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Chapter - 2
(Polynomials)
Key Concepts
Constants : A symbol having a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
Example : 7, 3, -2, 3/7, etc. are all constants.
Variables : A symbol which may be assigned different numerical values is known as
variable.
Example : C - circumference of circle
r - radius of circle
Where 2 & are constants. while C and r are variable
Algebraic expressions : A combination of constants and variables. Connected by
some or all of the operations +, -, X and is known as algebraic expression.
Example : etc.
Terms : The several parts of an algebraic expression separated by '+' or '-' operations
are called the terms of the expression.
Example : is an algebraic expression containing 5
terms
Polynomials : An algebraic expression in which the variables involved have only non-
negative integral powers is called a polynomial.
(i) is a polynomial in variable x.
(ii) is an expression but not a polynomial.
Polynomials are denoted by
Coefficients : In the polynomial , coefficient of
respectively and we also say that +1 is the constant term in it.
Degree of a polynomial in one variable : In case of a polynomial in one variable the
highest power of the variable is called the degree of the polynomial.
Classification of polynomials on the basis of degree.
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degree Polynomial Example
(a) 1 Linear
(b) 2 Quadratic etc.
(c) 3 Cubic etc.
(d) 4 Biquadratic
Classification of polynomials on the basis of no. of terms
No. of terms Polynomial & Examples.
(i) 1 Monomial - etc.
(ii) 2 Binomial - etc.
(iii) 3 Trinomial- etc.
Constant polynomial : A polynomial containing one term only, consisting a constant
term is called a constant polynomial the degree of non-zero constant polynomial is zero.
Zero polynomial : A polynomial consisting of one term, namely zero only is called a
zero polynomial.
The degree of zero polynomial is not defined.
Zeroes of a polynomial : Let be a polynomial. If then we say that is a
zero of the polynomial of p(x).
Remark : Finding the zeroes of polynomial p(x) means solving the equation p(x)=0.
Remainder theorem : Let be a polynomial of degree and let a be any real
number. When is divided by then the remainder is
Factor theorem : Let be a polynomial of degree and let a be any real
number.
(i) If
(ii)
Factor : A polynomial is called factor of divides exactly.
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Factorization : To express a given polynomial as the product of polynomials each of
degree less than that of the given polynomial such that no such a factor has a factor of
lower degree, is called factorization.
Example :
Methods of Factorization :
Factorization by taking out the common factor
e.g.
Factorizing by grouping
=
=
=
Factorization of quadratic trinomials by middle term splitting method.
=
Identity : Identity is a equation (trigonometric, algebraic ) which is true for every value
of variable.
Some algebraic identities useful in factorization:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
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Section - A
Q.1 Which of the following expressions is polynomial?
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv) (v)
(vi) (vii)
Q.2 Write the degree of each of the following polynomial.
(i) (ii) (iii) 9
(iv) (v) (vi)
Q.3 (i) Give an example of a binomial of degree 27.
(ii) Give an example of a monomial of degree 16.
(iii) Give an example of trinomial of degree 3.
Section - B
Q.4 If
Q.5 Find the zeros of the polynomials given below :
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) (v) (vi)
Q.6 Find the remainder when is divided by
Q.7 Show that is a factor of the polynomial
Q.8 Find the value of a for which is a factor of the polynomial.
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Section - C
Q.9 Factorize the following expressions.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q.10 Factorize :
(i) (ii)
Q.11 Factorize:
Q.12 Factorize following expressions.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q.13 Calculate using algebraic identities.
Q.14 Calculate 103 X 107 using algebraic identities.
Q.15 Expand .
Q.16 Factorize .
Q.17 Expand (i) (ii)
Q.18 Evaluate (i) (ii)
Q.19 Factorize (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
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Section - D
Q.20 Factorize
Q.21 Factorize
Q.22 Find the product
Q.23 If then find the value of
Self Evaluation
Q.24 Which of the following expression is a polynomial?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Q.25 Degree of zero polynomial is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) not defined (d) none of these
Q.26 For what value of k is the polynomial exactly
divisible by
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d) -3
Q.27 The zeroes of the polynomial
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Q.28 If where
Q.29 If then find value of
m & n?
Q.30 Find the value of
Q.31 Find value of 104 X 96
Q.32 If find value of
Answers
Q.1 (i), (ii), (v)
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Q.2 (i) 1 (ii) 3 (iii) 0 (iv) 4 (v) 9 (vi) 2
Q.4 (i) p (0) = 5 (ii) p(3) = 11 (iv) 21
Q.5 (i) (ii) (iii) x= 1/6 (iv)
(v) (vi)
Q.6 remainder = 1
Q.8 a=1
Q.9 (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Q.10 (i) (ii)
Q.11 (a-b) (a+b-1)
Q.12 (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Q.13 994009
Q.14 11021
Q.15
Q.16
Q.17 (i)
(ii)
Q.18 (i) 857375 (ii) 1191016
Q.19 (i)
(ii) (3x+5y)(9x2-15xy+25y2
(iii)
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(iv)
Q.20
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23 108
Q.24
Q.25 (c) not defined
Q.26 (d) -3
Q.27 (d)
Q.28 0
Q.29 m = 7, n = -18
Q.30 737
Q.31 9984
Q.32 3
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