Full Stack development, due to this vast

demand the remuneration of full

Development stack developers is additionally

high as compared to alternative
Research Papers by- jobs. Full stack developer in the
Sparsh Madan main works on web stack, native
application stack or mobile
Email- [email protected] stack. Since they accompany
Course – Btech Section-P each server-side development
GRAPHIC ERA HILL UNIVERSITY and Client-side development,
full stack developers head the
Semester-5
arrange of action and keep track
Student Id- 21021650 of the progress of the project.
University Roll no. 2119278 Within the finish of the paper,
we will clearly outline Vision,
Challenges and Future scope of

I. Abstract: Full Stack Web Development.

Keywords:-s
This paper provides a summary
on varied aspects of full stack
web development. Full stack
II.
web development could be a
pace growing branch of CSE INTRODUCTION
sector because of its successive
Full stack development is a part
step towards making the long
of web development which
run in the IT industry. Full stack
developers manage the rear end broadly refers to the tasks
(backend) and front- end associated with developing
development of web site or an websites
online application. They handle
for hosting via intranet or
the info, clients, system
internet. It is the development
engineering and style. Full stack
of a
developer is in demand since of
their skills and mastery of web
complete application both the the Intranet. The web
front end, which we refer to as development process includes
web design,
the client-side, and back-end the
server-side. Due to the web content development,
client-side/server-side scripting
introduction of cloud computing
and
there have been drastic
network security configuration,
changes in the field of Full Stack
among other tasks. It could
Development and how it has
involve the development of
affected the development. Cloud
static webpages to various
Computing consists of various
applications for a website.
services and has many
advantages.

A. Front-end
Development
Front-end development is how
design gets implemented on
the web. The pages of a website
are a sum of layers—structure,

III. WEB data, design, content, and

functionality. In other words,
DEVELOPMENT Front-
end is the part of the website
Web Development is the process
where users can see and interact
of building websites for
with the graphical user interface
the internet or for a private
(GUI) and the command line
network which is also known as
which includes the design, parts developed by Back-end
navigation menus, texts, images, designers through a Front-end
videos, etc. application. Activities, like
writing APIs, creating libraries
Some of the Front-end
and
Languages include HTML, CSS,
working with system
JavaScript, etc. and some of the
components without user
Front-end Frameworks and
interfaces are
Libraries include AngularJS,
some examples of Back-end
React.js, jQuery, SASS, etc.
development.
Some of the Back-end Languages
include PHP, Java, C++,
Python, JavaScript, Node.js, etc.,
And some of the Back end
Frameworks include Express,
B. Back-end Django, Rails, Laravel, Spring,

Development etc.
Some more commonly Back-end
Back-end Development refers to program/scripting languages
server-side development.
are C\#, Ruby, REST, GO etc.
It is the term used for the
behind-the-scenes activities that
occur when performing any
action on a website.
In other words, it is the portion
of software that does not come
in direct contact with the users.
Users indirectly access the
 This model closely matches the
IV. structure of a particular

NETWORKING protocol suite. A protocol suite

includes the set of related

MODELS protocols that typically provide

all the functionality required for
Networking models are
people to communicate with the
communication models and it is
data network. The TCP/IP
necessary to understand the
model is a protocol model
construction and architecture of
because it describes the
these models. They establish a functions
connection between the senders
that occur at each layer of
and the receiver that helps in protocols within the TCP/IP
transmission of data. When the suite.
protocols and the functions are
competent communication B. Reference
occurs. In networking models,
we refer to the individual pieces
Model
of the assembly as layers and This type of model describes the
the collection as a stack. functions that must be
completed at a particular layer
but does not specify precisely
how a function should be
accomplished. A reference
model is
A. Protocol not intended to provide a
Model sufficient level of detail to
define
precisely how each protocol 1) Layers of TCP/IP model
should work at each layer. The
i. Application Layer: Represents
primary purpose of a reference data
model is to aid in a clearer
to the user, plus encoding and
understanding of the functions
dialogue control.
and processes necessary for
ii. Transport Layer: Supports
network communications.
communication between across
C. TCP/IP diverse networks.
iii. Internet: Determines the
Model best path
The first layered model for through the network.
communications within a
iv. Network Access: Controls the
network was created in the
hardware devices and media
early 1970s and is referred to as
that
the
make up the network.
Internet model. The TCP/IP
model describes a set of general
design guidelines and
implementations of specific
networking D. OSI Network
protocols to enable computers to
communicate over a network. Model
TCP/IP provides end-to-end The OSI model is a conceptual
connectivity specifying how data model which has been
should be formatted, addressed, developed by ISO, in the year
transmitted, routed and 1984.It aids in understanding
received at the destination.
what is occurring within a 5 - Selection Layer: Responsible
networking system; in this for connection, re-
system,
connection, and authentication.
data is transferred to and from
4 - Transport Layer:
within adjacent layers. The OSI
Transmission of data to
Model consists of 7 Layers, and different
they are typically described
network connections speed,
from the top layer down. OSI amount, etc. Implemented
stands for Open Systems
using TCP and UDP.
Interconnection. The OSI Model
3 - Network Layer: Routes the
consists of 7 Layers, and they
data, sends it to the
are typically described from the
correct destination by checking
top layer down. It aids in
each piece of data, also
understanding what is occurring
maps the destination address to
within a networking system; in
the physical address
this system, data is transferred
achieved by the ARP.
to and from within adjacent
layers. 2 - Data Link Layer: It is
Complex and Checks for faults
7 - Application Layer: This This
layer provides the in transmission from the
physical layer and then
networking protocols to the end-
user like HTTP and converts the data into data
frames, which are of 4 parts.
HTTPS.
Physical addressing occurs
6 - Presentation Layer: Converts
constitutes of MAC and
data from one form to
LLC.
another and evaluates the
syntax. 1 - Physical Layer: This layer
usually consists of
network cables, ports, A web stack, also called a web
repeaters, transmitters, etc. application stack, is a
Here
compilation of a software setup
digital data bits are either especially for implementing
received or transferred by the
websites and web applications.
respective physical layer The collection of layers is
devices. It can be of the form
known as a stack. The term,
mechanical, electrical or radio. 'stack', refers to the fact that the
system's components are built
E. Differences upon one another. The basic

between requirements necessary to

construct a web stack include an

TCP/IP and OSI operating system, a web server,

a database, and a script
Network Model interpreter. Together with the
proper server hardware, this
OSI follows a vertical approach,
whereas TCP/IP follows bundle of components ensures
that necessary information
a horizontal approach. In the
OSI model, the transport layer, about similar web projects is
is forwarded to requesting clients

only connection-oriented, which is generally an internet

whereas in the TCP/IP model it browser.
is
both connection-oriented and A. A few types
connectionless.
of Web Stacks
V. WEB STACK Stacks
A LAMP Stack is one of the MariaDB, which does not
examples of a web stack, it is support SQL Injection attacks
via
a set of open-source software
that can be used to create DVWA
websites and web applications.
The LAMP stack was the first VI. THE NEW
followed by various other
stacks. Due to the steadily
ERA OF WEB
increasing
2.0
progress of this technology and
the development of new A. Before the new era

freeware, different variations of Initially companies usually

LAMP stacks have arisen. preferred a full-stack developer

Some famous examples include: and not specialist. A full-stack

developer is the one who is both
1. WAMP (Windows as an
operating system) fluent in Front-end and Back-
end development. A
2. MAMP (Mac OS X as an
operating system) specialization would mean the
person is either impeccable in
3. XAMPP (any operating
system, Perl and PHP as developing the Front-end or the
Back end. Companies usually
script interpreters; platform-
independent FTP went for full-stack development,
but the time taken by the
server)
specialists would be lesser than
XAMPP is the most commonly
that of a team consisting of only
used web stack.
full-stack developers. To back
Linux supported a MySQL
this statement up let us consider
database and has now shifted to
the productivity to be 1 unit for involved much tedious work,
one instance of time for a Full and no single developer could
Stack Developer now consider know everything there is to be
the total productivity required is known, the introduction of new
four units, then it would require technology involved drastic
four instances of time. Whereas changes in terms of designing
and
for a specialist, let us consider
two units of productivity per the concepts involved in web
development. As several changes
instance then to reach four
units, it would take a less we're being introduced in both
amount of the fields of Front-end and
time and hence is more efficient. Back-end, as a result, it became
In case any discrepancies difficult 6 for individuals to
occur while the connection of expertise oneself in all these
the Back end to the front you fields. Thus full-stack
developers
could add another instance
which would still be faster. are no longer present as it is
very laborious, hence companies
Therefore, the efficiency, η, and
approximate the time taken to usually hire a team of
specialists. Here each team
finish the project
member must
B. After the new era
be efficient in more than two
Due to the introduction of AJAX layers of web development. The
support, a new era began
one having multiple skills are
the WEB 2.0 consisting of XML usually assigned to lead
Http Request which refers to
data transfer between a web VI. CLOUD
server and a browser.[7] It
COMPUTING
In former times there was only reducing the cost.
one option to store, manage
2. Platform as a service (PaaS):
and process the data that was Here the user has control
via maintaining local servers or
over applications and
personal computers. However, configuration settings for the
due to modern advancement in
application environment
computing techniques, we are including network, servers,
now able to manipulate data
OS and storage.
over the internet. This tradition
3. Infrastructure as a service
of storing, processing and
(IaaS): IaaS refers to an
Managing data over the internet
online service which provides
is called cloud computing. [9]
high-level API. It also
Some of the famous companies
offers containerization which
that provide cloud computing
gives higher
services include
performance than virtualization
A. Cloud Service Models as there is no hyper
1. Software as a service (SaaS): visor involved in it. The capacity
In SaaS, cloud of containers auto-
providers manage the scales dynamically making you
infrastructures and platforms pay only for what you
that run the cloud. There is no use. It also provides additional
necessity to install the resources like
software in the user’s system as firewalls, object storage, IP
the cloud provides addresses, VLANs etc.
everything. As the software is B. The advancement of Web
not running on the development due to cloud
user’s system there is no need to The development of technology
invest in hardware allowed us to meet the user's
needs better, and thus we However, now with the cloud,
turned to the cloud. this is far easier as
Due to an increase in the you do not have to set up your
number of concurrent centers.
users, load balancers were Schemas and Joins were not that
developed, they distribute adequate. Hence,
application traffic amongst
key-value stores were used
servers to
which are virtually
prevent crashing.
databases consisting of an array
Physical servers were switched of keys, each
to cloud-based
representing one value these are
servers which provided much similar to
more flexibility, on-
dictionaries found in Python
the-go payment approach, zero programming
maintenance etc.
language.
Before we talk about cloud-
In order to improve quality
based servers, one must
regression, test suites
understand cloud computing
were developed which check if
which is the
the application is
availability of computer
still functioning after new
resources, both hardware
changes have been
and software on demand.
applied to it. Regression test
The application developed was suites have become a
now to be reached
necessity. [13]
to a global scale for better
C. Some Cloud Services that led
profits, and this was
to optimization
made possible via data centers
1. REST APIs
in several regions.
APIs: It provides rules as to how URL, which points to the index
programs should and the path
interact. REST: It is generally of the URL determines the
considered as a type of response
software architecture consisting required. In the URL path, if
of a set of rules to be there is a colon
followed when developing an present, it refers to a variable
API. that is to be
The primary purpose is to get a changed accordingly. The final
response from a part of an
specific destination when a endpoint is Query parameters
request is made. When a URL which usually
is entered, we request that page begin with a question mark and
to appear. If the request are written
is apt, we get the GUI as the using SQL. Each parameter is
response. A Request is a separate by
complex process which occurs because spaces are invalid in an
within short amounts of time, URL. Using
and are also calculated in the
Query Parameters SQL
form of Performance
Injections are also
Problems. It consists of four
performed. Although Query
parts.
Parameters are
a. Endpoint - It is the route
technically not related to APIs, it
through which you
is worth
get a response. Starting with the
mentioning. In order to test
root
endpoints
endpoint, which is the beginning
command-line utilities are used
of the
there are
several of them available, but ’create’.
the most
iii. Put - It updates an existing
common when coming to APIs is entry as
curl
in ’update’.
Using endpoints repositories can
iv. Delete - It deletes an existing
be
entry
accessed easily. Repositories
as in ’delete’.
consist of
c. Headers - These are separated
packages. JSON is a scripting
by a colon and
language
tell where to find the JSON file.
which is used to send and
They are
request data using
usually used in commands for
a REST API.
the command
b. Method - The method defines
line.
a type and
d. Data - It consists of
gives meaning to the request
information to be
there are five
retrieved from the server
different types of methods the
most common
being POST. They perform As the user’s demand and
operations like interests peaked the UI began

create, read, update and delete. to develop, the interaction was

improved to make it more user
i. Get - It returns the requested
friendly, in order to achieve this
information as in ’read’, it is
specialized people in the
also
respective fields were hired.
the default method.
Later mobile application
ii. Post-it creates a new entry as versions
in
were introduced for the further tenacious sessions.
convenience of the users.
2. DevOps
Several developments were
DevOps is a process that is an
made to the programming
amalgamation of 2
languages itself.
main processes which are
a. HTML - Semantic web was software development (Dev)
added, which
and technology operations
allowed the internet data to be (Ops). The main aim of the
machine-
DevOps cycle is to shorten the
readable. Service Workers were software development life
added,
cycle while providing
which helped in developing web continuous delivery where the
applications
teams work in short intervals
offline.[16] which ensures the software
b. CSS - It was updated to add is being developed reliably in a
transitions, way the delivery happens
animations and other features to in a very smooth process.
improve Another advantage of the
interactivity. DevOps cycle is the fact that it
also maintains high
c. JavaScript - Various features
like software quality throughout the
development cycle, which
modularization, object-oriented
classes, is evaluated on two parameters.
The first parameter is the
asynchronous functions and
interoperability software’s functional quality
which checks if the
were added.
functional requirements which
d. HTTP - Better caching,
were defined initially have been
security measures and
followed or not. The next automation.
parameter is the software’s
f. Configuring - it involves
structural quality which verifies infrastructure as
if the non-functional
code tools.
requirements, which support the
g. Monitoring - it involves
functional requirements,
discerning the
have been met or not. The
changes at the application for
DevOps operation has the
the end users
following functionality modes or
The most important parts of the
the more accurate term
DevOps toolchains are
being “toolchains”. The
“Continuous integration” and
toolchains have been listed
“infrastructure as a code”
below. a. Coding - it involves code
which occurs in the building and
development and
the configuration part of
review of the code.
the code respectively.
b. Building - it involves
3. NoSQL
continuous
NoSQL, also known as Not only
integration with tools provided
SQL, is a cloud
by the
service that provides scalable
project.
storage, and data is stored in
c. Testing - it involves
the form of non-relational
continuous testing of
databases. This service has
the project.
replaced the primitive system of
d. Packaging - it involves RDBMS wherein SQL
application and pre-
queries were required to access
deployment procedures. the data, and this data was
e. Releasing - it involves stored in a structured tabular
application release form consisting of rows and
columns. NoSQL varies in networking and can also be used
multiple aspects when to create virtual
compared to the traditional machines. [19]
database management system
5. CI/CD
in terms of performance,
Cloud Integration is a collection
consistency, speed, ease of use,
of tools and
availability, flexibility, cost, etc.
technologies that connect
Some of the Famous NoSQL
different system and
databases include
environments. It deals with
MongoDB, Amazon DynamoDB,
exchanging and processing
Redis, CouchDB, etc.
data in real-time. Continuous
4. Cloud Orchestration
Delivery and Continuous
Cloud orchestration is a service
Deployment are both uses for
that is responsible for
deployment were
managing the interconnections
Continuous Delivery is manual
among workloads on the
and Continuous
cloud infrastructure. It
Development is automated.
combines automated tasks into a
cohesive workflow to VII.
accomplish a goal, with
permissions REFERENCES
omission and policy
[1] Valerio De Sanctis, Full
enforcement.
Stack Web Development Third
Cloud orchestration procures, Edition,2020 book
deploys, and starts servers,
[2] Chris Northwood, Full Stack
it acquires and assigns storage Developer: Your Essential Guide
capacity manages to the Everyday Skills Expected
of a Modern Full Stack
Developer
[3] Frank Zammetti, Modern People either see Full Sack
Full Stack Development: Using Development to be dead or
Typescript, React, Node.js, overrun.
Webpack, and Docker Full
However, it can be seen from
[4] Juha Hinkula, Hands-on- Full the pretext that it has been
Stack Development with Spring
evolved and has been drastically
Boot 2 and React, Second
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[5] Hassan Dirden, Nate
Murray, Ari Lerner, Full Stack
Vue: The Complete Guide to
Vue.js
[6] Nader Dabit, Full Stack
Serverless, Modern Application
Development with React, AWS,
and GraphQL

VIII.
CONCLUSION
By incorporating all the parts,
we can interpret what full
stack was, how it has evolved
and why it has evolved. The
efficiency of workers can also be
calculated and the
approximation of time taken to
complete a project, and finally