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S.5 Physics Light

Senior five physics light

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Julio Johnson
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206 views87 pages

S.5 Physics Light

Senior five physics light

Uploaded by

Julio Johnson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SECTION A: OPTICS Light s a form of energy that travel in a straight line, Some objects produce light on their own and these are called luminous objects e.g sun, fire worn, fire fy. Most objects we see don’t produce light on their own but reflect it from luminous objects amd these are called non-luminous objects e.g. moon, the stars, etc. Some objects do not allow light to go through them and these are called opaque objects e.g. wood, ‘wall, people, etc. Some of them allow most of the light to go through them and these are called transparent objects €.g, glass, clear water, clear polythene. Other objects allow some light to go through them and these ore called translucent objects eg. paper, bathroom glasses, tinted glass, ete. RAYS AND BEAMS ‘A ray is the direction of the path taken by light. It is indicated by a straight line with am arrow on it. aeatdetaetuuee A beam is a collection of light rays. OR: A beam is a streamof light energy. Types of beams 0) Parallel beam Rays are parallel to exch other. This is obtained from light from a distant source See en Sra Peat cand search lights. b) Convergent beam Rays from different directions meet at a common point. Eq. light behind a convex lens after passing through it. Divergent beam Rays start from @ common point and separate into different directions. Eg. light from a torch and car lights. REFLECTION OF LIGHT Reflection is the bouncing of light as it strikes a reflecting surface. Types of reflection @) Regular reflection. Here, cn incident parallel bean is reflected as a parcel beamwhen light falls ‘on a smooth surface e.g. plane mirror, paper, clear water, highly polished surfaces, Reflected pcidgnt baam a Plane Reflecting ‘surface b) Irregular (dittuse) reflection Here am incident parallel beam is reflected in different iron sheets, unclear water, ete. Incident beam Reflecte ctions when light falls on a rough surface e.g. 7 angle of incidence (angle between the normal and incident ray) ‘r= angle of reflection (angle between the normal and reflected ray) Law tt The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane. Law 2: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Deviation of light by a plane mirror ‘Consider a ray AO incident on a plane mirror M at a glancing angle g @ y 8 d= An object pin O is placed in front of a plane os mirror AB, on a white sheet of paper. > Looking from side A of the mirror, two pins P, and P, are placed so that they look to be B inline with the image of the pin ©. > The experiment is repeated with pins P and Po, Ps P, onside B, 2 i > The pins amd the mirror are removed and z a lines drawm through the pin marks P,P, and PP, tomeet at |. is the position of the image. Minimum vertical length of a plane mirror ‘Aman 2m tall whose eye level i 184m above the ground looks at his image in a Vertical mirror. What must be the minimum vertical length of the mirror so that the man can see the whole of himself completely in the mirror? Solution Rays from the top of the man ore reflected from the top of the mirror and are incident in the man’s ‘eyes (point E is the man’s eye level) Sime HA = AE then, AE = 3x 016 = 008m Similarly FB = BF. Thus EB = 3x 184 = 092m The minimum length of the mirror = AE + EB = 0.08 + 092 In — Hence the minimum length of the mirror is half the height of the object FORMATION OF MULTIPLE IMAGES IN THICK PLANE MIRROR + Atthick plane hos two plame surfaces say X and ¥, reflection takes place at the two surfaces. + The reflection at 1; leads to the formation of image /; ‘4 The transmitted light i reflected at the silvered surface N, it ndergoes partial reflection and transmission at N, 4 The transmitted light appears to originate from! The successive internal reflections will lead to multiple images. © Thick mirror forrrs multiple images and its distant images are faint. Multiple images is due ‘to multiple images is due to successive reflections and faint images is due the energy absorbed at each reflection (i) The disadvantages of using plane mirrors as reflectors of light in optical instruments such as submarine periscopes are overcome by using reflecting prisms. COMPARISION OF PLANE MIRRORS AND REFLECTING PRISMS. © Unlike in prisms, plane mirrors produce muti Gi The silvering in pleme mirrors wears out with time while no sivering is required in prisrrs i) Unlie in pris, plane mirrors exercise loss of brightness when reflection occurs at its surface, What is mecmt by reflection of light? State the laws of reflection of light Distinguish between regular and diffuse reflection of light Show with the aid of a ray diagram that when af ray of light is incident on a plane mirror, the angle of deviation of a ray by the plane surface is twice the glancing angle. Derive the relation between the angle of rotation of a plane mirror and the angle of deflection of a reflected ray, when the direction of the incident ray is constant. 7. An incident ray of light makes an angle of 20° with the plane mirror in position m.as shown below eu peye Cakulate the angle of reflection f the mirror s rotated through 6° to position mm: while the direction of the incident ray remains the same. 8 @ Show that am incident ray of ight reflected successively from two mirrors inclined at an angle @ toeach other is deviated through om angle 28. i) Name one application of the result in 2(i) above. 9. Describe how a sextant is used to determine the angle of elevation of a star. 10. Show that the image formed in a plane mirror is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front 11. State the characteristics of images formed by plane mirrors. 12. () What s meant by No parallax method as applied to location of an image? Gi) Describe how the position of an image ina plane mirror cam be located 13. Show that for aman of height, H, standing upright the minimum lenath of a vertical plane mirror in which he can see the whole of him self completely is ! 14. With the aid of a ray diagram, explain how a thick plane mirror forms multiple images of an object 15, Give three reasons for using prisirs rather than plane mirrors in reflecting optical instruments. REFLECTION IN CURVED MIRRORS CURVED MIRRORS ((Spherical mirrors) Curved mirrors are mirrors whose surfaces are obtained from a hollow transparent sphere, There are two types of curved mirrors; Concave mirror (converging mirror) i) Convex mirror (diverging mirror) Concave (Converging) mirrors itis part of the sphere whose centre € is in front of its reflecting surface. ns) Convex (Diverging) mirrors its pant of the sphere whose centre € is behind its reflecting surface. Where: D isthe pole of the mirror ‘isthe radius of curvature. F isthe principal focus (focal point) APB - Aperture € b the contre of curvature PFC — Principal axis f is the focal length Terms used in Curved mirrors Definitions 1. Contre of curvature Cs itis the centre of the sphere of which the mirror forms part. 2. Radius of curvature rs it is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror forms part. 3. Pole of the mirrors itis the mid-point (centre) of the mirror surface. 4, Drinepal entis €D: it isthe line that posses through the centre of curvature and the pole of the mirror. 5. Secondary axis line through the center of a thin lens or through the center of curvature of a concave or convex mirror other than the principal axis of the lens or mirror 6. Paraxial rays These are rays close to the principal axis and make small angles with the mirror axis 7. Marginal rays: These are rays furthest from the principal axis of the mirror. 8 (i) Principal focus *F* of a concave mirrors it is « point on the principal axis where parcnial rays incident on the mirror and parallel to the principal axis converge after reflection by the mirror. A concave mirror hes at real (in front) principal focus. (i). Principal focus "F* of a convex mirror: it isc point on the principal axis where parenial rays incident on the mirror and parallel to the principal exis appear to diverge from after reflection by the mirror A convex mirror has a virtual (behind) principal focus, 9.(i) Focal length *#? of a concave mirrors its the distance from the pole of the mirror to the point where paraxial rays incident and parallel to the principal axis converge after reflection by the mirror. GW Focal length “f° of a convex mirrors its the distance fromthe pole of the mirror to the point where paraxial rays incident and perailel to the principal ‘rxis appear to diverge from after reflection by the mirror. 10, Aperture of the mirror it s the length of the mirror surface, GEOMETRICAL RULE$ FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF RAY DAIGRAMS(TO LOCATE IMAGE POSITIONS) Rays are always drawn from the top of the object. 2. Aray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the principal focus. Coheave 1 3. Aray through the principal focus is reflected parallel to the principal exis € Concave 4. Atay through the centre of curvature is reflected along its own path. Concave Convex 5, Rays incident to the pole are reflected back, malking the same angle with the principal exis. 6 Atlecst two rays are used i. (1nd 2) or (1 & 3). Their point of intersection is where the image is, and itis always the top of the image. NOTE: (@ The normed due to reflection at the mirror surface at any point must pass through the centre of curvature, i) The image position can be located by the intersection of two reflected rays initially coming from the object. IMAGES FORMED BY A CONCAVE MIRROR ‘The nature of the image formed by a concave mirror is either real or virtual depending on the object distance from the mirror as shown below: Object between F and P the image is 1) Behind the mirror 2) Virtual ome 3) Erect 4). Magnified The property of a concave mirror to form erect, virtual and a magnified image when the object is nearer to the mirror than its focus makes it useful as a shaving mirror and also used by dentists for teeth examination. a Object at F the image is 1) att infinity, virtual and upright ra SS ‘ svi Object between F and € the image is 1) Beyond C 2) Real 3) Inverted 4) Magnified 4 Object at € the image is e D atc i 2) Real 5 3)_ Inverted 4)Same size as the object Object beyond € the Image is 1) Between Cand F 2) Real 3) Inverted 4) Diminished Object at infinity the image is D ALF 2) Real 3) Inverted 4) Diminished USES OF CONCAVE MIRRORS © They are used as shaving mirrors. Gi) They are used by dentists for teeth examination. Gif) They are used os solar concentrators in solar paneb. (iv) They are used in reflecting telescopes, a device for viewing distant objects (0) They are used in projectors, a device for showing slides on ascreen. Advantage It forms magnified and erect images IMAGES FORMED BY A CONVEX MIRROR The image of an object in a convex mirror is erect, virtual, and diminished in size no matter where the object i situated as shown below In addition to providing an erect image, convex mirrors have got a wide field of view as illustrated below. Notes A convex mirror can form real images if it receives converging rays targeting any point between Focal point cmd its optical centre lie in the above case( If the screen was placed at the position of the eye above a real image will be formed on it) Conve mirrors (They are used cs driving mirrors. This is because they always form erect images and have a wide field of view, (i) Used in super markets to observe the activities of customers Gil) Used in security check points to inspect under vehicles Advantases of convex mirrors over plane mirrors They have a wide field of view i) They formeerect images Plane mirror Convex mirror WS Narrow field of view Wide Feld of view Disadvantages of convex mirrors It diminished images giving a wrong impression to drivers that the object behind is very far Relation between focal length and radius of curvature (q) Concave mirror HC isthe contre of curvature, then CP is the radius of the mirror ox my, ¥ > v, then WM (3) m=O mz =m, A concave mirror forms on a screen a real image of three times the size of the object. The object and screen are then moved until the image is five times the size of the object. Ifthe shift of the screen is 30¢m, determine the (@ focal length of the mirror (ii) shit of the object Solution. O mar 15cm vy = (my + 1) fam For m2 > my, uy > vy, =(m + Df. uy then Form, > ms, v2 > vs then diuy (3) ia A concave mirror P of focal length 15cm faces « convex mirror @ of focal length 10cm placed 25cm fromit. An object s placed between P and @ at a point 20cm from P. (0 Determine the ditance from @ of the image formed by reflection, first in P and then in @ (0 Find the magnification of the image formed in (i) above Solution | 4 Consider the action of a convex mirror The image formed by a concave mirror acts 03 it a virtual object for the convex mirror. Thus u = -35em and f = 10cm 1,1 Consider the action of a concave mirror u = 20cm, and f = 15cm yma =14em Frote *. A final virtual image s Wem behind the caer tan ees aa eT Gi) magnification m = mym, = 600m The image distance from a concave mirror = 60cm Thus, the image distance behind a convex mirror = 60- (5 + 20)em = 35cm, 4, A small convex mirror & placed 6@em from the pole and on the ants of a large concave mirror of radius of curvature 200¢m. The position of the convex mirror is such that a real image of a distant ‘object is formed in the plame of a hole drilled through the concave mirror at its pole, (@ @ Draw aray diagram to show how a convex mirror forms an image of a non-axial point of distant object i) Suggest a practical application for the arrangement of the mirrors in @ () aboves @) Cakulate the @ radius of curvature of the convex mirror. Gi) height of the real image if the distant object subtends an angle of ©.5° at the pole of the convex mirror, ‘Solution(b) i) em ee a (oe ——>| Gi) The mirror arrangement finds application in a reflecting telescope, a device for viewing distemt objects () (i) Consider the action of a concave mirror ipal focus of the concave mirror. TI a virtual object for a convex mirror. Consider the action of a convex mirror —40cmand v = 60cm The required radius of curvature r = 240cm 15 Gi) Consider the magnification produced by a convex mirror Let fu = height of the intermediate image formed by a concave mirror as shown. Fay sham a distant obiect tan 0s* = _hy =height of image formed by ai convex mirror hy hy Required image height = 13cm EXERCHER 44 Define the terms centre of curvature, radius of curvature, principal focus and focal length of a converging mirror. Distinguish between real and virtual images. Explain with the aid of a concave mirror the term a caustic surfaces Explain why a parabolic mirror i used in searchlights instead of a concave mirror ‘An object is placed a dlstance a from a concave mirror. The mirror fornrs an imeige of the object at a distance vs Drawer ray diagram to show the path of light when the image formed i: @reat (i) virtual + Give two instemces in each case where concave mirrors and convex mirrors are useful 1. (W Explain the suitability of a concave mirror as ashaving mirror. Gi) Explain with the aid of a ray diagram why a convex mirror is used as a car driving mirror, 8. Show with the aid of a ray diagram. that the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is twice the focal length of the mirror ®. Use a geometrical ray diagram for a concave to derive the relation reve 10. Derive the relation connecting the radius of curvature # object distance u and image distance v of a diverging mirror. 1. An object s placed perpendicular to the principal axés of a concave mirror of focal lencth fat distance (f + x) and a real image of the object is formed at a distance (f + ). Show that the radius of curvature # of the mirror is given by r = 2,/ xy 12 () Define the term linear magnification. mage distance 9 Show that in a concave ritror, near magnification = Tale ToS, Gil) A concave mirror of focal lenath t5cm forms am erect image that is three times the size of the ‘object. Determine the object amd its corresponding image position. (iv) A concave mirror of focal length 10cm forms an image five times the height of its object. Find the possible object and corresponding image positions. [Anse (iff) u = 10cm, v = -30cm, (fv) u = 12cm, v = 60cm OR u = Bem, v = 40cm] 136 A concave mirror forrrs on a screen a real image which is twice the size of the object. The object and screen are then moved until the image is five times the size of the object. Ifthe shift ofthe screen i 30cm, determine the @ focal length of the mirror Gi) shift of the object [Answers (1) f = 10cm (fi) 3cm] 14. A concave mirror of radius of curvature 20em faces a convex mirror of radius of curvature tem and is a8em from it. If cn object is placed mickwoy between the mirrors, find the nature and postion of the image formed by reflection fist at the concave mirror and then at the convex mirror. [ Answers A final virtual image is 17-Sem behind the convex mirror ] 16 15+ A small convex mirror i placed 18cm from the pole and on the axis of c large concave mirror of radius of curvature 820¢m. The position of the convex mirror i such that a real image of a distant ‘object is formed in the pleme of « hole diiled through the concave mirror at its pole. (@) @ Draw aray diagram to show how a convex mirror forms ain image of « non-axial point of a distant object (if) Suggest « practical application for the arrangement of mirrors in a (I) aboves iit) Calculate the radius of curvature of the convex mirror (®) If the distant object subtends an angle of 3 x 10~radians at the pole of the concave mirror, calculate the @ size of the real image that would have been formed at the focus of the concave mirror. ii) size of the image formed by the convex mirror [Anes (a) (iti) 150m (b) (1) ©-48em (iH) 08cm } 16. A converging mirror produces an image whose length i 25 times that of the object. If the mirror s moved through a distemce of Sem towards the object, the image formed i 5 times as long as the object. Cakulate the focal length of the mirror. An(t=25em) 17. A concave mirror forrrs an image haif the size of the object. The object & then moved towards the til the image size is three quarters that of the object. Ifthe image moved by a distance of ‘0.8em find the: © Focal length of the mirror New position of the object An(t=3.2em, 7-47¢m) 18. A real image is formed 40 cm from a spherical mirror, the image being twice the size of the object. ‘What kind of miror is it and what isthe radius of the curvature. 19. An object is 4em high. Its desired to form a real image 2cm high and 96cm from the object. Determine the type of mirror required and focal length of the mirror. 20.A dentist holds « concave mirror of focal length 4cm at a distance of 15 cm from the tooth. Find the position amd magnification of the image which will be formed. 21. A concave mirror of radius of curvature 25cm faces a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20cm with the convex mirror 30cm from a concave mirror. Ifthe object s placed mid way between two mirrors, find the nature and postion of the image formed by reflection @ — Byconcave mirror (i) By convex mirror REFLECTION OF A PARALLEL WIDE BEAM OF LIGHT AT CURVED MIRRORS Consider the reflection of «wide parallel beam of light incident on a concave mirror as shown. oman % When a wide parallel beam of ight is incident on basinal f b ‘a concave mirror, the different reflected rays are converged to different points. However these SE 5 reflected rays appear to touch a surface known as ZN? caustic surtace(A surface on which every / reflected ray fromthe mirror forms a tangent te) fe ‘and has an apex at the principal focus F. NOTE (@ The marginal rays furthest from the principal axis are converged nearer to the pole of the mirror than the parexial rays. i) Similanly, ia wide paraile! beam of light is incident on a convex mirror, the different reflected rays ‘appear to have diverged from different points. 7 COMPARISON OF CONCAVE AND PARABOLIC MI (epparabollie micros (b)concave mirror + When a amp is placed at the principal focus of a concave mirror, only rays from this lamp that strike the mirror at points close to the principle axis will be reflected parallel to the principle axis and those striking at points well away from the principal axis will be reflected in different directions and not as «1 parallel beam as seen in (b) above. In this case the intensity of the reflected beam practically diminishes as the distance from the mirror increases + When a lamp is placed at the principal focus of a parabolic mirror, ail rays from this lamp that strife the mirror at points close to and far from the principle exis will be reflected parallel to the principle axis «3 seen in (a) above. In this case the intensity of the reflected beam rematins practically undiminished as the distance from the mirror increases. Ths accounts for the use of parabolic mirrors es search lights other than concave mirrors, Note A parabolic mirror hos the advantage of reflecting the light source placed at the focts parallel to the principal axis with undiminished intensity. Uses of Parabolic mirrors ‘They are wed os reflectors in search light torches DETERMINATION OF THE FOCA! INGTH OF A CONCAVE MIRROR. | Place a concave mirror on horizontal bench with its reflecting surface placed upwards |e A pin is then clamped horizontally on a retort stand such thet its pointed end lies along the principal axis of the mirror |i Move the pin vertically until the point is located where the pin coincides with its own image |i Measure the distance r fromthe mirror to the pin |i The focal length f= NOTE: i) Inthe position where there is no parallax between the object pin and its image, there is no relative motion between the object and its image when the observer moves the head from side to side. (i) When the pin coincides with its image, the rays are incident normal to the mirror and are thus reflected along their oun path. Therefore the pin coincides with its image at the centre of curvature of the mirror. Method ed object at C 18 until a sharp image of the cross-wire is formed on the screen adjacent to the cross- + When this has been done, both the image cand the object are a the sarne distance from the mirror, and hence both must be situated in a plane passing through the centre of curvature and ot right angles to the cs, + The distance between the mirror and the screen is measured amd this is the raclius of + An object in this, consbts of a hole cut in a uae a white screen made of cross-wire illuminated a a i ees batisabija vackes ot age Half of this distomce, , is the focal length, f 4 A concave mirror mounted in a holder, and = "fy ‘moved to and from in front of the screen aenoun yy» Method (3) no. method in locatit The distance of the object pin from the mirror inagect ind eanuen is measured, u | “| & Asearch pin Bs placed between the mitror 7) |. | and pinp, és adjusted until it coincides with “Ort pn eee the image of pin p, by no-parallax method. a “+ The distance v of pin pz from the mirror is measurede 7 ‘+ The procedure b repeated for several values of w and the results are tabulated including ‘An object pin P, is placed at a distance a in values of uv, and u + v, front of a mounted concave mirror so that its ie A graph of uv against u + v is plotted tip lies along the principal axl of the mirror ‘and the slope ¢ determined amd it forms om inverted image. “The focal length f of the mirror if f NOTE: Hagaph of Lagaisnt * is plotted, then each intercept C of such a graph & equal to p Hence f = 2 AN EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE FOCAL LENGTH OF THE CONVEX MIRROR Method (1) Using a convex leny. “Place am object O in front of convex lens and locate the position of real image ++ Mecsure the distance L! and record “+ The convex mirror is placed between the lens ‘and image / with its reflecting surface facing the lens. Move the mirror along (0! until the image ! coincides with object + Measure the distances PI and LP “+ Focal length fis obtained from f = When the incident rays from an object are reflected back along the incident path, a real inverted image is formed besides the object in which cose the rays strike the mirror normally. Therefore they will if produced poss through the centre of curvature of the mirror thus distance PI= radius of curvature 19 Examples 1. An object © is placed 4@em in front of a convex lens of focal length tem forming an image on the screen. A convex mirror situated @em from the lens in the region between the lens and the screen forms the final image besides object ©. (@) Draw a ray diagram to show how the final image is formed. i) Determine the focal length of the convex mirror. Solution 14 040 24cm The radius of curvature = (24—4)em = 20m . Using the relation, = 2f YH fut iH => 2f = 20cm 1 ete tee deren f= Wem =10cm ‘The centre of curva Consider the action of « convex lens bused Se eager u = 40cm, and f = 15cm Method 2: Using a planer mirror and no parallax method The distance u of object O from convex mirror is measured Applane mirror mis then placed between ‘object O and the convex mirror such thet it ’ covers haif aperture of convex mirror + The plane Mirror Mis adjusted until its own image of © coincides with I by no parallax method. Mecsure the distance x and y F can be calculated from = Where u = (x+y) and v = —(x—y) ‘An object pin O bs placed in front of convex mirror m: such thet it forms a virtual diminished image at ! Notes (9 The tuo images coincides when they are as far behind the plane mirror as the object Gi) Substituting for u = (x +y)and v= —(x —y) in the mirror formula gives f = front. Examples 1. A plane mirrors placed 10cm infront of « convex mirror so thet it covers half of the mirror surface. Apin 25cm infront of a plane mirror gives cm image which coincide with that of the pin in the convex mirror. Find the focal length of the convex mirror. Solution 20 A plane mirror és placed 10cm in front of a convex mittor so that it covers about half of the mirror surface. A pin 20cm in front of the plane mirror gives an image in it, which coincides with that of the pin in the convex mirror. Find the focal length of the convex mirror. Solution Consider the action of a conven mirror u = 30cm andy = —(20-10) = 10cm “The image formed és virtual * EXERCISES Describe an experiment to determine the focal length of at concave mirror. You are provided with the following pieces of apparatus: A screen with cross wires, a lamp, concave mirror, and a meter ruler. Describe an experiment to determine the focal length of a ‘concave mirror using the above apparatus. Describe an experiment, including « graphical analysis of the results to determine the focal length ‘of a concave mirror using a no parallax method. Describe an experiment to measure the focal length of a convex trirror Describe how the focal lenath of a diverging mirror can be determined using a convex lens. Describe how the focal lenath of a convex mirror can be obtained using a plane mirror and the no paralex method. f+ Aplane mirror i placed at a distance din front of a convex mirror of focal length f such that it covers about haif of the mirror surface. A pin placed at a distance L in front of the plane mirror ‘gives an image in it, which coincides with that of the pin in the convex mirror, With the aid of an illustration, Show that 2df = d?-L? yr pre x a4 REFRACTION OF LIGHT Retraction is the change of direction of light propagation of light cs it travel from one medium to another. Explanation of retraction The bending of light is as a result of the change in speed as light travel from one medium to another. The change in speed of light usually leads to the change in direction unless ifthe ray is incident normally. The speed of light in air higher than the speed of light in glass or watter. Glass and water are therefore said to be denser thom air abo is denser than water. LAWS OF REFRACTION Consider a ray of light incident on an interface between two media as shou. N OA = Incident ray OB = Refracted roy. Media 7 Media = ON = Normal at © i Zi =Angle of incidence 21 =Angle of refraction 0 = Point of incidence. LAW 1: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence al ie in the same plane. LAW 2: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant for a given pair of media. This is called Smell’ laws ‘This constant ratio is called Refractive index, (n).. sind S10 yiere; ‘angle of incidence r = angle of refraction. Examples 6 60° Find the angle of refraction if the refractive is index of glass is 152 glass > Solution sini tsp = 22060 Sin = 0569 sinr So nr r=sin"*(0569) Siny = 28088 re3a7" 2. The angle of incidence of water of refractive index 1.33 is 45°. Find the angle of refraction. Solution Sinr= 0531 r=sin™*(0.531) 1. The angle of incidence is 30° aind amgle of refraction is 19°. Find the refractive index of the material 2. A ray of light is incident in air at cn angle of 30°. Find the value of angle of refraction, r, ifthe refractive index is 15. 3. A ray of light i incident on a water- glass boundary at an angle of 41° as shown belowe 22 Calculate the emgle of refraction, if the refractive indices of water and glass are 1.33 emd 150 respectively Refractive index n Refractive index of a material i the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction for a ray of light traveling from a vacuum te a given medium. oR Is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuumto speed of light in a medium. apse of light neva (©) ike Rem aates pean Hi ‘speed of light ina medium (v) Where speed of light ina vacuum ¢ = 3.0x 10° mst, NOTE: ‘The refractive index, n for a vacuum is 1. However if ight travels from air to another medium, the value of m isslightly greater than 1. For example, n = 133 for water and = 1.5 for glass. ‘THE PRINCIPLE OF REVERSI It states that the paths of light rays are reversible. ‘This meams that a ray of light can travel from medium 1 to 2 and from2 to 1 along the same path. ITY OF LIGHT. GENERAL RELATION BETWEEN ni AND sin i Consider a ray of light moving from air through a series of medic 1, 2 and then finally emerge into air «x shown. At air — medium 1 interface, Snells ves "2 = ny > sing =n, sini ” At air - medium 2 interface, Snelts gues =i = n, > simig=ng sin iz i « Equating equation (9) and NBs 1. For array travelling from a less dense medium to a denser medium e.g from air to gloss, itis refracted towards the normal since there isc decrease in speed of light. 23 Incident ra N Blass Refracted ray 2. Ifthe ray travek from a denser to a less dense medium e.g. from glass to air, it will be reflected away from the normal just because there will be an increase in the speed of light. 3. When the incident ray meets a refracting surface at 90°, its not refracted at cil 4. The speed of light reduces when it travel into a dense medium Examples: 1. Cakulate the refractive index of the glass if a ray of light is incident on it at an angle of 60° and itis refracted at an angle of 35.3°. Solution: Neel NgSlttla = Nysinly air 1 x sin60 = nox sin 35.3 lass 0866 _ 0578 ae 05778 ~ 057789 + The refractive index of glass is 15 nsini= constant 2. Arey of light in air makes an amale of incidence of 60° with the normal to glass surface of refractive index 15. What is the angle of refraction? Solution 0866 _ 15 air se = ygsinrg ass J sinry = 0.5773 D ty = sin40.5773 1 = 353° ngsinig = M,siniy ‘The angle of refraction is 35.3° 1xsin60 = 1Ssinry 3, A monochromatic beam of light is incident at 60° on a water-glass interface of refractive index 133, cand 1.5 respectively os shown Calculate the angle of reflection re Solutions Applying Snell's law gives MySitiy = NgSinig 1.33sin60 = 1.5sinr Thus Zr = 502° 24 4. Amonochromatic ray of light is incident from a liquid on to the upper surface of a transparent glass block as shown. Given that the speed of light in the liquid and glass is 2.4 «108 ms“! and 1.92 x 10° mst respectively, find the angle of refraction, te Solution: nysini, = ngsini, 1,92 «10° anEtichemmatt sinr = 5 sin60 sin60 = Ssinr 4 10" u Ug => Lr = 43.9% sinr = 2 sin6o vy 5. A smal fish is 3.0m below the surface of the pond and 2.5m from the bank. A man 2-0m tall stands 4.0m from the pond, Assuming that the sides of the pond are vertical, calculate the distance the man should move towards the edge of the pond before movernent becomes visible to the fish. (Refractive inden of water = 1:33). Solution i hs [2m Jette Fromthe diagram, tan = Mies Oe Oar oe > A= 3981 From the diagram tan 0 = = Applying Snell's law at the edge of the pond eg age Msg = ngs emia wSittiy = Nysinig Thus required distance traveled = 4—d 133sin3981°= 1sinr 4-32 > er = 584° 08m 6 Amonochromatic light incident on a block of material placed in a vacuum is refracted through an ‘angle of @. If the block has a refractive index mi and is of thickness &, show that light takes time of nesecd Mest to emerge Solution i so = stance aur speed = t glass OB © t seed es time =F = ‘ Je speed of light ina vacuum _C speed of light inamedium V c Distance travelled in the block s OB i a tsecd _tsecd_ntseco time = 15208 _ E8008 _ nt sece Ge 25 ‘SIDE WISE DISPLACEMENT OF LIGHT RAYS. When light travel from one medium to another, its direction is displaced side ways. This is called lateral displacement. Consider a ray of light incident at an angle i on the upper surface of a glass block of thickness t, and then suddenly refracted through an angle F causing it to suffer a sidewise displacement FromA ABC, AC =— 0) Fromthe diagram “CAD = (1-r) FromA ACD, AC 2 Ci) ay Equating equation () and (i) gives i a : ort a i et NOTE: ‘The horizontal displacement of the incident ray, BC = t.tanr Example: 1. The figure below shows amonochromatic ray of light incident from a liquid of refractive index 1-33, onto the upper surface of a glass block of refractive index 1-42 Cakulate the: horizontal displacernent AB. Gi lateral displacement BC of the emergent light. Solution @ Applying Snell's law at the liquid- glass interface gives, nysiniy = ngsinig 133sin50° = 142sinr = 458° Horizontal displacement AB = ¢ anr = Wtan 458° 18.51cm 2. Monochromatic light is incident from the liquid on the upper surface of transparent glass block where the sides of block are plane ond pare. If the speed of light in the liquid 2.4210" ms~! and speed of light in glass sis 1.9210°ms™, Calculate the lateral displacement of the emergent beam Solution 26 speed of tight ina vacuum speed of light ma medium 3.0x10° ™ FaDxA0 = 1239 Further examples = T92e10® nsini = constant 1.239xsin60 = 1563sinr my = 341° Ixsino r= 434° 0 = 60-434 = 166° Cosa = 12 mania) AB = 13,76em. 1.596sinry Calculate the horizontal displacement of ray of light incident at an angle of 57° on a glass block 6c thick whose refractive index is 15 Solution 57) air ass t 55 6 x __ speedoof light ina vacuum _C speed of light inamedium V 3.0x10% =a = 1596 "eT pari0" naSinig = nysiniy 1x sinS7 = 15siny, tan 3: L04em Light consisting of blue and red light i incident in cir glass interface. The two colours emerge from glass block at two points P and Q respectively. Ifthe speed of blue and red light in glass are 1.88:10°ms~! and 1.94x10°ms~" respectively. Calculate the distance PQ Solution 3.0x10° 94x10" nsini = constant 1 xsin60 = 1.546sinr, 341° 1 xsin60 = 1.596sinry Ty = 329° 546 ng 3. A monochromatic source in air sends narrow beam of light perpendicular to a screen 2.0m away. The beam strikes the screen at P. A glass block of refractive index 1.5 and thickness 10cm is inserted as shown below so thet the beam strikes it at an angle of 30° 27 (i) The anale of refraction at the first surface (i) The distance OT (ii) The speed of the beam through glass block (iv) Time taken to cover distance OT (x) Lateral displacement of the beam r=1947° i) A0CT; cos19.47 == or =0.11m speed of tlght ina vacuum 7 . (i Speed of ght ina medi ~ 7 30x10° ¥, = = 2.0x10%ms~ aa distance _ ox a 10, Qu) time = SERS = OEE = SSx10-s @ 6 =30-1947= 1053" 4. The figure below shows a layer of liquid confined between two transparent plates X and Y of refractive index of 154 and 1.44 respectively. A ray of monochromatic light making an angle of 40° with normal to the interface between medium X and liquid is refracted through an angle of 50° by the liquid. Find © Refractive index ofthe liquid Gi) The angle of refraction in medium y {i Mhimum angle of incdence x for which the vay ight wll not emerge from the medium y Selution my = 1.29 @ —— nsini = constant Gi) liquid ~ gloss y interface ‘glass x- liquid interface 1.298in50 = 1.44sinr 1.54sin40 = n,sin50 r= 433° 28 Ab Es 1xsin90 = L44zsin 1, wo 1 = 440° Ab Bs 144xsind4 = 1.292in ry 7, = 50.8" Ab As 1.29x5in50.8 = 1.5425in i i= 405° Exercisess (1) What is meant by retraction of light? (2) (i) State the laus of refraction of light. ii) State what brings about refraction of light os it travels from one medium to another. 3, A-beam of light is incident on a surface of water at an angle of 30° with the normal to the surface. The angle of refraction in watter i 22°. Find the speed of ight in waiter if its 3x 10° ms", 4. A ray of light in air makes an angle of 30° with the surface of « rectangular glass block of refractive index 15. What is the angle of refraction?, An(19.5°) 5. Atay of light travelling from a liquid to air has am angle of incidence of 40° and an angle of refraction of 60°. Find the refractive index of the liquid, Amn(1.35) 6 (W What is meant by the refractive index of a material? Gi) Light of two colours blue emd red is incident at on angle y from air to a glass block of thickness & When blue and red lights are refracted through angles of 0, and 6,. respectively, thelr corresponding speeds in the glass block are Vj, and Vie Show that the separation of the two colours at the bottom of the glass block d = =(="> — way) siny Where 0, > 0 and € is the speed of light in oi Gif) Light consisting of blue and red is incident at an angle of 60° from air to a glass block of thickness ‘Wem. If the speeds of blue and red light in the glass block are 1.86 x 10° ms~ and 1.92 10° ms~" respectively, find the separation of the two colours at the bottom of the glass block. [Answers ©.54¢m] 7. Show that when the ray of light passes through different media separated by plane boundries, nsing = constant where ns the absolute refractive index of a medium and is the angle made by the ray with the normal in the medium, 8. Show that when the ray of light passes through different media 1 and 2 separated by plane boundaries, sma Xam = 1 where n isthe refractive index of a medium. 9. Show that when the ray of light passes through different media 1,2 and 3 separated by plane boundaries, ss = sta x att where m is the refractive index of a medium. 10. Show that a ray of light passing through a glass block with parallel sides of thickness & suffers a sidewise displacement d = "4, where is the angle of incidence and i i the angle of refraction, DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX @® Concave mirror method ( refractive index of small quantity of liquid ) 29 4 The pin i adjusted vertically while viewing from above until when a point és located ‘whee the pin coincides with its image without poral, “The distance of the pin fromthe pole of the mirror, R cmis measured and recorded The test liquid is poured into the mirror to a depth. dem ‘The pin is adjusted to locate the point of coincidence of the pin and the image Test Jlquia 4 The concave mirrors pkiced onatable with | s. The ditance of the pin above the liquid hem its reflecting surface upwords. Sey + An optical pin is clamped horizontally on a vaiaeytphevpiata retort stand above the mirror with one end on the principal exis of the mitror. Refractive index ofthe quid n obtained sini, = 9 ana sini, = St Equation () now become: eu ay. (4) Na yr) = "ANE On simplifying, n, =" But N is very close to M hence NC MC and NI PROOF For refraction at N, nisin = nusinly From the diagram, NoTE: Ifthe specimen liquid of recsonable quantity, then its depth el can not be ignored. In this case, we r=d "= Mi Pad Examples 1. A liquid is placed in « concave mirror to a depth of 2em. An object held above the liquid coincides with its om image when it b.45.5em fromthe pole of the mirror. Ifthe radius of curvature of mirror & 60cm, calculate the refractive index of the liquid =2_ 60-2 nat == 133 2. Alliquid is poured in to a concave mirror to a depth of 2 @em, An object held above the liquid coincides with its own image when its 27-@em above the liquid surface. If the radius of curvature of the mirror s 40-Oem, cokulate the refractive index of the liquid. r-2_ 40-2 7S a e-u 3, Asmall concave mirror of focal length 8em lies on «bench and a pin is moved vertically above it At what point will the pin coincide with ts image ifthe mirror é filed with watter of refractive index 4/6 Solution For a small concave mirror, the quantity of ‘water is smal that its depth d can be ignored Using the relation n= £ Where r = 2f = 258 = 16cm height of t2em above the mirror ‘Therefore the pin coincided with its image ot 30 REAL AND APPARENT DEPTH When a glass block e.g. is placed on top of the object, the object when viewed appears displaced os shown below, 4 Consider AIBA: sini “ah Consider AOBA; sinr ‘eeaoE ae Putting into equation n, 2 = “= 0B Ny = TR + Atay OB isrefracted into the air along BC. For small angles OB ~ OA and IB = AI To an observer at C, ray BC appears to OA Real depth t come from /B "9 Ta ~ Apparent depth +O isthe apparent position and O is the real postion of the object 7 Applying smells lew at B a= e(1-2) nsini = constant 2 nysinr = ngsiné me) Where ds the apparent displacement and fis the real depth. NOTE (The apparent displacement d of an object © is independent of the position of © below the glass block. Thus the same expression above gives the displacement of an object which is some distance in air below paralleFsided glass block. ii) If there are different layers of different transparent materia resting on top of each other, the ‘apparent position of the object at the bottom can be found by adding the separate displacements due to each layer. Examples 1. A microscope és focused on a mark on a table. When the mark is covered by a plate of glass 2cm thick, the microscope has to be raised 0.67cm for the mark to be once more in focus. Solution t tod aga _ 2-067 nis 2. An object 6em below the tank of water of refractive index of 1.33. determine the displacement of object to the observer directly above the tank Solution 1 1 = a= 21-2) | a=6(1- | Caan 3. A tank contains slab of glass 8cm thick and of refractive index 152. above this ba liquid 1ocm thick of refractive indlex 1.45 and floating on it & 3cm of water of refractive index 1.33. find the apparent position of the mark below the tank Solution d=e(t o> ai) (pa) d= 6583cm 4. An object at a depth of 60cm below the surface of water of refractive index 4/, is observed directly fromabove the water surface. Calculate the apparent displacement of the object folution 31 Using the relation d = ¢ (1+) 3 a= 6(1-9) d= 15cm 5s A tank contains a slab of gloss Sem amd refractive index 1-6, Above this is a depth of a-Sem of a liquid of refractive index 1.5 and upon this floats 6em of water of refractive index 4/., calculate the ‘apparent displacement of an object at the bottom of the tank to an observer looking down wards directly from above. Solution — (a2 cont eee eee te Using the relation d= ¢(1-+) Apparent displacement d= d+ d) +d, Aen aud 6(1-2) +45(1 -2)+a(1-2), sem: : Hiriseriyees |otess ds15 41543 d = 6cem. 6. A srmail objects placed 20¢m in front of a concave mirror of focal length 1Sems A porclle-sded glass block of thickness 6em and refractive index 145 is then placed between the mirror and the object. Find the shift in the position and size of the image Solution Consider the action of a glass block Real abject Thus in the presence of a glass block, object distance u’ = (20-2) cm = 18cm “The object is displaced and it appearsto be teem infront of the mirror® (Commie the diction of @ concene trates inthe Consider the action of a concave mirror in the absence of a glass block presence of a glass block EE eeiguegni onl daten aca a= 18cm and f = 15cm sa nacre f wo ne HAL 15 ata : 90cm ‘Thus in the absence of a glass block, image distance = 60cm oo Inthis cone, magnification m =" =" = 3 nae eae The magnification now becomestr’ v = (90- 60)cm = 30cm aloo Exercise: 6 1. Ablock of glass is 58cm thick. A point particle at its lower surface is viewed from above. The particle ‘appears to be 3.9cm near. Calculate the refractive index ofthis gloss. Am(1.49) 2. Armark is made at the bottom of the beaker. Water of refractive index 1.33 is poured into the beaker to level of Scr to the water in the beaker s added a liquid which does not mix with water up to level of 8cm above the bottom of the beaker. When viewed normally form above, the mark appears to be 6.2cm below the upper level of the liquid, calculate the refractive index of the liquid added to the water, Am(123) 3. Acube of glass 15cm thick is placed in water of refractive index 1.33 in an open container so that the upper surface of the cube is parallel to water surface of depth 10cm. a scratch at the bottom of the 32 cube appear to be 17.5cm below the water surface when viewed from vertically above. Calculate the refractive index of glass Am(165) 4. Armicroscope is focused on a scratch on the bottom of the beaker. Turpentine is poured into the beaker to depth of 4cm and it found to raise the microscope through a vertical distance of 1.28crn to bring the scratch back into focus. Find the refractive index of turpentine. Am(1+47) 5. A microscope is fist focused on a scratch on the inside of the bottom of an empty glass dish. water i then poured in and itis found that the microscope has to be raised by 1.2m for refocusing. Chalke dust is sprinkled on the surface of water and this dust comes into focus when the microscope is raised cn ‘additional 3.5¢m. Find the refractive index of water An(1.34) Determination of refractive index of (travelling microscope) + A cross is made on a sheet of white paper and the paper is placed under a travelling microscope The microscope is adjusted until the cross is focused clearly. The reading on the microscope scale is taken, a cm. The test glass block is placed on the paper ‘and the microscope adjusted again until the lass block using real and apparent depth cross is clearly seen, The scale reading & recorded bcm Lycopodium powder is now sprinkled at the bottom of the glass block. The microscope i ‘again adjusted until the particle are seen clearly, the scalle readling c cm is recorded Refractive index n is calculated fromn Determination of refractive index of a liquid using real and apparent depth (travelling microscope) + A scratch is made at the bottom of a bs cand the beaker i placed under a traveling microscope 4 The microscope is adjusted until the scratch i focused clearly. The reading on the microscope scale is token, a cm ty=1 i) Also for glas-air interface C, = 38°47? wt nag sit.Cy = 1 glass, ng sin (38 +2) . > ny = 167 Substituting equation (i) and (i) into equation (9 gives 1.67sin ww Sin Cy = 1 pes ny sin (4842) =1 2 The refractive index for red light is 1-634 of crown glass and the difference between the critical angles of red and blue light at the glass-air interface is 0°56" What is the refractive index of crowm gloss for blue light Solution Analysis the critical angle between two media for red light is greater than that for any other light colour. Ths gives rie to the ray diagram below sin 90° Red light Since C, > Gp then C, ~ Cy = 0°56" 38 Applying Snell's law to ted light gives ny sin Gp = 1 1.63 sin G, > G.= 3773" Equation (9) now becomes Gr — Gy = 0°56 3773 6 = (0+) G = 368° Applying Snell's law to blue light gives ny sin Cy =1 ny sin368 = 1 > 67 4. A gloss block of refractive index n, is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1. A ray of light is partially reflected and partially refracted at interface such that the angle between the reflected ray ‘and refracted ay is 90°. @ Show that n, =n, tana where @ is the amgle of incidence at the liquid glass- interface (i) When the above procedure s repeated with the liquid removed, the angle of incidence increases by 8°.find a and ny given that n; = 1.33 Solution ©. From 2" law of reflection < AO! << NOB=a nysina = nsinr fate sinr But r +90° + a = 180° ny = EE = BEE san ‘When liquid is removed 7; => Ny = Ixtan(a +8) =n, = tate and Mo = stan tana Ng (L= tan8 tana )= tane + tan8 Ng — Ngtan ertan 8° = tan ot + tan 8°. from equation (i) tana i Substituting for tan o. in equation (ii) gives ng ~ Te stan 8° butm = 133. soMg? =2.340 thy + 1-32 Equation (iii) is quadratic in ng and solving it gives Ng possible. Using equation (i) tana = “= 22 my 133 a=tan -' (1.045) = 463° ‘The required angle of incidence = a. + 8° = 543° 5. The figure below shows « liquid layer confined between two transparent plates X and ¥ of refractive index 1.54 and 1.44 respectively. A ray of monochromatic light making an angle of 4@° with the normal to the interface between medic X ‘and the liquid is refracted through an angle of 5@° by the liquid. Find the © refractive index of the liquid. (angle of refraction 4 in the medium We Gi) minimum angle of incidence in the medium & for which the light will not emerge from medium ¥. Solution @ Appiying Snell's law at the plate X — liquid interface gives, nysin nysinr 1.545in40 = njsin50 con = 1.29 39 - exoe Gi) Applying Snelfs law at the liquid ~ plate ¥ 1.29siniy = 1.44sin90 interface gives sini, = 4 — msini = nysinr 29 More over, applying Snelfs law at the plate X — 1.298in50 = nysinr liquid interface gives = Zr = 43.3° nysiniy = n,siniy GH For light not to emerge from plate ¥, t L3asinig = 1.29sini graizes the liquid — at Interface. Substituting equation (9 in (iD gives a Lit Applying Shells law at the liquid - plate V LSAsini, = 1.294775 interface sives > 4i,= 405° nysiniy = nysinr ‘The diagram below shows a cross-section through the diameter of the light pipe with an incident ray of light in its plane. Flint glass. Incident light‘m the ‘ternal medium The refractive indices for flint glass, crown gloss and the external medium are 1 ,71, and n, respect Show that aay that enters the pipe is totally reflected at the flint-crown glass interface provided sind ny Where 4 is the maximum angle of incidence in the external medium. Solution ‘Analysis for light to be totally reflected, it must be CHES nasin HEHE incident at crcritical angle on the flint-croum i aa glass interface Applying Snell's law at the flint-crown glass Zo Se 77 interface gives IRaaeeore seer Hen ny sin€ = n,sin90 wie jE if ei] Fintgass bE > sing = Incident ght the ee Using the trigonometrical relation ‘eral acu sin’e + cos*e = 1 ,then Applying Snells law at the external medium-fint pan obi ua lass interface gives @+Ge)-1 ns sin = nsinr but rte = 90° sin => my sind = nsin(90°-c) A nssin@ = nm cose Exercises Explain the term total internal reflection and give three instances where it is applied. With the aid of suitable ray diagrams, explain the terms critical angle and total internal reflection. ‘Show that the relation between the refractive index m of ac medium and critical angle ¢ for a ray of light traveling from the medium to air given by n= Show that the critical angle, ¢ at a boundary between two media when light travels from medium 1 to: ‘medium 26 given by Sin C = “ where mand nm are the refractive indices of the media respectively Explain how a mirage is formed. Explain briefly how sky radio waves travel from a transmitting station to a receiver. Describe how you would determine the refractive index of the liquid using an air cell. In the figure above, « parallel sided glass slide isin contact with a liquid on one side and air on the other side. A ray of light incident on glass slide from the liquid emerges in air along the glass-air interface, Derive ‘an expression for the absolute refractive index sa, of the liquid in terms of the cmgle of incidence #in the liquid-mediumn, . The diagram below shows a cross-section through the diameter of the light pipe with an incident ray of light in its plane. ‘The refractive indices for flint glass and croum glass are my cand im respectively, Show that a ray which centers the pipe i totally reflected at the flint-croum gloss interface provided sin = nt —n3 where & is maximum angle of incidence at the air-Flint glass interface 10. A liquid of refractive index 71 is tapped in contact with the base of a right-angled prism of refractive index ry by means of a transparent cylindrical pipe os shown, lequiel Show that a ray of light which i at a grazing incidence on the liquid-glass interface emerges in to air Sin26 «Hence find nit through face BE at on angle 0 below the horizontal provided n, thy = 1.52and 6 = 47.4° 4a REFRACTION IN A GLASS PRISM A prim b a geometrical object with at least two plane surfaces. A prism is made up of gloss. Terms ased in a prism + Angle of a prism or refracting angle: This the angle between any two inclined surfaces of a prism and its denoted by A Eg < OCB = Bose; OBED “Triangular face; OBC-DEF ob Refracting surface; CBEF= CODF Path followed by a ray of light ina Explain why a prism deviates light towards the base This is because a ray that moves form a less optically dense medium bends towards the normal and a ray that moves from a more optically dense medium bends away from the normal Deviation by « prism It isthe change in direction of a ray of ight produced by a prism. When light passes through a glass prism. the direction of the emergent ray is altered from the initial direction. The angle through which the beam direction i altered is called deviation, d Definition The angle of deviation caused by the prim is the angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray. Comider a ray of light incident in air on a prism of refracting angle A and finally emerges into air as shown, d= +d Since dy = iy —r, and dy = iy — Try d= (4-11) +=) d= Gh +) —@ tm) Since A= 1, +12 d= GFE Examples Acbeam of monochromatic light é incident normally on glass prism of refractive angle 60°. Ifthe refractive index of glass is 1.62, calculate the deviation caused by the prism. Solution a(4 7 t* (Gey) = ‘The angle of incidence at the second surface is 60° which is greater than the critical emgle 38, hence total internal reflection will occur Total deviation d = 30° + 30° = 60° 42 2. Aroy of light i incident on a prism of refract fromthe prism at 43% Find @ the angle of incidence. (i) the deviation of the ray. ‘angle 7° and refractive index oft ‘The ray emerges Solution ry = 31.64" 4 n 7 = 40.36° Applying Sneil’s law at M nSin l= constant nig sin ry = Ng sin fy 1.3xsin 40.36° = Ixsin i, @ Applying Sneis law at N: = [3xsin40.36) nSint = constant Pee fa 1 ) ng sin ry = ng sin 43 1 =5734 13sinr, = Ly sin43 @ d= (4 th)-A = gpa (i433 (57.34° + 43) — (72°) feceett ( : ) d= 2834" 3. The diagram below shows a ray of monochromatic ight incident at an angle of 50° on an equilateral triangular prism of refractive index 1.52 © Catkulate the angles marked ¥ and e 509.>. (Find the deviation produced NORA Gi) Explained what could be observed if A NR the ray above were of white light b= 29.74" Applying Sneils law at N n Sint = constant A Smelt law at M nysin50 = ng sinr i art 1.52xsin29.74 = Ixsine nq sin 50 Ba ‘stains 74) dxsin50 = 152xsinr ~ (5in50 aaa (22204961) r= snes (GE) a 1 (0-766 sin“*(0.754) r= sin (Se) Vogel 0.8 i) d= (+h)-A ES tt = (60° + 48.94") = (60°) Since it equilateral, A = 60° d= 38.94" 4. The diagram below shows a ray of light incident at an angle of 46.46° on one side of an equilateral triangular prism immersed in liquid of refractive index n, 43 ny sin 46.46 ny xsin 46.46 __ (15x0.6428 io Cara) my, = 133 i) Since it equilateral, A = 60° A=r-+40° hence r= A—40° ny sin 40, 15xsin40 Given that the refractive index of glass is 15 and the angle of refraction at the fist face is 40°, calculate @ The value of refractive index of the liquid (i) The value of i, amd Gi) The angle of deviation 60° 40° r=20° Applying Sneils law at N n Sin i = constant ng sin20 = nsini, 15xsin20 = 133xsint, _4 (152sin20) b= sin (— 4, = sin™(0.3857) iy = 2269 d=(ht+h)-A (46.46° + 22.69) — (60°) d= 915° A prism of refracting angle 67° and refractive index of 1-6 is immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1-2. fer ray of light traveling through the liquid makes an angle of incidence of 53° at the left face of the prism, Determine the total deviation of the ray ‘Applying Sneif's law at M n Sint = constant ny sin$3 = my sinry 1.2xsin $3 = 16xsinr, we cgyna (e2KSINSS Pe nlcaaee) 7, = 368° Minimum Deviation by a prism Minimum deviation occurs when: *& The ray of light passes symmetrically The angle of incidence must be equal to the angle of emergence ie f i Applying Snes law at N nSini = constant ng sin 368 = nsiniz 1.6xsin36.8 = 1.2xsinky Hence: (@ Sxstns68) 2= si (e 4 w) d= (@+h)-A d= (53° + 42.129) — (67°) d= 28.12" and ry = Relation of angle of prism A, minimum deviation and refractive index Comsider a ray on one face of the prism at an angle iy and leaves it at on angle és to the normal as shown d=d,+d, Sine d, = ly —r, andd, = i —r, d= y-7) + -n) G¥h)= 01 Fr) Sine A = 7, +73 i d= (j+i)-A ‘Notes If the prism s surrounded by a medium of But for minimum deviation i, = i, =i een pea TET, yyy = 21-A AoA =r, +7, = 2r 4 ry = ny ree 2 nq sini = ngsinr sin) sin(r) Ny A graph of deviation againg angle of incidence Experiments show that os the angle of incidence i is increased from zero, the deviation B reduces continuously up to a minimum value of deviation Dmin and then increases toa menimum value as the angle of incidence is increased as shown below: Examples Calculate the angle of incidence at minimum deviation for light passing through a Prism of refracting angle 20° and refractive index of 1.65. Solution sin(dnyt4 sin (tn 70 ja tnn A Ma A ae 70 7233475 =) one yyy = 72.33° ‘An equilateral glass prism of refractive index 15 is completely immersed in a liquid of refractive index 1-3. if ray of light passes symmetrically through the prism, calculate the: © angle of deviation of the ray. GD amgle of incidence Solution @ Foran equilateral prism, ts refracting angle yyy + A A =60° sin(Saty*4) (@) Ifthe ray pastes through the prism an) symmetrically, then the angle of deviation & sin ‘minimum 45, 3. Aray of light propagating in a iquid & incident on prime of refractive angle 50° and refractive index 1.6 at ‘an angle of 30° as shown below .6sin25 1.35 in (Gon + on( fay ‘ a Forsymmetical ray A =r, +1, =2r sin(3) A_50 sin@0) r = 25° nx ie sin() hah 2 ny sint = ngsinr ny = 1.35 3. A glass of refractive emgle 72° and refractive index 1.66 amd iti immersed in the liquid of refractive index 1.33. Calculate: Angle of incidence of ray of light, if its posses through symmetrical Gi) The minimum deviation 133sin{ = 1.66sin36 yyy = 22.38" 2D-a ana = 36° 2x47.2-72 2.4, ny sind = nysinr min Exercise9 1. Cakulate the total deviation in the prism below He — ng=1.8 An(90°) 2. Light propagation in airs incident at 12° on a gloss prism of refractive index 154 and refracting angle 60° 3 show. The emergent beam glass faces of the prism in contact with the liquid. Find (© refroctive index of liquid 46 10. 1. n, Gi) deviation produced by the prim. An(1-2, 42°) Light of two wave length is incident at a small angle on a thin prism of refracting angle 5° and refractive indices 154 and 1.48 for the two wave lengths. Find the angular separation of the two wave's length after refraction by the prim. An(®.3°) A ray of light just undergoes total internal reflection at the second plane of the prism of refracting angle 60° and refractive index 15. what is its angle of incidence on the face A tay of monochromatic light i incident at cn amgle of 30° on a prism of which the refractive index 152.What is the meximum refracting cngle of the prism if ight i just to emerge from the opposite face, ‘An( 60.34°) Calculate the critical angle for a glass air surface if a ray of light which incident in air is deviated through 15.5° when its angle of incidence & 40°. Cakulate the angular separation of the red and violet rays which image from a 60° glass prism when a ray of white light i incident on the prism at cm angle of 45°. Glass has a refractive index of 1.64 for red light and 166 for violet light. Monochromatic light is incident at an angle of 45° on a glass prism of refracting angle 70° in air. The ‘emergent light grazes the other refracting surface of the prism. Find the refractive index of the glass. An(1.5) Monochromatic light propagating in aliquid is incident at an angle of 40° on a glass prism of refracting ‘angle 60° and refractive index 150. if the ray passes symmetrically through the prism, find the refractive index of the liquid. Am(1.2) A gloss of refractive angle 60° and refractive index 15 and iti immersed in the liquid of refractive index 1.3, Cakulate, (Angle of incidence of ray of light, if its passes through symmetrical Gi) The minimum deviation Am(35.2°, 104°) ‘A monochromatic bean of light is incident at an angle i, on a glass prism of refracting angle 70°, the ‘emergent ray grazes the surface of the prism as shown below Find ; @ The refractive index of the prism Gi) Angle i A ray of red light is incident on a prism of refractive index 1.48 and refracting angle 60°. The ray emerges fromarprsm at an angle of 43°. Find; The angle of incidence (i) The angle of deviation Deviation produced by small angle prism (A< 10°) Consider a ray of light through asmall angle prism a Since r 2 ts small angles and sin» = n sin, then {2 abo small, sini, ~ £2 and sinr2~ Tp i= mo (2) Deviation produced by prism, Atmesiné; = nsinry Forsmall angles i, and r ; measured in radians, sini, © i, andsinr , ~ 1 d= (i, —11) + —12) dd =nr—r tn -r d=(@-) (41, tee rata CA But r)=A—r y,since A and r ; are both small then r , is abo small id = (m~1)4) AtNesini, = nsinr, 47 B. GRAZING PROPERTY OF LIGHT RAYS AS APPI JED TO PRISMS. If crray of light is either such that the incident angle or the emergent angle is equal to 90° to the normal of the prism, then the ray is said to graze the refracting surface of the prism. Consider a ray of light incident at an angle i on a glass prism of refracting angle A situated in air with the ‘emergent light grazing the other refr Maximum deviation diagram Fromthe diagram, r + ¢ ars Aa-€ At M Snell's law becomes 7, sini = nysinr ~ Substituting equation (a) in (b) gives sint = ngsin(A - C) = sint = ny (sin Acos G- sinC cos A) ALN, Snel?s law becomes ny sinc =n, sin 90% sinc EXAMPLES Monochromatic light is incident at an angle of a5° on ‘emergent light grazes the other refracting surface of t moterial. Solution ‘AtM, Snell law becomes n, sin 45 = nysinr — Fromthe diagram r + ¢ > r= 70°-c Substituting equation (b) in (a) gives Sin45° = ng sin(70°—¢) ~ AEN, Snelfs law becomes ngsinc = nq sin90° ——-(d) sine Substituting equation (d) in (<) gives 2 sinc Sin 4ge = Cr But cos = VI SINFE = 1 — 1g surface of the prism as shown. a) Substituting sin c and cos c in equattion ¢ gives sink = ny (sin S—— online tn [p7—i) = te Squaring both sides and simplifying for ny gives 1 cos A) ies Knowing the angles i and A, the refractive index ‘of a material of a prism can be determined. ty = a glass prism of refracting angle 70° in ait. The the prism. Find the refractive index of the glass (sin 45° + cos 70°) sine Dividing cos throughout gives sin 70°cos ¢ ny = 1.497 Alternatively ———— 4 1+ (eto sin 2 ) a cons + cos Zy sin70 ng = 1497 3 sin45°sine = sin70°cos¢ — sine cos 70°

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