A quadratic function is a function of the form f (x) = ax2+bx+c, where x∈R and a, b

and c are constants and if a≠ 0.

A quadratic function is a relationship between two variables which can be written in
the form y = ax2 + bx + c where x and y are the variables and a, b, and c are constants,
a ≠ 0.
A quadratic function is a function that involves the independent variable (x) to the
power of 2. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola, a curved line that comes to
either a minimum or maximum point.
The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola.
A parabola has one of the shapes below, depending on the sign of a.

a>0 a<0
If a is positive, then the parabola has the of smile (◡)and / or a cup holding water while
if a is negative, then the parabola has the shape of frown (  ) and / or a cup pouring
water.
Every parabola has a turning point and is symmetrical about the vertical axis.

Line of Symmetry Turning point

Turning point Line of Symmetry

Turning point is the point where a parabola turns; either maximum or minimum.
Axis of symmetry is the vertical line that passes through the turning point of the
parabola.
The x-coordinate of the turning point of y = a x2 ± b x ± c is given by the formula;
b
x=− , while the y-coordinate of the turning point is either found by substituting the
2a
x-coordinate of the turning point into the equation of the parabola or alternatively using
the formula;
4 ac − b 2
y= , where a is the coefficient of x2 and b is the coefficient of x and c is a
4a
constant.
b
This equation x = − is also the equation of the axis of symmetry of the parabola.
2a
b 4 ac − b 2
Turning Point = ( x , y ), where x = − and y = .
2a 4a
 b 4ac − b 2 
= − , 
 2 a 4a 
The y-coordinate of the turning point is the minimum or maximum value of the function
y = a x2 + b x + c .
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x2. Find the axis of symmetry and coordinates
of the turning point.
y = x 2, where a =1, b= 0 and c= 0

Axis of symmetry

b
x=−
2a
0
x=− =0
2 (1)

Coordinates of the Turning point (TP)

4ac − b 2 4(1)(0) − (0) 2
y= = =0
4a 4(1)

TP = (0, 0)
The graph of y = 6 + x − x cuts the x-axis at A and B.
2

y A(x,0), B(x,0) and C (0 , y)

( x + 2) (3 − x ) = 0
y = 6+ x− x 2
x = −2 o r 3
C
y = 6 + 0 − (0) 2 = 6
∴ A (−2,0), B (3,0) and C (6,0)
4ac − b 2
y= , where a = −1, b = 1 and c = 6
4a
4 ( −1)( 6 ) − (1)
2
25
= = = 4.25
4 ( −1) 4
A B x
b −2 + 3 1
O x=− or =
2a 2 2
Find the 1 1
x=− = = 0 .5
coordinates of A, B and C, 2 ( −1) 2
maximum value of y = 6 + x − x ,
2
∴ TP = (0.5, 4.25)
coordinates of the turning point.

The diagram below shows the graph of y = x − 4 x . The graph passes through the
2

origin and crosses the x-axis at the point A.

x
O A

Calculate the coordinates of A,

Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of the graph.
Find the coordinates of the lowest point of the graph.
There is a point on the graph, other than the point (0,0), where the x and y
coordinates are equal. Find the coordinates of this point.
y = x 2 − 4 x , A(x,0) where y = 0
x 2 − 4x = 0
x ( x − 4) = 0
x = 4 or x = 0
∴
y = x 2 − 4 x , where a = 1, b = 0 and c = −4
b 4+0
x=− or = 2  Midpo int formula
2a 2
( −4 )
x=− =2
2 (1)
∴
y = x 2 − 4 x , where x = 2
y = (2)2−4(2) = 4−8 = −4

Take note that x = y and y = x − 4 x

2

x = x 2 − 4x
x2 − 5x = 0
x ( x − 5) = 0
x = 0 or x = 5
∴
The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of y = 3 − 2 x − x , passing through
2

P, Q and R.
y

P R x
O

Find the
equation of the axis of symmetry of the graph,
coordinates of the turning point of the graph.

Solution

y = 3 − 2 x − x 2 , where a = −1, b = − 2 and c = 3

b
x=−
2a
( −2 )
x=−
2 ( −1)
x = −1

 b 4ac − b 2 
Turning point =  − ,  , where a = −1, b = − 2 and c = 3
 2a 4a 
 ( −2 ) 4 ( −1)( 3 ) − ( −2 ) 2 
=  − , 
 2 ( − 1) 4 ( −1) 

 −12 − 4 
=  −1 ,  = ( −1, 4 )
 −4 
The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of y = x − 6 x + 8 , cutting the x-axis
2

at and . y

y = x 2− 6 x + 8

x
O B C

Find the coordinates of and .

Find the coordinates of the turning point of the graph.

B (x, 0) and C (x, 0)

x 2− 6x + 8 = 0
x 2 − 2x − 4x + 8 = 0
x − 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = 2 or 4
∴
 b 4ac − b 2 
Turning Point =  − ,  , where a =1, b = −6 and c =8
 2a 4a 
 ( −6 ) 4 (1)( 8 ) − ( −6 ) 2 
= − , 
 2 (1) 4 (1) 
 
 6 32 − 36 
= , 
2 4 
= ( 3, − 1)
The sketch shown below represents a section of the curve y = x ( x − 2 ) .
y

x
O A

Find the coordinates of the points where the curve cuts the x-axis.
What is the minimum value of the function?

The curve cuts the x-axis at A (x, 0)

y = x ( x − 2 ) , where y = 0
x ( x − 2) = 0
x = 0 or 2

0+2
x = =1
2
y = 1(1 − 2 )
y = −1
The diagram below shows a sketch of a graph which meets the x-axis at −4 and 2.
y

x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8

Find the
equation of the graph,
coordinates of the turning point.

Solution

x-intercepts are −4 and 2, therefore, x = −4 or 2

x + 4 = 0 or x − 2 = 0o
( x + 4 ) ( x − 2 ) = 0, where y = 0 in the x − axis
y = ( x + 4) ( x − 2)
∴ the equation of the graph is y = ( x + 4 ) ( x − 2 )
 b 4ac − b 2 
Turning Point =  − ,  , where a = 1, b =2 and c = −8
 2 a 4a 
 4 (1)( −8 ) − ( 2 ) 
2
2
=  − , 
 2 (1) 4 (1) 

= ( −1, − 9 )
∴
The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of y = 2 + x − x passing through the
2

points E and G.
y

x
E 0 G

Find the
coordinates of E and G,
maximum value of y.

Solution

E (x, 0) and G (x, 0) since y = 0 in the x-axis

2+ x− x2 = 0
2+2− x− x2 = 0
( 2 − x )(1 + x ) = 0
x = 2 or − 1

4 ac − b 2
y= , where a = −1, b = 1 and c = 2
4a
4 ( −1)( 2 ) − (1)
2
−9
y= =
4 ( −1) −4
9 1
y = =2
4 4
The sketch shown below represents the graph of the curve y = x − 4 x + 3 , passing
2

through the points A, B and C.

A
y = x 2 − 4x + 3

x
0 B C

Find the
coordinates of the points B and C,
minimum value of y.

B (x, 0) and C (x, 0) since they all lie in the x-axis where y = 0
x 2 − 4x + 3 = 0
x 2 − x − 3x + 3
( x − 3 ) ( x − 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
∴
4 ac − b 2
y= , where a = 1, b = −4 and c = 3
4a
4 (1)( 3 ) − ( −4 )
2

y= = −1
4 (1)
A function y = (1 + x ) ( x − 2 ) .
Sketch the graph of the function.
Find the minimum value of y.

The sketch is illustrated below;

y

x
− 1 2

− 2
−1 + 2 1
x= =
2 2
 1 1 
y = 1 +   − 2 
 2 2 
 3  3  9
y =   −  = −
 2  2  4
1
−2
4
 2
 1
The diagram below is the graph of y = − 4  x −  + 9 .
 2
y

2
C  1
y = − 4 x −  + 9
 2

x
A O B

Find the

x-coordinates of A and B,
coordinates of C.

2
 1
− 4  x −  + 9 = 0 since y = 0 in the x -axis
 2
2
 1  9
 x −  = 
 2  4
1 3
x− =
2 2
1 3
x=   x = 2 or − 1
2 2
Hence, the x-coordinates of A and B are −1 and 2 respectively
2
 1
y = − 4  x −  + 9 , the value of x =0 in the y – axis and C (0, y)
 2
 2
 1 
y = − 40−  +9
 2 
1
y = −4   + 9
4
y=8

The diagram below shows the sketch of the graph of y = − x + 2 x + 3 cutting the x-axis
2

at A and B.
y

y = − x2 + 2 x + 3

x
A O B
Find the

coordinates of A,
maximum value of the graph.

since y = 0 in the x-axis, then A (x,0)

3 + 2 x − x2 = 0
3 + 3x − x − x 2 = 0
(1 + x ) ( 3 − x ) = 0
x = −1 or 3

y = − x 2 + 2 x + 3 , where a = −1, b = 2 and c =3

 4 ac − b 2 4( −1)(3) − (2) 2
y= =
4a 4( −1)
−16
y= =4
−4

The diagram below shows a sketch of the graph of y = 5 − 4 x − x .

2

y = 5 − 4x − x2

x
A O B

Find the
coordinates of the points A and B,
maximum value of y.

A (x, 0) and B (x, 0) since y = 0 in the x-axis

5 − 4 x − x2 = 0
5 − 5x + x − x2 = 0
( 5 + x ) (1 − x ) = 0
x = − 5 or 1

4 ac − b 2
y= , from y = 5 − 4 x − x , a = −1, b = −4 and c = 5
2

4a
 4 ( −1) ( 5 ) − ( −4 )
2

y=
4 ( −1)
−36
y= =9
−4

The diagram below shows the graph of y = ( − x + 2 )( x − 5 ) . The graph cuts the x-axis
at A and B.
y

y = ( − x + 2)( x − 5)

x
O A B

Find the
coordinates of the points A and B,
maximum value of y.

Solution

A (x,0) and B (x,0) since y = 0 in the x-axis

( − x + 2 )( x − 5) = 0
∴ x = 2 or 5

y = ( − x + 2 )( x − 5 )
2+5 7
x= =
2 2
  7  7 
y = − + 2 − 5
 2  2 
 3  3  9
∴ y =  −  −  =
 2  2  4
1
y =2
4

Cubic Functions
A cubic function is a polynomial of degree 3.
Generally, a cubic function is a function of the form y = a x  b x  c x  d , where
3 2

a is non-zero constant and b, c and d are other constants. The constants b, c and d may
be any number including zero. For instance, y = x , y = x − 4 x , y = x − 3x + 2 x + 7 etc .
3 3 3 2

Draw the graph of y = x 3 .

Gradient is the steepness or sloppiness of the straight line. The gradient is
normally denoted by m.
A tangent is a straight line which touches a curve or circle at one point.
A tangent is the straight line that is produced at exact point. A tangent does not
pass through the curve or circle.
One of the differences between the slope of a straight line and the slope of a
curve is that the gradient of any two points anywhere along a straight line is
constant while the gradient of a curve changes from point to point.
The gradient of any two points, say A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) on a straight line is
given by;
y y − y1
m = = 2
x x2 − x1
Calculate an estimate of the gradient at the point where x = 1.

Points (1, 1) and (3, 6)

 y y2 − y1 6 − 1 5
m= = = = = 2.5
 x x2 − x1 3 − 1 2

Estimating the area under a curve using counting squares method involves
counting of the whole squares and the squares within curve that have an area less
than a whole square.
The total number of fractional squares is divided by 2 and the value obtained is
added to get an estimate area in square units.
The size of the square chosen often depends of the size of square of the graph
paper used. In general terms square size is a balance between an accurate
estimate of area using small squares and a quicker counting time using large
squares. In the figure above for the curve y = x2, for example, the squares are
large. If we counted only whole squares, we get a count of 9.
Each square has an area, x∗y, of 1∗5 giving a counted area of 45 units.
This will obviously be an underestimate of the true value.
 37 full squares and 23 less
and more than half the full
squares

A = 37 +

= 37 + 11.5

1
= 9(5) + (10  5)
2
= 45 + 25

=
 Estimate the area under the curve by counting squares.

In this example, each square represents 5 units2.

(Height of each square = 5,
width of each square = 1 5 × 1 = 5 units2)

Number of whole squares = 26

Area whole squares = 26 × 5 =

Generally, incomplete squares are considered as half

squares.
Number of incomplete squares = 8
1
Area = 8 × 2 × 5 =
Total area = 130 + 20 =

Instead of counting squares we can divide the area under the curve with a series
of vertical strips. Where the vertical lines intersect the curve, a chord is drawn
creating a trapezium. If the width of the strip and the height of the two vertical
sides are known then the area can be found from the formula,

The total area of these n trapezia will give us the an estimation of the required area.

If we are finding the area under a y = m x + c graph then we only need one trapezium
and we get an exact value for the area. However, for curved lines the sum of the area of
all the strips then gives an approximate value for the area under the curve. This value
will be an over estimate for concave curves and an underestimate for convex curves.
Now suppose that there are n strips, all with the same width, d say, and that the vertical
edges of the strips (i.e. the ordinates) are labelled y0, y1, y2, ... y n –1, y n.
The sum of the areas of all the strips can be written down as follows:
0.5(y0 + y1) (d) + 0.5(y1 + y2) (d) + ... + 0.5(y n – 2 + y n – 1) (d) + 0.5(y n – 1 + y n) (d)
Therefore, the area, A, under the curve is given approximately by:
1
( )
A = ( d ) y 0 + 2 y 1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y n − 1 + y n , where d is the width which is also the height
2
(h) of each partition.

1
A = h  y 0 + y n + 2 ( y 1 + y 2 + ... + y n − 2 + y n −1 )  , where h is the height of each partition.
2
1
A= ( Sum of sides )( Width )
2
To make the estimate of the area under a graph more accurate we use the area of a
trapezium.

1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
 1 1
A= h  y 0 + y n + 2 ( y 1 )  A= h y 0 + y n + 2 ( y1 + y 2 )
2  2  

1 1
A= ( 3 ) 15 + 45 + 2 ( 25 )  A= ( 2 ) 15 + 45 + 2 ( 20 + 30 ) 
2 2
= 1.5 ( 110 ) = 1 ( 160 )
 165 units 2
 160 units 2

.
This formula is known as the trapezium rule. An easy way to remember the formula
in terms of ordinates is,
Area = half width of strip∗ (first + last + twice all the others)
From the figure of y = x2 we have a d value of 1 and seven values of y (y0 to y6). These
values can be read from the graph or calculated from the equation as 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25
and 36 respectively. Putting these into the above equation gives,

A = (1) ( 0 + 2 (1 ) + 2 ( 4 ) + 2 ( 9 ) + 2 (16 ) + 2 ( 25 ) + 36 )
1
2
1
= (146 )
2
 7 3 units 2
The values x and y are connected by the equation y = x − 3 x − 9 x + 11 . Some
3 2

corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y p 9 16 11 0 –11 –16 –9 16
Calculate the value of p. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to
represent 10 units on the vertical axis for – 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 and – 20 ≤ y ≤ 20
respectively. Draw a smooth curve of y = x − 3 x − 9 x + 11 .
3 2
[3]
Use your graph to the equations
x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 11 = 0 , [2]
x − 3x − 9 x = −1 .
3 2
[3]
The values x and y are connected by the equation y = 6 x − 2 x − x . Some
2 3

corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
y k –9 – 12 –7 0 3 –4 – 27
Calculate the value of k. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis for –4 ≤ x ≤ 3 and a
scale of 2 cm to represent 10 units on the y-axis for –25 ≤ y ≤ 10, draw a smooth
curve of y = 6 x − 2 x − x .
2 3
[3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
−2 x 2 − x 3 = − 6 x , [2]
6 x − 2 x 2 − x 3 = −5 . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the area bounded by the curve, y = 0 and x = – 1. [2]
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x 3 − x 2 − 4 x − 6 .

Use the graph to solve the equations

x 3 − x 2 − 4 x − 6 = 20 . [1]
x 3 − x 2 − 4 x = −4 . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
area bounded by the curve, x = 0 and y = – 25, [3]
gradient of the curve at the point ( −2 , − 10 ) . [2]
The values x and y are connected by the equation y = x − 18 x + 30 . Some
3

corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.

x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y p 57 58 47 30 13 2 3 22
Calculate the value of p. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis for – 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 and a
scale of 2 cm to represent 0 ≤ y ≤ 60. Sketch a smooth curve of
y = x 3 − 18 x + 30 . [3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
x 3 − 18 x + 30 = 20 , [2]
x 3 − 18 x − 15 = 0 . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient of the curve at the point where x = 1, [2]
area bounded by the curve, x = 1 and y = 20. [2]
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x 3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x − 6 .

Use the graph to solve the equations

x3 + 2 x2 − 5x − 6 = 2 , [2]
x + 2 x − 5x − 1 = 0 .
3 2
[3]
Calculate an estimate of the
area bounded by the curve, x = 0 and y = – 10, [3]
gradient of the curve at the point x = – 1. [2]

x3 + 2 x2 − 5x − 6 = 2
y=2

x3 + 2 x2 − 5x − 1 = 0
x3 + 2 x2 − 5x = 1
y=1–6
y=–5

1
( 5 + 10.5 ) + 2 (10 + 14 ) + ( 0.6 )(10.5 ) 
2
1
( 69.8 )
2

y
, where ∆y = 10 ∆ x = – 2
x
10
= −5
−2
The variables of x and y are connected by the equation y = x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) . Some
corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.
x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y – 28 0 k 8 0 –8 – 10 0 28
Calculate the value of p. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis for – 4 ≤ x ≤ 4 and 2 cm
to represent 10 units on the y-axis for – 30 ≤ y ≤ 30, draw the smooth graph of
y = x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) . [3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) = 5 [2]
x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) = 2 x + 4 . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient to the curve at the point where x = – 1, [2]
area bounded by the curve, y = 0 and x = – 1. [2]

k = ( −2 )( −2 − 3) ( −2 + 3) = 10
The is well illustrated below!
x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) = 5
y= 5
x = −2 .7 , − 0 . 5 or 3 . 2
x ( x − 3) ( x + 3) = 2 x + 4
y = 2x + 4
x = −3 . 2 , − 0 . 4 , or 3 . 4
y
m= ,  y = 12 and  x = 2
x
12
=  −6
−2
1
A = (1) ( 8 + 10 ) + (10 ) 
2
= 14 units 2
The variables of x and y are connected by the equation y = x − x − 6 x . Some
3 2

corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.

x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
y p 0 4 0 –6 –8 0 24

Calculate the value of p. [1]

Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x – axis for – 3 ≤ x ≤ 4 and
2 cm to represent 5 units on the y – axis for – 25 ≤ y ≤ 25, draw the smooth
graph of y = x − x − 6 x .
3 2
[3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
x3 − x2 − 6 x = 0 , [2]
x − x = 11x .
3 2
[2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient to the curve at the point where x = – 2, [2]
area bounded by the curve, x = 0 and y = 17.5. [2]
 p = ( −3 ) − ( −3 ) − 6 ( −3 ) = 0
3 2

See the detailed illustrated graph below for answers.

x3 − x 2 − 6 x = 0
y=0

x3 − x 2 = 11x
y = 11x – 6x
y = 5x

y
m= where ∆ y = 20 units and ∆ x = 2 units
x
20
m= = 10
2
1
A= (1) 17.5 + 17.5 + 2 ( 23.5 + 25.5 ) + (17.5 )( 0.7 )
2 
1
= ( 145 . 25 )
2
= 72.625
The variables of x and y are connected by the equation y = x ( 4 − x ) . Some
2

corresponding values of x and y corrected to 1 decimal where necessary, are given in

the table below.
x –2.5 – 2 – 1.5 – 1 – 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
y 5.6 k – 2.6 – 3 – 1.9 0 1.9 3 2.6 0 – 5.6
Calculate the value of k. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x – axis for – 3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and
1 cm to 1 unit on the – 6 ≤ y ≤ 6, draw the graph of y = x ( 4 − x ) .
2
[3]
Use the graph to solve the equations
x ( 4 − x2 ) = 0 , [2]
x ( 4 − x2 ) = 2 − x . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient to the curve at the point where x = – 1.5, [2]
area bounded by the curve, x = 0 and y = – 2. [2]
The values of x and y are connected by the equation y = x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) . Some
corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −15 0 3 0 −3 0 k
Calculate the value of k. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x – axis for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 2 cm to
represent 5 units on the y – axis for −16 ≤ y ≤ 16. Draw the graph of
y = x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) . [3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = 0 , [2]
x ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) = x + 2 . [3]
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x 3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 .

Use the graph to

calculate an estimate of the gradient of the curve at the point ( 2 ,5 ) . [2]
solve the equations
x3 + x2 − 5x + 3 = 0 , [2]
x3 + x2 − 5x + 3 = 5x . [3]
calculate an estimate of the area bounded by the curve, x = 0, y = 0
and x = – 2. [2]

y
m = , where ∆y =20 units and ∆ x = 2 units
x
20
m =
2
 x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 0
y = x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3
y=0

x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 = 5 x
y = x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3
y = x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3
y = 5x

1 1
Area = ( 9 + 8 )1 + ( 8 + 5 )1
2 2
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x 3 + 3 x 2 − x − 3 .

Use the graph to find the solutions of the equations

x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3 = 0 , [2]
x 3 + 3x 2 − x = 5 . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient of the curve at the point ( −3, 0 ) , [2]
area bounded by the curve, x = 0, x = 0, y = 0 and y = 20. [3]

x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3 = 0
y = x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3
y=0
x 3 + 3x 2 − x = 5
y = x 3 + 3x 2 − x − 3
y=5–3
y=2

y
m= , where  y = 20 units and  x = 2.5 units
x
20
m= =8
2.5

1
Area = l b + bh
2
1
Area = 3 (10 × 1) +  10  0.7
2
The diagram below shows the graph of y = x 3 + x 2 − 12 x .

Use the graph to solve the equations

x 3 + x 2 − 12 x = 0 , [2]
x + x − 12 x = x + 10 .
3 2
[3]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient of the curve at the point where x = −3, [2]
area bounded by the curve, x = −3, x = – 1 and y = – 10. [2]

x 3 + x 2 − 12 x = 0

x 3 + x 2 − 12 x = x + 10
 20
m = = 8. 3
2.4
(1) ( 28 + 22 + 4 ( 30 ) )
1
A=
3
1
(170 )  56 . 6
3
A  56 . 7units
2
The values of x and y are connected by the equation y = 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 5 . Some
corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.
x −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y p −8.5 0 4 5 4.5 4 5 9
Calculate the value of p. [1]
Using a scale of 4 cm represent 1 unit on the x – axis for –2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 2 cm
to represent 5 units on the y – axis for – 25 ≤ y ≤ 10, draw the graph of
y = 2 x 3 − 3x 2 + 5 . [3]
Use your graph to solve the equation 2 x 3 − 3x 2 + 5 = x . [3]
Calculate an estimate of the gradient of the curve at the point where x = 1.5. [2]
The diagram below shows part of the graph of y = x 3 + 2 x − 1 and y = 10 x .

Use the graph to solve the equations

x3 + 2 x = 6 , [2]
x 3 + 2 x − 1 = 10 x . [2]
Calculate an estimate of the
gradient of the curve at the point ( 2, 11) , [2]
area bounded by the curve, y = 10x, y = 0 and x = 2. [3]

x3 + 2 x = 6
y = x3 + 2x −1
y = 6 −1 = 5

x 3 + 2 x − 1 = 10 x
y = 10x
 y
m= , where y = 14 and x =1
x
14
m=
1

1  1
(b) A = 2  bh  + bh
2  2
1  1
A = 2   1 10  +  0.9  8
2  2
The values of x and y are connected by the equation y = x 3 − 5 x + 3 . Some
corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y k 5 7 3 −1 1 15
Calculate the value of k. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to1 unit on the x-axis for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 and 2 cm to represent
5 units on the y-axis for −10 ≤ y ≤ 20, draw the graph of y = x 3 − 5 x + 3 .[3]
Use your graph to
solve the equation x 3 − 5 x = 0 , [2]
estimate the area bounded by the curve, y = 3 and x = −2. [3]
The variables x and y are connected by the equation y = 3 − 5 x + x 2 + x 3 .
Some of the corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y 0 9 r 3 0 5 24
Calculate the value of r. [1]
Taking 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis for −3 ≤ x ≤ 3, and 2 cm to
represent 10 units on the y-axis for 0 ≤ y ≤ 30, draw the graph of
y = 3 − 5x + x2 + x3 . [3]
Use your graph to calculate an estimate of the
gradient of the curve at the point where x = 2, [2]
area bounded by the curve x = −3 and x = −2. [3]
The values of x and y are connected by the equation y = x 3 + 4 x 2 + x − 5 as shown
in the table below.
x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
y −9 1 1 −3 −5 1 p
Calculate the value of p. [1]
Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to represent 5
units on the y-axis for −4≤ x ≤ 2 and –10 ≤ y ≤ 25, draw the graph of
y = x3 + 4x2 + x − 5 . [3]
Use your graph to find the solutions of the equations
x3 + 4 x2 + x − 5 = 0 ,
x3 + 4x2 + x − 5 = 2x + 4 .
 x (12 − x 2 ) .
1
The following diagram shows the graph of y = −
5

Use the graph to solve the equations

− x (12 − x 2 ) = 1 ,
1
[2]
5
− x (12 − x 2 ) = −2 .
1
[2]
5
Calculate an estimate of the
area bounded by the curve and the line y = 0, x = −3
and x = −1 , [3]
gradient of the curve at the point ( 3, − 1.8 ) . [2]

x (12 − x 2 ) = 1
1
−
5
y=1

x (12 − x 2 ) = −2
1
−
5
y =–2
 4
Area = 4 +
2
=
= (1 2 ) + (1 2 ) + (1 2 )
=

1 
  1.2  2  + ( 2  2 )
2 

y
m= where ∆y = 5 units and ∆x = 1.7
x
3
m = =3
1
The values of x and y are connected by the equation y = x ( x − 4 ) .
2

Some corresponding values of x and y are given in the table below.

x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
y −15 r 3 0 −3 0 15

Calculate the value of r. [1]

Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 unit on the x-axis for −3≤ x ≤ 3 and 2 cm
to represent 10 units on the y-axis for −20 ≤ y ≤ 20, draw the graph of
y = x ( x2 − 4) . [3]
Use your graph to solve the equations
x ( x2 − 4) = 0 , [2]
x ( x2 − 4) = 2 . [3]

The graph is illustrated below.