GETTING STARTED WITH

Power System Analysis -2

Mallikarjun G Hudedmani
EEE Dept KLEIT Hubballi
[email protected]
 Algorithm for Short Circuit Computation

Short circuit calculations for simple systems whose passive networks can be easily
reduced. In this section the study is related to large systems. In order to apply the four
steps of Algorithm for Short Circuit Computation developed earlier to large systems, it is
necessary to evolve a systematic general algorithm so that a digital computer can be
used.

Consider an n-bus system shown schematically

in Fig. operating at steady load. The first step
towards Short Circuit Computation is to obtain
pre fault voltages at all buses and currents in
all lines through a load flow study. Let us
indicate the pre fault bus voltage vector as

Let us assume that the r th bus is faulted

through a fault impedance Zf. The post fault
bus voltage vector will be given by the
equation and ΔV is the vector of changes in
bus voltages caused by the fault.
As step 2, we drawn the passive Thevenin
network of the system with generators
replaced by transient/sub transient reactances
with their emf’s shorted (an in Fig).

As per step 3 we now excite the

passive Thevenin network with –
V°r in series with Zf as in Fig. The
vector ΔV comprises the bus
voltages of this network.
In the said relationship Vi0,s, the pre fault bus voltages are assumed to be known from a load flow
study. ZBUS matrix of the short-circuit study network can be obtained by the inversion of its
YBUS matrix or the ZBUS building algorithm. It should be observed here that the SC study network is
different from the corresponding load flow study network by the fact that the shunt branches
corresponding to the generator reactance’s do not appear in the load flow study network. Further,
in formulating the SC study network, the load impedances are ignored, these being very much
larger than the impedances of lines and generators. Of course synchronous motors must be
included in ZBUS formula-tion for the SC study. Post fault currents in lines are given by

For calculation of post fault generator current, examine the following Fig a) and (b). From the load
flow study , Pre fault generator output = PGi + jQGi
 ZBUS Formulation

By Inverting YBUS

The sparsity of YBUS may be retained by using an efficient inversion technique and nodal
impedance matrix can then be calculated directly from the factorized admittance matrix.

Current Injection Method

Generalized expanded form of equations are ,

As per the above Eq. if a unit current is injected at bus (node) j, while the other buses are
kept open circuited, the bus voltages yield the values of the j th column of ZBUS. However,
no organized computerizable techniques are possible for finding the bus voltages. The
technique had utility in AC Network Analyzers where the bus voltages could be read by a
voltmeter.
 ZBUS Building Algorithm

It is a step-by-step programmable technique which proceeds branch by branch. It has the

advantage that any modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding of
ZBUS Formulation.
Consider that ZBUS Formulation has been formulated up to a certain stage and another
branch is now added. Then

Upon adding a new branch, one of the following situations is presented.

Example: Obtain Zbus by Zbuild algorithm
Example: Obtain Zbus by Zbuild algorithm
Power System Stability and
Analysis
 Power System and Stability Analysis
• Power System: A network of one or more electrical generating units,
loads, and/or power transmission lines, including the associated
equipment electrically or mechanically connected to the network.
• Operating Quantities of a Power System: Physical quantities, measured
or calculated, that can be used to describe the operating conditions of a
power system. Operating quantities include real, reactive, and apparent
powers, & rms phasors of alternating voltages & currents.
• Steady-State Operating Condition of a Power System: An operating
condition of a power system in which all the operating quantities that
characterize it can be considered to be constant for the purpose of
analysis.
• Synchronous Operation: A machine is in synchronous operation with a
network or another machine(s) to which it is connected if its average
electrical speed (product of its rotor angular velocity and the number of
pole pairs) equals the angular frequency of the ac network or the
electrical speed of the other machine(s). Similarly, a power system is in
synchronous operation if all its connected synchronous machines are in
synchronous operation with the ac network and with each other
• Disturbance in a Power System: A disturbance in a power system is a
sudden change or a sequence of changes in one or more parameters of
the system, or in one or more of the operating quantities.
– Small Disturbance In a Power System: A small disturbance is a
disturbance for which the equations that describe the dynamics of the
power system may be linearized for the purpose of accurate analysis.
– Large Disturbance In a Power System: A large disturbance is a
disturbance for which the equations that describe the dynamics of the
power system cannot be linearized for the purpose of accurate
analysis.
• Steady-State Stability of a Power System: A power system is steady-state
stable for a particular steady-state operating condition if, following any
small disturbance, it reaches a steady-state operating condition which is
identical or close to the pre-disturbance operating condition. This is also
known as Small Disturbance Stability of a Power System. It should NOT be
called “dynamic stability.”
• Transient Stability of a Power System: A power system is transiently
stable for a particular steady-state operating condition and for a particular
disturbance if, following that disturbance, it reaches an acceptable steady-
state operating condition.
• Power system stability: Power system stability is the ability of an electric
power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of
operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with
most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact. It refers to the continuance of intact operation following a
disturbance. It depends on the operating condition and the nature of the
physical disturbance.
Importance of Power System Stability: Generators must be kept in
synchronism; if their relative motion begins to change too much,
uncontrollable oscillations may appear in the grid causing damage to
generators and to equipment.
• Therefore, relays are used to detect this condition and trip generators
before the damage occurs. Although tripping prevents the damage, it
results in under-frequency, and possibly load interruption, and in the
worst case, cascading outages and blackout.
• If the oscillatory response of a power system during the transient period
following a disturbance is damped and the system settles in a finite time
to a new steady operating condition, we say the system is stable. If the
system is not stable, it is considered unstable.
---Anderson & Fouad, pg. 5.
Classification of Stability Analysis
 Transient Stability
• The ability of the power system to maintain synchronous operation when
subjected to a severe transient disturbance
– faults on transmission circuits, transformers, buses
– loss of generation
– loss of loads
• Response involves large excursions of generator rotor angles: influenced
by nonlinear power-angle relationship
• Stability depends on both the initial operating state of the system and the
severity of the disturbance
• Post-disturbance steady-state operating conditions usually differ from pre-
disturbance conditions
• Study period of interest in transient stability studies is usually limited to 3
to 5 seconds following the disturbance;
– may extend up to about 10 seconds for very large systems with dominant
inter-area swing modes
• Power system designed and operated to be stable for specified set of
contingencies referred to as "normal design contingencies"
– selected on the basis that they have a reasonable probability of occurrence
 Factors Influencing Transient Stability
(a) How heavily the generator is initially loaded.
(b) The generator output during the fault. This depends on the fault
location and type.
(c) The fault clearing time.
(d) The post-fault transmission system reactance.
(e) The generator reactance. A lower reactance increases peak power
and reduces initial rotor angle.
(f) The generator inertia. The higher the inertia, the slower the rate
of change angle. This reduces the kinetic energy gained during
fault.
(g) The generator internal voltage magnitude (El). This depends on
the field excitation.
(h) The infinite bus voltage magnitude EB.
 Methods to solve Swing Equation
The transient stability analysis requires the solution of a system of coupled non-
linear differential equations. In general, no analytical solution of these equations
exists. However, techniques are available to obtain approximate solution of such
differential equations by numerical methods and one must therefore resort to
numerical computation techniques commonly known as digital simulation. Some
of the commonly used numerical techniques for the solution of the swing
equation are

 Point by point method ( Step by Step method)

Runge-Kutta method
Thank You