Vishwakarma Government Engineering College

Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering

PRACTICAL NO: 04

AIM:- Overview of IoT Connectivity Technology.

OBJECTIVES:
1. List Industry 4.0 drivers and evaluate their contribution towards the progression of

Industry 4.0.

2. Describe the function of Data communication link in association with Internet of Things.

3. Brief the types of wireless communication protocols of IoT and IIoT

4. What is IoT Networking? Discuss its operation, opportunity and challenges

RATIONAL

The world is at the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and this revolution is very
much driven by the smarts in automating decision making and processes. Advancements in IT has
resulted in immense improvements in computational power across nearly all electronic devices and
enhanced capabilities in connecting the dots in an increasingly networked society.

Industry 4.0 concerns the transformation of industrial processes through the integration of
modern technologies such as sensors, communication, and computational processing. Technologies
such as Big-data, Connectivity, Customized Product and Interoperability are considered to be
the prime t drivers necessary for the advancement of Industry 4.0 transformation.

Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a name for the aggregate collection of network-enabled devices,
excluding traditional computers like laptops and servers. Types of network connections can include
Wi-Fi connections, Bluetooth connections, and near-field communication (NFC). The IoT includes
devices such as "smart" appliances, like refrigerators and thermostats; home security systems;
computer peripherals, like webcams and printers; wearable technology, such as Apple Watches and
Fit bits; routers; and smart speaker devices, like Amazon Echo and Google Home.
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How the Internet of Things Works

These devices use Internet protocol (IP), the same protocol that identifies computers over the
World Wide Web and allows them to communicate with one another. The goal behind the Internet
of things is to have devices that self report in real-time, improving efficiency and bringing
important information to the surface more quickly than a system depending on human intervention.

What is Data Communication link?

A data link is a method for connecting a device from one location to another in
telecommunications, in order to transmit and receive digital information. Data transfer happens
over a certain link protocol that allows data to be transferred from the source to the destination. In
the OSI model for computer networking, the data link essentially makes up the second layer. It
offers procedures and functions for the transfer of data and can also correct errors that occur in the
physical layer.

Fig-1: Generic diagram of Data communication link

The Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI-1980) is a conceptual framework used to

describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing
functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability
between different products and software.
A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships. The purpose of
the OSI reference model is to guide technology vendors and developers so the digital
communications products and software programs they create can interoperate and to promote a
clear framework that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunications system
that's in use.

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Fig-2: Conceptual Open System Interface-OSI Model

The Need of Wireless Communication in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies. The purpose of IoT is to connect and exchange data with other devices and
systems over the Internet.

Every IoT device performs by using a set of rules to exchange data between electronic devices. For
the devices to work together there are specific IoT protocols that the devices use to communicate
wirelessly. These protocols are critical to the IoT technology stack and allow communication and
interaction between sensors, devices, gateways, servers, and user applications.

IoT-Wireless communication protocols

IoT devices are equipped with low-cost, low-data-rate wireless access technology which operate or
work on batteries, they are small in size, and have very limited processing power. So, network
protocols that are designed for use in IoT should be designed accordingly keeping these constraints
in mind.
These networks typically support very low throughput; they have high packet loss. These networks
typically operate in environments which are very much noisy, there are a lot of interferences and

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consequently the packet loss is also high. They have small, useful payload size and in most cases,
these networks also exhibit the behavior of frequent changes in their topology. Therefore, it is a
highly constraint dynamic kind of scenario and coming up with networking solutions is a huge
challenge in these systems. So, classical internet that is based on TCP/IP; the classical internet that
we all use is not meant for these constraint IoT devices. IoT devices need a specific
communication protocols so it will works very efficiently with minimum constrains described
earlier. Followings are the list of Wireless protocols mainly used in IoT devices for data
communication.

1. IEEE 802.15.4 (Standard)

2. Zigbee

3. Bluetooth

4. ISA 100

5. 6LoWPAN

6. Wireless HART

7. Z-Wave

8. NFC

9. RFID

1. IEEE 802.15.4 (Standard) :

IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-cost, low-data-rate wireless access technology for devices that are operated
or work on batteries. IEE 802.15.4 describes how low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-
WPANs) function. IEEE 802.15.4 basically provides the framework meant to be used particularly
for networks such as the wireless personal area networks. The physical layer defines things like
the frequency band, the transmission power and modulation scheme of the link. On the other
hand, the MAC defines issues such as medium access and flow control (Frame). Figure 2 shows
how the OSI model has been adapted in the 802.15.4 standard.

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Fig-3:The OSi Model Adopted to IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

The 802.15.4 standard shows the OSI upper layers as having been collapsed to just two layers as
shown in Figure 2. The Network Layer typically provides network configuration, manipulation,
and message routing. The Application Layer provides the intended function of the device sitting on
the 802.15.4 standard network. The network and application layers aren't specifically defined by
the standard and are up to the user.

The features of IEEE 802.15.4 standard are as under:

 250-kbit/s over-the-air data rate

 Star, tree, or peer-to-peer operation

 CSMA-CA channel access

 Acknowledged messaging for reliable data transfer

 Low power

 Short range operation up to 75 metres

 Reasonable battery life

 Simple and flexible protocol

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2. ZigBee
The ZigBee protocol provides a framework for medium range communication to offer IoT
connectivity; it defines the physical layer, and MAC layer characteristics enabling interoperability
between multiple devices at low data rates. ZigBee operates in three frequencies:
868 MHz (1 channel using data transmission rate up to 20 kbps)
902 MHz( 10 channel using data transmission rate up to 40 kbps)
928 MHz (16 channel using data transmission rate of 250 kbps)

Fig-4:The OSI Model Adopted to ZigBee Stack

The features of ZigBee standard are as under:

 Low poer frequency band uses Binari phase shift keying(BPSK)

 For 2.5 MHz band, OQPSK is used.

 Star, Mesh, ClusterTree and Pair topology

 The nature of transmission is Line of Sight

 Acknowledged messaging for reliable data transfer

 Low power and offer reasonable battery life

 Short range operation up to 70 metres

The ZigBee network solution preserves many of the advantages of the 802.15.4 standard (low
power, reasonable cost, services) with the benefit of the standardized upper-level services. In
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addition to a defined API, the ZigBee network offers several “application profiles” such as home
automation for vendors doing similar functions. These profiles ensure an even greater level of
compatibility across vendors. A developer may be able to purchase part of a system solution as
opposed to developing it in-house. The goal of the full ZigBee network approach is to maximize
the market applications and nodes through standardization and drive system cost down even
further.

3. Bluethooth

Bluetooth is one of the most important short-range communication technologies. It’s suitable to
send small chunks of data for personal products like smartwatches. Highly suitable for mobile
devices, it’s the significant IoT protocol. Bluethooth use unliscensed Industrial, Scientific and
Medical (ISM) band at 2,4 to 2.485GHz.

The operating range of Bluethooth protocols are as under

1 metre for Class-3 radios

10 metre for Class-2 radios

100 metre for Class-1 radios

Fig-5:Bluethooth Architecture

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Fig-6:Wireless HART Architecture

4. Wireless HART Protocols

The wireless HART protocols are used particularly for industrial applications. The full form of
HART is Highway Addressable Remote Transducer and is based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
Wireless HART is a radio communications protocol that adds wireless capabilities to the HART
protocol while maintaining compatibility with existing HART devices, commands, and tools.
Wireless HART utilizes a time synchronized, self-organizing, and self-healing mesh architecture. It
functions in the 2.4 gigahertz ISM band using data rates up to about 250 kbps and there are 11 to
26 channels with a spacing of about 5 megahertz between two adjacent channels. HART wireless
protocol makes it mandatory that the same channel cannot be used consecutively.
5. RFID
RFID tags are a type of tracking system that uses radio frequency to search, identify, track, and
communicate with items and people. Essentially, RFID tags are smart labels that can store a range
of information from serial numbers, to a short description, and even pages of data.

RFID, Radio Frequency Identification is a technology, which includes wireless data capture and
transaction processing. Proximity and Vicinity are two major application areas where RFID
technology is used.
There are 3 components, one is the tag itself - the RFID tag attached to different things, RFID
reader which can read from the tag, and the RFID software which will power this entire thing to
operate. RFID tag stores digitally encoded data which is read by RFID reader. RFID tag data can

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be read outside the line of sight as compared to the traditional bar codes or the QR codes that are
frequently used.

Fig-7:RFID Architecture
Applications
Store product tracking,
Asset and baggage tracking,
Supply chain management,
Livestock tracking and management,
Auto mobile tracking
Authentication and access control.
Conclusion:

Assignment:
1. Brief the Z-Wave protocol for Building Automation
2. Compare IEEE 302.15.4 based IoT communication protocols

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