INTERGRATION:

Integration is a process of obtaining a function from its ∫ (2 x−3)¿ ¿

derivative.
Let u=x2 −3 x +7
Techniques of Integration du=( 2 x−3 ) dx
du
Recognizing the presence of a function of its dx=
2 x−3
derivative:
du
⟹∫ ( 2 x−3 ) u .
4
Example I
2 x−3
∫ x ( x 2−3 ) dx
5
¿ ∫ u du
4
2
Let u=x −3 5
u
du=2 xdx ¿ +C
5
du
dx= 1
2x ¿
5
du
∫ x ( x 2−3)2 . dx=¿∫ x u5 . 2 x ¿
Example III
1 2x
¿ ∫ u du
5
2 ∫ ¿¿ ¿
[ ]
2
1 u
6 let u=4 x −7
¿ +c du=8 xdx
2 6
1 6 du
¿ u +C dx=
12 8x
2 x du
¿ ¿
1 ∫ u2 . 8 x
12
1 1
Example II ∫ . du
4 u2
∫¿¿ 1
∫ −2
u du
Solution 4
∫¿¿
[ ]
−2+ 1
1 u
+C
Let u=3 x −1 4 −1
du=3 dx
dx=
du
¿
−1 1
4 u
+C
[]
3 −1
¿
∫¿¿ 4¿¿
1
¿
3
∫ 7
u du Example IV
2
x −1
[ ] ∫ dx
8
1 u
¿
3 8
+C √ x3 −3 x
Solution
1 8
¿ u +C 2
24 ∫ x3 −1 dx
∫¿¿ √ x −3 x
Let√ x 3−3 x=u
3 2
Example III x −3 x=u
(3 x ¿¿ 2−3) dx=2 udu ¿

236
3 ( x 2−1 ) dx=2 udu dx=
du
2
2 udu se c x
dx= 2
3( x −1) du
2 2
∫ sec2 x u2 . sec 2 x
∫ x3 −1 dx=∫ x −1 .
2 udu
u
3
√ x −3 x u 2
3(x −1) ¿ +C
2 3
¿ ∫ du 1 3
3 ¿ tan x +C
2 3
¿ u+C Example IX
3
2
¿ ( √ x −3 x ) +C
3 ∫ cos x √ sin x dx
3 let u= √ sin x
2
u =sin x
Example VI 2 udu=cos x dx
∫ cos√ x√ x dx dx=
2 udu
cos x
let √ x =u 2udu
x=u
2 ∫ cos x √ sin x dx =∫ cos x . cos x
dx=2udu ¿ 2∫ u du
2

cos u
∫ u .2udu
[ ]
3
u
¿2 +C
3
2∫ cos u du
2 3
2 sin u+C ¿ u +C
3
2 sin √ x +C 2 3
¿ ( √ sin x ) + C
3
Example VII
∫ cos x sin x dx. Example X
Letu=sin x
du=cos x dx
∫ sec5 x tan x dx
Solution
du
dx=
cos x ∫ sec5 x tan x dx=∫ sec4 x ¿
du Let u¿ sec x
⟹∫ cos x sin x dx .=∫ cos x u . du=sec x tan x dx
cos x
¿ ∫ u du
du
dx=
2
sec x tan x
u du
¿ +C
2 ∫ u 4 sec x tan x sec x tan x
1 2 5
¿ si n x+ C u
2 ¿ +C
5
Example VIII 1 5
¿ sec x +C
5
∫ s ec 2 xtan2 x dx Example XI
let u=tan x
2
du=se c x dx
∫ cosec x cot3 x dx
Solution
∫ cosec x cot3 x dx
237
∫ cosec x cot x . cot2 x dx 18 ¿∫
2
3 x −1
¿
¿¿
∫ cosec x cot x ( cosec2 x−1 ) dx 19 ¿ calculate the area enclosed by the curve
Let u=cosec x x
du=−cosec x cot x dx y= 2
x −1
−du 20 ¿ Find the area enclosed between the curve
dx=
cosec x cot x y=sin x +3 cos x∧the x−axis ¿
∫ cosec x cot3 x dx x=0∧x=
π
−du 2
¿ ∫ cosec x cot x ( u −1 )
2
cosec x cot x 21 ¿∫ tan x se c x dx
6 2

3
∫ ( −u2+ 1 ) du= −u
π

−1
3
+u+C
0
(
22 ¿∫ cos 3 x +
π
2
dx )
∫ cosec x cot x dx = 3 cose c3 x+ cosec x+C
3

Integrating trigonometric functions

Students Exercise Considering integration as the reverse process of
differentiation. The following examples illustrate the way
1 ¿∫ x √ 4−3 x 2 dx
in which trigonometric functions can be integrated.
2 ¿∫ ( 1−2 x ) ¿
3 ¿∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
f(x) ∫ f ( x ) dx
sin x −cos x
4 ¿∫ x ¿ ¿ cos x sin x
1
sec2x tan x
5 ¿∫ 16 x ¿ ¿ sin ax −1
0 cos ax
1 a
6 ¿∫ ¿ ¿ cosec2x −cot x
−1 cot x cosec x −cosec x
7 ¿ ∫ (x −1)¿ ¿
8 ¿ ∫ (1+2 x )¿ ¿ Technique II of integration

9 ¿∫ 2 ¿ ¿ (Integration of product of two cosines) - two sines or a

sine and a cosine
10 ¿∫ x ¿ ¿
3

The product of two sines, two cosines or a sine and

11¿ ∫ x 2 √ 4 x 3 +1 dx
a cosine can be integrated by first expressing the
12 ¿∫ x ¿ ¿ product as a sum or difference of trigonometric
functions by use of factor formulae.
13 ¿∫ sin ( 4 x−8 ) dx
Example I
sin √ x
14 ¿ ∫ dx
√x ∫ 2 cos 3 x cos x dx
15 ¿∫ x cose c x dx
2 2
Solution
π
2 ∫ 2 cos 3 x cos x dx
16 ¿ ∫ sec x √ tan x dx
2

0
x Consider
17 ¿ ∫ dx
√2 x 2−5
Now compare with 2cos 3x cos x

238
 A +B 1 1
=3 x ¿ ∫ cos 8 x dx+∫ cos 2 x dx
2 2 2
A + B = 6x ………………………….(i)
1 1
A−B
=x ¿
2
∫ cos 8 x dx+ ∫ cos 2 x dx
2
2
A – B = 2x …………………………….(ii)
1 1
Adding Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii); ¿ sin 8 x + sin 2 x +C
16 4
⟹ 2 A=8 x
A=4 x Example III
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii); π
3
2 B=4 x
B=2 x
∫ 2 sin 3 x cos x dx
0
⟹ cos 4 x+ cos 2 x=2 cos 3 x cos x Solution
∫ 2 cos 3 x cos x dx=∫ ¿ ¿
π
3

1 1
¿ sin 4 x + sin 2 x+C
∫ 2 sin 3 x cos x dx
0
4 2
A +B A−B
¿ sin A+sin B=2 sin cos
Example II 2 2
A+ B
∫ cos 3 x cos 5 x dx ⟹
2
=3 x
Solution
A+ B=6 x … … … … … … … … (1 )
∫ cos 3 x cos 5 x dx=∫ cos 5 x cos 3 x dx A−B
From the factor formulae, =x
2
A+ B A−B
cos A+ cos B=2 cos cos A−B=2 x … … … … … … … (2 )
2 2
Eqn (i) + Eqn (ii)
A+ B A−B 1
⇒ cos cos = ¿ ⟹ 2 A=8 x
2 2 2
A=4 x
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii)
Comparing with cos 5x cos 3x ⟹ 2 B=4 x
A+ B B=2 x
⟹ =5 x
2 sin 4 x+ sin2 x=2 sin 3 x cos x
A + B = 10x ……………………….(i) π π
3 3
A−B
2
=3 x ⟹∫ ( 2 sin3 x cosx ) dx=∫ ¿ ¿
0 0

|
A – B = 6x ……………………….(ii)
π
Eqn (i) + Eqn (ii) −1 1 .
¿ cos 4 x− cos 2 x 3
2 A=16 x 4 2
. 0
A=8 x
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii)
2 B=4 x
¿
−1
(
4
cos
4π 1
− cos
3 2
2π
3
−
−1
4 )( 1
cos o− cos 0
2 )
B=2 x ¿−
1 −1 1 −1
4 2
−
2 2 ( ) ( )(
−
−1 1
−
4 2 )
1 1 1 1
¿ + + +
⟹∫ ¿ ¿ 8 4 4 2

239
 1+ 2+ 2+ 4 Under this we use the following trigonometric identities
¿
8
9 1) co s 2 x +sin2 x=1
¿ 2) 1+ta n2 x=sec 2 x
8
3) 1+cot2 x=cosec 2 x

Example IV (UNEB 2001) Example I

∫ cos 3 x dx
∫ sin x sin 3 x dx
∫ cos x cos 2 x dx
Solution ∫ cos x ( 1−sin2 x ) dx
Let u = sin x
∫ sin x sin 3 x dx=∫ sin 3 x sin x dx du=cos x dx
A+ B A−B du
Consider cos A−cos A=−2 sin sin dx=
2 2 cos x
∫ sin x sin 3 x dx=∫ sin 3 x sin x dx du
A +B A−B −1 ∫ cos x (¿ ¿ 1−u 2). cos x ¿ ¿
sin sin = ¿
2 2 2 ∫ ( 1−u2 ) du
Comparing ¿ 3
u
u− +C
3
1 3
A + B = 6x ………………….. (i) sin x− sin x +C
3

Example II
A – B = 2x ………………….. (i)
Equation (1) +(2) ∫ sin 3 2 x dx
2A = 8x Solution
A = 4x ∫ sin 3 2 x dx=∫ ( sin 2 x ) ( sin2 2 x ) dx
Eqn (i) – Eqn (ii);
¿ ∫ sin 2 x ( 1−co s 2 2 x ) dx
2B = 4x
B = 2x let u=cos 2 x
−1 du=−2 sin 2 x dx
⟹ sin 3 x sin x= ¿¿¿ −du
2 dx=
−1 2 sin 2 x
∫ sin x sin 3 x dx=∫ 2 ¿ −du
∫ sin 2 x ( 1−u2 ) . 2 sin 2 x
1 1
¿− ∫ cos 4 x dx− ∫ cos 2 x dx −1
2 2
2
∫ ( 1−u 2) du

( )
3
−1 u
u− +C
2 3
1 1 3
¿− u+ u +C
2 6
Integration of odd and even powers of 1 1 3
¿− cos 2 x+¿ cos 2 x +C ¿
trigonometric functions 2 6
−1 1
⟹∫ sin 2 x dx=
3 3
Odd powers of trigonometric functions cos 2 x + cos 2 x +C
2 6

240
 x x x −2du
∫ cos 2 2 si n3 2 dx=∫ u2 sin 2 ( 1−u2 ) x
Example III sin
2
∫ cos5 3 x dx −2∫ ( u2−u 4 ) du
Solution 3 5
2u 2u
∫ cos 3 x dx
5
¿−
3
+
5
+C
∫ cos 3 x cos 4 3 x dx 2cos
3 x

∫ cos 3 x (cos2 3 x )2 dx ¿
3
2 2
+ cos
5
5 x
2
+C ( )
∫ cos 3 x ( 1−sin2 3 x ) dx
2

x 3 x
⟹∫ cos
2
let u=sin 3 x si n dx
du=3 cos 3 x dx 2 2
du
dx=
3 cos 3 x Example V
du
∫ cos 3 x ( 1−u ) . 3 cos 3 x
2 2 ∫ sec x tan3 x dx
Solution
1
3
∫(1−u2 )2 du ∫ t an3 x sec x dx
1 ∫ ta n2 x ¿
3
∫ ( 1−2u2 +u 4 ) du
∫ ( se c 2−1 ) sec x tan x dx
( ) let u=sec x
3 5
1 2u u
u− + +C
3 3 5 du=sec x tan x dx
1 2u u
3 5 du
u− + +C dx=
3 9 15 sec x tan x
du
1 2 3 1 5
¿ sin 3 x− sin 3 x+ sin 3 x +C ∫ ( u 2−1 ) sec x tan x . sec x tan x
3 9 15
∫ ( u 2−1 ) du
Example IV 3
u
−u+C
x x 3
∫ cos 2 2 si n3 2 dx 1
⟹∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x−sec x +C
3 3

Solution 3
x x x x x
∫ cos 2 2 si n3 2 dx ¿ ∫ cos 2 2 sin 2 si n2 2 dx
TAN & SIN SUBSTITUTION
(
∫ cos x2 sin 2x 1−cos2 x2 dx
2
) Show that :

Let u=cos
x
2
(ii) ∫ 1
22 2
a +b x
1
dx= tan−1
ab
bx
a
+C ( )
−1 x
du= sin dx

dx=
2
−2 du
2 (ii) ∫
√ a −b x 2
1
b
1
dx = sin−1
bx
2a
+C
2 ( )
x
sin
2 (iii) ∫ 1
a +x
22
1
dx = tan−1
a
x
a
+C ()
241
 1
(iv) ∫ dx=
√ a −x 22

Solution

1 1
∫ a 2+b 2 x 2 dx=¿∫ a 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
∫ 1
√ a −b x
2 2
1
b2 ( )
dx = sin−1
bx
a
+C

√
2 2
b x
let 2
=tan θ
a
iii)
bx (
=tan θ
a
Solution
b 2
dx=se c θdθ
a
2
a sec θ
dx= dθ
b
2
1 1 a sec θdθ Let
∫ dx =∫ .

( ) a ( 1+ tan θ )
2
2
b x
2 2 2
b
a 1+ 2
a

1 1
¿∫ dθ= θ+C
ab ab

∫ 2
1
2 2
a +b x
1
dx= tan−1
ab
bx
a
+C ( )
1 1
( ii )∫ dx=∫ dx
√a −b
√
2 2 2

( )
x 2
2
b x
2
a 1− 2
a

Let
√ b2 x 2
a
2
=sin θ
(iv)

b
dx=cos θdθ
a
Let
acos θ
dx= dθ
b

242
 2
1 se c θ
∫ 1+tan 2
θ
.
4
dθ

1 1
∫ 4 dθ ¿ 4 θ+C
+C
1 1
∫ 1+16 x 2 dx= 4 ta n−1 ( 4 x ) +C
3
Tan Substitution 2
1
Example c ¿∫ dx
Find the following integrals √3 3+ 4 x 2
2
1 1
a ¿∫ 2
dx , b ¿ ∫ 2
dx Solution
4+x 1+16 x 1
3 Consider∫ 2
dx
2 3+ 4 x
1
c ¿∫ dx 1
3+ 4 x 2 ¿∫ dx
( )
√3 2
2 4x
3 1+
Solution 3

√
1 1
a ¿∫ dx=∫ dx let
4 x2
=tan θ
( )
2
4+x 2
x 3
4 1+
4 2x
¿ =tanθ
let
x
√ x2
4
=tanθ 2
√3
√3
dx=sec θ dx
2

=tan θ
2
dx=
√ 3 sec 2 θdθ
1 2 2
dx=sec θdθ
2
¿∫
1 1 √3 sec2 θ dθ
2 dx= ∫ .
( )
3 ( 1+ tan2 θ )
dx=2 sec θdθ 4x
2 2
1 1 3 1+
3
∫ dx=∫ .2 sec 2 θdθ
( ) 4 ( 1+ tan θ )
2 2
x √3 dθ= √ 3 θ+ c
4 1+ ¿∫
4 6 6
dx = √ tan−1
1 1 1 3 2x
¿ ∫ dθ= θ+C ¿∫ +c
2 2 3+4 x 2
6 √3
∫ 1 2 dx= 12 tan−1 2x +C ()
3

( )|
2 3
4+x ∫ 3+14 x 2 dx=¿ √63 tan−1 2√3x 2
√3
¿
√3 2
1 2
b ¿∫ dx
( 32 ) − √3 tan 2( √23 )
2
1+ 16 x 2
Let√ 16 x 2=tan θ ¿ √ tan−1
3 −1

4 x=tan θ 6 √3 6 √3
() ()
√3 π − √ 3 π
2
4 dx=se c θdθ ¿
2
se c θ 6 3 6 4
dx= dθ
4 ¿
√3 π
72

243
Example II 3 3 2
2x 2x sec θ
Find the integral of the following. ⇒∫ dx=∫ . 3 dθ
( ) 16 ( 1+t an θ ) x
2
x8
x 16 1+
a ¿∫ 4
dx 16
1+ x
3
2x 1 1
b ¿∫ dx ⟹∫ dθ= θ+ c
16+ x
8
8 8
1
c ¿∫ 2 dx
( )
3 4
2 2x 1 −1 x
( x +9 ) ⇒∫ 8
= tan +c .
1 16+ x 8 4
d ¿∫ x √ 4 + x dx
2

1
0
c ¿∫ dx
Solution ( x +9 )
2 2

x
∫ 1+ x 4 dx Solution
let √ x =tanθ ,⇒ x =tan θ .
4 2
1 1
2 xdx=s ec θdθ
2 ∫ 2
=∫ 2
dx
2
( x + 9)
2
( 9+ x 2 )
sec θ
dx= dθ
2x 1
¿∫ dx

( ( ))
2
x x sec θ 2 2
¿∫ 4
dx= ∫ 2
. dθ 9 1+
x
1+ x 1+t an θ 2 x 9
1 1
¿ ∫ dθ= θ+c
2 2 1
¿∫ dx
( )
x 1 −1 2 x2
2
⇒∫ dx= tan ( x )+ c . 2
9 1+
x+ x
4
2 9
3
2x 1
b ¿∫ dx ¿∫ dx
( )
8 2 2
16+ x x
81 1+
9
2 x3
¿∫ dx
16 1+(x8
16 )
let
√ x8
16
=tan θ Let
x
3
=tan θ .

x
4 1 2
=tan θ dx=s ec θdθ .
4 3
2
4x 2
3 dx=3 sec θdθ .
⟹ dx=s ec θdθ .
4 1 1
∫ dx=∫ ¿

( ( ))
2
x
2 2 81 ¿ ¿ ¿
s ec θ 9 1+
dx= dθ
x
3
9

244
 1 1
¿∫ a ¿∫
2
2
.3 sec θdθ dx
2
81 ( sec θ ) x −2 x +5
2

1
1 1 b ¿∫ 2 dx
¿ ∫
27 sec 2 θ
dθ 2 x +4 x+11
1
c ¿∫ 2 dx
1 4 x −8 x+ 7
¿
27
∫ cos 2 θdθ . Solution
1
But cos 2θ = 2cos2θ – 1) ∫ x 2−2 x+5 dx

Note: For the tan substitution to be used the

denominator should not be factorized.
1 1
¿ ∫ ( 1+cos 2 θ ) dθ .
27 2
2
x −2 x+5
By completing squares;
1
¿ ∫ ( 1+cos 2θ ) dθ
( ) ( )
2 2
21 1
54 ¿ x −2 x+ (−2 ) − (−2 ) +5
2 2
¿
1
54
1
[
θ+ sin 2θ +C
2 ] 2
2
¿ x −2 x+1−1+5
¿ x −2 x+1+ 4.
2
1 1 ¿ 4 + x −2 x+1
¿ θ+ .2sin θ cos θ ¿+ C ¿
54 108 ¿ 4 + ( x−1 )
2

1 1 1
¿ ( θ+ sin θ cos θ ) +C ⟹∫ 2 dx =∫ 2
dx
54 x −2 x +5 4+ ( x−1 )
1
tanθ=
x ¿∫ dx
3
4 1+
( x−1 )2
4 ( )
4 Let
x x−1
=tan θ .
2
1 2
dx=sec θdθ
2
3 x 2
dx=2 sec θdθ
⇒ cos θ= , sin θ=
√ x +9 2
√ x2 +9
1 1
∫ dx =∫
2
.2 sec θdθ
( ()
1 1 −1 x x 3
) ( ) 4 ( 1+ tan θ )
2 2
( x−1 )
∫ 2
dx=
54
tan + 2 . 2
3 √ x +9 √x +9 4 1+
( 2
)
x +9 4

( () )
1 −1 x 3x 1
¿
54
tan + 2
3 x +9
+C 2
∫ dθ

Example III
1
θ+C
Find the integral of the following: 2

245
 1 −1 x −1
2
tan
2 ( )
+C c ¿∫ 2
1
4 x −8 x+ 7
dx .
2
4 x −8 x+7.
∫ 1 1
dx = tan−1
x−1
+C ( ) ¿ 4 ( x 2−2 x ) +7
( )
( x−1 ) 2 2 2
4 1+ 4 ( x 2−2 x +1 ) −4 +7.
4 2
¿ 4 ( x−1 ) + 3
1 1
∫ 2
1
x −2 x+5
1
dx= tan−1
2
x−1
2
+C ( ) ∫ 4 x2−8 x +7 dx=∫ 3+ 4 ( x−1 )2 dx
1
1 ¿∫ dx
b ¿∫
( )
2
dx 4 ( x−1 )
2
2 x +4 x+11 3 1+
3
Consider 2 x 2+ 4 x +11
2
2 ( x 2+ 2 x ) +11 Let ( x−1 )=tan θ
√3
By completing squares; 2 2
2(x2 + 2x + 1) – 2 + 11 dx=sec θdθ
√3
2(x + 1)2 + 9
2
dx=
√ 3 sec 2 θ dθ
⇒ 2 ( x +1 ) + 9
2
2
9+2 ( x +1 ) . 1 1 √3 sec θdθ2

1 ∫ dx=∫
∫ 9+2 ( x +1 )2 dx .
( ) 3 ( 1+ tan θ )
4 ( x−1 )
2 2
2
3 1+
3
1 1
∫ 2 x2 + 4 x+ 11 dx =∫ dx .
¿∫
√3 dθ
( )
2
2 ( x +1 ) 6
9 1+
9
¿ √ θ+C .
3
6
Let
√2 ( x+1 )=tan θ
¿
6 (
√3 tan−1 2 ( x−1 ) +C
√3 )
3
√2 dx=sec 2 θdθ
⇒∫ 2
1
4 x −8 x +7
dx= √ tan−1
6
3 2 x−1
√3
+C
( )
3
3 sec 2 θd θ Sine Substitution
dx= Find the following integrals
√2
1
2
a ¿∫ dx
∫ 2 x2 + 41 x+ 11 dx =∫ ( 1 2 ) . 3 sec√2
dθ
√ 9−4 x 2
9 1+ tan θ √3
1
1
∫ 3 √ 2 dθ . b ¿∫ dx
0 √3−x 2
1 1
¿ θ+ C . c ¿∫ dx
3 √2 √ 4−( x−1 ) 2

(
−1 √ 2 ( x +1 )
)
2
1 x
¿ tan +C d ¿∫ dx
3 √2 3 √1−x 2
¿
√2 tan−1 √2 ( x +1 ) +C f ¿∫
4
dx
6 3 √ 16−5 x 2
246
 |
1 √3 √3
g ¿∫ dx 1 x
⇒∫
−1
( 1−9 x 2) √ ( 1−9 x 2 ) 0 √3−x 2
dx=sin
√3 0
Solution

∫
1
dx=∫
1
dx
¿ sin
−1
( √√ 33 )−sin −1 0
√3
√ 9−4 x
√(
2

)
4x 2 π
9 1− ¿ −0
9 2
√3

√
2 1 π
Let 4 x =sin θ ⇒∫ dx=
9 0 √ 3−x 2 2
2x
=sin θ . 1
3 c ¿∫ dx .
2
dx=cos θdθ
√ 4−( x−1 ) 2

3 1
∫ dx .

√(
3 cos θdθ
)
2
dx= ( x−1 )
2 4 1−
4
1 1 3 cos θ
∫ dx=∫ . dθ . x−2

√( √ ( ) 2 let =sinθ .
)
2
4x 2
9 1−sin θ 2
9 1−
9 1
dx=cos θdθ
1 1 2
∫ 2 dθ= 2 θ+C dx=2cos θdθ.
⇒∫
1
√ 9−4 x 2
1
dx= sin−1
2
2x
3
+C ( ) ∫
1
dx .=∫
1
.2 cos θdθ

√( √ 4 ( 1−s ¿ θ ) 2

√3
b ¿∫
1
dx
4 1−
( x−1 )2
4 )
0 √3−x 2
¿ ∫ dθ
Solution = θ+C

Consider ∫
1
dx=∫
1
dx sin−1 ( x−1
2 )
+C .
√3−x
√(
2

3 1−
x2
3 ) ⟹∫
1
dx=sin−1 ( x−1
2 )
+C
x √ 4− ( x −1 ) 2

=sinθ
√3 x
2

1 d ¿∫ dx .
dx=cos θdθ √1−x 2
√3 Let √ x 2=sin θ
dx= √ 3 cos θdθ x=sin θ
1 1
∫ dx =∫ √3 cos θdθ dx=cos θdθ

√ (∫ )√ ( )
2
x 2
3 1−sin θ x
2 2
sin θ
3 1−
3 ∫ dx=¿ ∫ cos θdθ. ¿
√ 1−x 2 √ 1−sin2 θ
¿ dθ=θ+C 1
1 x
∫ sin 2 θdθ=∫ 2 (1−cos 2 θ ) dθ
⟹∫
−1
dx=sin +C
√3−x 2
√3 1
∫ ( 1−cos 2θ ) dθ
2

247
 1
2 [1
θ− sin 2θ +C
2 ] √
4
5
sin−1 ( √ 54 x )+C .
( √54 x )+C
1 1 4 4
¿ θ− sin 2 θ+C ⇒∫ dx= sin−1
2 4
1 1
√ 16−5 x 2
√5
¿ θ− .2 sin θ cos θ+C . 1
2 4 g ¿∫
1 1 ( 1−9 x ) √ 1−9 x 2
2
¿ θ− sin θ cos θ+C
2 4 Solution
sin θ=x 1 1
∫( =∫ dx .
1−9 x ) √ 1−9 x
2 2 3
( 1−9 x ) 2 2

1
¿∫ 3
dx .
1 ( √ 1−9 x 2 )
4
Let √ 9 x 2 =sin θ .
3 x=sin θ
3 dx=cos θdθ .
cos θ
dx= dθ
cos θ=√ 1−x 2 3
cos θdθ
1 1 dx= .
⟹ θ− sin θ cos θ+ C 3
2 2
1 1 cos θdθ
1 −1 1
⟹ sin x− x √ 1−x +C
2 ∫ dx=∫
2 2 ( √ 1−9 x )2 3
( √1−sin θ ) 3
2 3

1 1
¿ ∫
2
x 1 dθ .
⟹∫ dx= ( sin x−x √ 1− x ) +C
−1 2
3 cos2 θ
√1−x 2
2
1
¿ ∫ sec θdθ
2

4 3
f ¿∫ dx . 1
√ 16−5 x 2 ¿ tanθ+ C
4 3
∫ dx sin θ=3 x

√ ( )
2
5x
16 1−
16
( √5 ) dx
=sinθ 1
4
3x 4
√5 x =cos θdθ
4
θ
4 cos θdθ
dx=
√5
4 4 cos θ √ 1−9 x 2
∫ . dθ .
√ 16 ( 1−sin 2
θ ) √ 5
3x
4 ⟹ tan θ=
∫ dθ . √1−9 x 2
√5
4
√5
θ+C .
⟹∫
1
( √1−9 x ) 2 3
dx=
1
3 (√ 3x
1−9 x2 ) +C

248
 x 4x
2
¿ +C b ¿∫ dx
√1−9 x 2
√1−x 6
⟹∫
1
( 1−9 x 2 ) ( √1−9 x 2)
dx=
(√ x
1−9 x 2 ) +C Let √ x 6=sin θ ,
3
⟹ x =sin θ
2
3 x dx=cos θdθ
Example II cos θdθ
Find the following integrals dx= 2
3x
x
a ¿∫ dx 2

√ 4−x 4 ∫ 4 x 6 dx
4x
2 √ 1−x
b ¿∫ dx . 4x
2
cos θ
√1−x 6 ¿∫ . dθ
2+ x √1−sin θ 3 x 2
2

c ¿∫ dx 4
√ 9−x2 ¿ ∫ dθ .
3
Solution 4
¿ θ+C
x 3
a ¿∫ dx 4 −1 3
√ 4−x 2 ¿ sin ( x ) +C .
3
3
x x 4x 4 −1 3
∫ dx=∫ ⟹∫ dx= sin ( x ) +C
√ 4−x
√( √1−x
4 6
3
4 1−
x4
4 ) 2+ x
c ¿∫
√
4
Let x
=sinθ √ 9−x2
4
2 2+ x
x
=sin θ ¿∫ dx
2
√( )
2
x
2x 9 1−
dx=cos θdθ . 9
2 x
cos θ Let =sinθ
dx= dθ 3
x 1
x x cos θdθ dx=cos θdθ .
∫ dx=∫ . 3

√( ) √ 4 ( 1−sin θ ) x
2
x4 dx=3cos θdθ
4 1−
4 2+ x 2+3 sin θ
∫ dx .=∫ .3 cos θdθ .

√∫ ( ) √9 ( 1−sin θ )
2
1 x2
¿ ∫ dθ 9+ 1−
2 9
1
¿ θ+C ( 2+3 sin θ ) dθ . ¿ 2 θ−3 cos θ +C
2
x
( ) But sin θ= .
2
1 −1 x 3
¿ sin +C .
2 2

( )
2
∫ x 4 dx= 12 sin−1 x2 +C
√ 4−x

249
 x+1
=sin θ .
2
1
3 dx=cos θdθ .
4 2
dx=2cos θdθ.
1 1
∫ dx=∫ 2 cos θdθ

√( 4 1−
( x+ 1 )2
4 ) √ 4 ( 1−sin2 θ )

cos θ= √
9−x 2 ¿ θ+C .
3

¿ 2 sin−1 () ( x
3
−3 √9−x 2
3 ) +C ∫ 1
√ 3+2 x−x 2
dx=sin−1 ( x +12 )+C
⟹∫
2+ x
√9−x 2
dx=2 sin−1
x
3
− √ 9−x 2+ C () b ¿∫
1
√12+ 4 x−x 2
Find the following integrals
12+4 x−x 2=12−( x 2−4 x )
1
a ¿∫ dx
√3−2 x−x 2 ¿ 12−( x 2−4 x +4 )−−4
1 2
b ¿∫ dx ¿ 16−( x−2 )
√12+ 4 x + x 2

1 1
1 ⟹∫ dx=∫ dx
c ¿∫ dx
√−2 x +12 x−9
2 √12+4 x−x 2
√16−( x−2 ) 2

1 1
d ¿∫ dx ¿∫ dx
√1+8 x−4 x
√
2

( )
2
( x−2 )
x +3 16 1−
f ¿∫ dx 16
√ 7−6 x−x 2

3−7 x x−2
g ¿∫ dx . Let =sin θ .
2 4
4 x−x
1
dx=cos θdθ
Solution 4
1 dx=4 cos θdθ
a ¿∫ dx . 1 1
√3−2 x−x 2 ∫ dx=∫ 4 cos θdθ

√ √16 ( 1−sin θ ) 2

( )
2
Consider 3−2 x−x 2
( x−2 )
16 1−
3−( x +2 x )
2 16
By completing squares; ¿ ∫ dθ
3−( x +2 x +1 )−−1
2
¿ θ+C

( x−2
4 )
2
4− ( x +1 ) −1
¿ sin
1 1
⟹∫ dx=∫ dx
√3−2 x−x √ 4− ( x +1 )2
( )
2
1 x−2
⟹∫ dx=sin−1 +C
¿∫
1
dx . √12+4 x−x 2 4

4 1−
( x +1 )2
4 √( )
250
 1 1 1
c ¿∫ dx . ∫ dx=∫ dx .
√−2 x +12 x−9
2
√ 1+ 8 x−4 x 2
√5−4 ( x−1 ) 2

-2x2 + 12x – 9 = -2(x2 – 6x) – 9 1

¿∫ dx

√(
By completing squares;
)
2
-2(x2 – 6x + 9) – -18 – 9
4 ( x−1 )
5 1−
-2(x – 3)2 + 9 5
9 – 2(x – 3)2 2 ( x−1 )
Let =sinθ
⟹∫
1
dx=∫
1 √5
√−2 x +12 x−9
2
√ 9−2 ( x−3 ) 2
2
dx=cos θdθ.
1 √5
¿∫ dx

√(
√ 5 ( cos θ ) dθ
)
2
2 ( x −3 ) dx=
9 1− 2
9
1 1 √ 5 cos θdθ
1 ∫ dx =∫

√(
¿ ∫ dx √ 5 ( 1−sin θ ) 2
)
2

√(
2
4 ( x−1 )
)
2
2 ( x −3 ) 5 1−
9 1− 5
9
1 1
Let
√2 ( x−3 ) =sin θ ∫ 2 dθ= 2 θ+C
3
√2 dx=cos θdθ
3
⟹∫
√1+8 x−4 x
1 1 −1 2 ( x−1 )
dx= sin
2 √5
2
+C ( )
3 cos θ 1 −1 2 √ 5 ( x−1 )
dx= dθ ¿ sin +C .
√2 2 5
x +3
1 1 3 cos θ f ¿∫ dx .
∫ dx=∫ dθ
√ 7−6 x−x 2
√( √ ( )2
√ 2
)
2 ( x−3 )
2 9 1−sin θ
9 1−
9 7−6 x−x 2=7−( x 2+ 6 x )
1 ¿ 7−( x 2+ 6 x + 9 )−−9
¿∫ dθ 2
√2 ¿ 16−( x+3 )
x+3 x+3
¿ √ θ+C .
2 ∫ dx=∫ dx .
2 √ 7−6 x −x 2
√ 16− ( x+ 3 )
2

¿ (
√2 sin−1 √ 2 ( x−3 ) +C
) ¿∫
x+3
dx

√ ( )
2 3 ( x+ 3 ) 2
16 1−
16
⟹∫
√−2 x +12 x−9
2
1√ 2 −1
dx= sin
2 ( 3 )
√ 2 ( x −3 ) +C
Let
x+ 3
4
=sin θ .

1 x = 4 sinθ – 3
d ¿∫ dx dx=4 cos θdθ
√1+8 x−4 x 2 x +3 (4 sin θ−3)+3
1+8 x−4 x 2=1−4 ( x 2−2 x ) . ∫ dx=∫ .4 cos θdθ

√ ( ) √ ( )
2
( x +3 )
2
16 1−sin θ
¿ 1−4 ( x −2 x ) .2
16 1−
16
¿ 1−4 ( x 2−2 x+ 1 )−−4
2 ¿ ∫ 4 sin θdθ
¿ 5−4 ( x−1 )
¿−4 cos θ+C .

251
 x+ 3 1
But sin θ= b ¿∫ dx
4 x √ x 2−9
1
∫ dx

x+3
4
x 9
√(
x2
9
−1 )
x
√ x2
9
=secθ .

=sec θ .
3

cos θ=
√16−( x +3 ) 2
.
1
dx=sec θ tan θ dθ .
4 3
dx=3 sec θ tan θdθ
( √16−( x+ 3 )
)
2
x +3
⟹∫ dx=−4 +C 1 1
√7−6 x−x 2 ∫ dx=∫ 3 sec θ tan θdθ

√(
4
3 sec θ √ 9 ( sec θ−1 )
)
2
x2
¿−√ 16−( x +3 ) +C x 9 −1
2
9
¿−√ 7−6 x−x +C
2
1 1
∫ 3 dθ= 3 θ+ C
Sec Substitution
Note: When we are integrating integrand in the form.
K
1
¿ sec−1
3
x
3
+C ()
, we use the sec substitution. 2
dx
√a 2 2
x −b 2
c ¿∫ dx .
1 x√5 x 2−1
2

Example Let ( √ 5 x )=sec θ .

2

Find the following integrals.

x √ 5=sec θ
1
a ¿∫ dx √ 5 dx=secθ tan θdθ
x √ x 2−1 sec θ tan θ
1 dx= dθ
b ¿∫ dx . √5
x √ x 2−9 1 sec θ tan θ
2
dx
∫ sec θ .
√ 5
dθ
c ¿∫ dx √ sec θ−1
2

1 x
2
√5 x 2−1 5
5 sec θ tan θ
Solution ∫ sec 2 θ tanθ ( 5 ) dθ .
1 √
∫ dx .
x √ x 2−1 5
∫
1
dθ
let √ x 2=sec θ . √5 sec θ
5
x=secθ .
√5
∫ cos θdθ .
dx=sec θ tan θdθ .
1 sec θ tan θ 5
( sin θ ) +C
∫ 2 dx=∫ dθ √5
x √ x −1 sec θ √ sec 2 θ−1
¿ θ+C But sec θ= ( √ 5 ) x
−1 1
¿ sec ( x ) +C =√ 5 x .
cos θ
1
⟹∫
−1
dx=sec ( x ) +C 1
x √ x −1
2 cos θ=
( √5 ) x

252
 Partial Fractions
Content:
 Revision of addition and subtraction of rational
expressions.
 Expressing rational expressions as a sum of it’s partial
1 fractions
 Rational expression where the denominator has a
5
√5
sin θ+C=
5
√5 (√ )√ 5 x 2−1
5−x
+C quadratic term (quadratic factor) which is not
factorisable

¿ √ 5 x 2−1
+C
 Rational expression where the denominator has
x repeated factors.
 Dealing with improper functions.
[ ]
2
2

∫ dx
= √5 x 2−1
x √ 5 x −1 x
2
1 1 Partial Fractions
√20−1 −2 It is a process of expressing a rational expression into
¿ simpler rational expression that we can add or subtract to
2
get the original rational expression. Given a rational
¿ √ −2
19
expression where the numerators are polynomials.
2
If the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator the fraction is said to be a proper fractional.
If the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to degree
of the denominator, the fraction is said to be improper.

Consider
2 ( 2 x +1 )−( x−3 )
¿
( x−3 )( 2 x +1 )
4 x +2−x +3
¿
( 3−x ) ( 2 x +1 )
3 x +5
¿
( x−3 ) ( 2 x +1 )
3 x +5 2 1
⟹ = −
( x−3 )( 2 x +1 ) x−3 2 x+ 1

can be expressed as a single fraction

The process of getting back to from

is called expressing as a
partial fraction.

253
 Methods of Partial Fractions
Example III
1. Denominator with only linear factors
Example 1
3x Express as partial fraction.
Express as a partial fraction Solution
( x−1 )( x +2 )
x −1
Solution 2
3x A B 3 x −11 x +10
= + 2
Consider 3 x −11 x+ 10
( x−1 )( x +2 ) x−1 x +2
2
A ( x +2 ) + B ( x−1 ) 3 x −6 x−5 x+ 10
⟹ 3 x ( x−2 )−5 ( x−2 )
( x−1 )( x +2 )
A ( x +2 ) +B ( x−1 )=3 x ( 3 x−5 ) ( x−2 )
If x¿−2 x−1 A B
= +
−3 B=−6 ( 3 x −5 ) ( x−2 ) 3 x−5 x −2
B=2 A ( x−2 ) + B ( 3 x −5 )=x−1
If x = 1, If x = 2,
3A = 3 ⇒ A=1 B(1) = 1 B=1
3x 1 2 5
⟹ = + If x= ,
( x−1 )( x +2 ) x −1 x+ 2 3

Example 2
A ( )
−1 2
3
=
3
− A=2
Express as a partial fraction. A=−2
Solution: x−1 −2 1
⟹ = +
3x A B
2
3 x −11 x +10 3 x −5 x−2
= +
( x−3 ) ( 2 x +1 ) x−3 2 x+ 1
Example IV
3 x +5 A ( 2 x +1 ) + B ( x−3 )
=
( x−3 ) ( 2 x +1 ) ( x −3 ) ( 2 x +1 )
3 x+ 5= A ( 2 x+1 )+ B ( x−3 ) Express as partial fraction.
−1 Solution
If x=
2
3( )−1
2
+5=B ( −1
2
−3 ) 2
3 x −21 x +24
=¿
−3 −7 ( x+1 )( x−2 ) ( x−3 )
+5= B
2 2
7 −7
= B
2 2 A(x – 2)(x – 3) + B(x + 1)(x – 3) + C(x + 1)(x – 2)
B = -1 = 3x2 – 21x + 24
If x = 3, If x = 2, B ( 3 )(−1 )=12−42+ 24
3(3) + 5 = A(2 × 3+1)+0 −3 B=−6
14 = 7A
B=2
A=2
If x = 3, C ( 4 ) ( 1 )=3 (3¿¿ 2)−21× 3+24 ¿
3 x +5 2 1
⟹ = − 4 C=−12
( x−3 )( 2 x +1 ) x−3 2 x+ 1
C=−3

254
If x=−1, A (−3 ) (−4 )=3+ 21+ 24
12A = 48 A=4 Express as a partial fraction
2
3 x −21 x +24 4 2 3 Solution
= + −
( x+1 )( x−2 ) ( x−3 ) x+1 x−2 x−3 x−9 x−9
=
x ( x +2 x −3 )
2
x ( x +3 ) ( x−1 )
Example V

Express as a partial fraction

Solution A ( x +3 ) ( x−1 )+ Bx ( x −1 )+ Cx ( x+3 )=x−9
32 32 32 If x=−3
= = B (−3 ) (−4 )=−12
x −16 x x ( x −16 ) ( +4 ) ( x−4 )
3 2
x x
32 A B C 12 B=−12 , B=−1
= + + If x=0 , −3 A=−9 , A=3
x ( x +4 ) ( x −4 ) x x+ 4 x−4
If x = 1, 4C = -8
A ( x−4 ) ( x+ 4 )+ Bx ( x−4 )+ Cx ( x+ 4 )=32
C=−2
If x¿ 4 ,
x−9 3 −1 −2
32 C=32, C = 1 ⟹ = + +
x +2 x −3 x x x−3 x−1
3 2
If x=−4 ,
3 1 2
32 B=32 B=1 ¿ − −
x x−3 x−1
If x = 0,
-16A = 32 A = -2
Denominator with quadratic factor not factorisable
32 −2 1 1
= + +
3
x −16 x x x + 4 x−4 Example I

Example VI
Express in partial fractions
Solution
Express in partial fractions. 2
3 x −2 x +5 A Bx+C
= + 2
Solution ( x−1 ) ( x +5 ) x−1 x +5
2

A ( x 2 +5 ) + ( Bx+C ) ( x −1 )=3 x 2−2 x +5

If x=1 ,
6 A=6 , A=1
2 2 2
A x + 5 A+ B x −Bx+Cx−C=3 x −2 x +5
A ( 4 + x )( 4−x )+ B ( 3+ x ) ( 4−x ) +¿ ( A+ B ) x 2+ (C−B ) x+ 5 A−C=3 x 2−2 x+5
C ( 3+ x ) ( 4 + x )=68+11 x A+ B=3; But A = 1
If x = 4, 56C = 68 + 44 1+ B=3
56C = 112 C=2 B=2
If x = -4, -8B = 68 – 44 C−B=−2
-8B = 24 B = -3 C−2=−2
If x=−3 , A ( 1 ) (7 )=68−33 C=0
7 A=35 , A=5
2
68+11 x 5 3 2 3 x −2 x +5 1 2x
= − + = + 2
( 3+ x ) (4 + x)(4−x) 3+ x 4+ x 4−x ( x−1 ) ( x +5 ) x−1 x +5
2

Example VII Example II

255
 9
B+C=−3 ,− + C=−3
4
Express in partial fractions
Solution
9
C=−3+
11 x A Bx+ C 4
= + 2 −3
( 2 x−3 ) ( 2 x +1 ) 2 x−3 2 x +1
2
C=
4
A ( 2 x 2+1 ) +(2 x−3) ( Bx+C )=11 x −9 x −3
+
If , (
A 2× +1 =
9
4 ) 33
2
6−3 x
2
=
9
( x+1 ) ( x +3 ) 4 ( x +1 )
+
4
2
x +3
4

A( )
11 33
2
= , A=3
2 ¿
9
−
3 ( 3 x +1 )
2 2
2 A x + A+ 2 B x −3 Bx+ 2Cx−3 C=11 x 4 ( x +1 ) 4 ( x 2 +3 )
( 2 A +2 B ) x 2 + ( 2C−3 B ) x+ A−3 c=11 x
Example IV
Equating the corresponding co-efficients
2 A +2 B=0; But A = 3
Express in partial fractions
2 ( 3 ) +2 B=0
Solution
B=−3
1
2 C−3 B=11 4 2
x +5 x +6
2 C−3 (−3 )=11 4 2
x +5 x + 6=¿
2 C+ 9=11
Let y=x 2
2 C=2 ,C=1 2
A−3C=0 y +5 y +6
A=3C = ( y +2 ) ( y +3 )
A=3 1 1
= 2
x +5 x +6 ( x +2 ) ( x 2+ 3 )
4 2
11 x 3 −3 x +1
⟹ = +
( 2 x−3 ) ( 2 x +1 )
2 2 x−3 2
2 x +1 1 Ax+ B Cx+ D
= 2 +
( x +2 ) ( x +3 ) x +2 x 2+ 3
2 2

Example III ( Ax+ B ) ( x 2+3 ) + ( Cx+ D ) ( x 2 +2 )=1

3 2 3 2
A x + 3 Ax+ B x +3 B+C x +2 Cx+ D x +2 D=1
Express in partial fraction ( A+C ) x3 + ( B+ D ) x 2+ (3 A+ 2C ) x +3 B+2 D=1
Solution A + C = 0 ……………………………..(i)
6−3 x A Bx +C B + D = 0……………………………..(ii)
= +
( x+1 ) ( x +3 ) x+1 x2 +3
2
3A + 2C = 0 ………………………… (iii)
A ( x 2 +3 ) + ( Bx+C ) ( x +1 ) =6−3 x 3B + 2D = 1 …………………………. (iv)
If x=−1 , 4 A=9 From Eqn (i), A = -C
9 Substitute in Eqn (iii)
A= −3 C+ 2C=0 , C=0
4
2 2 From Eqn (ii), B = -D
A x + 3 A+ B x +Bx +Cx+C=6−3 x
Substitute in Eqn (iv);
(A + B)x2 + (B – C)x + 3A + C = 6 – 3x
3 (−D ) +2 D=1
A+ B=0
9 −D=1 , ⇒ D=−1
+ B=0 ∴ B=1
4
−9 1 1 1
B= ⟹ 4 2
= 2 − 2
4 x + 5 x +6 x + 2 x +3

256
Example IV 177
−7=4 C
23
Express in partial fraction
Solution
−177 x 4
+
13 x +7 59 23 23
= +
( x−4 ) ( 3 x +2 x+3 ) 23 (x−4 ) 3 x +2 x +3
2 2

Consider
a 3−b3 =( a−b ) ( a2 + ab+b2 ) 59 (177 x−4)
¿ −
⟹ x 3−13=( x−1 ) ( x 2+ x+1 ) 23(x−4) 23 (3 x2 +2 x+ 3)
2 x +1 A Bx +C
= + 2 Example VI
x −1 x−1 x + x +1
3

A ( x + x+1 )+ ( Bx +C )( x−1 ) =2 x +1
2

If x=1 , 3 A=3 , A=1 Express in partial fractions

2 2 Solution
A x + Ax + A + B x −Bx+ Cx−C=2 x +1
5x Ax+ B C
Equating coefficients of the same monomial; = +
A+ B=0; But A = 1 ( x + x +1 ) ( x−2 )
2 2
x + x +1 x−2
1+B=0 B = -1 ( Ax+ B ) ( x−2 ) +C ( x 2 + x+ 1 )=5 x .
A–B+C=2 If x = 2, C ( 4+2+1 ) =10
1 – –1 + C = 2 C=0 7 C=10
2 x +1 1 x 10
= − 2 C=
x −1 x−1 x + x+ 1
3
7
2 2
A x −2 Ax +Bx−2 B+C x +Cx+C=5 x
Example V A + C = 0 ……………………………. (i)
(C – 2A + B) = 5 …………………….. (ii)
Express in partial fractions C – 2B = 0 …………………………… (iii)
Solution A=−C
13 x +7 A Bx+ C −10
= + 2 ⇒ A=
( x−4 ) ( 3 x +2 x+3 ) x−4 3 x +2 x+ 3
2 7
From Eqn (iii); C = 2B
A ( 3 x 2+ 2 x +3 ) + ( Bx+ C ) ( x−4 )=13 x +7
10
If x = 4, A ( 12+8+3 )=59 =2 B .
7
A ( 23 ) =59 5
59 B= .
A= 7
23 −10 5 10
3Ax2 + 2Ax + 3A + Bx2 – 4Bx + Cx – 4C = 13x + 7 x+
5x 7 7 7
3A + B = 0 ⇒ 2 = 2 +
( x + x+1 ) ( x−2 ) x + x+1 x −2
B = -3A

B=−3 ( 5923 )= −177

23
3 A−4 C=7

177 Denominator with Repeated Factors

−4 C=7 Express the following in partial fractions.
23
Example (Hints)

257
 2
Express the following in partial fractions x−3−2 x 2 3 4
⇒ = + 2−
1 2
x ( x−1 ) x x x −1
a¿
( x+ 2 )( x−3 )3 ( x +5 )2
Example ІІ
1 1
b¿ 2
c¿ 4 2
x ( x +5 ) ( x +9 ) ( x +1 ) Express in partial fractions
Solution
1
d¿ Solution x+4 A B C
( x +3 ) ( x +1 )3
2 = + +
( x+1 )( x−2 ) 2
x+1 x −2 ( x−2 )2
A(x – 2)2 + B(x – 2)(x + 1) + C(x + 1) = x + 4
(a) If ¿ 2 , C ( 3 )=6
C=2
If x=−1 , 9 A=3
1
A=
(b) 3
If x=0 , 4 A±2 B+C=4
4
(c) −2 B+2=4
3
4
2 B= +2−4
3
4 2
2 B= −
(d) 3 1
−2
2 B=
3
The above hint will help us to express rational expressions
−1
with denominators of repeated factors into partial B=
3.
functions

Example I

Example III
Express in partial fractions
Solution
x−3−2 x A B
2
C Express in partial fraction.
2
= + 2+ Solution
x ( x−1 ) x x x−1
4 x +3 A B
2
Ax ( x−1 ) + B ( x −1 )+ C x =x−3−2 x
2
= +
( x−1 ) x−1 ( x −1 )2
2
If x=1, C ¿ 1−3−2
C¿−4. ⇒ A ( x−1 ) + B=4 x +3
If x = 0, -B = -3 B = 3 If x=1, B=7
If x = 2, 2A + B + 4C = 2 – 3 – 8 If x=0 , − A+ B=3
2 A +3−16=−9 − A+7 = 3
2 A−13=−9 − A=−4
2 A=−9+13 A=4
2 A=4 4 x+3 4 7
⇒ = + .
A=2 ( x−1 ) x−1 ( x−1 )2
2

258
Example IV 24−5−9
2 A=
9
Express in partial fractions
10
2 A=
Solution 9
5
A= .
9
2 2
A ( x +3 ) +B ( x +3 ) ( 2 x −1 )+ C ( 2 x−1 )=10+6 x−3 x
1
If x= , A
2 ( )
49
4 ()
=10+ 3−3
1
4
Example VI
A ( )=13−
49 3
4 4

A ( )=
49 49 Express in partial fractions.
4 4 Solution
A=1
If x = -3, −7 C=10−18−27
−7 C=−35 A B C
C=5. ¿ + +
x−4 ( x−4 ) 2 x−3
2

If x = 0, 9 A−3 B−C=10
A(2x–3)(x – 4) + B(2x – 3) + C(x – 4)2 = 5x2 –6x–21
9−3 B−5=10
If x = 4, B(5) = 80 – 24 – 21
−3 B=6 5 B=35
B=−2. B=7
3
If x= , C
2 ( ) ()
25
4
=5
9
4
−9−21

25 45
Example V C= −30
4 4

Express in partial fraction.

Solution If x = 0, 12A – 3B + 16C = -21
3 x+ 1 A B C 12 A−21−48=−21
= + +
( x−1 ) ( x +2 ) x−1 ( x−1 ) ( x +2 )
2 2
12 A=−21+69
A(x – 1)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x – 1)2 = 3x + 1 12 A=48
If x = 1, 3B = 4
A=4
4
B=
3
If x = -2, 9C = -6 + 1
−5 Improper Fractions
C=
9 So far we have only dealt with proper fractions for which
If x = 0, -2A + 2B + C = 1 the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

( 83 )−( 59 )=1.
We can now look at how to deal with improper fractions
−2 A + where the degree of the numerator is greater or equal to
the degree of the denominator.
2 A=( )−( )−1
8 5
3 9 Examples of improper fraction are:

259
 2
3 2 3
x −3 x + x −3 2 x −x−1
3 2
Example I 2 x −6 x +2 x−6
2
6 x −3 x+ 5
Express in partial fractions.
Solution
3 3
4 x +10 x+ 4 4 x +10 x +4
=
x ( 2 x+ 1 ) 2
2x +x 2
6 x −3 x +5 A Bx +C
= + 2
2 x−1 ( x−3 ) ( x +1 ) x−3 x +1
2

2 3
A(x2 + 1) + (Bx + C)(x – 3) = 6x2 – 3x + 5 ………. (i)
2 x +x 4 x +10 x +4 If x = 3, 10A = 54 – 9 + 5
3 2
4 x +2 x 10A = 50
2
A=5
−2 x +10 x +4 From Eqn (i);
2
−2 x −x Ax2 + A + Bx2 – 3Bx + Cx – 3C = 6x2 – 3x + 5
11 x +4 ⇒ A+ B=6
3
5+ B=6
4 x +10 x +4 ( 11 x +4 B=1
⇒ = 2 x −1 )+
x ( 2 x +1 ) x ( 2 x +1 ) C−3 B=−3
C−3=−3
11 x+ 4 A B
= + C=0.
x ( 2 x+1 ) x 2 x +1 3
A ( 2 x+1 )+ Bx=11 x+ 4. 2 x −x−1 5 x
⇒ =2+ + 2
If x = 0, A = 4 ( x−3 ) ( x + 1 )
2
x−3 x +1
−1 −11 Example III
B= +4
If , 2 2
−1 −3
B= Express in partial fraction
2 2
B=3 Solution
3 3
2
4 x +10 x+ 4 ( 4 3 x −3 x −3
⇒ = 2 x−1 )+ + = 3
( x−2 ) ( x +1 ) x −2 x + x−2
2 2
x ( 2 x +1 ) x 2 x +1
1
Example II 3 2 3
x −2 x + x−2 x −3
3 2
x −2 x + x−¿2
Express in partial fraction 2
Solution 2 x −x−1
3 2
x −3 2 x −x−1
⇒ 3 2
=1+ 3 2
x −2 x + x−2 x −2 x + x−2
Consider (x – 3)(x2 + 1)
3 2
¿ x + x−3 x −3.

260
 2
2 x −x−1 −2 B=−1−3
¿ 1+
( x−2 ) ( x 2 +1 ) −2 B=−4
B=2

But
A ( x 2 +1 ) + ( Bx +C )( x−2 )=2 x2−x −1
If x = 2, 5A = 8 – 2 – 1 A=1 Example V
2 2 2
A x + A +B x −2 Bx+Cx−2 C=2 x −x−1
A+ B=2
Express in partial fractions
1+ B=2
Solution
B=1 3 2 3 2
2 x +7 x + 2 x−10 2 x +7 x +2 x−10
−2 B+ C=−1 =
( x +3 ) ( 2 x−1 ) 2
2 x + 5 x −3
−2+C=−1
C=1.
2
2 x −x −1 1 x+ 1 2x3 + 7x2 + 2x – 10
⇒ = + 2 2x3 + 5x2 – 3x
( x−1 ) ( x +1 ) x−2 x +1
2

3
2x2 + 5x – 10
x −3 1 x +1 2x2 + 5x - 3
⇒ =1+ + 2 2x2 + 5x – 3
( x−2 ) ( x +1 )
2
x−2 x +1 2x2– +
7 5x - 3
2x2 + 5x
Example IV
-3

Express in partial fractions 7 A B

Solution But = +
( x+3 )( 2 x−1 ) x+3 2 x−1
4 4
x +3 x−1 x +3 x−1 A ( 2 x−1 ) +B ( x +3 ) =7
2
= 3
( x+2 )( x−1 ) x −3 x+2 If x = -3, −7 A=7
x A=−1
3
x −3 x+ 2
4
4
x +3 x−1
2
If x= , B
1
2() 7
2
=7
x −3 x +2 x B=2
3 2
2
3 x + x −1 2 x +7 x +2 x −10
⇒
4 2 ( x+3 )( 2 x−1 )
x +3 x−1 3 x + x −1
=x+
3
x −3 x+ 2
3 x + x−1
2
( x +2 ) ( x −1 )2
A B C
¿ x +1− (−1
+
2
x +3 2 x−1 )
2
= + + 1 2
( x+2 )( x−1 ) x+2 x−1 ( x−1 )2 ¿ x +1+ −
A(x – 1)2 + B(x – 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2) = 3x2 + x – 1 x +3 2 x −1
If x = 1, C ( 3 )=3+1−1 Example VI
C=1
If x = -2, 9 A=12−2−1
Express in partial fractions.
9 A=9 Solution
A=1
If x = 0, A−2 B+2 C=−1
1−2 B+2=−1

261
 Example 1
3 x+1
∫ ( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) dx .

Consider
A ( 2 x+1 )+ B ( x−1 )=3 x +1
If x = 1, 3A = 4
4
A=
3

13 x +12
=
A
( x+ 4 )( x−1 ) x+ 4 x−1
+
B If x=
−1
2
, B
−3 −1
2
= ( )
2
1
A ( x−1 ) + B ( x+ 4 ) =13 x −12. B=
3

If x = 1, 5B = 1 3 x +1 4 1
⇒ = +
If x = -4, -5A = -13 × 4 −12 ( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) 3 ( x −1 ) 3 ( 2 x +1 )
−64
A= 3 x +1 4 1
5 ⇒∫ dx =∫ + dx
( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) 3 ( x−1 ) 3 ( 2 x+ 1 )

4 1 1 1
∫
3 x−1
dx + ∫
3 2 x +1
dx .
Integration of Partial Fraction
In this section, we are going to look at how we can
integrate some algebraic fraction. We will be using partial
4
¿ ln ( x−1 ) +
3
1 1
3 2( )
ln ( 2 x +1 ) +C
fractions to express the integrand as a sum of simpler
fractions which can be integrated separately. We will also 4 1
¿ ln ( x−1 ) + ln (2 x +1 ) +C
need to call upon wide variety of other techniques 3 6
including completing squares, integration by substitution,
integration using stands results and so on. In order to Example II
understand the integration of partial fractions, it’s vital
3 x +1
that we undertake a plenty of practice exercise so that they ∫( dx .
become second nature. x−1 ) ( x 2+1 )

Note: It’s important to recognize certain standard integrals Solution

and method here. Consider,
3 x +1 A Bx+C
f 1 (x ) = + 2
( 1 ) theuse of ∫ dx=ln f ( x ) +C ( x−1 ) ( x +1 ) x−1 x +1
2

f (x)
x 1 A ( x 2 +1 ) + ( Bx +C )( x−1 )=3 x+1
( 2 )∫ 2 dx= ln ( 2 x 2 +3 ) +C If x = 1, 2A = 4
2 x +3 4
A=2
2 2
(3) Splitting up the expression A x + A +B x −Bx+Cx−C=3 x +1
2 x+1 2x 1 A+ B=0
∫ x 2 +1 dx=∫ x 2 + x 2 +1 dx 2+ B=0
¿ ln ( x 2 +1 ) + tan−1 x +C B=−2.
C−B=3.

262
 C+ 2=3
c=1
¿ 4 +ln ( 79 )−ln 3
3 x +1 2 −2 x +1
¿ 4 +ln ( )
⇒ = + 3
( x−1 ) ( x 2+1 ) x−1 x 2+1 7
3 x +1 2 −2 x+ 1 = 3.1527
∫ ( ) ( 2 ) dx=∫ x−1 + x2 +1 dx
x−1 x +1
Example IV
2 −2 x 1
¿∫ dx +∫ 2 dx+∫ 2 dx 2
1+ x
x −1 x +1 x +1 ∫ dx .
x ( x 2 +1 )
2
2 ln ( x−1 )−ln ( x +1 ) + tan x+ C
2 −1 1

Solution
( x−1 )2
ln 2 + tan−1 ( x )+C 1+ x A B ( Cx+ D )
x +1 = + +
x ( x + 1)
2 2 x x 2 x 2 +1
Example III A(x)(x + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)x2 = 1 + x
2

If x = 0, B = 1
4 3 2 3 2
36 A x + Ax +B x + B+C x + D x =1+ x
∫( 2
dx .
2 x−1 ) ( x +5 ) ⇒ A+ C=0 … … … . (1 )
B+ D=0 … … … … .. ( 2 )
Consider:
A=1 … … … … … … … . (3 )
B=1 … … … … … … … ( 4 )
From Eqn (2)
A(x – 1)(x + 5) + B(x + 5) + C(x – 1)2 = 36
B+ D=0
If x = 1, 6 B=36
1+ D=0.
B=6
D=−1.
If x = -5, 36 C=36
A+C=0
C=1
⇒ 1+C=0
If x = 0, −5 A +5 B+C=36
c=−1
−5 A +30+1=36
−5 A=5 1+ x 1 1 − ( x +1 )
⇒ 2 2 = + 2+ 2
A=−1 x ( x +1 ) x x x +1
2 2
1+ x 1 1 ( x +1 )
⇒∫ dx =∫ + 2 − 2 dx
1 x ( x +1 )
2 2
1 x x x +1
4 2 2 2 2

∫ ( 36 2
dx ∫ 1x dx +∫ x12 dx−∫ x 2x+1 −∫ x 21+1
2 x−1 ) ( x +5 ) 1 1 1 1
4
¿∫
2
( −1
+
6
2
+
x−1 ( x −1 ) x+5
1
dx
)
( −12 )− (−1)
( ln 2−ln 1 )+

−( ln 5− ln2 )−( tan 2−tan

1 1 −1 −1
1)
2 2
¿ [ −ln ( 3 )+ ln 1 ] − ( 63 −6)+(ln 9−ln 7) ln 2+ + (ln )−( tan 2−tan
1 1 2 −1 −1
1)
2 2 5
−ln 3+ 4+ ln
9
7 () Example V

263
 3
∫ x 2x−4 dx . 12x2 – 30x – 9
2x2 – x – 1 24x4 – 72x3
Solution
24x4 – 12x3 – 12x2
-60x3 + 12x2
Consider -60x3 + 30x2 + 30x

-18x2 - 30x
-18x2 + 9x + 9
-39x – 9

4x 4x
But =
x −4 ( x +2 ) ( x−2 ) But
2

A B A ( 2 x+1 )+ B ( x−1 )=39 x +9.

+
x+2 x−2 If x = 1, 3 A=48
A ( x−2 ) + B ( x+2 )=4 x A=16.
If x = 2, 4B = 8
B=2 If ,
If x = -2, -4A = -8 B=7
A=2
3
x 2 2
=x+ +
2
x −4 x +2 x−2
5
3
24 x 3 ( x−3 )
∫ x 2x−4 dx =∫ xdx+∫ x 2+2 dx +∫ x−2
2
dx ∫ ( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) dx
4
3 2
∫ x 2x−4 dx = x2 +2 ln ( x +2 ) +2 ln ( x−2 ) +C
= 500 – 375 – 45) – (256 – 240 – 36) + (16ln4 – 16ln3)

( )
3 2 2
x x x+ 2
⇒∫ 2 dx= + ln +C +7
( ln11−ln9 )
x −4 2 x−2 2
Example VI = 100 + 23ln3 - ln(11) – 32 ln(2)
5 3
24 x ( x−3 )
∫ ( x−1 ) ( 2 x +1 ) dx Example VII
4 6x
Solution ∫ ( x−2 ) ( x+ 4 )2 dx .
3
24 x ( x−3 ) 24 x 4−72 x 3 Solution
=
( x−1 )( 2 x +1 ) 2 x 2−x−1 Consider.
6x A B C
= + +
( x−2 ) ( x + 4 ) 2
x−2 ( x +4 ) ( x +4 )2
2
A ( x +4 ) + B ( x−2 ) ( x+ 4 ) +C ( x−2 )=6 x
If x=2, 36 A=12
36 A=12

264
 1 A+C + D=0 … … … … … … … .. (1 )
A=
3 B−C + D=1 … … … … … … … … (2 )
If x=−4, C (−6 )=−24 − A+C + D=0 … … … … . … … . ( 3 )
C=4 D−C−B=0 … … … … … … … … ( 4 )
If x=0 , 16 A−8 B−2C=0 Eqn( 1 )−Eqn ( 3 )
2 A=0 A=0
16 ( 13 )−8 B−8=0 Eqn ( 2 )−Eqn ( 4 )

16
8 B=8− 2B = 1
3
From Eqn (2).
8 B−C + D=1
8 B=
3 1 1
−C+ =1
1 2 4
B=
3 3
−C=1
6x 4
⇒
( x−1 ) ( x+ 4 )2 −1
C=
1 1 4 4
¿ + + 2
3 ( x−2 ) 3 ( x+ 4 ) ( x+ 4 )2 x 1 1 1
⇒ = − +
x −1 2 ( x +1 ) 4 ( x+1 ) 4 ( x−1 )
4 2
6x
⇒∫ dx 2
( x−2 ) ( x+ 4 ) x
⇒∫ 4
dx
1 1 1 1 1 x −1
¿ ∫
3 x −2
dx + ∫
3 x+ 4
dx+ 4 ∫
( x+ 4 )2
dx 1 1 1
¿∫ − + dx
2 ( x +1 ) 2
4 ( x +1 ) 4 ( x−1 )
1 1 4
¿ ln ( x−2 ) + ln ( x + 4 ) − +C 1 −1 1 1
3 3 x +4 tan x− ln ( x +1 ) + ln ( x−1 ) +C
2 4 4
Example
2
1 −1 1
2
tan x + ln
4
x−1
x +1 ( )
+C
∫ x 4x−1 dx .
Example IX
2 2 2
x x x 1
x +6
2
π
= = 2 Show that ∫ 2 =
x −1 ( x ) −1 ( x +1 ) ( x 2−1 )
4 2 2 2
0 ( x + 4 )( x +9 ) 20
2

2
x Solution
¿ 2
( x +1 ) ( x +1 ) ( x −1 )
2
x +6 Ax+ B Cx + D .
= 2 +
( x + 4 ) ( x +9 ) x + 4 x 2+ 9
2 2

( Ax+ B ) ( x 2+ 9 ) + ( Cx+ D ) ( x 2 +4 ) =x2 +6

3 2 3 2 2
A x + 9 Ax +B x +9 B+C x + 4 Cx + D x + 4 D=x +6
( Ax+ B ) ( x+1 )( x−1 ) +C ( x −1 ) ( x +1 ) + D ( x+ 1 ) ( x +1 )=x A+C=0 … … … … … … … … … . ( 1 )
2 2 2

If x = 1, D ( 2 ) (2 )=1. B+ D=1 … … … … … … … … … ( 2 )
4 D=1 9 A+ 4 C=0 … … … … … … … … . ( 3 )
1 9 B+4 D=6 … … … … … … … … . ( 4 )
D=
4 From Eqn (2), B = 1 – D
3 2 3 2 3 2 2
A x − Ax+ B x −B+C x −C x + Cx−C + D x + D x + Dx+ D=x
265
 ()
Substitute B = 1 – D in Eqn (4) 1 π
¿
9 ( 1−D )+ 4 D=6 5 4
9−9 D+4 D=6 π
¿
3 20.
3=5 D , D=
5.
B+ D=1 Example
3
B+ =1
5 Express into partial fractions. Hence
2 4 2
B= 3 x + x +1
5 evaluate ∫ dx .
From Eqn (1); A = -C 3 ( x−2 ) ( x+ 1 )3
Substitute in Eqn (3);
9 (−C ) +4 C=0 Consider
−5 C=0 3 2 2
⇒ A ( x +1 ) +B ( x +1 ) ( x −2 ) +C ( x +1 )( x−2 )+ D ( x−2 )=3 x + x +
C=0 If x = -1, D (−3 )=3−1+1
A=0
2
D=−1
x +6 2 3 If x = 2
= +
( x + 4 ) ( x +9 ) 5 ( x + 4 ) 5 ( x 2+ 9 )
2 2 2
27 A=12+ 2+1
1 1 1
2
x +6 2 1 3 1 27 A=15
∫ dx = ∫ 2 dx+¿ ∫ 2 dx ¿ 15 5
0 ( x + 4 ) ( x + 9)
2 2
5 0 ( x +4 ) 5 0 ( x + 9) A= =
27 9
¿¿¿
If x = 0, A−2 B−2C−2 D=1
1
( 1
¿ tan−1 −0 + tan−1 −0
5 2
1
5 ) ( 1
3 ) 5
⇒ −2 B−2 C+2=1
9
¿
1
5(tan −1
1
2
−1
+ tan
3)
1
2 B+ 2C=+1+
5
9
Let , 14
2 B+ 2C=
9
7
B+C= … … … … … … … … ( 1 )
9
If x = 1, 8A +B(4)(-1) + C(2)(-1) – D = 3 + 1 + 1
8 A−4 B−2C−D=5
40
−4 B−2 C+1=5
9
40
−4 B−2 C=5−1−
9
A + B = tan –1(1) 40
−4 B−2 C=4−
9
−4
−4 B−2 C=
9
2
2 B+ C= … … … … … … … … ( 2 )
9
Eqn (2) – Eqn (1)

266
 4 3 2
x −x + x +1 ( 1 −x +1
3
= x−1 )+ + 2
x +x x x +1
4 3 2
∫ x −xx3 ++xx +1 dx
1 1−x
¿ ∫ ( x−1 ) dx +∫ dx+∫ 2 dx .
2
3 x + x +1 x x +1
⇒
( x−2 ) ( x+1 )3 x
2
1 x
−x +ln x +∫ 2 dx −∫ 2 dx
2 x +1 x +1
5 −5 4 1
¿ + + − x
2
1
9 ( x−2 ) 9 ( x +1 ) 3 ( x+1 ) ( x+ 1 )3 −x +ln ( x ) +tan x− ln ( x +1 ) +C
2 −1 2
2 2
4 3
3 x + x +1
⇒∫ Example II
3 ( x−2 ) ( x+1 )3 3 2
+ 4 x−1
5
4
1 5 1 4 1
4
1
4 4 ∫ 3xx3 +2 2
x +x
dx
¿ ∫
9 3 x−2
dx − ∫
9 3 x +1
dx+ ∫ 2 ∫
−
3 3 ( x+1 ) 3 ( x+ 1 )3
2

Solution
2 2
3 x + 4 x−1 3 x + 4 x−1
=
x +2 x + x x ( x 2+ 2 x +1 )
3 2

¿ 0.317 . 2
3 x +4 x+1
¿ 2
x ( x+ 1 )
Example (UNEB Question)
2
4 3 2 3 x + 4 x−1 A B C
= + +
∫ x −xx3 ++xx +1 dx x ( x +1 )
2
x x+ 1 ( x+1 )2
2 2
Solution A ( x +1 ) + Bx ( x +1 ) +Cx=3 x + 4 x−1
4 3 2
x −x + x +1 If x = 0, A = -1
Consider 3
x +x If x = -1, -C = 3 – 4 – 1
4 3 2
C=2
x −x + x + 1 ( x +1 If x = 1, 4 A +2 B+C=8
⇒ = x−1 ) +
x ( x 2+1 )
3
x +x −4+2 B+ 2=8
x +1 A Bx +C 2 B=10
But = + B=5
x ( x +1 )2 x x2 +1
3 2 3 3 3
+ 4 x−1 −1
A ( x 2 +1 ) + ( Bx +C ) x=x +1. ∫ 3xx3 +2 dx=∫ dx +∫
5
+∫
2
dx
1 x +1
2 2
1 x +x 1 x 1 (x+1)
If x = 0, A=1
2 2
A x + A +B x +Cx=x+1
A+ B=0
⇒ 1+ B=0
B=−1
C=1 Example (UNEB Question)
3 2
∫ x 3+x4 x+12 +3 x dx .
1

267
Solution 2
x +1 1 1 5
2 2 2 = − +
x +1 x +1 x +1 x ( x +1 ) ( x +3 ) 3 ( x ) x +1 3 ( x+ 3 )
= =
x + 4 x + 3 x x ( x +4 x +3 ) x ( x+1 )( x +3 )
3 2 2
3 2
x +1
∫ x ( x +1
2
x +1 A B C dx
= + + ) ( x+3 )
x ( x +1 ) ( x +3 ) x x +1 x +3. 2
2
A ( x +3 ) ( x+1 ) + Bx ( x +3 ) +Cx ( x +1 )=x +1
If x = -1, -2B = 2
B = -1 1 5 2
ln 3+ ln 2+ ln
If x = -3, 6c = 10 3 3 3
5
C=
3
If x = 0, 3A = 1
1
A=
3.

268
 DIFFERENTIATION II
x
Differentiation is a process of finding derivatives ¿ e x [ x +1 ] e xe
The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change of a
function with respect to one of its variables
u
Objectives of the topic: e × 2 ax
2
 To know the derivatives of exponential functions of 2 axe ax
any base.
 To know the derivatives of logarithmic functions. Example II
 Use the techniques of logarithmic differentiation to Differentiate the following:
2

find derivatives of functions involving products and a) e tan x

quotients.
b)
Differentiation of exponential functions c) e−cotx
1. Differentiate the following d)
2

a ¿ 4 e x b ¿ e−2 x c ¿ e a x + b Solution
x 2 2

d ¿ e √ cosx e ¿ e xe f ¿ etan x a) y = e tan x

g ¿ e √ x +1 h ¿ e−cotx
2

Solution

b)
Note:
When we are differentiating an exponential
function, we first differentiate the power of the
expression multiplied by the same expression.
d x x
a¿ (4 e )=4 e
dx c) y=e−cotx
d −2 x
b ¿ ( e ) =−2 e
−2 x
dx
d ax +b
c ¿ (e )=2 ax e a x +b
2 2

dx d)
Alternatively;
2
y=e ax using chain rule
Let ax2 = u
y = eu Differentiation of logarithmic functions
dy dy du d
= × Note i ¿ ¿
dx du dx dx
d d
d ¿ ( e √ cos x ) ii ¿ ¿
dx dx
1
= ¿¿ Example III
2
Differentiate the following
−sinx √ cosx
= e a ¿ ln (2 x ¿ ) b ¿ ln ( x ¿¿ 3¿+1) c ¿ ln sec x ¿
3
2 √cos x

e¿
d xe x

(e ) = ( xe x +e x ¿ e xe
x
d ¿ ln( 1+cosx
1−sinx
e¿ )
ln x
√1+ x 2
f ¿ 3 x ln x 2
dx
Solution

269
a) y=ln (2 x 3¿ ) ¿ dy 2x
=3 x . 2 + ln ( x ) .3
2

dy 6 x 3
2 dx x
= =
dx 2 x 3 x
dy 2 2
=3 x . +3 ln x
b ¿ ln(x¿ ¿ 3¿+1)¿ ¿ dx x
2
dy 3 x dy
= =6+3 ln x
2
dx x 3 +1 dx

c) y=ln secx Example I

dy secxtanx Differentiate the following:
= =tan x
dx secx a ¿ lncos x b ¿ ln(secx+tanx)
( x +1 )2 dy
(1+ cosx) c ¿ ln c ¿ (lnx √ x 2−1)Solution
d ¿ y=ln
(1−sinx )
` √ x −1 dx
a) y=ln ⁡(cos x)
¿ ln ( 1+cosx )−ln (1−sinx )
dy −sinx
= =−tanx
dy −sinx cosx dx cosx
= +
dx (1+ cosx ) ( 1−sinx ) b ¿ ln ⁡(sec x + tan x )
2
( 1−sinx ) (−sinx)+cosx ( 1+cosx ) dy secxtanx +se c x
=
dx secx+tanx
( 1+cosx ) ( 1−sinx )
dy secx(tanx+ secx)
=
2 2
−sinx +sin x+ cosx +cos x dx (tanx+ secx)
(1+ cosx)(1−sinx ) dy
=secx
dx
dy cosx−sinx+1
=
dx (1+ cosx ) (1−sinx ) ( x +1 )2
c ¿ ln =ln ⁡¿
x
√ x −1
e ¿ ln ln ¿
√ 1+ x 2
y=ln x−ln √ ( 1+ x )
2

1
y=lnx−ln ( 1+ x )
2 2

1 Examples
lnx− ln ( 1+ x )
2
2 Differentiate the following:
2
(a) ln sin x (b) ln tan(3 x )
dy 1 1 2 x
= −
dx x 2 1+ x 2 ( ) (c )ln 3 cos x (d)ln 2
x−1 (
( x +1 )2
)
e ¿ ln ¿ ¿

√
2

( g ) √¿¿
dy 1 x 3 x+ 1 e x sinx
= − f
dx x 1+ x2 x−1
Solution
f) y=¿3xln x 2 (use product rule) (a) y = ln sin2x

270
 dy 2 sinxcosx 1 1
= =2cot x lny= ln ( x+ 1 )− ln ( x−1 )
dx 2
sin x 3 3
(b) y = ln tan(3x)
dy 3 se c 3 x
2
1 dy 1 1
= ( ) ( )
−
1 1
y dx 3 x+ 1 3 x −1

[ ]
c¿ = dy 1 1
dx tan3 x =y −
dx 3 ( x +1 ) 3 ( x−1 )
(c) y = ln 3cos2x
dy 6 cosx (−sinx ) −6 sinx
d¿
dx
=
3 cos x
2
=
3 cosx dx
=
√ [
dy 3 x +1 1
−
1
x−1 3 ( x +1 ) 3 ( x−1 )
2
]
h ¿ y= √
¿−2 tan x e x sinx
f ¿ ln¿ ¿ ¿¿
2

y=ln ⁡¿ lny=ln e x +ln ⁡¿

y=2 ln ( x +1 )−ln ⁡(x−1) 2 1
lny=x + lnsinx−3 ln (2 x +1 )
dy 2 1 2
= −
dx ( x +1 ) ( x−1)
dy 2 ( x−1 ) −( x+1 ) 2 x−2−x−1
= =
1 dy
y dx
=2 x +
1 cosx
2 sinx
−3
2
(
2 x +1 )
dx ( x +1 ) ( x −1 ) ( x 2−1 )
dy x−3 1 dy 1 6
= =2 x + cotx−
dx x 2−1 y dx 2 2 x +1

g) ln ⁡¿
dy 1
dy
dx [1
= y 2 x + cotx−
2
6
2 x +1 ]
=1+ ¿ ¿ ¿
dx 2
[ ]
2

dy e x √ sinx 1 6
dy 1 = 2 x + cotx−
=1+ ¿ ¿ ¿ dx (2 x +1 )3 2 2 x+ 1
dx 2

¿
1+
x
(
√ x −1
2 )
x + √ (x 2 +1) Example
Differentiate log 10 cos 3 x

¿
( √ x 2−1+ x
√ x 2−1
2
) Solution
Let y=log 10 cos 3 x
x +( x +1) cos 3 x=10
y

dy
= √ x 2−1+ x lncos 3 x=ln 10
y

dx √ (x 2−1)(x + √ x 2−1) lncos 3 x= yln10

−3 sin 3 x
dx=(ln10)dy

√
3 x+ 1 cos 3 x
i¿ −3 tan3 xdx=(ln 10)dy
x−1
dy −3 tan 3 x
let y=
√3 x +1
x−1 dx
=
ln 10

( )
1
Examples
( x +1 ) 3
lny=ln ⁡ 1 Differentiate the following:
3
( x−1 )
lny=ln ⁡¿

271
a) x x b)¿ c) 2 x d) x 10 sinx e)ln ( x) x f)
ln x
x
2
dy
dx
1
x (
= y +cosx (ln 10) )
( )
g) x sinx dy 1
=x 1 0sinx + cosx ( ln 10 )
Solution dx x
a) y=x x
x
e) ¿
ln y =ln x Let y=¿
ln y =xlnx dy
1 =3 ¿
dy=¿)] dx dx
y dy 3 2
dy = (lnx)
= y [ 1+ ln x ] dx x
dx
dy x
ln x
=x (1+lnx ) f) 2
dx x
du dv
−u
v
b ¿ y=¿ dy dx dx
=
ln y =ln ⁡¿ dx v
2

ln y =x lnsin x 2 1
x . −(ln x)2 x
1
y
dy= x (
cosx
sinx
+lnsin x dx ) ¿
x
x
4

1 dy x−2 x (ln x )
dy=¿ =
y dx x4
dy
= y ( xcotx +lnsinx )
dx g) x sinx
dy y=x
sinx
=¿
dx ln y =ln x
sinx

c) y=2x ln y =sin x(ln x)

ln y =ln 2
ln y = x(ln2)
x 1
y ( 1
)
dy= sin x . +(ln x)cos x dx
x

= y (sin x . +(ln x)cos x )

1 dy 1
dy=ln 2 dx dx x
y
=x ( sin x . +(ln x )cos x )
dy dy sin x1
= y ln 2
dx dx x
dy
=(2¿¿ x )ln 2 ¿ Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions
dx
Example
−1 −1 −1
d) x 1 0 sinx a ¿ cos x b ¿ sin x c ¿ tan x

( ) ( )
sinx 2 2
y=x 1 0 1−x 1−x
sinx
d ¿ cos
−1
2 √ 1−x 2 f ¿ tan−1 2
ln y =ln ⁡(x 1 0 ) 1+ x 1+ x
sinx
ln y =lnx+ln 1 0 Solution
ln y =lnx+sinx . ln 10 a) y=cos−1 x
1
y
1
(
dy= +cosx (ln 10) dx
x ) cos y=x
−sin y dy=dx
dy −1
=
dx sin y
272
 ( )
2
1−x
cos y= 2
1+ x
dy −1
⇒ = dy ( 1+ x ) (−2 x)−( 1−x ) ×2 x
2 2
dx √ 1−x 2 −sin y = 2
dx (1+ x ¿¿ 2) ¿
b) y=sin−1 x 3 3
dy −2 x−2 x −2 x+ 2 x
sin y=x = 2
dx −sin y ( 1+ x 2)
cos y dy =dx
dy 1 dy −4 x
= =
dx cos y dx −siny ¿ ¿
dy 4x
=
dx sin y ¿ ¿ ¿
dy 4x
=
dy 1 dx 2x
= ¿¿
dx √ 1−x 2 2
(1+ x )
dy 2
c) y=sin
−1
()
x
a
=
dx ¿ ¿

x
( )
2
sin y= −1 1−x
a f ¿ ta n 2
1+ x
1
cos y dy = dx
( )
2
a −1 1−x
y=tan 2
1+ x

( )
2
1−x
tany= 2
1+ x
dy ( 1+ x ) .−2 x−( 1−x ) .2 x
2 2
se c 2 y = 2
dx ( 1+ x 2 )
3 3
a dy −2 x−2 x −2 x+ 2 x
2
x se c y = 2
dx ( 1+ x 2 )
2 dy −4 x
se c y =
dx ( 1+ x2 ) 2

dy 1 dy −4 x
= =
dx se c y ( 1+ x2 ) 2
2

( )
dx √ a2−x 2
a dy −4 x
a =
dx ( 1+ tan2 y ) ( 1+ x2 ) 2
dy 1
= 2 2
dx √ a −x dy −4 x
=

( ( ) )(
dx 1− x
2 2
2 2
1+ 1+ x )

( )
2 2
−1 1−x 1+ x
e) y=co s 2
1+ x

273
 dy −4 x 1
= b) y=

( )
dx 2
( 1+ x 2) + ( 1−x 2 )
2
2
x
x e cos x
( 1+ x 2 )

dy −4 x
( 1+ x ) 2 2
ln y =ln
( x
1
x e cos x )
= ln y =ln 1−( lnx+ln e +ln cos x ¿ ¿) ¿ ¿
x
dx ( 1+ x 2 )2 + ( 1−x2 ) 2
ln y =ln 1−¿ ¿ ¿
dy −4 x
( ( ))
= 1 1 sin x
dx 1+2 x + x 4 +1−2 x 2+ x 4
2
dy ¿ 0− + 1− dx
y x cos x
dy −4 x
=
dx 2+2 x 4
dy −4 x
dy
dx
=y
−1
x(−1+tanx )
=
dx 2 ( 1+ x 4 )
dy −2 x
dy
=
1 −1
dx x e x cos x x (
−1+tanx )
=
dx ( 1+ x 4 )
2
c) y=log 10 sin ⁡(9 x + 4 x +3)
Differentiate the following 10 =sin ( 9 x +4 x +3 )
y 2
x
e 2 sin x 1 sin ( 9 x 2 +4 x +3 ) =10 y
a¿ 4
b¿ x
x x e cos x
lnsin ( 9 x 2+ 4 x +3 ) =ln 1 0 y
c) log 10 sin ( 9 x 2+ 4 x +3 )
d) if sin e xy =x , show that; lnsin ( 9 x 2+ 4 x +3 ) = y ln 10
dy
=x−√ 1−x ¿ ¿
2
dx (18 x +4)(cos ( 9 x 2+ 4 x +3 ) )
=¿
Solution sin ( 9 x 2 +4 x +3 )
x
2
a) e sin x
y= 4
x

( )
x
e 2 sin x d)e xy =sin−1 x ……………………..(1)
ln y =ln 4
x
x
lny=ln e +ln sin x−ln x 4
2
( x dydx + y ) e = √1−x
xy 1
2

x
ln y = + ln (sin x )−4 ln x
2
( x dydx + y )sin x= √ 1−x
−11
2

1 dy 1 cos x
= +
y dx 2 sinx
−4.
1
x
( x dydx + y )= (sin x1)√ 1−x
−1 2

( x dydx )= sin x1√ 1−x − y … …(2)

dy 1
( 4
)
−1 2
= y +cot x−
dx 2 x
From Eqn (1);
−1
x lnsin x
y= … … … … … … … … … . ( 3)
( )
2
dy e sin x 1 4 x
= +cot x−
dx x
4
2 x Substituting Eqn (3) in (2)

( )
−1
dy 1 ln sin x
x = −1 −
dx sin x √ 1−x 2
x

274
 dy x−( √ 1−x ) sin x ln ( sin x ) 1 d
2 −1 −1
x = 2 ( ln y )= [ ln (1+sin x )−ln(1−sin x ) ]
dx dx
dx x sin−1 (x ¿ √ 1− x2 )¿ 2 dy cos x −cos x
= −
dy x− ( √ 1−x ) sin x ln ( sin x )
2 −1 −1
y dx 1+sin x 1−sin x
= as required
dx x2 sin−1 x √ 1−x 2
[
dy y cos x−sin x cos x +cos x +sin x cos x
=
dx 2 (1+sin x )(1−sin x ) ]
Example (UNEB Questions)
[
dy y 2 cos x
=
]
{( )}
d x dx 2 1−sin 2 x
ln ,
Determine
dx √ 1+ x 2 when x = 2
(05 marks)
¿
[
y 2 cos x
2 cos x 2 ] =
y
cos x
Solution Substitute for y,

Let

dy 1
=
Hence dx 1−sin x as required

Example (UNEB Question)

a) Differentiate the following with respect to x
When x = 2
i) (sin x)x
( x+1 )2
3
Example (UNEB Question) ii) ( x +4 ) Giving your answers in their simplest

√ 1+sin x dy 1 forms.
y= , = b) The distance of a particle moving in a straight line from
Given that: 1−sin x show that dx 1−sin x .
a fixed point after time t is given by
Solution
x = e-tsin t.
y=
√1+sin x
1−sin x
1+sin x
Show that the particle is instantaneously at rest at time

t=
π t=
π
y 2= 4 seconds. Find its acceleration at 4 seconds.
1−sin x
Solution
Introducing loge on both sides,
i) Let y = (sin x)x
2ln y = ln(1 + sin x) − ln(1 − sin x)
Introducing loge to both sides,
ln y = xln sin x

275
1 dy cos x
=x +lnsin x
y dx sin x a) i) If x2secx − xy + 2y2 = 15, find .
dy ii) Given that y = θ − cos θ; x = sin θ; show that
= y [ x cot x+lnsin x ]
dx
= ( sin x ) x [ x cot x +lnsin x ] .
( x+1 )2 b) Determine the maximum and minimum values of x2e-x
y= Solution
ii) ( x +4 )3
a) x2secx − xy + 2y2 = 15
Introducing loge to both sides,

Example (UNEB Question)

Given that y=e tan x , show that

d2 y dy
2
−( 2 tan x +sec 2 x ) =0
dx dx .
Solution ii) y = θ − cos θ and x = sin θ
Given x = e-t sin t.
dx −t
V= =e cost−e−t sin t
dt
dx
=0
for instantaneous rest, dt
−t Now (by the chain rule)
=> e ( cost−sin t ) = 0
cos t − sin t = 0
cos t = sin t Again by using the chain rule,
tan t = 1
t = tan-1(1)
π
t= 4 seconds
dv
Acceleration = dt

b) Let y = x2e-x
By introducing loge on both sides
π
When t = 4 , ln y = ln (x2e-x)
ln y = ln x2 + ln e-x
ln y = 2 lnx − x

Example (UNEB Question)

276
 1
f ' ( x )= =¿
( 1+ x )
'
f ( 0 )=1
For maximum or minimum values of y; ''
f ( x )=−1 ¿
'' −1
f ( 0 )= =−1
1
⟹ =0 f ' ' ' ( x )=2 ¿
'' '
f ( 0 )=2
IV
Either f ( x )=−6 ¿
x=0 IV −6
f ( 0 )=
Or 2−x=0 ¿¿
V
x=2 f ( x )=24 ¿
When x = 0, ⟹ y = 0 fV(0) = 24
The turning point is (0, 0)
When x = 2 ⟹ y = 4e-2 = 0.5413 (4 dps)
The turning point is (2, 0.5413)
Finding the nature of the turning points
2 3 4
x x 6x 1 5
ln ( 1+ x )=x− + + + x +…
2 3 24 5
2 4
x 1 3 x 1 5
ln ( 1+ x )=x− + x + + x +…
2 3 4 5

2) Use Mauclaurin’s theorem to expand sec x in ascending

powers of x as far as the term ln x3
Solution
At x = 0, = 2 (positive)
Hence the turning point at (0, 0) is a minimum.
f ( x )=sec x
Therefore the minimum value of x2e–x is 0 f ( 0 )=1
f ' ( x )=sec x tan x
'
At x = 2, = 4e-2 − 8e-2 + 2e-2 f ( 0 )=0
'' 2
= -2e-2 (negative) f ( x )=sec x (se c x )+tan x ¿ ¿ ¿
Hence the turning point at (2, 0.5413) is a maximum '' 3 2
f ( x )=se c x +ta n x secx
Therefore the maximum value of x2e–x is 0.5413 ''
f ( 0 )=sec 0+0=1
MACLAURIN’S EXPANSION
Maclaurin’s theorem states that:
f ' ' ' ( 0 )=0
2 '' 3 '' '
x f ( 0 ) x f ( 0)
f ( x )=f ( 0 ) + x f ' ( 0 ) + + +…
Example I 2! 3!
1) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + x) in 2
x (1)
ascending powers of x as far as the term x5 f ( x )=1+ 0+ +…
2
f ( x )=ln ( 1+ x ) 1 2
f ( 0 )=ln ( 1 )=0 sec x=1+ x +…
2

Example III

277
 1 Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln (1+ ax) , where a
3(a) Find the first three terms of the expansion of
1+ x (1+ x )
using Maclaurin’s theorem. is a constant hence or otherwise expand ln up
√ (1−2 x)
to the term ln x3
(b) Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand tan x in
Solution
ascending powers of x up to the term in x3
Solution
f ( x )=ln ( 1+ ax )
1 f ( 0 )=ln ( 1+0 )=0
a) f ( x )= a
1+ x '
f ( x )=
f ( 0 )=1 ( 1+ax )
'
' −1 f ( 0 )=a
f ( x )=
¿¿ ''
f ( x )=a(1+ ax)
−1
'
f ( 0 )=−1 '' −2
f ( x )=−a ( 1+ax ) . a
'' 2
f ( x )= −a
2
¿¿ ''
f ( x )=
'' ¿¿
(
f 0 =2 ) '' 2
f 0=−a
f '''(x) = -6(1 + x)-4 '' ' 2
f ( x )=2 a ¿
f '' ' ( 0 )=2 a3
f '''(x) = 2 2 3 3
a x 2a x
f '''(0) = -6 ln ( 1+ax ) =ax− + +…
2! 3!

2 3
f ( x )=1−x+ x ±x + …
1 2 3
=1−x+ x −x +…
1+ x

b) f ( x )=tan x
f ( 0 )=0
' 2
f ( x )=se c x
' 2
f ( 0 )=se c 0=1
''
Comparing ln(1 + x) with ln(1 + ax);
f ( x )=2 sec x ¿ ¿ a=1
f '' ( x )=2 sec 2 x tanx
''
f ( 0 )=0
'' ' 2
f ( x )=2 se c x( sec¿¿ 2 x)+ tan x ¿ ¿ ¿ Comparing ln(1 – 2x) with ln(1 + ax);
'' '
f ( 0 )=2(1+0)=2 a = -2
2 '' 3 '' '
x f ( 0 ) x f ( 0)
f ( x )=f ( 0 ) + x f ' ( 0 ) + + +… ln(1 – 2x) = -2x – 2x2 –
2! 3!
2 3
x ( 0 ) x ( 2)
tan x=0+ x ( 1 ) + + +…
2 6
3
x
tan x= x+ +…
3

278
 approach P so that the secant swings around until it just
touches the curve and becomes a tangent. The limit of the
slope of a secant is required to find the slope of a tangent.
Example IV
Use Maclaurin’s theorem to show that e− x sin x up to the
y = f(x)
x 2 y + δy
term in x is ( x −3 x+3 ).
3 Q(x+δx, y+δy)
3
π
π
Hence evaluatee 3 sin .
3
Solution
P(x, y)
f ( x )=e−x sinx
−0
f ( 0 )=e sin 0=0
' −x
f ( x )=e cos x +sin x ¿ ¿ ¿) The Greek letter δ (delta) is used to denote small change
'
f ( 0 )=1 (very small change).

In the diagram above figure P(x, y) and Q(x+δx, y+δy) are

'' −x
f =−2e cos x two points on the curve y = f(x). If the increase in x in
''
f ( 0 )=−2 moving from P to Q is δx then the corresponding increase
'' ' in y isδy . The coordinates of Q are (x+δx ¿ , ¿). The
f ( x )=−2¿
'' '
gradient of the chord
f ( 0 )=2
δy
PQ=
δx
2 3 As Q approaches P along the curve (δx ¿ ⟶ 0 then δx
−x 3 x−3 x + x
e sinx= becomes zero, PQ coincides with the tangent PT.
3
x Hence, the gradient of the curve at P is the limiting value
e sinx= ( 3−3 x+ x )
−x 2
3 δy
of
x 2 δx
e sin x= ( x −3 x+3 )
−x
3 δy
The limiting value of as δx ⟶ 0 ,which is written as
δx
( )
π 2
π π π
e 3 sin = −π +3 dy
3 9 9 and is called derived function. It is not a fraction but a
3 2
dx
π π π symbol meaning derivative of y with respect to x.
¿ − + 3×
81 9 9
Example 1
Differentiate y=x 2 from the first principles.
Differentiation from first principle 2
Suppose we have a smooth function f(x) which is y +δy=(x+ δx)
2
represented graphically by a curve y = f(x) then we can y +δy=x +2 x ( δx )+¿
draw the tangent to the curve at any point P. It is important y +δy=x 2 +2 x ( δx )+¿
to be able to calculate the slope of the tangent of the curve 2
δy=x +2 x ( δx ) +¿
a graphical method can be used but this is rather imprecise
δy=x 2 +2 x ( δx ) +¿
so we use the following analytical method. We choose a
second point Q on the curve which is near P and join the δy=2 x ( δx ) +¿
two points with a straight line PQ called a secant and
Dividing through by δx
calculate the slope of the line. Then, we allow Q to

279
 δy x+ δx
=2 x +δx y +δy=
δx ( x+ δx )2 +1
As δx ⟶ 0 x+ δx
δy dy δy= −y
⟶ ( x+ δx )2 +1
δx dx x+ δx x
δy= 2
− 2
dy ( x+ δx ) +1 x +1
Hence =2 x
dx ( x+ δx ) ( x 2+1 ) −x ( ( x+ δx )2 +1 )
δy=
Example 2
( ( x+ δx )2 +1 ) ( x 2+1 )
4 3 2 3 2 2
Differentiate: y= from the first principles x + x + x δx+δx−x −2 x δx−x ( δx ) −x
3√x δy=
Solution ((x +δx)2 +1 ) ( x 2 +1 )
4
y +δy= δx−x δx
2
3 √ x +δx δy=
4 ((x + δx)2 +1 ) ( x 2 +1 )
δy= −y Dividing through byδx
3 √ x +δx
2
4 4 δy (1−x )
δy= − =
3 √ x +δx 3 √ x δx ( ( x +δx )2+1 ) ( x 2 +1 ) δx

δy= √
4 x−4 √ x+ δx δy 1−x
2
=
3 √ x( x+ δx¿)¿ δx ( ( x +δx )2+1 ) ( x 2 +1 )
4 ( √ x− √ x +δx ¿ ¿ )( √ x + √ x+ δx ¿ ¿ ) As δx ⟶ 0
δy=
3 √ x (x+ δx¿) ( √ x + √ x +δx ¿ ¿ ) ¿ δy
⟶
dy
δx dx
4 ( ( √ x ) −( √ x +δx ) )
2 2

δy= dy 1−x
2

3 √(x¿ ¿ 2+ x δx¿) ( √ x+ √ x +δx ¿ ¿ ) ¿¿ = 2

dx ( x +1 ) ( x 2 +1 )
−4 δx
δy= dy 1−x
2
3 √ (x¿ ¿ 2+ x δx¿) ( √ x+ √ x +δx ¿¿ ) ¿¿ =
dx ( x 2 +1 )2
Divide through by δx
δy −4
= Example 4
δx 3 √ ( x ¿¿ 2+ x δx ¿) ( √ x + √ x + δx ¿¿ ) ¿ ¿
Differentiate y = sin x from the first principle.
As δx ⟶ 0 Solution
δy dy y +δy=sin ( x +δx )
⟶
δx dx δy=sin ( x +δx )− y
dy −4 δy=sin ( x +δx )−sin x
=
dx 3 x (2 √ x)
( x+ δx+ x ) ( x+ δx−x )
dy −2 δy=2 cos sin
⟹ = 3 2 2
dx
3 x2 δy=2 cos x+ ( δx
2
sin )
δx
2
Example 3 as δx ⟶ 0
x δx δx
Differentiate y= 2 from the first principle sin ⟶
x +1 2 2

( )
Solution δx δx
δy=2 cos x+ .
2 2

280
 ( )
2
δy δx tan x +tan δx−tan x +ta n x tan δx
=cos x + δy=
δx 2 1−tan x tan δx
As δx ⟶ 0 δy=tan δx ¿ ¿ ¿
δy dy As δx ⟶ 0 , tan δx ≈ δx
⟶ 2
δx dx (1+ta n x )δx
δy=
dy 1−tan x ( δx )
=cos x
dx As δx ⟶ 0 ,
2
δy (1+ta n x )
Example 5 =
Differentiate y = cos x from the first principle δx 1
Solution δy dy
⟶
y=cos x δx dx
y +δy=cos ( x + δx ) dy 2
=1+tan x
dx
δy=cos ( x + δx )− y
dy 2
δy=cos ( x + δx )−cos x =se c x
dx
( x + δx+ x ) ( x +δx−x )
δy=−2 sin sin
2 2 Example 7

δy=−2 sin x + (δx

2
sin
δx
2 ) Differentiate y=x 2 +cos 2 x from the first principle.
2
y +δy=( x +δx ) +cos 2 ( x +δx )
As δx ⟶ 0 2
δy=( x +δx ) +cos 2 ( x +δx )− y
δx δx 2 2
sin ⟶ δy=x +2 xδx+( δx) +cos 2 ( x +δx )− y
2 2 2 2 2
δy=x +2 xδx+( δx) +cos 2 ( x +δx )−x −cos 2 x
δy=−2 sin x + (δx δx
2 2 ) As δx ⟶ 0 , ( δx )2 ≈ 0
δy=2 xδx+cos 2 ( x +δx )−cos 2 x
δy=−δx sin x + ( δx
2 ) δy=2 xδx−2 sin ( 2 x+ δx ) sin δx
For small angles, sin δx → δx
δy
δx
=−sin x + (δx
2 ) δy=2 xδx−2 δxsin (2 x+ δx)
δy dy δy
=2 x−2 sin(2 x +δx)
As δx ⟶ 0 , → δx
δx dx
As δx ⟶ 0
dy
=−sin x δy dy
dx ⟶
δx dx
Example 6 dy
d =2 x −2sin 2 x
Show that ( tanx ) =sec 2 x from first principles dx
dx
Solution Example 8
y=tan x Differentiate: y = sec 3x from first principle
y +δy=tan ( x + δx ) 1
y=
δy=tan ( x + δx )− y cos 3 x
δy=tan ( x + δx )−tan x 1
y +δy=
cos 3(x + δx)
tan x +tan δx
δy= −tan x 1
1−tan x tan δx δy= −y
cos 3(x +δx)

281
 −1
cos 3 x−cos 3 (x+ δx) y +δy=tan ( x+ δx )
δy=
cos 3 x cos 3 ( x+ δx ) δy=tan−1 ( x + δx )− y

( 3 δx
) ( −3 δx
)
−1 −1
−2 sin 3 x+ sin δy=tan ( x + δx )−tan x
2 2 −1 −1
δy= δy=tan ( x + δx )−tan x
cos 3 x cos 3 ( x+ δx ) Let A= tan−1 ( x + δx ) and B= tan−1 x

( −32δx )⟶ −32δx
As δx → 0 , sin
tan A=x +¿ δx ¿
tan B=x
tan A−tan B
−2 (
2 ) ( 2 )
−3 δx −3 δx tan ( A−B )=
sin 3 x + 1+tan A tan B
δy=
cos 3 x cos 3 x
As δx → 0 , δy=
3 δx sin 3 x
A−B ¿ tan−1 (
tan A−tan B
1+tan A tan B )
( 1+x+xδx−x
+ x δx )
2
co s 3 x δy=tan
−1
2
δy 3 sin 3 x
=

( 1+ xδx+ x δx )
δx co s2 3 x −1
δy=tan
δy 2
=3 tan3 x sec 3 x
δx
As δx → 0 ,
δy
δx
⟶
dy
dx
tan δy=
( 1+ x + x δx )
δx
2

As δx ⟶ 0
dy
=3 tan 3 x sec 3 x tan δy → δy
dx
δx
δy= 2
Example 9 1+ x
Differentiate y=sin2x from the first principles δy 1
=
Solution: δx 1+ x 2
2
y=si n x As δx ⟶ 0
2
y +δy=si n ( x +δx ) δy dy
⟶
2
δy=si n ( x +δx )− y δx dx
2 2 dy 1
δy=si n ( x +δx )−si n x =
dx 1+ x 2
δy=( sin ( x +δx )+ sin x ) ( sin ( x +δx )−sin x )

[ ( ) ]( ( ) )
δy= 2 sin x+
δx
2
cos
δx
2
2 cos x+
δx
2
sin
δx
2
Example 11
Differentiate y=eax from the first principles
δx δx δx Solution
As ⟶ 0 , sin ⟶ , cos ⟶ 1 and ax
2 2 2 y=e
a ( x+δx )
δy dy y +δy=e
⟶
δx dx δy=e a ( x+δx )− y
dy δy=e
a ( x+δx )
−e
ax
=2 sin x cos x
dx ax aδx ax
δy=e . e −e
Example 10 δy=e ax ( eaδx −1 )
2
Differentiate y=tan−1 x from the first principle x x
But e =1+ x + +… (from the tables)
Solution 2
−1 2
y=tan x aδx (aδx)
−1 e =1+ ( aδx ) + +…
y +δy=tan ( x+ δx ) 2

282
 ( )
2
ax a 2 ( δx )2 4x
d y dy
+ y +2 =0
δy=e 1+aδx+ +…−1 2
2 dx dx
δy=e ax ( aδx ) Example II
δy ax If y=e2 x cos 3 x show that
=a e
δx 2
d y dy
As δx ⟶ 0 2
−4 −13 y=0
dx dx
δy dy Solution
⟶
δx dx 2x
y=e cos 3 x
dy dy 2 x 2x
=a e
ax =e (−3 sin 3 x ) +(cos 3 x ) 2e
dx dx
dy 2x
=−3 e sin 3 x +2 y … … … … … … … . ( 1 )
More examples on differentiation dx
Example I 2
d y 2x dy
Given that y=sin √ x , prove that 2
=−3 (e ¿ ¿ 2 x 3 cos ⁡3 x+(sin 3 x)2 e )+2 ¿
dx dx
2
dy d y 2
d y dy
2 + y + 4 x 2 =0 =−3 ( 3 y +2 e sin 3 x ) +2
2x
dx dx 2
dx
dx
Solution From equation (1)
y=sin √ x dy
−1 −2 y
dy 1 2 dx
= x cos √ x 2x
e sin3 x=
dx 2 −3

( )
dy cos √ x
=
dx 2 √ x d y
2
=−3 3 y+
2 ( dydx −2 y ) +2 dy
du dv −3 dx
u v −u d x2
If y= then, dy dx dx
v = 2
d y dy dy
dx v
2
2
=−9 y +2 −4 y+ 2
dx dx dx

( ) ( )
−1 2
−1 1 d y dy
2 √x sin √ x −cos √ x 2 x 2
−4 −13 y=0 As required
2
d y 2 √x 2 dx
2
dx
2
=
dx 4x
Example III
cos √ x
sin √ x− d y
2
dy
2
d y
=
√x y=xe
−x
Show that 2
+2 + y=0
2 dx dx
dx 4x
Solution
dy
2 −sin √ x−2 y=xe
−x
d y dx
= dy −x
dx
2
4 x =x .(−e¿¿−x )+e (1)¿
2
dx
d y dy
4 x 2 =−sin √ x−2 dy −x
=− y +e … … … … … … ..(1)
dx dx dx
2
d y dy From Eqn (1);
4x 2
+2 =−sin √ x
dx dx 2
d y −dy − x
2 2
= −e …………….. (2)
d y dy dx dx
4 x 2 +2 =− y
dx dx From Eqn (1)
dy −x
+ y=e ………. (3)
dx

283
Substituting Eqn (3) in Eqn (2); INTEGRATION BY PARTS

( )
2
d y dy dy
2
+ =− +y Integration by parts is often used when one has an integral
d x dx dx
2
where the integrand can be made to take the form of a
d y dy product.
2
+2 + y=0
dx dx
d dV dU
Consider ( UV )=U +V
dx dx dx

d dV dU
∫ dx ( UV ) dx=∫ U dx
dx +∫ V
dx
dx

dV dU
UV =∫ U +∫ V dx
dx dx

dV dU
⟹∫ U dx=UV −∫ V dx
dx dx

When we are integrating by parts, we let the easily

differentiable function be U and the easily integrable
dV
function to be . However, there are some exceptions.
dx

LIATE: Choose U to be a function that

comes first in this list (LIATE)
L – logarithm function
I – Inverse trigonometric functions
A – Algebraic function
T – Trigonometric function
E – exponential functions

Example I
∫ x cos x dx
Since x is an algebraic function (A) and cos x is a
trigonometric function A comes before T in LIATE.
∴ let U =x
dv
=cos x
dx
du
U =x , =1
dx
dv
=cos x ,
dx
dv =cos x dx
v=sin x
dv du
⟹∫ U dx=UV −∫ V dx
dx dx
∫ x cos x dx=x sin x−∫ sin x dx
∫ x cos x dx=x sin x−−cos x +C
284
 ∫ x cos x dx=x sin x +cos x +C dv = ¿
1
2
Example II v=∫ ¿ ¿
∫ x 2 e x dx 1 1
v= x− sin 2 x
2
x = Algebraic function( A) 2 4
⟹∫ x sin xdx
2 2
x
e =exponential function ( E)
A – comes before E in the word LIATE dv du
2 dv x
∫ U dx dx =UV −∫ V dx dx
U =x , =e
dx 1 3 1 2
¿ x − x sin 2 x−∫ ¿ ¿
2 du 2 4
U =x ⟹ =2 x .
dx 1 3 1 2 1
¿ x − x sin 2 x−∫ x +∫ x sin 2 x dx
2

dv x 2 4 2
=e ⟹ ∫ dv =∫ e dx
x
dx 3
1 3 1 2 x 1
¿ x − x sin 2 x− + ∫ x sin 2 x dx
x
V =e
dv du 2 4 3 2
∫ U dx dx =UV −∫ V dx dx
Consider ∫ x sin 2 x dx
∫ x 2 e x dx=¿ x 2 e x −∫ e x .2 x dx ¿ du
let u=x ⟹ =1
∫ x e d x=x e −2∫ x e dx
2 x 2 x x
dx
Consider ∫ x e
x dv
=sin 2 x ⟹ dv=sin 2 x dx
du dx
Let u=x ⇒ =1 −1
dx v= cos 2 x
dv x 2
=e −1 −1
dx
x
∫ x sin 2 x dx= 2 x cos 2 x−∫ 2 cos 2 xdx
dv =e dx
1 1
v=e
x ¿− x cos 2 x + sin 2 x +C
2 4
∫ x e x dx=x e x −∫ e x dx 3

¿ x e −e +C
x x ∫ x 2 sin2 x dx= 12 x 3− 14 x 2 sin 2 x− x3
⟹∫ x e dx=x 2 e x −2 ( x e x −e x )
[ ]
2 x
1 1 1
¿ x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + C
2 x
¿ x e −2 x e +2 e + A
x x 2 2 4
⟹∫ x e dx=x e −2 x e +2 e + A
2 x 2 x x x
Example IV

Example III
∫ sin x ¿
ln cos x ( logarithmic function )
∫ x 2 sin2 x dx sin x (trigonometric function )
2
x =algebraic function (A) L comes first before T ∈the LIATE
2
sin x =trigonometric function (T) du −sin x
A comes first before T in the LIATE ⟹ U=ln cos x , =
dx cos x
2 du dv
u=x ⇒ =2 x =sin x
dx dx
dv 2
dv =¿
=sin x
dx v=−cos x
2
⟹ dv=sin xdx
∫¿¿
285
 ¿−¿ dv du
¿¿
∫ u dx dx =uv−∫ v dx dx
¿−¿ ∫ x cos x dx=x sin x−∫ sin x dx
¿ x sin x +cos x +C
Example V
⟹∫ x sinx dx=−x cos x+ 2 x sin x+2 cos x
2 2

∫ x3 ¿ ¿ π
3 2
x =algebraic function (A) π/2
¿ ∫ x 2 sin x dx= [− x 2 cos x +2 x sin x+ 2 cos x ]0
0
L come before A in LIATE 2
π
du 1 ¿− ( 0 )+ π −( 0+2 )
u=ln x ⇒ = 4
dx x
¿ π−2
dv 3
=x
dx Example VII
3
⟹ dv=x dx
4
∫ x 2 sin2 x dx
x 1
v=
4 ∫ x 2 2 (1−cos 2 x )dx
∫x ¿
3
1
¿¿¿
¿
2
∫ x 2−¿ x 2 cos 2 x dx ¿
⟹∫ x ¿ ¿+C 1 1 2
3
¿ ∫ x dx−∫ x cos 2 x dx
2
2 2
3
Example VI UNEB 2012 x 1
¿ − ∫ x cos 2 x dx ………….. (i)
2
π
2
6 2
Consider ∫ x cos 2 x dx
2
∫ x 2 sin x dx
0
Solution
Let u = x2,
Consider ∫ x sin x dx
2

2
x =¿ algebraic function (A) = 2x,
sin x=¿ ¿trigonometric function (T) 1 1
A comes before T in the word LIATE ∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx= 2 x 2 ( sin 2 x )−∫ 2 ( sin 2 x ) 2 x dx
2
⟹ u=x 1
du ∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx= 2 x 2 ( sin 2 x )−∫ x sin 2 x dx ……..(ii)
=2 x
dx Consider ∫ x sin 2 x dx
dv
=sin x
dx
v=−cos x Let u = x

∫ x 2 sin xdx =−x 2 cos x −∫ (−cos x ) 2 xdx ,

¿−x cos x +2∫ x cos x dx
2
−1 −1
consider ∫ x cos xdx
∫ x sin 2 x dx= 2
x cos 2 x−∫
2
cos 2 x dx

dv −1 1
u=x , =cos x ¿ x cos 2 x + sin 2 x +C
dx 2 4
du
⇒ =1 v =sin x
dx 1 1 1
∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx= 2 x 2 sin 2 x + 2 x cos 2 x− 4 sin 2 x+ C
286
 ⇒ ∫ x sin x dx
2 2 Example IX UNEB 2003
3
x 1 2 1 2 1 ∫ ln ( x2 −4 ) dx
¿ − x sin 2 x− x cos 2 x + sin 2 x+C Solution
6 4 4 8
∫ ln ( x2 −4 ) dx
Example VIII UNEB 2002
du 2x
Let u=ln ( x −4 ) ⇒
2
= 2
∫ x sin 2 x dx
2
dx x −4
2 du dv
Let u=x ⇒ =2 x =1⇒ v=x
dx dx
dv 2x
=sin 2 x ⇒ dv =sin 2 x dx ∫ ln ( x2 −4 ) dx=x ln ( x2 −4 )−∫ x . x 2−4 dx
dx
−1 2
⟹v= cos 2 x 2x
¿ x ln ( x −4 )−∫
2
2 2
dx
x −4
−1 −1
∫ x 2 sin 2 x dx= 2 x 2 cos 2 x−¿ ∫ 2 ¿ ¿ ¿ 2
x2 – 4 2x2
∫ x 2 sin 2 xdx 2x2 – 8
1 2 8
¿− x cos 2 x+∫ x cos 2 x dx
2
consider ∫ x cos 2 x dx
du
u=x ⇒ =1
dx
dv (By partial fractions)
=cos 2 x
dx 2 2
¿ x ln (x −4)−∫ 2+
2
− dx
1 x−2 x +2
dv =cos 2 x dx ⇒ v= sin 2 x
2 ¿ x ln ( x2 −4 )−2 x−2 ln ( x−2 ) +2 ln ( x+ 2 )
1 1 ¿ x ln ( x ¿−4)−2 x + ln ⁡¿ ¿¿
2
∫ x cos 2 x dx = 2 x sin 2 x −∫ 2 sin 2 xdx
Alternative method of integration by parts
1 1
∫ x cos 2 x dx = 2 x sin 2 x + 4 cos 2 x +C If an expression can be broken down into two parts one
differentiatable up to zero and the other can be integrated
∫ x 2 sin 2 x dx each time the former is differentiated
1 2 +1 1 Example 1
¿− x cos 2 x+ x sin 2 x + cos 2 x +C
2 2 4 ∫ x 2 cos 2 x dx
Example VIII UNEB 2003
∫ x ¿¿
x=algebraic function
¿
L comes before A in the word LIATE
du 1
⟹ u=ln x ⇒ =
dx x 1 2 1 1
⟹∫ x cos 2 x dx= x sin 2 x+ x cos x− sin 2 x+C
2
2
dv x 2 2 4
=x ⇒ v=
dx 2
Example II
∫ x ¿¿
¿¿¿ ∫ x 3 e 2 x dx

287
 1
Since (ln x) is a logarithmic function L and 2 is an
x
algebraic function (A)
L comes before A in LIATES
⟹ u=¿
udv vdu
∫ dx dx=uv −∫ dx dx
u=ln x
du 1
=
1 3 3 3 dx x
∫ x 3 e 2 x dx = 2 x 3 e 2 x − 4 x 2 e 2 x + 4 x e 2 x − 8 e2 x +C dv 1
=
dx x 2
Example III
1

|
π
2
∫ dv=¿∫ x 2 dx ¿
∫ xco s 2 3 x dx v=
−1
0
x
Solution ln x ln x −1 1
Consider ∫ x co s 3 xdx
2 ⟹∫ 2 dx=−¿ −∫ . dx ¿
x x x x
2 1 ln x
co s 3 x= ¿ +∫ x dx
−2
¿
2 x
Sign Differentiate Integrate ln x 1
change ¿ − +C
x x
+ x ½ (1+cos 6x)
ln x ln x 1
- 1 1 1
x+ sin6 x ∫ x 2 dx= x − x +C
2 12
+ 0 2
x 1
± cos 6 x Example II
4 72
⟹∫ xco s 3 x dx
2 ∫ x 10x dx
2 du
1 2 1 x 1 Let u=x ⇒ =1
¿ x + x sin 6 x− + cos 6 x+C dx
2 12 4 72
dv x
2
x 1 1 =10
¿ + x sin 6 x + cos 6 x+ C dx
4 12 72 x
π dv =10 dx

|
π/2
2
x2 1 1 10
x
a
x

∫ x co s 3 x dx 4 + 12 x sin 6 x+ 72 cos 6 x 0 since∫ a dx=

= x
2
v=
0
ln 10 ln a
dv dv
( )( ) ∫ u dx dx =uv−∫ v dx dx
2
π 1 1
¿ +0− − 0+0+
16 72 72
2 x x
π 1
¿ −
16 36 ∫ x 10x dx= xln1010 −∫ ln10
10
dx

x
More examples on integration by parts x 10 1
¿ −
ln 10 ln 10
∫ 10 x dx
Example I
∫¿¿¿
( )
x x
x 10 1 10
¿ − +C
Solution ln 10 ln 10 ln 10

288
 x
x 10 10
x
dv
⟹∫ x 10 dx =
m
x
− =3
ln 10 ¿ ¿ dm
m m
3 a
Example III v=
ln 3
(Since ∫ a dm= ln a +c )
m

10
dv du
∫ x log10 x dx ∫ u dm dm=uv−∫ v dm dm
1
m m
m3 3
Solution ∫ m3
m
dm=
ln 3
−∫ ln 3 dm
dv
u=log 10 x , =x m3
m
1
dx ∫ m3
m
dm= −
ln 3 ln 3
∫ 3m dm

( )
m m
m3 1 3
¿ − +C
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3
u
10 =x ∫ 3 √2 x−1 dx
u ln 10=ln x
1
ln 10 du= dx
¿
√2 x−1 ( 3√ 2 x−1 )
ln 3
− (
1 3 √2 x−1
ln 3 ln 3 )+C
x
√ 2 x−1 ( 3 √2 x−1 ) 3√ 2 x−1
du
=
1 ∫ 3 √2 x−1 dx= ln 3
− +C
( ln 3 )2
dx x ln 10
2 2
x x 1
∫ x log10 x dx=2
log 10 x−∫ .
2 x ln 10
dx Example IV
∫ x 3 e x dx
2

2
x 1
∫ 10
x log x dx=
2
log 10 x−
2¿¿
Solution
∫ x 3 e x dx
2

2
x 1
⟹∫ x log 10 x dx= log 10 x− ( x 2 ) +C
∫ x . x 2 e x dx
2

2 4 ln 10
2
let u=x

| |
10 10
2
du
∫ x log10 x = x2 log10 x− 4 (ln1 10) x 2 dx
=2 x
1 1
du
dx=
2x
=
∫ x 3 e x dx
2

Example IV u du
¿ ∫ x . x e dx=∫ x .u e .
2
2 x

∫ 3 √2 x−1 dx 2x
1
Solution ¿
2
∫ u
u e du
let √ 2 x−1=m
2
2 x−1=m
2 dx=2 m dm
Sign change Differentiate Integrate
dx=dm + u u
e
∫ 3 m mdm=∫ m 3m dm − 1 e
u

let u=m + 0 e
u

du
dm
=1 ∫ u e u du=u eu−eu
1 1 1
2
∫ u eu du= 2 u eu − 2 eu +C
289
 1 1 dv x
n +1
∫ x 3 e x dx= 2 x2 e x − 2 e x +C
2 2 2
n
=x ⟹ v =
dx n+1

Example V
∫ x ¿¿
n

¿¿
∫ θ 3 sin ( θ 2) dθ ¿¿¿
∫ θ . θ2 sin ( θ2 ) dθ
Let p=θ
2 Example VIII
dp=2 θdθ ∫ x cose c 2 x dx
dp Solution
dθ=
2θ du
u=x ⇒ =1
dx
dp
∫ θ . θ2 sin θ2 dθ=∫ θ . p sin p 2 θ dv
=cose c x
2
dx
1
¿
2
∫ p sin p dp 2
dv =cose c x dx ⇒ v=−cot x

Sign change Differentiate Integrate ∫ x cose c 2 x dx=−x cot x −∫ −cot x dx

+ p sin p cos x
¿−x cot x +∫ dx
− 1 −cos p sin x
+ 0 −sin p ¿−x cot x +ln ¿ ¿ ¿
∫ p sin p dp=−p cos p +sin p+C ∫ x cose c x dx=−x cot x + lnsin x +C
2

1 − p cos p 1
2
∫ p sin p dp=
2
+ sin p
2 Example IX
2 2
∫ x sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
∫ θ 3 sin θ2 dθ=−θ cos θ 1
2
2
+ sin θ +C
2 Solution:
du
Example VI let u=x , =1
dx
∫ x se c 2 x dx dv
=sin 2 x cos 2 x
Solution dx
du dv =sin 2 x cos 2 x dx
Let u=x ⇒ =1
dx 1
dv 2
∫ dv=∫ 2 sin 4 x dx
=se c x
dx −1
v= cos 4 x
2
dv =se c x dx ⇒ v=tan x 8
−x −1
∫ xse c 2 x dx=x tan x−∫ tan x dx ∫ x sin 2 x cos 2 x dx =
8
cos 4 x−∫
8
cos 4 x dx
sin x
¿ x tan x−∫ dx x 1
cos x ¿− cos 4 x +¿ ∫ cos 4 x dx ¿
8 8
¿ x tan x−−ln cos x +C
x 1
¿ x tan x+ ( ln cos x ) +C ¿− cos 4 x + sin 4 x +C
8 32
Example VII
Cases where the original integral re-appears
∫ x ln x dx
n
When integrating functions with the original integral re-
Let u=ln x appearing we use integration by parts. This common with
du 1 integrals consisting of periodic functions like sin x and cos x
=
dx x

290
Example I −1 2 x −2 2 x
∫ e2 x sin 3 x dx= e cos 3 x−∫ e cos 3 x dx
∫ e cos x dx
x
3 3
1 2x 2
¿− e cos 3 x + ∫ e cos 3 x dx
x 2x
let u=e
3 3
du x
=e But the integral on RHS still a product so we can repeat
dx
the process
dv
dx
=cos x ∫ e2 x cos 3 x dx
2x
∫ dv=∫ cos x dx u=e
du 2x
v=sin x =2 e
dx
dv du
∫ u dx dx =uv−∫ v dx dx dv
=cos 3 x
dx
∫ e x cos x dx=e x sin x−¿ ∫ sin x (e x )dx ¿ 1
v= sin 3 x
¿ e sin x−∫ e sin x dx
x x
3
But the integral on R.H.S is still a product so we can 1 2
repeat the process
∫ e2 x cos 3 x dx= 3 e 2 x sin 3 x−∫ 3 e2 x sin 3 x dx
Consider ∫ e sin x dx 1 2x 2
x
¿ e sin3 x− ∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x

x 3 3
let u=e
⇒ ∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x
du x
=e
dx
dv
=sin x
¿
−1 2 x
3
e cos 3 x +
2 1 2x
3 3 [ 2
e sin 3 x− ∫ e 2 x sin3 x dx
3 ]
dx 1 2x 2 2x 4
¿− e cos 3 x + e sin 3 x− ∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x
v=−cos x 3 9 9
∫ e x sin x dx=−e x cos x−∫−cos x ( e x ) dx Let I =∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x

∫ e x sin x dx=−e x cos x +∫ e x cos x dx I=

−1 2 x 2 2x
e cos 3 x+ e sin 3 x− I
4
3 9 9
⇒ ∫ e cos x dx=e sin x−[ −e cos x+∫ e cos x ]
x −x x x
4 −1 2 x 2 2x
I+ I= e cos 3 x + e sin3 x
∫ e x cos x dx 9 3 9
¿ e sin x+ e cos x −∫ e cos x dx 13 −1 2 x 2 2x
x x x
I= e cos 3 x+ e sin 3 x
9 3 9
2∫ e cos x dx =e sin x +e cos x
x x x

1 1
∫ e x cos x dx= 2 e x sin x+ 2 e x cos x + A
I=
13 3 (
9 −1 2 x 2
e cos 3 x + e 2 x sin 3 x
9 )
⇒ ∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x

( )
Example II 9 −1 2 x 2
¿ e cos 3 x + e 2 x sin 3 x +C
∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x
13 3 9
Let u=e
2x 2 3
du
∫ e2 x sin 3 x dx= 13 e2 x sin 3 x− 13 e 2 x cos 3 x+C
2x
=2 e
dx
Example III
dv
=sin 3 x x
dx ∫ e−x cos 2 dx
−1
v= cos 3 x −x du −x
3 Let u=e ⇒ =−e
dx

291
 dv x x x
I =−e sin x+ e cos x−I
x
=cos ⇒ v =2 sin
dx 2 2 x x
2 I =−e sin x + e cos x
x x x
∫ e−x cos 2 dx =2 e−x sin 2 −∫ −2 e−x sin 2 dx I= ¿
1
2
x x
¿ 2 e sin + 2∫ e sin dx 1 x
−x −x
⟹∫ e cos x dx = e ( cos x−sin x )+C
x
2 2 2
As before
But the integral on RHS is still a product so we can repeat
Example III
the process
x ∫ e2 x sin 3 x dx
Consider ∫ e sin dx
−x
2 Sign change Differentiate Integrate
2x
−x du −x
+ e sin 3 x
u=e ⇒ =−e 2e
2x
−1
dx - cos 3 x
dv x 3
=sin 4e
2x
−1
dx 2 + sin 3 x
9
x
v=−2 cos
2 ∫ e2 x sin 3 x dx
x x x 1 2x 2 2x 4
¿− e cos 3 x + e sin 3 x− ∫ e sin 3 x
2x
∫ e−x sin 2 dx=2 e− x cos 2 −∫ 2 e−x cos 2 dx 3 9 9
Let ∫ e sin 3 x dx=I
2x
x
∫ e−x cos 2 dx −1 2 x 2 2x 4
I= e cos 3 x+ e sin 3 x− I
x x x 3 9 9
¿−2 e sin + 4 e cos −4 ∫ e cos dx
−x −x −x
2 2 2 13 −1 2 x 2 2x
I= e cos 3 x+ e sin 3 x
x 9 3 9
Let ∫ e cos dx=I
−x
2
−x x −x
I =−2 e sin + 4 e cos −4 I
x I= (
9 2 2x
13 9
1
e sin 3 x− e2 x cos 3 x
3 )
2 2 1
I = ( 2 e sin 3 x−3 e cos 3 x )
2x 2x
−x x −x x 13
5 I =−2 e sin + 4 e cos
2 2
⟹∫ e sin 3 x dx
2x
1
I= ¿ 1 2x
¿ ( e sin 3 x−3 e cos 3 x ) +C
2x
5
x 2 13
∫ e−x cos 2 dx = 5 ¿ As before

Example IV
However, we can also use the alternative method to
x
integration by parts to evaluate the following integrals ∫ e−x cos 2 dx
∫ e x cos x dx Sign change Differentiate Integrate
Sign change Differentiate Integrate + e
−x
x
+ x cos x cos
e 2
- x -sin x
e − −e
−x
x
x
2 sin
+ e -cos x 2
∫ e x cos x dx=−e x sin x +e x cos x+∫ e x ¿ ¿ ¿ x
+ −x
e −4 cos
2
∫ e x cos x dx=−e x sin x +e x cos x−¿ ∫ e x cos x dx ¿
x
∫ e x cos x dx=I ∫ e−x cos 2 dx

292
 x x x cos u du=dx
¿ 2 e sin −4 e cos −4∫ e cos dx
−x −x −x
2 2 2 du 1
=
x dx cos u
Let ∫ e cos dx=I
−x
2 2 2
co s u+ si n u=1
−x x −x x cos u=√ 1−sin 2 u
I =2 e sin −4 e cos −4 I
2 2
cos u=√ 1−x 2
−x x −x x
5 I =2 e sin −4 e cos du 1
2 2 =
dx √ 1−x 2
2
5 ( x
I = e−x sin −2 e−x cos +C
2
x
2 ) dv
dx
=1

∫ e−x cos x2 dx = 25 ( e−x sin 2x −2 e− x cos x2 )+C v=x

x
∫ ( si n−1 x ) dx=x ( si n−1 x ) −∫ dx
Integration of inverse trigonometric √1−x2
functions Consider
x
Example I ∫ dx
√ 1−x 2
∫ ta n−1 x dx Let √ 1−x = p
2

Solution 2 2
1−x = p
∫ ( ta n −1
x ) dx=¿∫ (ta n x ¿ ) ( 1 ) dx ¿ ¿
−1
−2 x dx =2 p dp
0
x = 1 = algebraic function (A) − pdp
−1 dx=
ta n x=inverse algebraic function (I ) x
‘I’ comes before ‘A’ in the word LIATE x x − pdp
∫ dx=∫ ×
√ 1−x
−1
⟹ u=ta n x 2 p x
tanu=x ¿−p +C
2
se c u du=dx ¿−√ 1−x
2

( 1+ta n2 u ) du=dx ∫ (¿ si n−1 x )dx=xsi n−1 x +√ 1−x 2 +C ¿

du 1
=
dx 1+ ta n2 u Example III
du
=
1 ∫ co s−1 x dx
dx 1+ x2
dv
=1
dx
−sin u du=dx
v=x
du −1
x =
∫ ta n−1 x dx =xtan−1 x−∫ 1+ x2 dx dx sin u
du −1
1 =
⟹∫ tan x dx=xtan x− ln ( 1+ x ) +C
−1 −1 2 dx √ 1−co s2 u
2
du 1
=
Example II dx √ 1−x 2

∫ si n−1 x dx=∫ (sin−1 x )1 dx dv

=1
−1 dx
u=si n x
v=x
sin u=x

293
 1
∫ co s−1 x dx=xco s−1 x−∫ x .− dx
√ 1−x 2 x
⟹ 2 =x− 2
3
x
x x +1 x +1
∫ co s−1 x dx=xco s−1 x−∫ dx
√ 1−x 2 3
∫ x 2x+1 dx=∫ x− x 2x+1 dx
x
Consider ∫ dx
√1−x 2 2
x 1 ( 2 )
¿ − ln x +1 +C
let √ 1−x 2= p 2 2
⟹∫ x tan x dx
2 −1
2 2
1−x = p
−2 x dx =2 pdp x
3
x 1
2
¿ tan x− − ln ( x +1 ) +C
−1 2
−dp 3 6 6
dx=
x
x x − pdp
∫ dx=∫ × =− p+C Change of Variable
√ 1−x 2 p x
x
x ( 1 ) t=tan
∫ dx 2
√ 1−x 2 ( 2 ) t=tan x
∫ co s−1 x dx=xco s−1 x +√ 1−x 2 +C
Example IV The above substitution can be applied to integration of
certain trigonometric functions
∫x 2
tan x dx
−1

Case I
−1
let u=tan x Where the denominator of the variable being
tanu=x integrated is a linear function of the trigonometric
2 function.
se c u du=dx
e.g. C+ cos x
du 1 C+ sin x
=
dx se c 2 u C+ sec x
Where C is a constant
du 1
=
dx 1+ tan2 u
We use the substitution
du 1
= Case II
dx 1+ x2 When the expression being integrated is a linear
function of the second under trigonometric function
dv 2 e.g.
=x
dx ( i ) C +co s 2 x
3 ( ii ) C+ si n2 x
x
v= ( iii ) C +se c 2 x
3
( iv ) C+ sin 2 x
3 3 ( v ) C +cos 2 x Etc.
∫ x 2 tan−1 x dx= x3 tan x−∫
−1 x
dx We use substitution t=tan x
3 ( 1+ x 2 )
3 3
x
∫ x 2 tan−1 x dx= x3 −1
tan x−
1
∫ x
3 1+ x 2
dx Notewhen t=tan
2
x 2t
sin x= 2
2 x
3 1+t
x +1 2
−¿ x 3 + x 1−t
cos x= 2
−x 1+t
294
 when t=tan x 1 θ
⟹∫ dθ=tan +C
when t=tan x 1+cos θ 2
2t
sin 2 x= 2 ( b )∫ sec2 θ dθ
1+t
1
1−t
2 ∫ sec 2θ dθ=∫ cos 2 θ dθ
cos 2 x= 2
1+t let t=tan θ
2
Proof (students’ exercise). dt=se c θ dθ
dt dt
Example I dθ= =
se c θ ( 1+t 2 )
2
Integrate the following:

( )
1 1
( a )∫ ¿ ( b )∫ sec 2 θ dθ
¿¿ 2

x 1 ∫ sec 2θ dθ=∫ 1−t ×

dt
( c )∫ cosec dx ( d )∫
2
dx 1+t 1+t 2
2 1+sin 2 x
1
1 1 ¿∫ 2
dt
( e )∫ dθ ( f )∫ dx 1−t
1 2
1+2 si n x 1 1 A B
5+3 cos θ = = +
2
1−t ( 1+t )( 1−t ) 1+t 1−t
2

2
A ( 1−t ) + B (1+t )=1
( g )∫ si n x2 dx (h)∫ 1
2
dx
1+ co s x 1−10 si n x
1 If t = 1, 2B = 1
( i )∫ 2
¿
cos 2 x−¿ 3 sin x dx
If t = -1, 2A = 1
Solution 1 1
1
∫ 2 ( 1+ t ) + 2 ( 1−t ) dt
( a )∫ dθ
1+cos θ 1 1
ln ( 1+t )− ln ( 1−t ) +C
θ 2 2
let t=tan
2
1
dt= se c dθ
2θ
1
2 ( )
ln
1+t
1−t
+C
2 2 1
2 dt 2dt ln ¿ ¿
=dθ ⇒ dθ= 2
θ 1+ t
2
se c 2
( )
2
1 1+2 tan θ+ tan θ
2 ln 2
+C
2 1−ta n θ
1 1 2 dt
∫ 1+cosθ dθ=∫ 1−t 2 × 1+ t2
( )
2
1 2 tanθ 1+ta n θ
1+ ln 2
+ 2
+C
1+t
2 2 1−ta n θ 1−tan θ

( )
1 1
ln ¿ ¿
1+t +1−t 2 2 dt
2 2
¿∫ .
1+t 2 1+t 2 x 1
( C )∫ cosec dx=∫
¿ ∫ dt 2 x
sin dx
¿ t+ C 2
θ x
¿ tan +C Let t=tan
2 4

295
 1 2 x 1 4 dt
dt= se c dx ∫ .
4 4 3 ( 1−t ) 1+t
2 2

4 dt 5+ 2
dx= 1+t
x
sec 2 1
2 22
5+ 5 t +3−3t 4 dt
∫
( )
1 2
. 2
1 2t 4 dt 1+t 1+t
∫ x =∫ 1+ t2 . 1+t 2 4 2
sin dx ∫ 8−2t 2 dt =∫ 4−t 2 dt
2
2
¿ ∫ dt 2
=
2
=
A
+
B
t 2+t 2−t
4−t ( 2+t )( 2−t )
2
¿ 2 ln t+C
A ( 2−t ) + B ( 2+ t )=2
x
¿ 2 ln tan +C
4
x x If t = 2, 4B = 2
∫ cosec 2 dx=ln tan2 4 +C
If t = -2, 4A = 2
1 2 1 1
( d )∫ ¿ ∫ 4−t 2 dt =∫ 2 ( 2+ t ) − 2 (2−t ) dt
¿¿
let t=tan x 1 1
¿ ln ( 2+t )− ln ( 2−t ) +C
dt=sec x dx
2
2 2
1
∫ 1+sin 2 x dx=∫
1+
1
.
dt
2 t 1+ t 2
1
¿ ln
2 ( )
2+t
2−t
+C

( )
2
1+t θ
1 2+ tan
4
2 ¿ ln +C
1+2 t+t dt θ
¿∫ 2
× 2 2−tan
1+t 1+ t 4
1 −1
∫ (1+t 2 ) dt= 1+ t +C 1
( f )∫ 2
dx
−1 1+2 si n x
¿
¿¿
1 −1 Solution
⟹∫ dx= +C
1+sin 2 x 1+ tan x 1
1 co s 2 x
1 ∫ 1+2 si n2 x ∫ 1 2 si n2 x dx
dx=
( e )∫ dθ +
1
5+3 cos θ co s 2 x co s 2 x
2 2
sec x
¿∫ 2 2
dx
θ sec x+2 tan x
let t=tan
4 1+tan x
2
¿∫ dx
1 2θ 2
1+ tan x+ 2 tan x
2
dt= sec dθ
4 4 1+ tan x
2

4 dt ¿∫ 2
dx
=dθ 1+ 3 tan x
2 θ
sec Let t=tan x
4 2
dt=sec x dx

296
 dt t
2
At + B Ct + D
dx= 2 = +
sec x ( 2+t ) ( 1+t )
2 2
2+t
2
1+t
2

2 2
1+tan x 1+t dt
∫ 1+3 2
tan x
dx=¿ ∫ 3
1+3 t 1+t
× 2
¿ ( At + B ) ( 1+ t 2 ) + ( Ct + D ) ( 2+t 2 )=t 2
3 2 3 2 2
1 At + A t + B+ B t +2 Ct +C t +2 D+ Dt =t
¿∫ 2
dt A+C=0 … … … … … … … … ( 1 )
1+ 3t
B+ D=1 … … … … … … ….. ( 2 )
let ( √ 3 ) t=tan θ
A+2 C=0 … … … … … … … . ( 3 )
√ 3 dt =sec 2 θ dθ
2 B+2 D=0 … … … … … … … .(4)
sec θ dθ
dt= ¿ eqn ( 1 ) .C=−A
√3 Substituting C = -A, in Eqn (3)
2
A−2 A=0
∫ 1+31 t2 dt=¿∫ 1+ tan
1
2
.
sec θ
θ √3
dθ ¿
− A=0
1 A=0
√3
∫ dθ C=0
1 From Eqn (4), B = -2D
θ+C Substituting B = -2D in Eqn 2
√3
1 −2 D+ D=1
tan ( √ 3 t )+ C
−1
¿ −D=1
√ 3
1 −1
D=−1
¿ tan ¿ B+ D=1
√3
B–1=1
1 1
∫ 1+2 sin2 x dx= √3 ta n−1 ¿ ¿ B=2
2
t 2 1
2
∫ 4−t 2
dt =∫ 2
−
2+t 1+t
2
dt
( g )∫ sin x2 dx
1+cos x
2
sin x [ 1 1 1
∫ a2+ x2 dx= a tan−1 a x +C ]
2
sin x cos x
2 2 1
∫ 1+cos 2
dx= ∫ 2
dx ∫ 2+t 2 − 1+t 2 dt=¿ ¿
x 1 cos x
+

[( ( )) ]
2 2
cos x cos x 1 −1 1 −1
2 tan t −tan t+ C
¿∫
tan x
2
dx
√2 √2
2
sec x+1
let t=tan x
2
sin2 x
∫ 1+cos 2
x
dx= √ tan −1 √
2 2
2 2
2t
( )−tan t+C −1

dt=sec x dx
¿ √ 2 tan ( )
dt
−1 √ 2 tan x −tan −1
¿
dx= 2 2
sec x
2
sin x tan x
2 1
∫ 1+cos 2
dx= ∫ 2
dx
1 cos 2 x
x sec x +1
2
∫ 1−10 sin2 x ∫ 1 10 sin2 x dx
dx=
t dt −
¿∫ 2
. 2 cos2 x cos2 x
1+ t +1 1 +t
2
2 sec x
¿∫
t
dt ¿∫ 2 2
dx
( 2+t2 ) ( 1+t 2 ) sec x−10 tan x

297
 let t=tan x dt
2
dx= 2
dt=sec x dx sec x
dt 2
sec x
2
sec x dt
dx= 2
sec x
∫ 1−4 tan x
2
dx = ∫ 2
.
1−4 t sec x
2

2
1
∫ sec 2 x−10 tan2 x . secdt2 x
sec x ¿∫
1−4 t
2
dt

1 1 1
∫ 1+t 2−10 t2 dt =
1−4 t ( 1+ 2t ) ( 1−2 t )
2

1 A B
∫ 1−9t 2 dt +
1+ 2t 1−2 t
1 1 1 A ( 1−2 t )+ B ( 1+2 t )=1
= =
1−9 t 1−3 t ( 1+3 t )( 1−3 t )
2 2 2 1
Ift= , 2 B=1
A B 2
+
1+ 3t 1−3t 1
B=
A ( 1−3 t ) +B ( 1+3 t )=1 2
1 −1
If t= , 2 B=1 Ift= , 2 A=1
3 2
1 1
B= A=
2 2
−1 1 1 1
Ift= , 2 A=1 ∫ 1−4 t 2 dt=∫ 2 ( 1+2 t ) + 2 ( 1−2t ) dt
3
1
( )
A= 1 1+2 t
2 ln +C
1 1 4 1−2t
∫ 2 ( 1+ 3t ) + 2(1−3 t) dt
1
6
1
ln ( 1+3 t )− ln ( 1−3 t )
6
1
4
ln (
1+2 tan x
1−2 tan x
+C )
Splitting the Numerator
1
¿ ln
6 ( )
1+3 t
1−3 t
+C When a fractional integrand with a quadratic denominator
cannot be written in simple partial fractions, it is often to
¿ ln (
1−3 tan x )
1 1+3 tan x
+C express it as a sum of two fractions by splitting the
6
numerator.
1+ x 1 x
( i )∫
1
¿ ∫ 1+ x 2 dx=∫ 1+ x 2 + 1+ x 2 dx
¿¿
1 1
¿ tan x + ln ( 1+ x ) +C
−1
¿∫
2
dx
2 2
cos x−sin x−3 sin x
2 2
1 The key to a more general application of this method is to
¿∫ 2 2
dx express the numerator in two parts, one of which is a
cos x−4 sin x
multiple of the derivative of the denominator.
1
2 2 Numerator = A(Derivative of denominator) + B
cos x sec x
∫ cos2 x 4 sin2 x ∫ 1−4 tan2 x dx
dx=
2
− 2
cos x cos x Example
let t=tan x 5 x +7
2
∫ x 2+ 4 x +8 dx
dt=sec x dx
298
 Formula Example II
Numerator = A(derivative of denominator) + B 3 x+ 4
5 x+ 7= A ( 2 x+ 4 ) +B ∫ 9 x 2+ 6 x+5 dx
5 x+ 7=2 Ax+ 4 A + B Solution
Equating coefficients of the same monomial; Numerator = A(Derivative of denominator) + B
5=2 A , 4A + B = 7 ¿
5 3 x+ 4=18 Ax +6 A+ B
A=
2 1
4 A + B=7 A=
6

()
4
5
2
+ B=7 6 A+ B=4
B=3

( ( 18 x+ 6 ) +3 )
10+ B=7 1
B=−3 3 x+ 4 6
5 ∫ dx =∫ dx
( 2 x +4 ) +−3 ( 9 x 2 +6 x+5 ) 2
9 x +6 x +5
5 x +7 2
∫ x 2+ 4 x +8 dx=∫ x 2 +4 x +8 dx ¿
1
∫
18 x+ 6
dx +∫ 2
3
dx
6 9 x 2+6 +5 9 x + 6 x +5
5
( 2 x + 4) 1
ln ( 9 x +6 x +5 ) +3 ∫ 2
2 1
dx
2 3
∫ x 2+ 4 x +8 − x 2+ 4 x +8 dx 6 9 x +6 x +5
But9 x 2+ 6 x+5
5 1
¿ ln (x + 4 x+ 8)−3∫ 2
2
dx

Consider
2 x +4 x+8 ( )
¿ 9 x2 +
6x
9
+5

¿ 9 ( x + x )+ 5
2 2 22
x + 4 x +8=x + 4 x +4−4+8
3
¿¿
¿ 9 ( x + x )+ 5
1 1 22
⟹∫ x 2 +4 x+ 8 dx=∫ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ 3

¿ 9 ( x + x + )+5−1
¿ 22 1
1 3 9
¿∫ ¿
4¿¿
¿ 4 +9 ( x+ )
2
1
x+ 2
Let =tan θ 3
2

( 4 3)
¿ 4 1+ ( x+ )
2
1 2
9 1
dx=se c θ dθ
2
2
dx=2 sec θ dθ 1 1
∫ 9 x 2+ 6 x+5 dx=∫ dx

( ( ))
2
1 9 1
⟹∫ ¿ 4 1+ x +
4¿¿ 4 3
1
¿ θ+C
2
let
3
( ) 1
x + =tan θ
( )
1 x +2 2 3
¿ tan−1 +C
2 2
3 2
5 x +7 dx=sec θ dθ
∫ x 2+ 4 x +8 dx 2
2
2 sec θ
5 3
¿ ln ( x 2 +4 x +8 )− tan−1
2 2 2 ( )
x+ 2
+A
dx=
3
dθ

299
 2
4
∫ ( 1 2 ) . 2 sec3 θ 1 2
dθ= θ +C dx=sec θ dθ
4 1+tan θ 6 √7
√ 7 sec 2 θdθ
1
∫ 9 x 2+ 6 x+5 dx= 6 tan−1
1
[ ( )]
3 3 x +1
2 3
+C dx=
4

∫ ( 8 2 ) . √ 7 sec
2
θ
1 −1 3 x+1
¿ tan
6 2 (
+C ) 7 1+ tan θ 4
dθ

3 x+4 2 √7
⟹∫ dx θ+C
7
( 9 x 2 +6 x +5 )
1
6
1
¿ ln ( 9 x 2 +6 x +5 ) + tan−1
2
3 x+1
2
+C ( )
¿ √ tan−1
2 7
7 √7
4
( ) 1
x − +C
4
x
Example III ⟹∫ 2 dx=¿ ¿
x 2 x −x +1
∫ 2 x2 −x+1 dx
Solution
1
4
ln ( 2 x 2−x+ 1 ) +¿ √ tan−1
14
7
(4 x−1
√7 )
+C ¿

x= A ( 4 x−1 ) +B Splitting the numerator for trigonometric functions

The above method is appropriate to integrals of the form
4 A=1
a cos x +b sin x
1
A= a cos x +b sin x
4
When splitting the numerator for the trigonometric
− A+ B=0
functions
A=B
1 Numerator = A (derivative of the denominator) + B (Denominator)
B=
4
1 1 Example
( 4 x−1 )+ 2 cos x +9 sin x
⟹∫ 2
x
dx=¿ ∫
4
2
4
dx ¿ ∫ 3 cosx +sinx
dx
2 x −x +1 2 x −x +1
1 4 x−1 1 1 2 cos x +9 sin x
¿ ∫ 2 dx + ∫ 2 dx ¿ A (−3 sin x+ cos x ) +B (3 cos x+ sin x)
4 2 x −x +1 4 2 x −x +1
1 1 1 ¿ (−3 A+ B ) sin x+ ( A +3 B ) cos x
¿ ln ( 2 x −x+1 )+ ∫ 2
2
dx ¿ ( A+3 B ) cos x +¿ ( B−3 A ) sin x ¿
4 4 2 x −x+1
Consider A+3 B=2 … … … … … … … (i )
B−3 A=9 … … … … … … … ( i )
2 x 2−x+1=2 x 2− ( x
2
+1) From Eqn (i);
A=2−3 B
( x 1
2 x 2− +
2 16
+1−
1
8 ) B−3 ( 2−3 B ) =9
B−6+ 9 B=9
( )
2
1 7
2 x− + 10 B=15
4 8
3
1 1 B=
⟹∫ dx=∫ dx 2
( ( ))
2
2 x −x +1 7 16 1
2

8
1+
7
x−
4 A=2−3
3
2 ()
let
4
√7 ( )
1
x− =tan θ
4 A=
−5
2

300
 2 cos x +9 sin x − A+ B=3…………… (ii)
∫ 3 cos x +sin x
dx
Solving Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii) simultaneously

−5
¿∫ ¿¿¿
2 ,
5 −3 sin x +cos x 3 2 cos x +3 sin x
¿− ∫ dx+∫ dx ⟹∫ dx=¿ ¿
2 3 cos x +sin x 2 cos x +sin x
−1
5 ∫ 2
¿¿¿
¿− ln ¿ ¿
2
1
¿− ln ¿ ¿
Example II 2
sin x
∫ cos x +sin x dx Example IV
π
2

50 25 ( 3 )
Solution
Numerator=A(Derivative of the Denominator) +
Show that
∫ 3 sin sin x
x+ 4 cos x
dx=
3π 4
+ ln
4
0
B(Denominator)
sin x= A ¿ ¿ Solution
sin x=− A sin x + A cos x + B cos x+ B sin x sin x
Consider ∫ dx
sin x=( B− A ) sin x + ( A+ B ) cos x 3 sin x + 4 cos x
B− A=1 …………… (i)
A+ B=0 …………… (ii) 3 A + 4 B=0 … … … … … … (1 )
3 B−4 A=1 … … … … … … (2 )
Solving Eqn (i) and Eqn (ii) simultaneously,
−4 B
From Eqn( 1 ) A=
3

sin x
∫ cos x +sin x dx=¿
3 B−4 (
−4 B
3
=1 )
16 B
3B+ =1
−1 3
∫ 2
¿¿¿
25 B
=1
3
−1 −sin x +cos x 1 cos x +sin x
2
∫ cos x+ sin x
dx + ∫
2 cos x +sin x
dx B=
3
25
1
¿− ln ¿ ¿
2
A=
−4 3
3 25
= ( )
−4
25
π
2
Example III sin x
⇒∫ dx
0 3 sin x+ 4 cos x
2 cos x +3 sin x
∫ cos x +sin x dx π /2
.¿ ∫
−4
¿¿¿
0 25
Solution
2 cos x +3 sin x=¿ ¿
A¿
=
A+ B=2…………… (i)

301
 4 3π 4
¿− ln 3+ + ( ln 4 )
25 50 25
(g) (h)
¿
3π 4
+ ln
50 25 ()
4
3
(i)
6. Evaluate the following, correct to 3 significant
Revision Exercise figures.
1. Express in partial fractions.

(a) (b)
(a) (b)

(c) (d)
(c) (d) 7. Find the following indefinite integrals

(e) (a) (b)

(f) (c) (d)

2. Express the following in partial fractions:

(e) (f)
(a) (b) 8. Evaluate the following definite integrals

(c) (d) (a) (b)

(e) (f)
(c) (d)
3. Express the following in partial fractions:

(a) (b) (e) (f)

9. Find the following indefinite integrals

(c) (d) (a) (b)

4. Express in partial fractions
(c) (d)

(a) (b) (e) (f)

(g) (h)
(c) (d)
(i) (j)
10. Find the following definite integrals
(e) (f)
5. Find the following integrals
(a) (b)

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
(e) (f)

302
 (g) (h) (c) (d)

(i) (j) (e)

17. Evaluate the following definite integrals either by
11. Find using integration by parts writing down the integral as a function of x or by
12. Find the integral of the following using the given change of variable.

(a) (b)
(a) (sec x = u)
13. Show that:

(a)
(b) (cos x = u)
(b)
14. Find the following integrals, using the the given
change of variable. (c) (cosec x = u)
18. Evaluate
(a) , =u

(b) , =u (a) (b)

(c) , 2x – 1 = u
(c) (d)
(d) , =u

(e) , x–1=u (e) (f)

(f) , x–2=u
(g) (h)
(g) , x–2=u
(i)
(e) , =u
15. Find the following integrals using a suitable change
19. Calculate the area enclosed by the curve y = ,
of variables only when necessary.
the x-axis, x = 2 and x = 3.
20. Calculate the area under y = sin3x from x = 0 to
(a) (b)

.
(c) (d) 21. Calculate the volume of the solid generated when the
(e) (f)
area under y = cos x from x = 0 to is rotated
through four right angles about the x-axis.
(g) (h) 22. The area of a uniform lamina is that enclosed by the

curve y = sin x, the x-axis, and the line . Find

(i) (j)
the distance from the x-axis of the centre of gravity of
16. Evaluate the following definite integrals by changing
the lamina.
the variable and the limits.

(a) (b)

303
 Answers
(g)

1. (a)
(h)

(b) (c)
(i)

(d) (e)
6. (a) (b)

(f)
(c) (d)

2. (a) (b)
7. (a) (b)
(c) (d)
(c) (d)
(e) (f) (e)
(f)
3. (a)
8 (a) (b) (c) ln 6
(b)
(d) (e) (f)
(c) 9. (a) sin x – x cos x + c
(b)
(d)
(c) -e-x(x + 1) + c (d)
4. (a)
(e) (f)

(b)
(g)

(c) (h)

(d) (i)
(j)
(e)

10. (a) -2x (b)

(f)
(c) (d) 1
5. (a) (b)
(e) (f)
(c) (d)
(g) (h)
(e) (f)

304
 (i) (j) 19. 20. 21. 22.

11.

12. (a)

(b)

14. (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g) (h)

15. (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)
(i) (j)

16. (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e)

17. (a) (b) (c)

18. (a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f) 24.3

(g) (h) (i)

305