# True

>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('world!')


# True
>>> 'abc123'.startswith('abcdef')
# False

>>> 'abc123'.endswith('12')
# False

>>> 'Hello world!'.startswith('Hello world!')


# True

>>> 'Hello world!'.endswith('Hello world!')


# True

join() and split()


join()
The join() method takes all the items in an iterable, like
a list, dictionary, tuple or set, and joins them into a string. You can also specify a
separator.

>>> ''.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])


'MynameisSimon'

>>> ', '.join(['cats', 'rats', 'bats'])


# 'cats, rats, bats'

>>> ' '.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])


# 'My name is Simon'

>>> 'ABC'.join(['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon'])


# 'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'

split()
The split() method splits a string into a list. By default, it will use whitespace to
separate the items, but you can also set another character of choice:

>>> 'My name is Simon'.split()


# ['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']

>>> 'MyABCnameABCisABCSimon'.split('ABC')
# ['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']

>>> 'My name is Simon'.split('m')


# ['My na', 'e is Si', 'on']

>>> ' My name is Simon'.split()


# ['My', 'name', 'is', 'Simon']
>>> ' My name is Simon'.split(' ')
# ['', 'My', '', 'name', 'is', '', 'Simon']

Justifying text with rjust(), ljust() and center()


>>> 'Hello'.rjust(10)
# ' Hello'

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20)
#' Hello'

>>> 'Hello World'.rjust(20)


#' Hello World'

>>> 'Hello'.ljust(10)
# 'Hello '

>>> 'Hello'.center(20)
#' Hello '

An optional second argument to rjust() and ljust() will specify a fill character apart
from a space character:

>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20, '*')


# '***************Hello'

>>> 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-')


# 'Hello---------------'

>>> 'Hello'.center(20, '=')


# '=======Hello========'

Removing whitespace with strip(), rstrip(), and lstrip()


>>> spam = ' Hello World '
>>> spam.strip()
# 'Hello World'

>>> spam.lstrip()
# 'Hello World '

>>> spam.rstrip()
# ' Hello World'

>>> spam = 'SpamSpamBaconSpamEggsSpamSpam'


>>> spam.strip('ampS')
# 'BaconSpamEggs'
The Count Method
Counts the number of occurences of a given character or substring in the string it is
applied to. Can be optionally provided start and end index.

>>> sentence = 'one sheep two sheep three sheep four'


>>> sentence.count('sheep')
#3

>>> sentence.count('e')
#9

>>> sentence.count('e', 6)
#8
# returns count of e after 'one sh' i.e 6 chars since beginning of string

>>> sentence.count('e', 7)
#7

Replace Method
Replaces all occurences of a given substring with another substring. Can be optionally
provided a third argument to limit the number of replacements. Returns a new string.

>>> text = "Hello, world!"


>>> text.replace("world", "planet")
# 'Hello, planet!'

>>> fruits = "apple, banana, cherry, apple"


>>> fruits.replace("apple", "orange", 1)
# 'orange, banana, cherry, apple'

>>> sentence = "I like apples, Apples are my favorite fruit"


>>> sentence.replace("apples", "oranges")
# 'I like oranges, Apples are my favorite fruit'

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