INTRODUCTION:

A'Citation' is the way to tell the rcaders that certain material or idea in the work came from
another source. Agood citation makes it cnsy for the readertofigure out the who, what, when, and
where of the source,
According to Cambridge Dictionary,
Citation means, "A word or
A
piece of writing taken from a written work".
citation is a way of works that you
utilized to Support yourgiving creditandtoshows
rescarch individuals ideasecreative
for their
how their and intellectual
have contributed to your own work.
ediso way of demonstrating that vou bave read and understood key texts relating to lhe ared
Jou are Witng about It is a proof that research is suhstantial and is bascd
on facts. 1t
eorcdcal foundation of the research. It can also be used to locate particular sources andShows
plagiarism. comoa
Iypically, a citation can include the author's name, date. and location of the
publshing conipay
Joumal title, or DOt (Digital Object Identifier), Acitation style dictates the information
1or a citation and how the necessay
information is ordered. as well as punctuation and other formatting
Ihc tem citalion is used to add or borrow original work of other
authors and publishers to
authenticity to onc's own work. Thereforc. we can say that citation can be onc of the basicsgiveOr
academics.
Acitation can be a chccker too:; if one necds to do
many scarches from
For this purpose, Students can take hclp from academic writing different scarching cnginCS.
Writing Pro the
services. These sites Academic
risk of unauthentic and fake
materials.
IMPORTANCE OF CITATION:

1)Avoid Plagiarism: Plagiarism is a serious offense in any kind of writing whether it is

or non-academic. Citing sources or references can help you to keep away academic
from plagiarism and it
will eventually result in asuperior paper. One should acknowledge the sources that you used
while
preparing your paper via citation.
2) Provide Support: By means of citation, you are presenting
support for ideas,
claims you made in the work. You need to provide support to the ideas you have arguments,
and
come up with.
The citation will be used when it comes to providing support to the ideas.

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 3) Enhances the (Credibility: Citation is to add and cnhance the credibility. The citation will help
you to have your paper much-required ercdibility. Your citation will make it simple for the person
who reads to locate the material you are pointing out. Theepaperthat you publish and submit tothe
professor should have credibility.
4) Ofer Support or Evidence: The main
obicective of acitation is to present suppand
ue agument you made in the work. You should nrnvide nroof for what you arc says
can be found.neip you with it. The citation will belo the reader to understand where the cvidence

)Provde Reference: Citation stands asa reference and accessihle source. It offers a relerene
0 WoTK, Sources, in-depth information reoardino the sources that vou uscd while writing you
paper. ll will be seen at the cnd of your document. The citation can help you to
1deas and points of others that you used in vour work. acknowis
Therefore, by adding cao
reterences, you allow your readers to go into the depths of the information.
0) Verifiable Format: Citation not only plavs a most important role in backing up your teseu
and work but also offers your rescarch and work a verifiahble format. The verifiable format 1s
CSsential for your work and it will help you to make your paper look like a professional.
7) Offer Overall Appeal: The appropriate use of citation can assist you a good deal to boost ne
overall appeal to your academie papers whether it is essay or research paper. It not only provides
SOund support to the main statements made in the work but also makes your research mor
believable.

METHODS OF CITATIONS:

Information or the matcrial referred in the rescarch papcr can bc cited in two ways by the
rescarcher:

In-Text Citations: In-text citations are citations that are inserted in the main text of the
papcr. The purpose of these citations is to let the reader know from where aspecific picce
of information came. The rescarcher must cite all information that he quotcs dircty from
another source, paraphrase, or summarize using in-text citations.

Bibliography Reference List Citation: Bibliographies are called different things

depending on which citation style the researcher is using. In MLA, for example, it is called
the Works Cited page, and in APA, it is called the References page. The bibliography
shows the reader all relevant information regarding sources.

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 A. FOOTNOTES: -

As the name suggests footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of apage. Footnotes give
the sourcec of authority of the statements of the text, They cite references or commerit on a
designated part of the text above it. They are meant for cross reference with the text.
Therefore, notes at the foot (bottomn) of the page are called footnotes.
Footnotes serve the purposes of identifying the material used in quotations in the report. ne
notice of this material is not immediately necessary to the body of the research text bul sl
of supplemental value.
The detinition of footnote is"a note of reference, explanation, or comment placed below thd
text on a printed page."
Afew footnote usage ules arc as follows:
"Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout the rescarch paper, not restarting
numbering on cach page
" Each quotation requires a footnote.
"Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the reference or quotation, wncn
they identify or supplement, ends.
"Footnotes are always typed in single space, though they are divided in double-spaccd.
number should be put slightly
" Footnotes are referenced using a superscript number ie.. the
the footnote should
above the line, say at the cnd of aquotation. At the foot of the page again
be indented and typed a little above the line.
an inch
Footnotes are customarily separated from the textual material by a space of half
and a line about one and a half inches long.
the left-hand
Footnotes are separatcd from the text by a fiftcen spaces solid line drawn from
to enable the reader
margin and one double space below the last line of the text. Footnotes help
otherwise tend to
to read the reference without having to turn to the end of the text, which would
disrupt the flow of the text and hamper smooth reading.
The format of writinga footnote is as follows: - First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of
publication: Publisher, Year of publication), page number.
Antony Grafton, The Footnote: ACurious History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1999), 221.

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Advantages of Using Footnotes
1) Readers interested in identifying the source or note can quickly glance down the page to find
what they are looking for.
2) It allows the reader to immediately link the footnote to the subject of the text without having
to take thc time to find the note at the back of the paper.

3) Footnotes are automatically included when printing off specific pagcs.

Disadvantages of Using Footnotes
1) Footnotes can clutter up the page and, thus, negatively affect the overall look of the page.
2) 1 there are multiple columns, charts, or tables below only asmall segment of text that
includes a footnote, then you must decide where the footnotes should appear.
3) If the footnotes are lengthy, there's a risk they could dominate the page, although this issue is
considered acceptable in legal scholarship.

B. ENDNOTES: -

footnotes,
Endnotes are used to avoid disrupting the writing with extrancous information. As with
Howevcr,
the presence of an cndnote is identificd in the main text with a small superscript number.
cndnotcs are found
instcad of providing the corrclating note at the bottom of the same pagc,
collcctivcly at the cnd of an article, chapter, or documcnt.
of thc
According to the Merriam Webster, cndnotes are defincd as "a note placcd at the cnd
text."
comment
Therefore, cndnotcs arc uscd to cite a particular source or make a bricf cxplanatory
to wherc the
placcd at the end ofa rescarch paper and they are arangcd sequcntially in rclation
the narrative
reference appears in the paper. Endnotes are less distracting to the reader and allows
to read and
to flow better and as a separate section of the research paper, cndnotes allow the reader
contemplate all the notes at once.
However, if you want to look at the text of a particular endnote, you have to flip to the end of the
research puper to find the information and depending un huw they are created fi.e., continuous
numbering or numbers that start over for cach chapter], you may have to remember the chapter
number as well as the endnote number in order to find the correct one.
Advantages of Using Endnotes
1) Endnotes are less distracting to the reader and allow the narrative to flow better.
2) Endnotes don't clutter up the page.

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3) As aseparate section of aresearch paper, endnoles allow the rcader to read and contemplate all
the notes at once.

Disadvantages of Using Endnotes

)Ifyou want to look at the text ofa particular endnote, you have to flip to the end of the rescarch
papcr to find the information.
2) Depcnding on how they arc creatcd you may have to remember the chapter number as well as
the cndnote number to find the correct onc

FOOTNOTES V, ENDNOTES

Footnotes are located at the foot of page Endnotes are at the end of chapter, volume or
cntirc work.
It is easy to gain infonation from footnotes The readers have to move back and forth
since they are casy to find betwecn the main text and the cndnotes.
Affect thc layout of pagcs Do not affcct the layout of pagcs.

"Readers of academic and scholarly books usually prefer footnotes to endnotes because the former
allows them to skim the notes without losing their place in the text. Popular wisdom, however,
says that non-scholarly readers are either reluctant or unwilling to purchase anonfiction trade book
whose feet are hemmed with ribbons of tiny typc: thus most trade books place (the shop term is
"bury) the notes containing sources and references at the back of the book.

C.REFERENCES:

According to Merriam Webster, References are defined as, "the act of referring or consulting."A
reference list is acomplete list of references used in apiece of writing including the author's name,
date of publication,title and more. In other publication styles, this list may be called abitbliography
or works cited, but APA used the term reference list. Areference page is the last page of an essay
or research paper that has been written in APA style.
Thus, reference page format is unique to APA style. An APA reference list must:
Be on a new page at the end of the docurnent.
Be centrcd.
"Be alphabctically by the last name of the author.
Contain full refcrences for all in-text references used.

(Einsohn,Amy. TheCopyeditor'sHandbook, Universityof Californla Press, 2006.)

7|Page
 "Use ellipses if there are more than 7authors.
"List sources bythe same author is chronological erder.
"Indent cach line atler the first line of each source.

D.BIBLIOGRAPHY: -

Abibliograplhy tells the reader what sources have been used in an article. It lists all the books,
articles, and other references that are cited in or used to inform your work. Bibliographies are
typically fomatted according to one of three styles: American Psychological Association
(APA) for scientific papers, Moderm Language Association (MLA) for humanities papers, and
Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) for the social sciences. According to the Cambridge
Dictionary, bibliography is defined as, "A list of the books and articles that have been used by
someone when writing aparticular book or article." Bibliography literally means "booklist'.
At the cnd of a rescarch report, all primary and sccondary sourccs of data, reference books,
periodicals, articles, reports, unpublished material, pamphlets, films, records and other
references must be listed under the title Bibliography.It should contain all those works which
the rescarcher has consulted.
The purpose of a bibliography is to provide wih a fair chance to estimate the thoroughness
and exhaustiveness of the report. Bibliography consists of the particulars of the literature
referred to and actually utilizcd in the preparation of the research report. The bibliography
should be arranged alphabetically and may be divided into two parts; the first part may contain
the names of books and pamphlets, and the second part may contain the names of magg2he
and newspaper articles, Aibliography begins on a new page at the end of the report. IAollows
the main text and isaseparate part offhe thesis.
The following order is usually observed while writing the reference:
a) Name of the Author
b) Title of the book
c) Publisher's address
d) Year of publication
c) Page number

BIBLIOGRAPHY V. REFRENCE

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 VAbibliognuphy lists all the references used Areference list only contains the sources
to crcate a picce of witing This inchudes cited directy in the body of the paper or
Cverything you used in the crention of the essay.
work, cven if you didn't cite it in the body
ofthe writingitself.
This can include but isn't limited to, These are actual quotes and ideas that
background sources were uscd by other writers or materials

E.WEBLIOGRAPHY:

Awebliography is much like a bibliography, but is limited to acollection of online

resources rather
than books and academic journals. The term wcbliography is commonly uscd when iscussing
online resources. It is referred to as "Web Bibliography."
Accordingly, awebliography is alist'of resources relating to aparticular topic that can be accessed
on the World Wide Web, and can be referred to in a scholarly work. Therefore, webliography is
an online bibliography that lists, hyperlinks websites, and digital information around a single topic,
Researchers can use the webliographics to find links to relevant information and cite those links
one-by-one.
According to Oxford, webliography is defined as "A list (either printed or online) of clectronic
works or documents relating to a particular topic."

CITATION STYLES

AGtation style is aset of rules on how to cite sources in academic writing. Whenever you refer to
someone clse's work, a citation is requircd to avoid plagiarism.
Acitation style dictates the information ncccssary for acitation and how the information is ordered,
as well as punctuation and other formatting.
Citation style guidelines are often published in an official handbook containing explanations,
examples, and instructions. The most common citation styles are as follows:
APA (American Psychological Association)
MLA (Modern Language Association)
ILA (ndian Law Institute)

9|Page
 1. APA STYLE:
and business
APA Style originated in 1929, when a group of psychologists, anthropologists,guidelines, that
managers convened and sought to establish a simple set of procedures, or style
to increase the case of reading
wauld codify the many components of scientific writing Bulletin
enmnrehension. They published their guidelinecs as a seven-page article in Psychological
be nccessary, but to
describing a "standard of procedure, to which exceptions would doubtless
doubt"
which refercnce might be made in cascs of
Association and was originally uscd in
APAStyle was crcatcd by the American Psychological
use it. APA's citation style
Dsychology and the social sciences. Today many other disciplines also
citation.
uses an author-date system of parenthetical
These are called in-text citations. These
APA style uses parentheses within the text to cite sources. style, put the name
correspond to the bibliography listed at the end of the paper. To cite using APA of parentheses. If
inside a pair
of the author and the ycar of publication scparatcd by a comma
quote appears.
citing adirect quotation, include the number of the page on which the
Format for writing a citation in APA style is as follows:
of Publisher: Publisher.
Author's Surname, initial(s). (Date Published). Title of Source. Location
Retrieved from URI.

2. MLA STYLE:

In 1951, the Modern Language Association publishcd the first MLA Style Sheet. It was developcd
to usc a
ns amcans for rescarchers, students, and ssholars in the litcrature and language ficlds
uniform way to format their papcrs and assignmcnts
MLA uses parenthctical citations containing the author and page number. To cite using MLA style,
put the name of theauthor and the uge rumber betwccn the parcntheses. The parcntheses always
appear at the end of thc sentence in which the material appcars but before the period. These in-text
citations also corespond to the sources listed in the bibliography at the cnd of the paper.
Format for writing a citation in MLA style is as follows:
Author names). "Title of the Source". Title of container, other contributors, version, numbers,
publisher, publication daie, location

Books
Example, Mitchell, Jszmes A A Guide to Citatioa 2nd ed, My London
Publisher, 2017.

10| Page
Edited and Translated Books
cditor or translatee ,
The fomat of these is the samc as a book reterence cxccpt that the
spocificd. This is done in one of two ways:
LEilor or trnslator is added afler the names in the author list. This is done if the ceditine ee
Translation is the focus of your work.
by' or 'cditcd b. L.
2. The names arc added to the contributor's list prcccdcd by "translatcd
done if the author or work itself is the focus of your work, not the cditing or translation
Last name, first name, editor. Title. Title of container, Contributors, Version, Number. Publicker
Year of publication. Or Last name, first name. Title. Title of container, edited by Contributors,
Version, Number, Publisher, Year of publication.

For cxample, Troy, Ben N., cditor, and Mary Smith. AGuide to Citation Rules
Oxford Publishers, 2015.Coyne, Kate and Nick A. Smith. MLA Citation Rules. Translatcd by
Chris Andrews, New York Publishings, 2004.

E-Books
Last name, first name. Title. Title of containcr, Contributors, cdition, e-book, Number.
Publisher,Year of publication.
Example, Troy, Ben N., ct al. AGuide to Citation. 2nd ed, e-book, New York
Publishers, 2010.

Chapter or Essay in a Book

Example, Mitchell, James A. "MLA Citation". A Guide to Citation, My London Publisher.
2017,pp. I07-134.

Articles
The basic format for citing journal, newspaper, and magazine articles are the same:
Journal Example, Mitchell, James A. "Citation: Why is it Important". Mendeley Journal, vol. 4,
no. 6, Summer 1999, pp 607-674.Newspaper/ Magazine Example, Mitchell, James A. "How
Citation Changed the Research World". The Mendeley, weekend edition, vol. 62, no. 9, 6
Septermnber 2017, pp. 70-81.

Webliography
Last name ofthe author, first name. "Title of pagedocument". Title of overall wcbpage, datc,URL.
For cxample, Mitchell, James A., and Martha Thomson. How and When to Reference. 25
Jan. 2017: https://www.howandwhentoreference.com/.

11| Page
 APA STYLE V. MLA
STYLE
Basis
Reference page APA
In
Style MLA Style
APA, his page is In
Order of Entries of labelled as "References" MLA, his page is
References are first labelled as "Works Cited'"
Reference Page arranged in alphabetical References are arranged in
order by author's namcs, alphabetical
author's order by
then chronologically (oldest by title names first, then
first)
Multiple Works by Same Lists the works
Author
chronologically but Work is listed from
includes the author's name to oldest, but the newes
name only
is Author's
the first entry mentioned i
in each entry
Article Titles
Only the first word of the
title is capitalized, no Titles are referenced in
In-Text Referencing quotation marks are used quotation
Words e marks with major
Write Author's's names, then capilalized
year that the source was Write Author's names, then
published page number of the
being referenced source

lar
LEGAL CITATION
IN LEGAL RESEARCH

Cite' is the location of authority for, the

to refer any statement of matter that has been mentioned. Because it is
law that is mnade by necessary
starting point for legal rescarch is to know how attributing the legal authority or authorities, the
of an Act or in a clause of a that law, contained in the report of a case,
section
Regulation, is referred to by the legal profession. This is known as
the citation' of cases, Acts and
Regulations. Thus, we
report by rescarcher to provide the legal authority for thecan say that a case is 'cited' in a rescarch
A citation is a path proposition.
address of a book, article, web page or other
details to uniquely identify the item. published item, with sufficient

3. ILI(INDIAN ILAW INSTITUTE)

Indian Law Institute (ILI) was founded in 1956 primarily to promote and
conduct legal
research.The objectives of the Institute as laid down are to cultivate the science of law, to promote
12 | Pa ge
dvanced studies and research in law to mect the social, economic, and other nceds
of
neople, to promote systematization of law, to encorage and conduct investigations in thelevalIniun
allied fields, to improve legal education, to impart instructions in law, and to publish studie and
hks neriodicals, ete. The lnstitute has fornulated a set
pattem of citation (i.c., ILI
Footnoting), which is followed in The Journal of Indian Law Institute, Anual Survey of RulesIndianof
TaN and various other publications of the lnstitute.
are roquired to follow this pattem.
Contributors of articles, notes, and commcnts

MODE OF CITING DIFFERENT SOURCE TYPES

Boeks
Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific pagc or pagcs)
(Publisher, Place
of publication, cdition'year of publication).
Eg. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal Law House, Calcutta, Sth cdn., 1998)
"Journal Article
Name of author of the article, titlc of the cssay within inverted commas, volume mumber of iournal
Name of the joumal page number (year).
Eg Upendra Baxi, "On how not to judge the judges: Notes towards evaluation of the Judicial
Role" 25 Joumal of Indian Law Institute 211 (1983),

"Unpublished Work
Unpublished Research VWork (E.g., Dissertation/Thesis):
Name of the Researcher, Title of the dissertation/thesis (Year) (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. Nanme
of the Universitylorganization).
E.g Sahil Kumar, Corporate Governance: Regulatory Mechanism with Special Emphasis on
Corporate Social Responsibility (2017) (Unpublished LL.M dissertation, Indian Law Institute).
"Reports
Institution/Author, "title of the Report within inverted commas" page number (Year of
publication).
E.g. Law Commission of India, "144th Report on Conflicting Judicial Decisions Pertaining to the
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908" (April 1992).
" Statutes

1. Acts

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000).

2. Reports

13 | Page
 Law
Cole of Commisson
of India, 144th
Civil Procedure, 1908 (April, Report on Conflicting Judicial
)
1992) Decisions Pertaining to the
Govemment of Indin, Report: Committec Reforms of Criminal Justice
on
Home Afairs, 2003)
System (Ministry of
"(onstituent Assembly Debates and
1Volume no. , Constituent Assembly Parliamentary Debates
Debates, 31, 32. Debates, page number E.g. VIt,
Constituent Assembly
2. Constituent assembly debates available online
Constitucnt Assembly
Debates on
April
http:/ partliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/dcbates/vol:3p2.html (last visitcd29.on May 30, 2008).
1947 available at.

3. Parliamentary Decbates
Eg. Lok Sabha Dcbatcs
July 06,
hitp:/ 164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Debates/debatelok.aspx (last visited on Aug. 01,2019).
2019 available

WEBLIOGRAPHY
The date of visiting the website must be
cited
Eg. Information
Technology Act 2000, India, available at:
visited on July 29, 2003).
http:/ www.mit.gov.initbil .asp (last
Citation of case laws
Citing a Case -Case title consists of the
VS. and space and the name of the
name of the plaintiff followed by space, the
letters v. or
respondent / defendant. Then to separate the case title
reporter citations, a comma and space is used, followed by the from the
reporter, the proper abbreviations of the official reporter, the volume number of the official
the case report in the official reporter. and page number of the first page of

1. AM India Reporter (AIR)

(a) If the case name and citation
together are to be written in the text of the article itself
format is not allowed in JILI): Note:This
" Case Name (Reporter Citation)
Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (AIR 1962 SC 933).
(b)f the name and citation arc to be written in the
footnote itsclft:
Case Name, Reporter Citation
Kesavnanda Bharati v. the State of Kerala, AIR 1962 SC 933.
(c) Where the case title is written in the
body of the text, only the name of the case shall be in the
text

14 | Page
 eg KesaVAnanda Bharati v. State of Kerala and the citation is writen in the footnote as AIR
|973 SC 1461,
tr the name and citation are to be witten in the footnote itsclr
"Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, AIR 1962 SC 933

2 Supreme Court Cases (SCC)

() If the name and citation are to be written in the footnote itself:
" Jassa Singh v. State of lHaryana (2002) 2 SCC 481.
iolr the case title is to be witten in the body of the research paper, only the name of the case shall
be written
" Jassa Singh v. the Stale of laryana then the citation would be written in dse footnote as (2002)
2 SCC 481.

3. Criminal L.aw Journal (Cr.l.J)

" Lakhwinder Singh &Ors. v. State of Punjab, 2003 Cri LJ 3058 (SC).
"Ujagar Singh v. the State of Haryana, 2003 Cri U 1691 (P&H).

OTHER CITATION STYLES

1. Hanvard System
Harvard referencing style is often used in the field of cconomics. There is no official style guide,
which means there are a few variations. Like APA style, Harvard style is based on an author-date
system.
2. Vancouyer
Vancouver style was developed by the International Committee of Medical Joumal Editors
((CMJE) and is mostly used in medical disciplines. Vancouver style works with anumeric system.
In the text, the source is indicated by a number, and the full source details appear next to hat
mumber in the reference list.

3. Chicago
Chicago style is published by The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style provides
guidelines for two styles of citation: author-date and notes and bibliography:
"In notes and bibliography style (mostly used in the humanities), you use footnotes or endnotes
to cite sources.
"E.g. Author's last name, first name. Title of Book. Place of publication: publisher, year.
" In author-date style (mostly used in the sciences), you use brief parenthetical references to cite
sources in the text.
" E.g, Author's last name, first name. Ycar. Title of Book. Placc of publication:
publisher.
15 | Pa Be
4 CSE (Council of Science Editors)
The Couneilef Scicnce Editors (CSE) style is astandard citation style used across many disciplines
in the physical and life sciences. The CSE style cncompasses thrce distinct systems:
Name-Ycar: In-text citations ancar in brackets, and consist of the author(s) last namc, as Well
list appcars in
as the document's year of publication (e.g. Smith 2008), The end reference
alphabctical order by author's lust name. the first time it
Citathon-Sequence: A superscript nunber (ee. I) is assigned to a document references in
whenever that work is citcd. The
appcars he text, and the same number is uscd
appearcd in the text.
the reference list are listed numerically in the order in which they firstalphabetically by the author's
"Citation-Name: All references in the reference list are organized
in the list. This number is then inserted
last name, and assigncd a number according to their ordcr
in the text in the supcrscript font (c.g. 1) wherever the work is cited.
S. AMA (4merican Medical Association)
allows academic authors to
AMA (American Medical Association) referencing is a system that
within their
show whcre another author's work has contributed to or supported a finding or theory
specifically
work. The AMAreferencing style was designed by the American Medical Association
for use in their publications. The style is now widely used and has several variations
for different universities and publications.
be
" Citations and refcrences are the two parts necded for AMA refercncing. The citation should
found in the text, and the full refercnce should be found in the refercnce list at the end of the
rescarch paper.
" both components are linked by anumber, which is defined by uhe order of appearance within the
text (starting with 1, then 2, ctc.).

6. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is a citation style often uscd in technical
studies, such as IT and electrical engineering. IEEE citation style includes in-text citations,
numbered in square brackets, which refer to the full citation listed in the reference list at the end
of the paper. The reference list is organized numerically, not alphabetically.

16 | Page