PROBLEM 6.

90
Situation: A valve at the end of a gasoline pipeline is rapidly closed–additional
details are provided in the problem statement.
Find: Water hammer pressure rise: ∆p

ANALYSIS
Speed of sound
p
c = Ev /ρ
= ((715)(106 )/(680))0.5
= 1025 m/s

Pressure rise

∆p = ρvc
= (680)(10)(1025)
= 6.97 MPa

530
PROBLEM 6.91
Situation: A valve at the end of a long water pipeline is rapidly closed–additional
details are provided in the problem statement.
Find: Water hammer pressure rise: ∆p

ANALYSIS

s
Ev
c =
ρ
r
2.2 × 109
=
1000
= 1483 m/s
tcrit = 2L/c
= 2 × 10, 000/1483
= 13.5 s > 10 s

Then

∆p = ρvc
= 1000 × 4 × 1483
= 5, 932, 000 Pa
= 5.93 MPa

531
PROBLEM 6.92
Situation: A valve at the end of a water pipeline is instantaneously closed–additional
details are provided in the problem statement.
Find: Pipe length: L

ANALYSIS
Determine the speed of sound in water

s
Ev
c =
ρ
r
2.2 × 109
=
1000
= 1483 m/s

Calculate the pipe length

t = 4L/c
3 = 4L/1483
L=1112 m

532
PROBLEM 6.93
Situation: A valve at the end of a water pipeline is closed during a time period of 10
seconds.
Additional details are provided in the problem statement.
Find: Maximum water hammer pressure: ∆pmax

ANALYSIS
Determine the speed of sound in water
s
Ev
c =
ρ
r
320, 000
c =
1.94
= 4874 ft/s

Determine the critical time of closure

tcrit = 2L/c
= 2 × 5 × 5280/4874
= 10.83 s > 10 s

Pressure rise

∆pmax = ρvc
= 1.94 × 8 × 4874
= 75,644 psf = 525 psi

533
PROBLEM 6.94
Situation: A valve at the end of a long water pipe is shut in 3 seconds–additional
details are provided in the problem statement
Find: Maximum force exerted on valve due to the waterhammer pressure rise: Fvalve

ANALYSIS

2L
tcrit =
c
2 × 4000
=
1485.4
= 5.385 s > 3 s
Fvalve = A∆p
= Aρ(Q/A)c
= ρQc
= 998 × 0.03 × 1483
= 44.4 kN

534
PROBLEM 6.95
Situation: The easy way to derive the equation for waterhammer pressure rise is to
use a moving control volume.
Find: Derive the equation for waterhammer pressure rise (Eq. 6.12).

ANALYSIS

V+c P p+∆ρ
c
v=c
ρ
ρ=ρ+∆ρ

Continuity equation

(v + c)ρ = c(ρ + ∆ρ)

∴ ∆ρ = vρ/c

Momentum principle (x-direction)

X X
Fx = vx ρv · A
pA − (p + ∆p)A = −(V + c)ρ(V + c)A + c2 (ρ + ∆ρ)A
∆p = 2ρvc − c2 ∆ρ + v2 ρ
= 2ρvc − c2 vρ/c + v 2 ρ
= ρvc + ρv 2

Here ρv 2 is very small compared to ρvc

∴ ∆p = ρvc

535
PROBLEM 6.96
Situation: The problem statement describes a waterhammer phenomena in a pipe.
Find: Plot a pressure versus time trace at point B for a time period of 5 seconds.
Plot a pressure versus distance trace at t = 1.5 s.

ANALYSIS

v = 0.1 m/ s
c = 1483 m/ s
2
ppipe = 10γ − ρvpipe /2
≈ 98, 000 Pa
∆p = ρvc
= 1000 × 0.10 × 1483
∆p = 148, 000 Pa
Thus
pmax = p + ∆p
= 98, 000 + 148, 000
= 246 k Pa- gage
pmin = p − ∆p = −50 kPa gage
The sequence of events are as follows:
∆t Σ∆t
Pressure wave reaches pt B. 1000/1483 = 0.674 s 0.67 s
Time period of high pressure at B 600/1483 = 0.405 s 1.08 s
Time period of static pressure at B 2000/1483 = 1.349 s 2.43 s
Time period of negative pressure at B 600/1483 = 0.405 s 2.83 s
Time period of static pressure at B 2000/1483 = 1.349 s 4.18 s
Time period of high pressure at B 600/1, 483 = 0.405 s 4.59 s
Time period of static pressure atB 2000/1483 = 1.349 s 5.94 s
Results are plotted below:

200 kPa

100 kPa

0 1 2 3 4 5

536