UNIT-1

Introduction to Web Development Strategies:

Web Development refers to the process of creating, building, and maintaining websites. It includes
aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. The
term is made up of two words:

 Web: Refers to websites, web pages, or anything that works over the internet.
 Development: Refers to building the application from scratch.

Web Development can be classified into two ways:

1. Frontend Development: The part of a website where the user interacts directly is termed
as the front end. It is also referred to as the ‘client side’ of the application.
2. Backend Development: Backend is the server side of a website. It is part of the website
that users cannot see and interact with.

Web development strategies are the methods and techniques used in the planning, design,
development, deployment, and management of web applications and systems. The aim of web
development strategies is to ensure that these applications and systems are aligned with the
business goals of the organization, and that they meet the needs of the users.
Here are some of the best practices in web development:

1. Responsive Design: Making websites responsive makes it possible for users to have an
optimal viewing experience on multiple screen sizes and devices.

2. Mobile Optimization: Mobile optimization is about improving website performance and

usability on mobile devices.
3. Performance Optimization: Performance optimization is aimed at reducing page load time
while improving website speed.
These strategies and best practices can lead to digital success by creating excellent online
experiences, each offering a unique combination of strategies and benefits. They include techniques
like responsive design, SEO, and security measures to ensure success.

History of Web and Internet:

The Internet and the World Wide Web (Web), though often used interchangeably, are two
different concepts. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers and servers that
allows people to communicate, share information, and access resources from anywhere in the
world1. The Web, on the other hand, is a system of interconnected documents and resources, linked
together by hyperlinks and URLs.

History of the Internet:

 The Internet was created in the 1960s by the US Department of Defense as a way to connect
computers and share information between researchers and scientists.
  It started as a medium for sharing information with government researchers.
 The situation resulted in the development of ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network), which, later on, evolved into the Internet.
 Transfer Control Protocol (TCP/IP) which was developed in 1970, was adopted as a new
communication protocol for ARPANET in 1983.
 The technology enabled various computers on different networks to communicate with
each other and this is how the Internet was officially born on January 1, 1983.
History of the Web:

 The Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 as a way for scientists to share
information more easily. It was the outcome of the project NSFNET (National Science
Foundation Network) by US Government.
 It’s a system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents.
 These documents are interlinked using hypertext links and are accessible via the Internet.
 To link hypertext to the Internet, we need: The markup language, i.e., HTML. The transfer
protocol, e.g., HTTP. Uniform Resource Locator (URL), the address of the resource.
 We access the Web using Web browsers.

Together, the Internet and the Web have revolutionized the way we communicate, do business,
and access information. They have made it possible for people all over the world to connect
with each other instantly and have transformed many industries, from media and
entertainment to education and healthcare.

Protocols Governing Web:

The web operates on several protocols that govern how data is exchanged over the internet. Here
are some of the key protocols:

1. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): This is the main protocol used for transferring
hypertext data over the internet. It defines how messages are formatted and transmitted,
and what actions web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
2. HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure): This is a secure version of HTTP. It uses
SSL/TLS protocol to encrypt the data during transmission, providing a secure
communication channel between the client and the server.
3. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol): These are foundational
protocols for the internet. IP is responsible for delivering packets from the source host to
the destination host based on the IP addresses. TCP is responsible for ensuring the reliable
transmission of data from one point to another.
4. DNS (Domain Name System): This protocol translates domain names to IP addresses. It’s
like a phone book for the internet that allows us to use names instead of numerical IP
addresses.
5. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) and SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol): These protocols
are used for transferring files over the internet.
6. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used for sending emails.
 7. POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): These
protocols are used for receiving emails.
8. SSH (Secure Shell): This protocol is used for securely accessing remote systems.

These protocols ensure that data is transferred efficiently and securely over the web.

Writing Web Projects:

Writing web projects involves a combination of planning, designing, coding, and testing. Here’s a
step-by-step guide on how to approach it:
Develop a Strategy: Break the project into manageable parts that reduce the complexity of
building the project.
User Story: Determine the intended features of the app.

Project Architecture: Create a design of how those features will be implemented.

Development Phase: Build the project based on the project architecture.

Here are some project ideas for different levels of expertise:

 Design an Event Webpage using HTML & CSS.

 Design a Parallax Webpage using HTML & CSS.
 Design a Webpage like Technical Documentation using HTML & CSS.
 Design Homepages like Facebook using HTML and CSS.
 Create a landing page using HTML and CSS.
 Design a useful, interactive blog.
 Build a login authenticator.
 Utilize HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and UX design to create a to-do list.

Connecting To Internet:

Connecting to the internet involves a few steps and requires certain hardware.
1. Choose an Internet Service Provider (ISP): The first step is to choose an ISP that offers service in
your area. ISPs provide the internet service and can also often provide you with the necessary hardware.
2. Acquire a Modem and a Router: You’ll need a modem and a router to connect to the internet.
Sometimes, these come together in one device called a “wireless gateway”. The modem connects to your
ISP, and the router allows multiple devices to connect to the modem.
3. Connect Your Modem: Plug the modem into your wall jack and into a power outlet. Give it a few
minutes to boot up.
4. Connect Your Router and Modem: If your router and modem are separate, use an ethernet cable to
connect them.
5. Connect to Wi-Fi or Ethernet: If you’re using Wi-Fi, go to your device’s network settings, turn on Wi-
Fi, and select your network name. If you’re using an ethernet connection, use an ethernet cable to connect
your device to your router or modem.
6. Enter Your Wi-Fi Password: If you’re connecting to Wi-Fi, you’ll need to enter your Wi-Fi password
on your device.

Introduction to Internet Services and Tools:

Internet Services are the services provided by the internet. These services allow us to access and
exchange a large amount of data such as software, audio clips, video clips, text files, and other
documents1. Some of the commonly used internet services are1:

1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files over the internet.
2. Telnet: A user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.
3. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): A method for taking analog audio signals and turning them
into digital data that can be transmitted over the internet.

Internet tools are software or online platforms that help users to interact with the services
provided by the internet. Here are some of the major Internet tools:

1. Web Browsers: Software applications used to locate, retrieve, and display content on the World
Wide Web, including Web pages, images, videos, and other files.
2. Search Engines: Tools that index millions of sites on the web, so that information can be retrieved
easily.
3. Email Services: Tools that allow you to send, receive, and store emails.
4. Social Networking Sites: Online platforms that allow users to create a public profile and interact
with other users on the website.
5. Content Management Systems (CMS): Tools that allow publishing, editing, and modifying content
as well as site maintenance from a central page.

These services and tools have made the internet a very powerful platform for communication,
information retrieval, entertainment, and commerce.

Introduction to Client Server Computing:

Client-Server Computing is a computing model for the development of computerized systems.

This model is based on the distribution of functions between two types of independent and
autonomous processors: servers and clients.

A client is any process that requests specific services from server processes. Client systems are
typically single-user workstations or computers that provide a highly user-friendly interface for the
end user. A client-based station typically presents the type of graphical interface (GUI) that is most
comfortable for users.
 A server is a device that provides services to the client. It is a central node that services many client
nodes1. A server can only accommodate a limited number of client requests at a time. So it uses a
system based on priority to respond to the requests.

The client and server communicate over a network, and the client sends requests for data or
services to the server, which then processes the requests and sends the data or services back to the
client.

Characteristics of Client-Server Computing:

 The client-server computing works with a system of request and response.

 The client and server should follow a common communication protocol so they can easily interact
with each other.
 All the communication protocols are available at the application layer.

Advantages of Client-Server Computing:

 All the required data is concentrated in a single place i.e., the server. So it is easy to protect the data
and provide authorization and authentication.
 The server need not be located physically close to the clients. Yet the data can be accessed
efficiently.
 It is easy to replace, upgrade, or relocate the nodes in the client-server model because all the nodes
are independent and request data only from the server.

Disadvantages of Client-Server Computing:

 If all the clients simultaneously request data from the server, it may get overloaded. This may lead
to congestion in the network.
 If the server fails for any reason, then none of the requests of the clients can be fulfilled. This leads
to failure of the client-server network.
 The cost of setting and maintaining a client-server model are quite high.

This model is widely used in network computing for its efficiency and scalability.