Geothermal: 1) Vapour Dominated or Dry Steam Field : In this 3) Hot Water Fields : In this system, the hot water

hot water is indirectly

system steam from the storage is directly used for power used for generating low quality steam at a medium pressure
generation. In this system, hot dry steam is taken out through a using thermal energy of the hot water. In this system, the heat
pipe and a valve and passed through a separator where most of carried with the hot water is used in the heat exchanger to
the debris are removed and dry-steam is collected in the drum. generate the steam at a considerably lower pressure and the
Then the steam is passed to the turbine, then through the generated steam is supplied to the turbine and the exhaust steam
condenser and the condensate is re-injected into the ground from turbine is condensed in the condenser and the condensate
which can be used by the ground to absorb the rock heat again is again recirculated through the heat exchanger with the help of
and generates the steam. a pump.

2) Liquid Dominated Field : In this case, the ground storage Hot dry rock (HDR): Hot dry rock (HDR) systems require such
contains large quantities of hot water at a considerable high- rocks to be artificially fractured at depth so that water can be
temperature (180℃-200℃) therefore, if this water is flashed at a pumped into them, heated above boiling temperature and then
lower pressure, then part of the water is converted into steam at a returned to the surface to flash to steam in an electricity
lower pressure and the same steam can be used for power generating plant. Figure 6 shows in schematic form how hot, dry
generation.The hot water at a higher pressure is taken out rock can become a high enthalpy geothermal resource. A well
through a pipe and control valve and passed through a flash that penetrates the intrusion is used to inject water at very high
chamber where low pressure steam is generated.This low pressures into zones of natural fracturing in the rock. Water
pressure steam is passed through the turbine, condenser and injected through the well not only heats up but enhances any
then injected to the ground through the pump. The water fractures and creates more, by a process of hydro fracturing. This
collected in the flash chamber is also injected back. creates paths along which water can move, effectively creating
an artificial heat exchange zone that feeds superheated water to
another well that takes it back to the surface. The practical
difficulties of extracting heat from such deep rocks can be
formidable. Drilling through crystalline rocks is far more costly
than through sedimentary strata. For an HDR field to be viable,
water has to circulate through large volumes of hydrofractured
rock.
 cannot generate power continuously, though it might do so by
using a pumped storage plant if the load it supplies fluctuates
Single basin arrangement : The simplest way to generate tidal
considerable. A double basin scheme can provide power
power is to use a single basin with a retaining dam in the
continuously or on demand, which is a great advantage.
following manner In a single basin arrangement there is only one
basin interacting with the sea. The two are separated by a dam
(or barrage) and the flow between them is through sluice ways
located conveniently along the dam. Potential head is provided
by rise and fall of tidal water levels, this is usually accomplished
by blocking the mouth of a long narrow estuary with a dam across
it, thereby creating a reservoir. The dam or barrage embodies a
number of sluice gates and low head turbine sets.

Advantages: 1. Tidal power is completely independent of the

precipitation (rain) and its uncertainty, besides being
inexhaustible. 2. Large area of valuable land is not required. 3.
When tidal power plant works in combination with thermal or
hydro-electric system peak power demand can be effectively
met with. 4. Tidal power generation is free from pollution.
Limitations: 1. Due to variation in tidal range the output is not
uniform. 2. Since the turbines have to work on a wide range of
head variation the plant efficiency is affected. 3. There is a fear
of machinery being corroded due to corrosive sea water. 4.It is
Double basin arrangement : In a single basin arrangement difficult to carry out construction in sea. 5. As compared to other
power can be generated only intermittently. In this arrangement sources of energy, the tidal power plant is costly.
only one basin interacts with the sea. The two are separated by a 6.Sedimentation and siltation of basins are the problems
dam or dyke and the flow between them is through sluice associated with tidal power plants. 7. The power transmission
wayslocated conveniently along the dam. The rise and fall of tidal cost is high because the tidal power plants are located away
water levels provide the potential head. When the sea level rises from load centres.
and about half way to high tide, the turbine valves are opened
and the sea water flows into the basin through the turbine runner
generating power. This also raises the level of water in the basin.
The turbine continues to generate power until the tide passes
through its high point and begins to drop. A single basin plant
 Compnents used in wind mill :1) Aerodynamics: It is the
branch of science which deals with air and gases in motion and
their mechanical effects. 2) Wind: Air in motion. 3) Windmill: It is
Horizontal Axis Wind Machines : Although the wind turbine the machinery driven by the wind acting upon sails used chiefly in
with a horizontal axis is simple in principle, but the design of a flat districts for grinding of corn, pumping of water etc.
complete system, especially a larger one that would produce
4) Wind turbine (Aeroturbine, wind machine) : It is a machine
electric power economically, is complex. It is of paramount
which converts wind power into rotary mechanical power. A wind
importance that the components like rotor, transmission,
turbine has aerofoil blades mounted on the rotor. The wind drives
generator and tower should not only be as efficient as possible
the rotor and produces rotary mechanical energy. 5) Wind
but they must also function effectively in combination.
turbine generator unit : It is an assemblage of a wind turbine,
Vertical axis wind machines : One of the main advantages of
gear chain, electrical generator, associated civil works and
vertical axis rotors is that they do not have to be turned into the
auxiliaries. 6) Wind farm (wind energy park) : It is a zone
windstream as wind direction changes. Because their operation
comprising several turbine-generator units, electrical and
is independent of wind direction, vertical axis machines are
mechanical auxiliaries, substation, control room etc. 7) Nacelle :
called panemones.
It is an assemblage comprising of the wind turbine, gears,
generator, bearings, control gear etc. mounted in a housing. 8)
Propeller (wheel) : t is revolving shaft with blades. The blades
are set at an angle and twisted 9) Hub: It is the solid part of the
wheel. 10) Pitch angle : It is the angle between the direction of
wind and the Direction perpendicular to the planes of blades. 11)
Pitch control: It is the control of pitch angle by turning the blades
or blade tips. 12) Yaw control: It is the control for orienting the
axis of wind turbine in the direction of wind 13) Tethering : The
plane of wind turbine wheel is swung in inclined position at higher
wind speeds by teethering control.

Advantages: 1. It is a renewable energy source. 2. Wind power

systems being non-polluting have no adverse effect on the
environment. 3. Fuel provision and transport are not required in
wind energy conversion system. 4. Economically competitive. 5.
Ideal choice for rural and remote areas and areas which lack
other energy sources. Disadvantages: 1. Owing to its
irregularity, the wind energy need storage. 2. Availability of
energy is fluctuating in nature. 3. The overall weight of a wind
power system is relatively high. 4. Wind energy conversion
systems are noisy in operation. 5. Large areas are required for
installation/operation of wind energy systems. 6. Present systems
are neither maintenance free, nor practically reliable. 7. Low
energy density. Applications of wind plants: 1. Electrical
generation 2. Pumping 3. Drainage 4. Grinding grains 5. Saw
milling