SSRN Id1424591

WPS4978
Policy Research Working Paper 4978
Governance Matters VIII

Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators
1996–2008
Daniel Kaufmann
Aart Kraay
Massimo Mastruzzi
The World Bank

Development Research Group
Macroeconomics and Growth Team
June 2009
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Policy Research Working Paper 4978
Abstract
This paper reports on the 2009 update of the Worldwide of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as
Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents
covering 212 countries and territories and measuring worldwide. The authors also explicitly report the
six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2008: margins of error accompanying each country estimate.
Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring
of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, governance using any kind of data. They find that even
Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of after taking margins of error into account, the WGI
Corruption. These aggregate indicators are based on permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as
hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual monitoring progress over time. The aggregate indicators,
variables measuring various dimensions of governance, together with the disaggregated underlying indicators, are
taken from 35 data sources provided by 33 different available at www.govindicators.org.
organizations. The data reflect the views on governance
This paper—a product of the Growth and the Macroeconomics Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger
effort in the department to study the causes and consequences of governance for development. Policy Research Working
Papers are also posted on the Web at http://econ.worldbank.org. The authors may be contacted at [email protected],
[email protected], and [email protected].
The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development
issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the
names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those
of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and
its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.
Produced by the Research Support Team

Governance Matters VIII:
Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators
1996-2008
Daniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution

Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi, The World Bank
________________________________________
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. The views
expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the Brookings Institution,
the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The Worldwide
Governance Indicators are not used by the World Bank for resource allocation. We would like to
thank B. Parks, S. Rose, S. Radelet, C. Logan, M. Neumann, N. Meisel, J. Ould-Auodia, R.
Fullenbaum, Z. Nyiri, M. Seligson, F. Marzo, C. Walker, P. Wongwan, V. Hollingsworth, S.
Hatipoglu, D. Cingranelli, D. Richards, M. Lagos, R. Coutinho, S. Mannan, Z. Tabernacki, J.
Auger, L. Mootz, N. Heller, G. Kisunko, J. Rodriguez Mesa, J. Riano, B. Clausen and D.
Cieslikowsky for providing data and comments, and answering our numerous questions.

1. Introduction
This paper presents the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators
(WGI) research project. 1 The indicators measure six dimensions of governance: Voice
and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government
Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. They cover
212 countries and territories for 1996, 1998, 2000, and annually for 2002-2008. 2 The
indicators are based on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of
governance, drawn from 35 separate data sources constructed by 33 different
organizations from around the world. We assign these individual measures to
categories capturing the six dimensions of governance, and use an unobserved
components model to construct six aggregate governance indicators in each period.
We complement our estimates of governance for each country with margins of

error that indicate the unavoidable uncertainty associated with measuring governance
across countries. These margins of error have declined over time with the addition of
new data sources to our aggregate indicators, and are substantially smaller than for any
of the individual sources. We urge users of the governance indicators to take these
margins of error into account when making comparisons of governance across
countries, and within countries over time. A useful rule of thumb is that when confidence
intervals for governance based on our reported margins of error overlap when
comparing two countries, or a single country over time, the data do not reveal
statistically (or likely practically) significant differences in governance.
The margins of error we report are not unique to the WGI, nor are they unique to
perceptions-based measures of governance on which we rely. Measurement error is
pervasive among all indicators of governance and institutional quality, including
individual indicators as well as ‘objective’ or fact-based ones -- if these are available at
1
This paper is the eighth in a series of estimates of governance across countries.
Documentation of previous rounds can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón
(1999a,b,2002), and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005, 2006a, 2006b, 2007b, and
2008). For broader survey review on governance indicators see Kaufmann and Kraay (2008).
2
A few of the entities covered by our indicators are not fully independent states (e.g. Puerto Rico,
Hong Kong, West Bank/Gaza, Martinique, French Guyana and others). A handful of very small
independent principalities (e.g. Monaco, San Marino, Lichtenstein and Andorra) are also included.
For stylistic convenience all 212 entities are referred to in this paper as “countries”.

all. Unfortunately, typically little if any effort is devoted to estimating, let alone reporting,
the substantial margins of error in any other governance and/or investment climate
indicators – objective or subjective, aggregate or individual. A key advantage of the WGI
is that we are explicit about the accompanying margins of error, whereas in most other
cases they are often left implicit or ignored altogether. 3
Despite these margins of error, the WGI are sufficiently informative that many
cross-country comparisons result in statistically (and likely also practically) significant
differences in estimated governance. In comparing governance levels across countries,
for example, we document that over 64 percent of all cross-country comparisons using
the WGI for 2008 result in statistically significant differences at the 90 percent
significance level, and nearly 74 percent of comparisons are significant at the less
stringent 75 percent significance level. In assessing trends over time, we find that 35
percent of countries experience significant changes (at the 90 percent level) over the
decade 1998-2008 in at least one of the six indicators (roughly evenly divided between
significant improvements and deteriorations). This highlights the fact that governance
can and does change even over relatively short periods of time. This should both
provide encouragement to reformers seeking to improve governance, as well as warn
against complacency in other cases, as sharp deteriorations in governance are possible
as well.
The aggregate indicators that we report constitute a useful way of organizing and
summarizing the very large and disparate amount of information on governance
embodied in all of our underlying data sources. The specific aggregation procedure we
use also allows us to calculate explicit margins of error to capture the inherent
uncertainties in measuring governance. At the same time, we recognize that for some
purposes the information in the many individual underlying data sources can be of
interest to users. For example, several of these provide highly specific and
disaggregated information about particular dimensions of governance that could be of
interest for monitoring particular reforms. For this reason, we report country scores on
the individual indicators underlying our aggregate governance indicators, on the WGI
3
The only other governance-related indicators that we are aware of that now report margins of
error are the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index and the Global Integrity
Index.

website at www.govindicators.org. These disaggregated underlying indicators are
presented for the entire time period covered by the aggregate indicators, from 1996 to
2008.
As in past years, the WGI are based exclusively on subjective or perceptions-

based data on governance reflecting the views of a diverse range of informed
stakeholders, including tens of thousands of household and firm survey respondents, as
well as thousands of experts working for the private sector, NGOs, and public sector
agencies. We rely on the reports of these stakeholders, which reflect their judgments
and perceptions, for three main reasons.
First and most basic, perceptions matter because agents base their actions on
their perceptions, impression, and views. If citizens believe that the courts are inefficient
or the police are corrupt, they are unlikely to avail themselves of their services.
Similarly, enterprises base their investment decisions - and citizens their voting
decisions - on their perceived view of the investment climate and the government's
performance. Second, in many areas of governance, there are few alternatives to
relying on perceptions data. This is most particularly so for the case of corruption, which
almost by definition leaves no 'paper trail' that can be captured by purely objective
measures. Third, we note that even when objective or fact-based data are available,
often such data may capture a de jure notion of laws 'on the books' that differs
substantially from the de facto reality that exists 'on the ground'. In fact, in Kaufmann,
Kraay and Mastruzzi (2005) we document sharp divergences between de jure and de
facto measures of business entry regulation and find that corruption explains a good
deal of the extent to which the former are subverted in practice.
And finally, we note, as discussed in more detail in Kaufmann and Kraay (2008),
that virtually all measures of governance and the investment climate rely on judgment in
some measure, so that the distinction between 'subjective' and 'objective' data is
somewhat of a false dichotomy. Rather, a more useful distinction is between efforts to
measure formal rules as distinct from their implementation in practice, recognizing that
changes in formal rules (often associated with so-called 'actionable' indicators) need not
lead to desired changes in outcomes.

As we have emphasized with past releases of the WGI, the composite indicators
we construct are useful as a first tool for broad cross-country comparisons and for
evaluating broad trends over time. However, they are often too blunt a tool to be useful
in formulating specific governance reforms in particular country contexts. Such reforms,
and evaluation of their progress, need to be informed by much more detailed and
country-specific diagnostic data that can identify the relevant constraints on governance
in particular country circumstances. We therefore view the WGI as complementary to a
large number of other efforts to construct more detailed measures of governance, often
just for a single country. Furthermore, due to the complementarity between the
composite governance indicators and their disaggregated individual inputs (and the
value of reviewing the detail on the latter), we continue our past practice of publishing
virtually all of the disaggregated source variables underlying the WGI.
We begin by describing the data used to construct this round of the governance
indicators in Section 2, as well as various revisions to the data for previous years.
These revisions have resulted in minor changes to our previous estimates for 1996-
2007, and so the entire new dataset described here supersedes previous releases. In
Section 3 we briefly describe cross-country differences and changes over time in
governance as measured by our aggregate indicators. Section 4 concludes.
2. Methodology and Data Sources for 2008
In this section we briefly describe the latest update of the WGI. Our methodology
for constructing aggregate governance indicators has not changed from past years, and
a detailed description can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004), as well
as in a technical Appendix D to this paper.
We define governance broadly as the traditions and institutions by which

authority in a country is exercised. This includes the process by which governments are
selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively
formulate and implement sound policies; and the respect of citizens and the state for the
institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them. The six
dimensions of governance corresponding to this definition that we measure are:

1. Voice and Accountability (VA) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which a
country's citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as
freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PV) – capturing perceptions of the
likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by
unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and
terrorism.
3. Government Effectiveness (GE) – capturing perceptions of the quality of public
services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from
political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the
credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.
4. Regulatory Quality (RQ) – capturing perceptions of the ability of the government
to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and
promote private sector development.
5. Rule of Law (RL) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which agents have
confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of
contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the
likelihood of crime and violence.
6. Control of Corruption (CC) – capturing perceptions of the extent to which public
power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of
corruption, as well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests.
We first organize the many individual sources of data on governance perceptions

so that we can assign them to these six broad categories. We then use a statistical
methodology known as an unobserved components model to construct aggregate
indicators from these individual measures. These aggregate indicators are weighted
averages of the underlying data, with weights reflecting the precision of the individual
data sources. Crucially our methodology also generates margins of error for the
estimates of governance for each country, which need to be taken into account when
making comparisons of governance across countries and over time.

2.1 Underlying Data Sources
We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with

information on the perceptions of governance of a wide range of stakeholders. These
data sources consist of surveys of firms and individuals, as well as the assessments of
commercial risk rating agencies, non-governmental organizations, and a number of
multilateral aid agencies and other public sector organizations. A full list of these
sources is presented in Table 1. For the 2008 round of the WGI, we rely on a total of
441 individual variables measuring different dimensions of governance. These are taken
from 35 different sources, produced by 33 different organizations. Appendices A and B
provide a detailed description of each data source, and document how we have
assigned individual questions from these data sources to our six aggregate indicators.
Almost all of our data sources are available annually, and we use the data only from the
most recent year available from each source in our aggregate indicators. In a few
cases, as noted in Appendix A, we use data lagged one or two years if current data are
not available. In some cases we use several individual variables from a single data
source in our aggregate indicators. When we do so, we first compute a simple average
of these variables from a single source, and then treat the average of these individual
questions as a single observation from that data source.
The WGI data sources reflect the perceptions of a very diverse group of
respondents. Several are surveys of individuals or domestic firms with first-hand
knowledge of the governance situation in the country. These include the World
Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report, the Institute for Management
Development’s World Competitiveness Yearbook, the World Bank / EBRD’s business
environment surveys, the Gallup World Poll, Latinobarometro, Afrobarometro, and the
AmericasBarometer. We refer to these as "Surveys" in Table 1. We also capture the
perceptions of country analysts at the major multilateral development agencies (the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the African Development Bank,
the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank), reflecting these individuals’ in-depth
experience working on the countries they assess. Together with some expert
assessments provided by the United States Department of State and the French Ministry
of Finance, Industry and Employment, we classify these as "Public Sector Data
Providers" in Table 1. We also have a number of data sources provided by various

nongovernmental organizations such as Reporters Without Borders, Freedom House,
and the Bertelsmann Foundation. Finally, an important category of data sources for us
are commercial business information providers, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit,
Global Insight, and Political Risk Services. These last two types of data providers
typically base their assessments on a global network of correspondents with extensive
experience in the countries they are rating.
The data sources in Table 1 are fairly evenly divided among these four
categories. Of the 35 data sources, seven are from commercial business information
providers and the remaining categories have nine data sources each. However, an
important distinction is that the commercial business information providers typically
report data for much larger country samples than our other types of sources. An
extreme example is the Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators, which
provides information on 203 countries in each of our six aggregate indicators. Primarily
for reasons of cost, household and firm surveys typically have much smaller country
coverage. Our largest surveys, the Global Competitiveness Report survey and the
Gallup World Poll each cover around 130 countries in 2008, and several regional
surveys cover necessarily smaller sets of countries. Some of the expert assessments
provided by NGOs and public sector organizations have quite substantial country
coverage, but others, particularly regionally-focused ones again have much smaller
country coverage. The top two panels of Table 2 summarize the distribution of country-
level data points from all of our underlying sources for each of the six indicators in 2008.
The 2008 WGI are based on a total of 12,114 country level data points (after averaging
multiple questions from individual sources), of which 42 percent come from commercial
business information providers. The remaining data points are fairly evenly distributed
between the remaining three types of data providers.
As in the past several years, we report the underlying data from virtually all of the
individual data sources that go into our aggregate indicators at www.govindicators.org.
The sources we have made available through our website are noted in Table 1. A
number of our data sources, such as Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders
have always been publicly available through the publications and/or websites of their
respective organizations. Several of our other sources provided by commercial risk
rating agencies and commercial survey organizations have only been available for a fee.

In the interests of greater transparency, these organizations have kindly agreed to allow
us to report their proprietary data in the form in which it enters our governance
indicators. As mentioned above, and as documented in detail in Appendix A and B, we
in some cases use a simple average of multiple questions from the same source as an
ingredient in our governance indicators. We do this when we find more than one
question from a single data source that is relevant to one of the dimensions of
governance that we measure. On the interactive part of our website we report either the
individual question, or the average of individual questions, from each source that enters
into our governance indicators. All the individual variables have been rescaled to run
from zero to one, with higher values indicating better outcomes.
These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over

time, as all of our underlying sources use reasonably comparable methodologies from
one year to the next. They also can be used to compare different countries' scores on
each of the individual indicators, recognizing however that these types of comparisons
too are subject to margins of error. We caution users however not to compare directly
the scores from different sources for a single country, as they are not comparable. To
take a specific example, it does not make sense to compare a question rated on a 1-10
scale from a data source covering only developing countries with a similar question rated
on the same 1-10 scale, but covering developed countries, as the distribution of true
governance is likely different in the two groups. For example, the same score of 7 out of
10 on the two sources might correspond to quite different levels of governance quality.
As discussed in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004) and also in Appendix
D, our aggregation procedure provides a way of placing such different sources in
common units that allows for meaningful aggregation across sources.
The only data sources we have not been able to obtain permission to publicize
fully are the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, and the
corresponding internal assessments produced by the African Development Bank and the
Asian Development Bank. We do note however that starting in 2002 the World Bank
began publishing limited information on its CPIA assessments on its external website.
For the years 2002-2004 the overall CPIA ratings are reported by quintile for countries
eligible to borrow from the International Development Association (IDA), the
concessional lending window of the World Bank. Starting in 2005, the individual country

scores for the IDA resource allocation index, a rating that reflects the CPIA as well as
other considerations, is now publicly available for IDA borrowers. The African
Development Bank's CPIA ratings are also publicly available by quintile only since 2004,
and are fully public since 2005, and the Asian Development Bank's scores have been
fully public for its concessional borrowers since 2005.
2.2 Revisions to Underlying Data Sources
We have made a number of revisions to the data sources underlying the current
update of the WGI. These revisions affect the data for all past years of the WGI, and so
the current release of the data 1996-2008 supersedes previous releases. As we
describe below, however, the revisions to the data for 1996-2007 are minor.
Beginning in 2006, we have included the new Index of Democracy produced by

the Economist Intelligence Unit. This index ranks 167 countries on 60 dimensions of
democracy, grouped into five clusters. Country scores are produced and reviewed by
the EIU’s international network of correspondents, and details of the questionnaire and
methodology can be found at www. eiu.com. This index was first produced in 2006, and
was updated in 2008, with plans for biannual subsequent updates. We average this
measure together with several other variables also produced by the Economist
Intelligence Unit as a component of our Voice and Accountability measure. Details can
be found in Appendix Table A11.
A second data revision applies to two sources produced by Business

Environment Risk Intelligence, a commercial business information provider. In the past,
we used data from a number of their products with differing country coverage: the
Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index for 50 countries, and the Quantitative
Risk Measure for 115 countries. Given the small country coverage of the data we had
previously obtained from the former two, we treated the first two as a non-representative
source, and the third as a representative source (see Appendix D for details on why this
matters for the aggregation procedure that we use). This year we have acquired data
from all three sources for 120 countries going back to 1996. We average the together
the various variables from all three products and treat it as a single representative
source.
10

Three of our data sources have undergone significant revisions in the past year.
First, following changes to the OECD development center’s African Economic Outlook
publication, we have dropped one variable altogether (“Hardening of the Regime”) and
replaced the indicator “Political Troubles” with the new indicator of “Civil Tensions” that
the AEO reports going back to 1996. We note that this new variable is highly correlated
with their previous “Political Troubles” rating. We use this variable as an ingredient in
Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism going back to 1996.
The second applies to the Gray Area Dynamics ratings previously produced by
Merchant International Group (MIG), a commercial business information provider. MIG
was acquired in 2008 by Cerberus Corporate Intelligence, and the Gray Area Dynamics
ratings were completely revised. This has resulted in a new set of 30 indicators starting
in 2008. We find these to be a significant improvement over the previous version, with
much more detailed definitions of concepts being measured, and more explicit guidance
as to the rating scale. Since the new version of Gray Area Dynamics is not available in
previous years, and since it differs substantially from the previous version, we treat it as
a new data source beginning in 2008. At the same time, we retain the old version of
Gray Area Dynamics as we used it before during 2002-2007, continuing to refer to the
latter as MIG. The new and old versions of this source are described in Appendix Table
A23. Finally, there has been a significant simplification in the questionnaire for the
Business Environment and Enterprise Performance surveys (BPS), with the result that
several questions asked in previous years were not asked in the latest round of the BPS.
In order to ensure over time comparability for this source, we drop these questions from
the previous rounds of the BPS as well. These changes are detailed in Appendix Table
A5.
We have also made a few further minor revisions to various sources. We have
added a few questions available in the Afrobarometer surveys that we had not used in
past years to make the source completely consistent over time. At the request of Global
Integrity, we have dropped the 2003 round of the Global Integrity Index from our
indicators for 2003, 2004, and 2005, as there were changes in Global Integrity’s
methodology between the first and subsequent rounds of this exercise, making the first
round not fully comparable with subsequent rounds. We have also dropped a question
11

on exchange rate policy from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) survey for all
years to ensure over time comparability for this source, as it was not asked in 2008. For
similar reasons we have dropped a question on the composition of public spending from
the Global Competitiveness Report survey (GCS). And finally, at the time of the release
of the last round of the WGI, data from the 2007 Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights
database (HUM) and the US State Department Trafficking in Persons Report (TPR)
were not available, and so we used data from 2006. We have now updated the 2007
data to reflect the available 2007 data, and we use the same data for 2008 as well (as
the latest 2008 data was not available at the time of writing).
Readers interested in any further details of these changes in individual indicators

can compare Appendix A of this paper with Appendix A of Kaufmann, Kraay, and
Mastruzzi (2008) describing the 1996-2007 dataset. These minor revisions to the
historical data result in only trivial changes in the six aggregate WGI over the period
1996-2007 when compared with last year's data. In all cases over the past 10 years, the
correlation between the original and the revised indicators is 0.99 or higher, and in no
cases are changes to scores for a single country due to revisions statistically significant
at the 90 percent level.
2.3 Aggregation Methodology
We combine the many individual data sources into six aggregate governance
indicators, corresponding to the six dimensions of governance described above. The
premise underlying this statistical approach should not be too controversial – each of the
individual data sources provides an imperfect signal of some deeper underlying notion of
governance that is difficult to observe directly. This means that, as users of the
individual sources, we face a signal-extraction problem – how do we isolate an
informative signal about governance from each individual data source, and how do we
optimally combine the many data sources to get the best possible signal of governance
in a country based on all the available data? The statistical procedure we use to perform
this aggregation, known as the unobserved components model, is described in detail in
our past work (see for example Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004), as well as
Appendix D). The main advantage of this approach is that the aggregate indicators are
more informative about unobserved governance than any individual data source.
12

Moreover, the methodology allows us to be explicit about the precision – or imprecision
– of our estimates of governance in each country. This imprecision is not a
consequence of our reliance on subjective or perceptions data on governance – rather
imprecision is an issue that should be squarely addressed in all efforts to measure the
quality of governance, recognizing the inherent complexity and imprecision associated
with such a task.
The aggregation procedure first rescales the individual indicators from each
underlying source in order to make them comparable across data sources. It then
constructs a weighted average of each of these rescaled data sources to arrive at an
aggregate indicator of governance. The weights assigned to each data source are in
turn based on the estimates of the precision of each source that are produced by the
unobserved components model. In brief, the identifying assumption in the unobserved
components model is that any observed correlation between two measures of
corruption, for example, is due to their common, but unobserved, signal of corruption.
From this assumption it follows that data sources that are more correlated with each
other provide more reliable information about corruption, and so receive greater weight.
In past work, we have discussed in detail the merits of this approach--see particularly
Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2006a, Section 3). We have also documented that,
since the underlying data sources on average are quite correlated with each other, the
choice of weights used to construct the aggregate indicator does not substantially affect
the estimates of governance that we report (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2006a,
2007a). 4
Here we briefly report some summary information on the weights for the 2008
indicators. Table 3 reports the weights assigned to each data source in each of the six
governance indicators in 2008. 5 This table reports the weights that would be used in the
case of a hypothetical country appearing in all of the available underlying data sources
4
It is also worth noting that a far more consequential weighting decision is whether to include a
data source or not. In the WGI we have for the most part opted to include as many data sources
as possible, then allowing the data and aggregation procedure to select the weights. In contrast,
household-survey based data sources receive zero weight in the Transparency International
Corruption Perceptions Index (TI-CPI) because the constructors of that measure have chosen to
exclude all such data sources.
5
A full version of this table reporting the weights for all years in Excel format is available for
downloading on the Resources tab of www.govindicators.org
13

for each indicator. Because of gaps in the country coverage of all of our data sources,
no single country appears in all data sources. Nevertheless, the information reported in
Table 3 is informative about the relative weights of the underlying indicators. The
weights used to construct the aggregate governance indicators for any particular country
are approximately equal to the relative weights reported in Table 3 for the subset of
indicators in which that country appears. 6
One noteworthy feature in Table 3 is that there are some systematic differences
in the weights assigned to different types of sources. These are summarized in the
bottom panel of the table. For each of the four types of data sources, we first report the
share of each type in the total number of sources for each indicator. For example, for
Government Effectiveness, we rely on a total of 18 data sources, of which 5, or 28
percent, are from commercial business information providers. We also report the share
of the total weights accounted for by each type of indicator. Taking the same example of
Government Effectiveness, these 5 data sources together receive a somewhat higher
share of the total weight in the indicator, at 42 percent. The last column reports a simple
average of these two figures across all six indicators. These show that data from
commercial business information providers and data from non-governmental
organizations receive weights that are somewhat higher than their proportion in the total
number of data sources (37 versus 31 percent and 22 versus 16 percent respectively).
In contrast, survey-based indicators account for 14 percent of the weight on average, but
account for 27 percent of sources; and indicators provided by public-sector organizations
get almost exactly the same weight on average as their prevalence among the number
of sources would suggest (28 versus 26 percent).
We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of

data sources reported in Table 2. In particular, in the bottom panel of Table 2 we report
the distribution of country-level data points, weighting each point by the weight it
receives in the corresponding aggregate indicator for each country. In light of the higher
weights assigned to data from commercial business information providers, we find that
the weighted average share of country-level data points for this type of source rises from
43 percent (unweighted) to 53 percent (weighted). Correspondingly, the weighted share
6
The precise expression for the weights used for each country can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay
and Mastruzzi (2004, Equation (2)) and in the technical Appendix D to this paper.
14

of household surveys declines somewhat from 18 percent to 8 percent. In contrast, the
weighted and unweighted shares of total data points are roughly the same for NGO and
public sector data providers.
We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting

scheme we use has the attraction in principle of reducing the variance of the overall
governance estimates, in practice this effect is relatively small, with the standard errors
of the governance estimates declining by about 10 percent relative to an unweighted
benchmark. Moreover, if we compare our precision-weighted estimates of governance
with an alternative set of aggregate indicators based on simple averages of the
underlying indicators, we find that the two estimates of governance are very similar, with
correlations of 0.99 on average across all our indicators and periods. This reflects the
fact that all of our underlying data sources do, in most cases, provide fairly similar cross-
country ratings of governance. We have also experimented with alternative weighting
schemes that equally weight each type of governance indicator (of the four types
identified in Table 1). Again we find that the correlations are very high with our
benchmark indicators (see Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2007a), Critique 8, for
details).
3. Estimates of Governance 1996-2008
In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries,

for each of the six indicators, for all ten periods. The aggregate indicators for all periods,
as well as virtually all of the underlying indicators, are also available at
www.govindicators.org. The units in which governance is measured follow a normal
distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one in each period. This
implies that virtually all scores lie between -2.5 and 2.5, with higher scores
corresponding to better outcomes. 7 This also implies that our aggregate estimates
convey no information about trends in global averages of governance, but they are of
course informative about changes in individual countries’ relative positions over time.
7
These boundaries correspond to the 0.005 and 0.995 percentiles of the standard normal
distribution. For a handful of cases, individual country ratings can exceed these boundaries when
scores from individual data sources are particularly high or low. Note also that small adjustments
to this distribution of scores are made for earlier years to correct for compositional effects driven
by expansion of the sample of countries covered. See Appendix D for details.
15

Moreover, as we discuss below, we find little evidence from our individual data sources
of any substantial trends in world averages of governance. As a result, relative and
absolute changes in countries' governance scores are likely to coincide quite closely.
Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In

the top panel we show the number of countries included in each of the six indicators and
ten periods of WGI measurement since 1996. Depending on the governance
component, for 2008 the indicators cover between 208 and 212 countries. Over time,
there has been a steady increase in the number of sources included in each of our
indicators. This increase in the number of data sources is reflected in an increase in the
median number of sources available per country, which, depending on the governance
component, ranges from four to six in 1996, and from nine to 13 in 2008. Thanks to the
increase in sources, the proportion of countries in our sample for which our governance
estimates are based on only one source has also declined considerably, from an
average of 14 percent of countries in 1996 to an average of only seven percent in 2008.
An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard

errors of the governance indicators have declined substantially, as shown in the final
panel of Table 4. 8 In 1996 the average (for all countries and indicators) of the standard
error was 0.34. Across the six governance indicators, in 2008 the standard error ranges
from 0.17 to 0.25, with an average of 0.21. These substantial declines in standard errors
(on average lowering them by over one-third) illustrate the benefits in terms of precision
of constructing composite indicators based on an expanding number of data sources
incorporating as much information as possible. Of course, since our aggregate
indicators combine information from all of these sources, they have greater precision
than any individual underlying data source. Looking across all ten time periods, the
median standard error of the individual data sources for the governance indicators was
substantially higher at 0.59, with an interquartile range from 0.46 to 0.84. 9 In other
8
As described in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004), the output of our aggregation
procedure is a distribution of possible values of governance for a country, conditional on the
observed data for that country. The mean of this conditional distribution is our estimate of
governance, and we refer to the standard deviation of this conditional distribution as the “standard
error” of the governance estimate.
9
In an earlier paper (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)) we showed how to obtain margins
of errors for other ‘objective’ measures of governance and found that they were as large, or larger
than those of the individual subjective measures on which we rely for the WGI (and thus
16

words, on average the current set of aggregate WGI indicators exhibit standard errors
which are less than one-half those of a typical individual indicator. This highlights the
benefit of averaging data from many different sources when seeking to measure broad
concepts of governance as we do. Moreover, the likelihood of encountering an extreme
outlier in a country's aggregate governance score is commensurately lower than in any
individual source.
3.1 Cross-Country Comparisons of Governance Using the WGI
We use Figure 1 and Figure 2 to emphasize the importance of taking these

standard errors into account when making comparisons of governance across countries
and over time. In the two panels of Figure 1, we order countries in ascending order
according to their point estimates of governance in 2008 on the horizontal axis, and on
the vertical axis we plot the estimate of governance and the associated 90% confidence
intervals. 10 These intervals indicate the range in which it is 90 percent likely that the true
governance score falls. 11 We do this for two of the six governance indicators, Political
Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, and Control of Corruption. The size of
these confidence intervals varies across countries, as different countries appear in
different numbers of sources with different levels of precision. The resulting confidence
intervals are substantial relative to the units in which governance is measured. From
Figure 1 it should also be evident that many of the small differences in estimates of
governance across countries are not likely to be statistically significant at reasonable
confidence levels, since the associated 90 percent confidence intervals are likely to
overlap. For many applications, instead of merely observing the point estimates, it is
often more useful to focus on the range of possible governance values for each country
(as summarized in the 90% confidence intervals shown in Figure 1), recognizing that
obviously (thanks to the aggregation) we also found that the WGI had much lower margins of
error than any ‘objective’ measure. This underscores the fact that all efforts to measure
governance involve margins of error, often non-trivial.
10
Due to space constraints we cannot label all countries in Figure 1. Instead we show country
names for countries at or near the vintiles of the distribution of the governance indicator.
11
A x% confidence interval for governance can be obtained as the point estimate of governance
th
plus or minus the standard error times the (100-x)/2 percentile of the standard normal
distribution. For example, the 90% confidence intervals we report throughout the paper are the
point estimate plus or minus 1.64 times the standard error.
17

these likely ranges often overlap for countries that are being compared with each
other. 12
This is not to say however that the aggregate indicators cannot be used to make
cross-country comparisons. To the contrary, there are a great many pair-wise country
comparisons that do point to statistically significant, and likely also practically
meaningful, differences across countries. Our 2008 Control of Corruption indicator for
example covers 208 countries, so that it is possible to make a total of 21,528 pair-wise
comparisons of corruption across countries using this measure. For 64 percent of these
comparisons, 90% confidence intervals do not overlap, signaling quite highly statistically
significant differences across countries. And if we lower our confidence level to 75
percent, which may be quite adequate for many applications, we find that 74 percent of
all pair-wise comparisons are statistically significant. In sum, the likelihood that a
comparison between any given pair of countries does exhibit a reasonably significant
difference in governance performance is close to three-quarters.
The benefit of improved precision of aggregate indicators with increased data

availability over time can also be clearly seen from this calculation. Consider our 1996
Control of Corruption indicator, which was based on a median of only four data sources
per country, as opposed to a median of 11 sources in 2007, implying substantially higher
margins of error in 1996. Of the 11,781 possible pair-wise comparisons in 1996, only 45
percent are significant at the 90% confidence level, and only 58 percent at the 75
percent confidence interval (versus 64 percent and 74 percent respectively, in 2008).
We also emphasize that the WGI are unusual in that we generate and report
these margins of error, which allow an explicit assessment of the significance of
observed cross-country and over time differences in estimates of governance. Although
rarely explicitly disclosed -- or even acknowledged-- all other measures of governance
are subject to margins of error as well, which in our past work we have shown to be at
12
Of course, asking whether 90% confidence intervals overlap or not corresponds to a hypothesis
test at a significance level that is more stringent than 10%. The assumptions underlying our
statistical model imply that the standard error of the difference between two country scores is the
square root of the sum of the squared standard errors of the two sources, which is always smaller
than the sum of the two standard errors themselves. It is more convenient -- and more
conservative -- for users to simply inspect confidence intervals and see whether they overlap.
18

least as large as those we calculate for our individual and aggregate indicators. 13 This
underscores the need for caution in making cross-country comparisons with any type of
governance indicator.
3.2 Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI
We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in

individual countries. Figure 2 illustrates these changes for two selected governance
indicators over the decade 1998-2008, Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law. In
both panels, we plot the 1998 score on the horizontal axis, and the 2008 score on the
vertical axis. We also plot the 45-degree line, so that countries above this line
correspond to improvements in governance, while countries below the line correspond to
deteriorations in governance. The first feature of this graph is that most countries are
clustered quite close to the 45-degree line, indicating that changes in our estimates of
governance in most countries are relatively small over the 11-year period covered by the
graph. A similar pattern emerges for the other four dimensions of governance (not
shown in Figure 2), and, not surprisingly, the correlation between current and lagged
estimates of governance is even higher when we consider shorter time periods than the
decade shown here.
Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show significant changes in

governance. Over this period, we find that for each of our six indicators, on average 9
percent of countries experience changes that are significant at the 90 percent
confidence level. Looking across all six indicators, 35 percent of countries experience a
significant change in at least one of the six dimensions of governance over this period,
roughly equally divided between improvements and deteriorations. We also note that
the 90 percent confidence level is quite high, and for some purposes a lower confidence
level, say 75 percent, would be appropriate for identifying changes in governance that
are likely to be practically important. Not surprisingly this lower confidence level
identifies substantially more cases of significant changes: 21 percent of countries
experience a significant change on each indicator on average, and 59 percent of
countries experience a significant change on at least one dimension of governance.
13
See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004).
19

In Figure 2 we have labeled those countries for which the change in estimated
governance over the 1998-2008 period is sufficiently large that the 90% confidence
intervals for governance in the two periods do not overlap. 14 Examples of such
substantial changes in governance estimates between 1998 and 2008 include significant
improvements in Voice and Accountability in countries such as Ghana, Indonesia,
Kenya, Nigeria, and Peru, but also declines in that component in countries such as
Belarus, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. In Rule of Law we see improvements in countries
such as Georgia, Liberia, Rwanda, and Estonia, contrasting with declines in countries
such as Cote D’Ivoire, Ecuador, Bolivia and Zimbabwe. Other examples of
improvements in estimates of governance not shown in Figure 2 include Rwanda,
Algeria, Angola and Serbia in Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism,
Afghanistan, Colombia and Ethiopia in Government Effectiveness; Georgia, Libya and
the Democratic Republic of Congo in Regulatory Quality; and Tanzania, Liberia and
Serbia in Control of Corruption.
In Table 5 we provide more detail on all of the statistically significant (at the 90
percent level) changes in our six governance indicators over the period 1998-2008. The
first three columns report the level of governance in the two periods, and the change.
The next three columns report on how the underlying data sources move for each case.
In the column labeled “Agree” we report the number of sources available in both periods
which move in the same direction as the aggregate indicator. The columns labeled “No
Change” and “Disagree” report the number of sources on which that country’s score
does not change or moves in the opposite direction to the aggregate indicator. For each
country we also summarize the extent to which changes in the individual sources agree
with the direction of change in the aggregate indicator by calculating the “Agreement
Ratio”, or “Agree” / (“Agree” + “Disagree”). The agreement ratio is quite high for
countries with large changes in governance. Averaging across all countries and
indicators, we find an average agreement ratio of 0.90 for the period 1998-2008, as
reported in Table 5. This provides confidence that for countries with statistically
14
While this is not a formal test of the statistical significance of changes over time in governance,
it is a very simple and transparent rule of thumb for identifying changes in governance that are
likely to be significant. In Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2005, 2006) we have shown in more
detail how to assess the statistical significance of changes in governance, and that this simple
rule of thumb turns out to be a fairly good approximation.
20

significant changes in our aggregate governance estimates, these changes are reflected
in a strong majority of the individual underlying data sources.
The last three columns of Table 5 address directly the issue of adding sources
over time. Averaging over all the significant changes, we find that for a typical change,
between three and four new data sources were added between 1998 and 2008. One
might reasonably wonder about the extent to which changes in the aggregate indicators
are driven by the addition of sources whose ratings differed from those for 2008 provided
by sources also available in 1998. It turns out however that this effect is small in most
cases. To see this, in the second-last column, we have calculated the change that we
would have seen in the aggregate indicators had we used only those same data sources
available in both 1998 and 2008 for the indicated country. We refer to this as the
"balanced" change. The final column reports the ratio of this balanced change to the
actual change reported in the third column of Table 5. If this ratio is less than one, the
actual change exceeds (in absolute value) the balanced change, indicating that the
addition of sources magnified the change relative to what would have been observed
using only the balanced set of sources. And if this ratio is greater than one, the addition
of new sources offsets the change observed among the balanced sources. 15
It turns out that these compositional effects are not large. For 103 of the 126
significant changes reported in Table 5, the ratio of the balanced change to the actual
change is between 0.75 and 1.25, i.e. the balanced change is within 25 percent of the
actual change. Another way to see the relative unimportance of compositional effects is
to calculate the correlation between the balanced and unbalanced changes. Pooling all
six indicators, this correlation is equal to 0.99.
Finally, it is worth noting that the agreement ratios for significant changes in
governance are substantially higher than the agreement ratios for all changes in
governance. This can be seen in Table 6 which computes the same agreement ratio,
but for all countries over the period 1998-2008. The agreement ratio averages 69
percent, compared with 90 percent for large changes, suggesting that for the more
15
We note that there is a significant increase in the number of sources on which the WGI are
based in 2002. As a result, over time comparisons from 2002 onwards show a far smaller
incidence of added sources.
21

typical smaller changes in our governance estimates, there is relatively more
disagreement across individual sources about the direction of the change than there is
for large changes. Nevertheless, even for these smaller changes, typically the majority
of underlying individual sources agree about the direction of the change. These
examples underscore the importance of carefully examining the factors underlying
changes in the aggregate governance indicators in particular countries. In order to
facilitate this, on the WGI website users can retrieve the data from the individual
indicators underlying our aggregate indicators and use this to examine trends in the
underlying data as well as changes over time in the composition of data sources on
which the estimates are based.
3.3 Trends in Global Averages of Governance
We conclude by reviewing the available evidence on trends in global averages of

governance. As we have already noted, the aggregate WGI measures are not
informative about trends in global averages because we assume that world averages of
governance are zero in each period, as a convenient choice of units. While the
aggregate indicators are of course informative about the relative performance of
individual (or groups of) countries over time, in order to assess trends in global averages
of governance we need to return to our underlying individual data sources.
In Table 7 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual

data sources. Most of the sources in this table are polls of experts, with data extending
over the period 1998-2008. Only one of them, GCS, is a survey with sufficiently
standard format to enable comparisons of global averages for a large set of countries
over a reasonable period of time, in this case from 2003 to 2008 (prior to 2003 country
coverage for GCS was substantially lower). The first column reports the number of
countries covered by the source in each of the periods shown, and the next three
columns present the average across all countries of each of the sources for 1998, 2003,
and 2008. The underlying data have been rescaled to run from zero to one, and for
each source and governance component, we report the score on the same question or
average of questions that we use in the aggregate indicator. The next three columns
report the standard deviation across countries for each source. The remaining columns
22

report the t-statistics associated with the test of the null hypothesis that the change in the
global averages of the indicators is zero over the indicated sub-periods.
Over the period 1998-2003 the data show little evidence of substantial trends in
world averages of governance. Looking across all six indicators, there are five cases
where world averages of sources decline significantly, and 10 cases where the world
averages increase significantly (at the 90 percent confidence level). However, a closer
look at the table reveals that half of these significant improvements are concentrated in
just one source, DRI, whose global averages on the five indicators in which it appears
fluctuate substantially. Apart from this one source, all remaining significant changes are
split evenly between increases and decreases. We note also that the magnitude of the
changes is in most cases quite small. Averaging across all indicators and sources, the
mean change in the world average is just 0.02 (on a scale from 0 to 1). And if we
disregard the one source DRI that shows very large fluctuations in its global averages,
the mean change in the world average is just 0.01.
A similar picture of mostly small changes in world averages persists when we

consider separately the sub-periods 1998-2003 and 2003-2008. During the first sub-
period, we find seven significant declines and three significant improvements. Once
again however we see that five of the significant changes are concentrated in just one
source, DRI. Setting this one source aside we find that significant changes in world
averages are roughly evenly split between declines (two) and improvements (three).
And once again changes in world averages are small, averaging to just -0.01 (or 0.00 if
we disregard DRI). Over the period 2003-2008 there are some glimmerings of evidence
of improvements in world averages, with seven significant cases of improvements, but
once again five of these are due to just one source, DRI. The improvement in the world
average is slightly larger during this period, at 0.03, but is again driven mostly by DRI.
Excluding this one source we find that the overall world average improves by just 0.01.
While we do not want to over-interpret the limited information on trends in world

averages provided in Table 7, we see it as broadly consistent with the view that there is
little evidence of significant (or quantitatively important) changes in world averages of
governance over the past decade. At a technical level, this is consistent with our choice
of units for the aggregate governance indicators (where the mean is set to zero in each
23

period as a convenient choice of units). And more substantively, this evidence highlights
major governance challenges worldwide, where improvements in governance in some
countries are largely offset by declines in others, with the result that world averages
show little change.
4. Conclusions
In this paper we have reported on the latest update of the Worldwide

Governance Indicators for 2008. The WGI are available biannually since 1996, and
annually for 2002-2008. We have also continued our practice of reporting the individual
indicators underlying the aggregate WGI. It is our hope that timely annual reporting, as
well as providing access to individual indicators, are making the aggregate indicators
more useful to users in academic and policymaking circles.
We nevertheless emphasize to all users the limitations of these measures of

governance, which are shared by virtually all efforts to measure governance across
countries and over time. The aggregate indicators we construct are useful for broad
cross-country and over-time comparisons of governance, but all such comparisons
should take appropriate account of the margins of error associated with the governance
estimates. These margins of error are not unique to our perceptions-based measures
but are present -- if not explicitly acknowledged -- in any effort to measure governance.
They naturally reflect the inherent difficulty in measuring something as complicated and
multifaceted as governance. However, we have shown the feasibility of using the
aggregate indicators to make comparisons of governance across countries and over
time, subject to appropriate consideration of margins of error. In this paper we also gave
a brief account of the evolution of the WGI over the past decade or so, including how the
margins of error have declined over time, mostly due to the increasing availability of
individual sources. Thus, while margins of error remain non-trivial, it is worth noting that
for the current 2008 data we see that 64 percent of all cross-country comparisons result
in highly-significant differences (at 90 percent confidence levels), and that about one-
third of countries have experienced substantial changes in at least one dimension of
governance between 1998 and 2008.
24

We also caution users that the aggregate indicators can in some circumstances
be a rather blunt tool for policy advice at the country level. We expect that the provision
of the underlying data will help users in identifying -- and acting upon -- more specific
aspects of governance that may be problematic in a given country. And we also
encourage using these aggregate and individual indicators in conjunction with a wealth
of possible more detailed and nuanced sources of country-level data and diagnostics on
governance in formulating policy advice.
25

References
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1999a). “Aggregating

Governance Indicators.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2195,
Washington, D.C.
——— (1999b). “Governance Matters.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.
2196, Washington, D.C.
——— (2002). “Governance Matters II – Updated Indicators for 2000/01.” World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 2772, Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2004). “Governance Matters III:
Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002”. World Bank Economic
Review. 18:253-287.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2005). “Governance Matters IV:
Governance Indicators for 1996-2004. World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper No. 3630. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006a). “Measuring

Governance Using Perceptions Data", in Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed. Handbook
of Economic Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006b). “Governance Matters V:
Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005”. World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4012. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007a). “The Worldwide
Governance Indicators Project: Answering the Critics". World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper No. 4149. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007b). “Growth and
Governance: A Reply/Rejoinder". Journal of Politics. 69(2):555-562.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007c). “Governance Matters
VI: Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2006”. World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4280. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2008). “Governance Matters VII:
Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2007”. World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4654. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel and Aart Kraay (2008). "Governance Indicators: Where Are We and
Where Should We Be Going?" World Bank Research Observer. Spring 2008.
26

1
1
AUSTRIA CANADA

0.9
0.9
NAURU BELGIUM
GERMANY JAPAN
Figure 1: Margins of Error for the WGI, 2008
Political Stability and Absence of Violence
0.8
0.8
NETHERLANDS BOTSWANA
MAURITIUS CAPE VERDE
0.7
0.7
MARTINIQUE KUWAIT
UNITED KINGDOM SOUTH AFRICA
Control of Corruption
0.6
0.6
ITALY TURKEY
Percentile Rank
Percentile Rank
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE MADAGASCAR
0.5
0.5
MALAYSIA COLOMBIA
27
ALBANIA DJIBOUTI
0.4
0.4
EQUATORIAL GUINEA ARGENTINA
JAMAICA MARSHALL ISLANDS
0.3
0.3
MADAGASCAR LEEWARD ISLANDS
CONGO VIETNAM
0.2
0.2
ECUADOR NIGER
BOLIVIA TOGO
0.1
0.1
BURUNDI WEST BANK/GAZA
GUINEA TURKMENISTAN
0
2.5
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-2.5
2
-1
-2
2.5
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1.5
-2.5
2
-1
-2
Governance Rating Governance Rating
Figure 2: Changes Over Time in Governance Indicators 1998-2008
Voice and Accountability
2008
2
1
SUR
HRV
GHA
YUG
PER
IDNKEN
SLE LBR 0 PHL
NER SGP
-3 -2 BDI NGA -1 0
VEN THA 1 2 1998 3
IRQ
AFG -1
IRN
ZWE
BLR
ERI -2
-3
Rule of Law
3
2008
EST
1 LVA
THA
GEO
0 TTO
RWA YUG
-3 -2 ALB -1 0ARG 1 2 1998 3
BOL
LBR ECU
KGZ -1
ERI
CIV VEN
ZWE
-2
-3
28

Table 1: Sources of Governance Data Used in 2008 Update of WGI
Country Represe
Source Type* Public Coverage -ntative 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
ADB African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 53 x x x x x x x x x
AEO OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook Expert (GOV) Yes 48 x x x x x x x x x x
AFR Afrobarometer Survey Yes 19 x x x x x x x x
ASD Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 29 x x x x x x x x
BPS Business Enterprise Environment Survey Survey Yes 27 x x x x x x x x
BRI Business Environment Risk Intelligence Business Risk Service / Financial Ethics Index Expert (CBIP) Yes 101 x x x x x x x x x x
BTI Bertelsmann Transformation Index Expert (NGO) Yes 125 x x x x x x x
CCR Freedom House Countries at the Crossroads Expert (NGO) Yes 62 x x x x x
DRI Global Insight Global Risk Service Expert (CBIP) Yes 144 x x x x x x x x x x x
EBR European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report Expert (GOV) Yes 29 x x x x x x x x x x
EGV Global E-Governance Index Expert (NGO) Yes 196 x x x x x x x x
EIU Economist Intelligence Unit Riskwire & Democracy Index Expert (CBIP) Yes 170 x x x x x x x x x x x
FRH Freedom House Expert (NGO) Yes 197 x x x x x x x x x x x
GAD Cerberus Intelligence Gray Area Dynamics** Expert (CBIP) Yes 164 x x
GCB Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey Survey Yes 80 x x x x x x x
GCS World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report Survey Yes 134 x x x x x x x x x x x
GII Global Integrity Index Expert (NGO) Yes 79 x x x x x x
GWP Gallup World Poll Survey Yes 130 x x x x
HER Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom Expert (NGO) Yes 179 x x x x x x x x x x x
HUM Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database and Political Terror Scale Expert (GOV) Yes 192 x x x x x x x x x x x
IFD IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments Expert (GOV) Yes 90 x x x x x
IJT iJET Country Security Risk Ratings Expert (CBIP) Yes 185 x x x x x x
IPD Institutional Profiles Database Expert (GOV) Yes 85 x x x x
LBO Latinobarometro Survey Yes 18 x x x x x x x x x x
MIG Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics** Expert (CBIP) Yes 156 x x x x x x x
MSI International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index Expert (NGO) Yes 76 x x x x x x x
OBI International Budget Project Open Budget Index Expert (NGO) Yes 85 x x x x
PIA World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 142 x x x x x x x x x x
PRC Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey Survey Yes 15 x x x x x x x x x
PRS Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide Expert (CBIP) Yes 140 x x x x x x x x x x x
RSF Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index Expert (NGO) Yes 170 x x x x x x x x
TPR US State Department Trafficking in People report Expert (GOV) Yes 153 x x x x x x x x x
VAB Vanderbilt University Americas Barometer Survey Yes 23 x x x x x
WCY Institute for Management and Development World Competitiveness Yearbook Survey Yes 55 x x x x x x x x x x
WMO Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators Expert (CBIP) Yes 203 x x x x x x x x x x
*CBIP -- Commercial Business Information Provider, GOV -- Public Sector Data Provider, NGO -- Non-Governmental Organization Data Provider
**Gray Area Dynamics changed ownership and was substantially revised in 2008, we treat the previous and current version as separate sources, see text for details.
29

Table 2: Distribution of Data Points by Type of Data in 2008 WGI
Commercial
Business Surveys of Non-
Information Firms or Governmental Public Sector
Providers Households Organizations Organizations Total
Number of Data Points
Voice and Accountability 677 385 794 367 2223
Political Stability/Absence of Violence 1087 189 0 327 1603
Government Effectiveness 738 398 321 398 1855
Regulatory Quality 801 219 304 427 1751
Rule of Law 920 420 474 743 2557
Control of Corruption 919 513 295 398 2125
Total 5142 2124 2188 2660 12114
Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Voice and Accountability 0.30 0.17 0.36 0.17 1.00
Political Stability/Absence of Violence 0.68 0.12 0.00 0.20 1.00
Government Effectiveness 0.40 0.21 0.17 0.21 1.00
Regulatory Quality 0.46 0.13 0.17 0.24 1.00
Rule of Law 0.36 0.16 0.19 0.29 1.00
Control of Corruption 0.43 0.24 0.14 0.19 1.00
Total 0.42 0.18 0.18 0.22 1.00
Weighted Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Voice and Accountability 0.31 0.02 0.56 0.11 1.00
Political Stability/Absence of Violence 0.78 0.04 0.00 0.17 1.00
Government Effectiveness 0.59 0.12 0.07 0.22 1.00
Regulatory Quality 0.47 0.06 0.17 0.29 1.00
Rule of Law 0.53 0.10 0.14 0.23 1.00
Control of Corruption 0.50 0.16 0.13 0.22 1.00
Total 0.53 0.08 0.18 0.21 1.00
30

Table 3: Weights Used to Aggregate Individual Data Sources in 2008
VA PV GE RQ RL CC Average
Commercial Business Information Providers
bri .. 0.065 0.082 .. 0.064 0.041 0.063
dri .. 0.108 0.040 0.020 0.030 0.022 0.044
eiu 0.109 0.103 0.094 0.061 0.118 0.059 0.091
gad 0.030 0.074 .. 0.065 0.008 0.019 0.039
ijt .. 0.088 .. .. .. .. 0.088
prs 0.048 0.061 0.062 0.039 0.023 0.022 0.042
wmo 0.031 0.181 0.131 0.086 0.100 0.067 0.099
Surveys of Firms or Households
afr 0.026 .. 0.016 .. 0.035 0.025 0.025
bps .. .. 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
gcb .. .. .. .. .. 0.010 0.010
gcs 0.006 0.040 0.079 0.031 0.059 0.056 0.045
gwp 0.002 .. 0.007 .. 0.003 0.006 0.004
lbo 0.003 .. 0.000 .. 0.010 0.000 0.003
prc .. .. .. .. .. 0.069 0.069
vab 0.019 .. .. .. 0.011 0.007 0.012
wcy 0.005 0.036 0.051 0.052 0.071 0.088 0.051
Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers
bti 0.120 .. 0.046 0.085 0.014 0.052 0.063
ccr 0.141 .. .. .. 0.006 0.002 0.049
egv .. .. 0.008 .. .. .. 0.008
frh 0.190 .. .. .. 0.137 0.241 0.189
gii 0.043 .. .. .. 0.014 0.004 0.020
her .. .. .. 0.053 0.050 .. 0.051
msi 0.044 .. .. .. .. .. 0.044
obi 0.024 .. .. .. .. .. 0.024
rsf 0.023 .. .. .. .. .. 0.023
Public Sector Data Providers
adb .. .. 0.087 0.152 0.039 0.027 0.076
aeo .. 0.043 .. .. .. .. 0.043
asd .. .. 0.114 0.070 0.008 0.005 0.050
ebr .. .. .. 0.084 .. .. 0.084
hum 0.043 0.072 .. .. 0.011 .. 0.042
ifd 0.002 .. 0.037 0.048 0.021 0.022 0.026
ipd 0.080 0.092 0.065 0.029 0.066 0.098 0.072
pia .. .. 0.060 0.108 0.087 0.046 0.075
tpr .. .. .. .. 0.004 .. 0.004
Commercial Business Information Providers

Share of Sources 0.20 0.58 0.28 0.31 0.24 0.25 0.31
Share of Weights 0.22 0.71 0.42 0.27 0.35 0.23 0.37
Surveys of Firms or Households
Share of Sources 0.30 0.17 0.33 0.19 0.28 0.38 0.27
Share of Weights 0.06 0.08 0.16 0.08 0.19 0.26 0.14
Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers
Share of Sources 0.35 0.00 0.11 0.13 0.20 0.17 0.16
Share of Weights 0.59 0.00 0.06 0.14 0.22 0.30 0.22
Public Sector Data Providers
Share of Sources 0.15 0.25 0.28 0.38 0.28 0.21 0.26
Share of Weights 0.13 0.21 0.37 0.50 0.24 0.20 0.28
31

Table 4: Summary Statistics on Governance Indicators
Political
Voice and Stability/Abse Government Regulatory Control of
Accountability nce Violence Effectiveness Quality Rule of Law Corruption Average
Number of Countries
1996 194 180 182 183 171 154 177
1998 199 189 194 194 194 194 194
2000 200 190 196 196 196 196 196
2002 201 190 202 197 197 197 197
2003 201 200 202 197 202 198 200
2004 208 207 209 204 209 205 207
2005 208 208 209 204 209 205 207
2006 209 209 212 206 211 207 209
2007 209 209 212 207 211 208 209
2008 209 210 212 208 210 208 210
Median Number of Sources Per Country

1996 4 4 4 4 6 4 4
1998 5 5 5 5 7 5 5
2000 5 5 5 6 8 6 6
2002 7 7 8 8 10 7 8
2003 7 7 9 8 11 8 8
2004 8 7 9 8 11 9 9
2005 8 8 9 8 11 9 9
2006 10 8 11 9 13 11 10
2007 10 8 11 9 13 11 10
2008 12 9 10 9 13 11 11
Proportion of Countries with Only One Data Source

1996 15 16 21 11 6 18 14
1998 11 7 10 10 9 10 10
2000 11 8 8 7 7 8 8
2002 10 7 5 7 7 8 7
2003 3 10 5 7 5 7 6
2004 6 6 8 7 9 8 7
2005 6 5 8 7 8 7 7
2006 6 3 9 8 8 8 7
2007 6 3 8 9 8 8 7
2008 6 4 8 9 7 8 7
Average Standard Error

1996 0.25 0.38 0.34 0.41 0.30 0.33 0.34
1998 0.27 0.30 0.16 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.25
2000 0.26 0.31 0.21 0.28 0.19 0.24 0.25
2002 0.21 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.20 0.22 0.23
2003 0.20 0.29 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.22
2004 0.21 0.28 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.22
2005 0.20 0.28 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.21
2006 0.20 0.26 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.21
2007 0.17 0.25 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.21
2008 0.17 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.18 0.20 0.21
32

Table 5: Significant Changes in WGI Estimates of Governance 1998-2008
Governance Score
Agree/
2008 1998 No Dis- Sources Balanced Bal Chng/
Change Agree (agree+
(Level) (Level) change agree Added Change Actual Chng
Disagree)
Voice & Accountability
ERITREA -2.20 -1.18 -1.02 3 0 0 1.00 10 -0.71 0.70
THAILAND -0.56 0.40 -0.96 5 0 1 0.83 0 -0.73 0.77
BELARUS -1.60 -0.86 -0.74 3 0 1 0.75 6 -0.78 1.07
ZIMBABWE -1.52 -0.81 -0.71 4 0 1 0.80 10 -0.87 1.22
SINGAPORE -0.41 0.27 -0.67 2 0 4 0.33 8 -0.44 0.66
VENEZUELA -0.62 0.00 -0.62 5 0 2 0.71 8 -0.82 1.32
IRAN -1.48 -0.87 -0.61 2 0 3 0.40 0 -0.41 0.67
PHILIPPINES -0.20 0.39 -0.59 4 1 1 0.80 1 -0.46 0.79
PERU 0.02 -0.57 0.58 5 0 1 0.83 7 0.73 1.25
NIGERIA -0.60 -1.19 0.59 5 0 0 1.00 0 0.36 0.61
IRAQ -1.26 -1.93 0.68 5 0 0 1.00 9 0.75 1.10
KENYA -0.16 -0.87 0.71 4 0 1 0.80 6 0.48 0.68
AFGHANISTAN -1.26 -2.04 0.78 3 0 0 1.00 0 0.86 1.10
SURINAME 0.57 -0.22 0.78 3 0 0 1.00 0 0.81 1.03
CROATIA 0.48 -0.30 0.79 5 0 0 1.00 0 0.82 1.04
LIBERIA -0.29 -1.12 0.83 4 0 0 1.00 7 0.87 1.04
BURUNDI -0.66 -1.51 0.85 2 1 0 1.00 4 0.53 0.63
INDONESIA -0.14 -1.04 0.90 5 0 1 0.83 8 1.03 1.15
GHANA 0.48 -0.43 0.92 5 0 0 1.00 4 0.97 1.06
NIGER -0.41 -1.54 1.13 4 0 0 1.00 0 1.16 1.03
SIERRA LEONE -0.28 -1.47 1.19 3 0 0 1.00 6 1.24 1.04
SERBIA 0.19 -1.14 1.34 5 0 0 1.00 10 1.44 1.08
Average 3.91 0.09 0.73 0.87 4.73
Political Stability/Absence of Violence

COTE D'IVOIRE -1.91 -0.23 -1.68 5 0 0 1.00 0 -1.57 0.93
THAILAND -1.19 0.40 -1.59 5 1 0 1.00 0 -1.50 0.94
COMOROS -1.01 0.43 -1.44 2 0 0 1.00 5 -1.39 0.96
NEPAL -1.69 -0.31 -1.38 2 0 1 0.67 0 -1.12 0.81
GUINEA -1.91 -0.57 -1.34 3 0 0 1.00 4 -1.38 1.03
PAKISTAN -2.61 -1.34 -1.28 6 0 0 1.00 1 -1.12 0.88
PHILIPPINES -1.41 -0.17 -1.25 5 0 1 0.83 1 -0.98 0.78
MAURITANIA -0.93 0.21 -1.13 2 0 0 1.00 4 -0.88 0.78
LEBANON -1.94 -0.88 -1.06 5 0 1 0.83 5 -0.92 0.87
ETHIOPIA -1.79 -0.75 -1.04 4 0 0 1.00 0 -1.20 1.16
NIGERIA -2.01 -0.98 -1.03 6 0 0 1.00 2 -1.09 1.06
BANGLADESH -1.54 -0.52 -1.02 5 0 1 0.83 4 -1.02 1.00
VENEZUELA -1.23 -0.39 -0.85 5 0 1 0.83 5 -0.82 0.97
BOLIVIA -1.02 -0.23 -0.79 4 0 2 0.67 0 -0.83 1.05
ZIMBABWE -1.56 -0.85 -0.71 4 0 2 0.67 5 -0.85 1.20
SOUTH AFRICA -0.04 -0.88 0.83 4 0 2 0.67 0 0.81 0.98
ALBANIA 0.01 -0.86 0.87 4 0 0 1.00 3 1.02 1.18
ARMENIA 0.01 -0.87 0.87 3 1 0 1.00 2 1.18 1.35
ALGERIA -1.15 -2.14 0.98 6 0 0 1.00 3 1.28 1.30
TAJIKISTAN -0.74 -2.16 1.41 3 1 0 1.00 5 1.24 0.88
GUINEA-BISSAU -0.38 -1.81 1.43 3 0 0 1.00 5 1.51 1.06
SERBIA -0.50 -1.93 1.43 4 0 0 1.00 4 1.47 1.03
LIBYA 0.48 -1.13 1.62 6 0 0 1.00 4 1.74 1.08
ANGOLA -0.43 -2.16 1.73 6 0 0 1.00 2 2.02 1.17
CONGO -0.61 -2.37 1.76 4 0 0 1.00 5 1.58 0.90
SIERRA LEONE -0.23 -2.17 1.94 3 0 0 1.00 5 2.12 1.09
RWANDA -0.14 -2.13 2.00 2 0 0 1.00 0 1.49 0.74
Average 4.11 0.11 0.41 0.93 2.74
Note: Shaded countries correspond to significant increases in WGI estimates of governance (at the 90 percent
level), and non-shaded areas correspond to significant declines.
33

Table 5: Significant Changes in WGI Estimates of Governance, 1998-2008 Cont'd
Governance Score
Agree/
Disagree)
Governmnent Effectiveness
MALDIVES -0.35 0.96 -1.31 2 0 0 1.00 1 -1.07 0.82
ZIMBABWE -1.56 -0.47 -1.09 7 0 1 0.88 5 -0.96 0.88
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.39 -0.37 -1.02 6 0 0 1.00 0 -1.04 1.02
CHAD -1.48 -0.63 -0.85 3 0 0 1.00 2 -0.58 0.68
MAURITANIA -0.97 -0.14 -0.84 2 0 1 0.67 8 -0.58 0.69
FIJI -0.95 -0.16 -0.79 1 0 1 0.50 7 -0.72 0.91
BELIZE -0.42 0.35 -0.76 1 1 0 1.00 7 -0.53 0.70
TOGO -1.43 -0.68 -0.76 2 1 1 0.67 6 -0.74 0.97
SPAIN 0.99 1.72 -0.73 6 1 0 1.00 5 -0.66 0.90
BOLIVIA -0.81 -0.09 -0.72 4 2 0 1.00 0 -0.58 0.81
BELARUS -1.11 -0.47 -0.64 2 0 2 0.50 3 -0.62 0.97
ITALY 0.39 0.93 -0.54 4 1 2 0.67 3 -0.53 0.98
LEBANON -0.64 -0.11 -0.53 3 2 1 0.75 4 -0.46 0.86
ISRAEL 1.30 0.77 0.53 4 2 1 0.80 5 0.51 0.97
CHINA 0.24 -0.30 0.53 5 3 0 1.00 2 0.56 1.04
TAJIKISTAN -0.88 -1.44 0.56 3 1 0 1.00 7 0.55 0.98
INDONESIA -0.29 -0.85 0.56 7 0 1 0.88 6 0.67 1.20
COLOMBIA 0.13 -0.46 0.59 4 0 4 0.50 6 0.62 1.04
MALAYSIA 1.13 0.53 0.59 6 1 1 0.86 0 0.68 1.14
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA -0.55 -1.18 0.63 2 1 0 1.00 7 0.69 1.10
ALGERIA -0.50 -1.16 0.65 6 1 0 1.00 1 0.81 1.25
ETHIOPIA -0.43 -1.12 0.69 4 1 0 1.00 0 0.79 1.14
IRAQ -1.41 -2.17 0.76 3 1 0 1.00 5 0.92 1.21
GEORGIA 0.18 -0.65 0.83 3 0 0 1.00 3 0.69 0.83
HONG KONG 1.83 0.96 0.86 4 1 2 0.67 1 0.81 0.94
KOREA, SOUTH 1.26 0.39 0.87 7 1 0 1.00 8 0.73 0.83
SERBIA -0.28 -1.19 0.91 3 0 0 1.00 6 0.92 1.02
AFGHANISTAN -1.31 -2.27 0.96 1 0 0 1.00 0 0.67 0.70
RWANDA -0.20 -1.17 0.97 3 0 0 1.00 0 0.89 0.92
Average 3.72 0.72 0.62 0.87 3.72
Regulatory Quality
ZIMBABWE -2.18 -0.68 -1.50 8 0 0 1.00 3 -1.72 1.15
ERITREA -2.13 -0.63 -1.49 3 0 0 1.00 4 -1.32 0.89
BOLIVIA -1.02 0.30 -1.32 6 0 0 1.00 0 -1.30 0.98
VENEZUELA -1.44 -0.15 -1.29 8 0 0 1.00 2 -1.67 1.29
ARGENTINA -0.65 0.64 -1.28 8 0 0 1.00 6 -1.63 1.27
MALDIVES -0.42 0.85 -1.27 2 0 0 1.00 0 -0.83 0.65
ECUADOR -1.14 -0.05 -1.09 6 0 0 1.00 1 -1.25 1.15
COTE D'IVOIRE -0.93 -0.07 -0.86 4 3 0 1.00 0 -0.91 1.05
GABON -0.65 0.21 -0.86 4 2 0 1.00 2 -0.74 0.86
URUGUAY 0.08 0.88 -0.80 5 1 0 1.00 4 -0.70 0.88
SLOVAKIA 1.14 0.46 0.68 8 0 0 1.00 2 0.64 0.94
ANGOLA -0.94 -1.66 0.71 6 1 0 1.00 1 0.82 1.14
TAJIKISTAN -0.97 -1.73 0.75 5 0 0 1.00 6 0.83 1.10
BELARUS -1.24 -2.01 0.76 5 0 1 0.83 3 0.74 0.96
CONGO, DEM. REP. -1.43 -2.43 1.00 6 0 0 1.00 0 1.05 1.06
LIBYA -0.93 -2.20 1.27 5 0 0 1.00 6 1.27 1.00
GEORGIA 0.59 -0.77 1.36 5 0 0 1.00 3 1.37 1.01
IRAQ -1.09 -2.76 1.67 4 0 0 1.00 4 1.71 1.02
Average 5.44 0.39 0.06 0.99 2.61
Note: Shaded countries correspond to significant increases in WGI estimates of governance (at the 90
percent level), and non-shaded areas correspond to significant declines.
34

Table 5: Significant Changes in WGI Estimates of Governance, 1998-2008, Cont'd
Governance Score
Agree/
Disagree)
Rule of Law
ZIMBABWE -1.81 -0.53 -1.29 9 0 1 0.90 7 -1.33 1.04
ERITREA -1.24 -0.21 -1.03 4 0 0 1.00 8 -0.67 0.65
VENEZUELA -1.59 -0.71 -0.88 10 1 0 1.00 5 -0.88 1.00
BOLIVIA -1.12 -0.28 -0.84 7 2 0 1.00 0 -0.76 0.91
ARGENTINA -0.61 0.08 -0.69 8 2 1 0.89 8 -0.64 0.93
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.52 -0.90 -0.62 5 3 0 1.00 0 -0.49 0.79
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO -0.25 0.37 -0.62 5 1 1 0.83 3 -0.48 0.77
ECUADOR -1.23 -0.63 -0.60 6 2 1 0.86 3 -0.49 0.82
KYRGYZSTAN -1.26 -0.67 -0.59 5 0 2 0.71 0 -0.39 0.65
THAILAND -0.03 0.48 -0.51 5 2 3 0.63 0 -0.45 0.87
LATVIA 0.73 0.20 0.52 8 1 0 1.00 5 0.60 1.15
ESTONIA 1.05 0.52 0.54 7 2 0 1.00 6 0.55 1.02
ALBANIA -0.60 -1.21 0.61 4 1 2 0.67 9 0.62 1.02
SERBIA -0.46 -1.27 0.81 4 0 1 0.80 9 0.78 0.97
LIBERIA -1.23 -2.07 0.84 4 1 0 1.00 6 0.94 1.11
GEORGIA -0.34 -1.21 0.87 4 1 2 0.67 4 0.75 0.86
RWANDA -0.50 -1.48 0.98 5 0 0 1.00 0 0.88 0.90
Average 5.88 1.12 0.82 0.88 4.29
ERITREA -0.38 0.78 -1.17 2 1 0 1.00 7 -1.34 1.15
ZIMBABWE -1.37 -0.43 -0.95 7 0 1 0.88 7 -0.97 1.03
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.17 -0.38 -0.79 3 2 1 0.75 0 -0.50 0.63
GREECE 0.10 0.69 -0.59 6 1 0 1.00 4 -0.63 1.07
ESTONIA 0.94 0.45 0.49 5 1 1 0.83 5 0.32 0.66
INDONESIA -0.64 -1.16 0.51 7 1 1 0.88 7 0.56 1.08
TANZANIA -0.51 -1.12 0.61 5 2 0 1.00 9 0.50 0.82
ALBANIA -0.45 -1.07 0.62 4 0 1 0.80 8 0.61 0.98
GEORGIA -0.23 -0.86 0.63 4 0 1 0.80 1 0.30 0.47
HONG KONG 1.88 1.16 0.71 6 0 2 0.75 1 0.67 0.95
RWANDA 0.03 -0.87 0.89 3 0 0 1.00 0 0.86 0.96
SERBIA -0.16 -1.08 0.92 4 0 0 1.00 8 0.85 0.93
LIBERIA -0.60 -1.73 1.13 4 0 0 1.00 5 1.37 1.21
Average 4.62 0.62 0.62 0.90 4.77
Overall Average 4.47 0.48 0.54 0.90 3.71
Note: Shaded countries correspond to significant increases in WGI estimates of governance (at the 90 percent
level), and non-shaded areas correspond to significant declines.
35

Table 6: Agreement Ratio for Changes in WGI Estimates of Governance, 1998-2008
ALL CHANGES
Agree / (Agree
Sample Agree No Change Disagree + Disagree)
Voice and Accountability 199 2.3 0.6 1.2 0.66

Political Stability 189 2.7 0.7 1.0 0.73
Government Effectiveness 194 2.6 1.0 1.1 0.69
Regulatory Quality 194 3.1 0.7 1.4 0.70
Rule of Law 194 3.2 1.8 1.7 0.66
Control of Corruption 194 2.6 1.3 1.1 0.70
Average 194 2.8 1.0 1.3 0.69
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (90%)

Agree / (Agree
Agree No Change Disagree + Disagree)
Sample
Voice and Accountability 22 3.9 0.1 0.7 0.87
Political Stability 27 4.1 0.1 0.4 0.93
Government Effectiveness 29 3.7 0.7 0.6 0.87
Regulatory Quality 18 5.4 0.4 0.1 0.99
Rule of Law 17 5.9 1.1 0.8 0.88
Control of Corruption 13 4.6 0.6 0.6 0.90
Average 21 4.6 0.5 0.5 0.90
36

Table 7: Trends in Global Averages of Governance, 1998-2008
[Balanced Samples]* ** ***

Mean Std. Dev.
t-statistic t-statistic t-statistic Change Change Change
Sample 1998 2003 2008 1998 2003 2008 1998-2008 1998-2003 2003-2008 1998-2008 1998-2003 2003-2008
EIU 120 0.40 0.43 0.47 0.25 0.26 0.25 2.21 0.80 1.38 0.07 0.03 0.05
FRH 194 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.42 0.50 -0.08 0.01 0.01 0.00
GCS (Press Freedom / Parliament) ** 94 .. 0.56 0.58 .. 0.14 0.15 .. .. 0.89 .. .. 0.02
HUM 155 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.35 0.35 0.30 -1.06 -0.96 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 0.00
PRS * 140 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.27 0.26 0.25 1.17 0.43 0.76 0.04 0.01 0.02
WMO 182 0.54 0.56 0.57 0.27 0.26 0.26 1.25 0.78 0.49 0.03 0.02 0.01
RSF 137 .. 0.72 0.72 .. 0.24 0.24 .. .. -0.14 .. .. 0.00
Average 0.02 0.01 0.01
Political Stability
DRI 106 0.80 0.69 0.85 0.20 0.25 0.16 1.96 -3.68 5.60 0.05 -0.11 0.16
EIU 120 0.56 0.55 0.60 0.24 0.25 0.23 1.36 -0.09 1.44 0.04 0.00 0.04
GCS (cost of terrorism) ** 95 .. 0.64 0.76 .. 0.16 0.15 .. .. 5.22 .. .. 0.12
HUM 155 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.28 0.25 0.25 -0.62 -0.72 0.10 -0.02 -0.02 0.00
PRS * 140 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.14 0.11 0.11 -1.88 -0.63 -1.46 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02
WMO 182 0.67 0.66 0.68 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.55 -0.22 0.81 0.01 -0.01 0.02
Average 0.01 -0.03 0.05
Government Effectiveness
CPIA 125 0.46 0.49 0.50 0.15 0.14 0.13 2.11 1.19 0.92 0.04 0.02 0.02
DRI 106 0.56 0.46 0.72 0.27 0.29 0.21 4.69 -2.44 7.20 0.16 -0.10 0.25
EIU 120 0.41 0.37 0.38 0.31 0.31 0.27 -0.59 -0.84 0.31 -0.02 -0.03 0.01
GCS (infrastructure quality) ** 95 .. 0.50 0.50 .. 0.24 0.23 .. .. 0.18 .. .. 0.01
PRS * 140 0.51 0.54 0.55 0.21 0.29 0.28 1.18 1.07 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.00
WMO 182 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.24 0.24 0.23 1.59 1.50 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.00
Average 0.05 -0.01 0.05
37

Table 7: Trends in Global Averages of Governance, 1998-2008, Cont’d
Mean Std. Dev.

t-statistic t-statistic t-statistic Change Change Change
Sample 1998 2003 2008 1998 2003 2008 1998-2008 1998-2003 2003-2008 1998-2008 1998-2003 2003-2008
Regulatory Quality
CPIA 125 0.51 0.54 0.55 0.17 0.13 0.14 1.89 1.65 0.28 0.04 0.03 0.00
DRI 106 0.82 0.77 0.85 0.15 0.18 0.13 1.39 -2.28 3.68 0.03 -0.05 0.08
EIU 120 0.54 0.54 0.57 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.86 -0.04 0.89 0.02 0.00 0.03
GCS (burden of regulations) ** 95 .. 0.31 0.37 .. 0.12 0.12 .. .. 3.36 .. .. 0.06
HERITAGE *** 153 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.18 0.19 0.19 -0.36 0.31 -0.66 -0.01 0.01 -0.01
PRS * 140 0.62 0.71 0.71 0.20 0.22 0.22 3.41 3.64 -0.25 0.08 0.09 -0.01
WMO 182 0.55 0.59 0.60 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.67 1.23 0.43 0.04 0.03 0.01
Average 0.03 0.02 0.02
Rule of Law
CPIA 125 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.17 0.19 0.15 1.07 0.39 0.59 0.02 0.01 0.01
DRI 106 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.20 0.24 0.17 3.71 -1.94 5.43 0.10 -0.06 0.16
EIU 120 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.27 0.27 0.24 1.26 0.45 0.78 0.04 0.02 0.03
GCS (organized crime / police /
independent judiciary) ** 94 .. 0.55 0.60 .. 0.21 0.20 .. .. 1.59 .. .. 0.05
HERITAGE *** 153 0.54 0.48 0.45 0.24 0.24 0.24 -3.25 -2.21 -1.05 -0.09 -0.06 -0.03
HUM 155 0.56 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.40 0.40 -2.29 -1.41 -0.86 -0.10 -0.06 -0.04
PRS * 140 0.68 0.61 0.62 0.22 0.24 0.22 -2.42 -2.72 0.41 -0.06 -0.07 0.01
WMO 182 0.57 0.58 0.59 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.96 0.47 0.48 0.02 0.01 0.01
Average -0.01 -0.03 0.02
CPIA 125 0.38 0.43 0.41 0.16 0.16 0.16 1.75 2.49 -0.74 0.04 0.05 -0.02
DRI 106 0.57 0.52 0.66 0.27 0.30 0.26 2.53 -1.30 3.66 0.09 -0.05 0.14
EIU 120 0.34 0.35 0.39 0.33 0.34 0.32 1.25 0.19 1.03 0.05 0.01 0.04
GCS (bribe frequency)** 95 .. 0.60 0.58 .. 0.19 0.20 .. .. -0.98 .. .. -0.03
PRS * 140 0.51 0.42 0.43 0.21 0.19 0.20 -3.13 -3.57 0.43 -0.08 -0.09 0.01
WMO 182 0.50 0.54 0.53 0.27 0.26 0.26 1.07 1.26 -0.21 0.03 0.04 -0.01
Average 0.03 -0.01 0.02
Overall Average 0.02 -0.01 0.03
* PRS Country coverage in 1996: 130. Signif <0 5 7 0

** GCS Country coverage in 2002:79. Insignif<0 4 9 11
** HER Country coverage in 2002:142. Insignif>0 14 14 22
Signif>0 10 3 7
38

Appendices
Appendix A: Sources for Governance Indicators
A1. African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB) 39
A2. OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO) 40
A3. Afrobarometer (AFR) 41
A4. Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD) 42
A5. Business Environment & Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS) 43
A6. Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI) 44
A7. Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) 45
A8. Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI) 46
A9. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR) 47
A10. Global E-Government Index (EGV) 48
A11. Economist Intelligence Unit Country Risk Service and Democracy Index (EIU) 49
A12. Freedom House (FRH, CCR) 50
A13. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey (GCB) 51
A14. World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS) 52
A15. Global Integrity Index (GII) 53
A16. Gallup World Poll (GWP) 54
A17. Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER) 55
A18. Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM) 56
A19. IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD) 57
A20. iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT) 58
A21. Institutional Profile Database (IPD) 59
A22. Latino-Barometro (LBO) 60
A23. Cerberus Corporate Intelligence Gray Area Dynamics (MIG, GAD) 61
A24. International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI) 62
A25. International Budget Project Open Budget Initiative (OBI) 63
A26. World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA) 64
A27. Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia (PRC) 65
A28. Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS) 66
A29. Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF) 67
A30. US State Department’s Trafficking in People Report (TPR) 68
A31. Vanderbilt University Americas Barometer (VAB) 69
A32. Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) 70
A33. Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators (WMO) 71
Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators

B1. Voice and Accountability………………………………………………………….………. 72
B2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence…………………………………………………… 73
B3. Government Effectiveness………………………………………………………………… 74
B4. Regulatory Quality……..………………………………………………………………….. 75
B5. Rule of Law……………..………………………………………………………..…………76
B6. Control of Corruption…..………………………………………………………..………… 78
Appendix C: Governance Indicators over Time

C1. Voice and Accountability………………………………………………………..………… 79
C2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence…………………………………………………… 82
C3. Government Effectiveness………………………………………………………………… 85
C4. Regulatory Quality……..………………………………………………………………….. 88
C5. Rule of Law……………..……………………………………………………….………… 91
C6. Control of Corruption…..………………………………………………………………….. 94
Appendix D: Technical Details on the Construction of the WGI……………………….. 97
39

Table A1: African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB)
Data Provider African Development Bank.

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire
Website www.afdb.org
Data Source Country Policy and Institutional Assessments
Type Expert Assessment
Respondents African Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for
comparability
Frequency Annual since 1998
Country Coverage African Development Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005
Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded
on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by the African
Development Bank. Note that we cannot display 2006 and 2007 data because they were
not publicly released by the African Development Bank.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Policies to improve efficiency of public sector X X X X X X X X X ..
Budget Management X X X X X X X X X ..
Efficiency o f Public Expenditures X X X X X X X X X ..
Management of publ ic debt X X X X X X X X X ..
Quality of Public Administration X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Trade policy X X X X X X X X X ..
Competitive en vironment X X X X X X X X X ..
Labor Market Policie s X X X X X X X X X ..
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X X X X ..
Transparency / corruption X X X X X X X X X ..
Country Coverage 53 52 52 52 52 50 50 51 51 ..
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..
40

Table A2: OECD Development Centre African Economic Outlook (AEO)
Data Provider OECD Development Centre

Description Multilateral organization headquartered in Paris, France
Website www.oecd.org/dev/aeo/
Data Source African Economic Outlook
Respondents OECD Development Center Staff
Coverage African countries
Public Access Publicly available through African Economic Outlook report tables.
Description Indicators are based on the frequency of newspaper reports on incidents related
to "civil tensions" indicator. Newpaper reports are taken from the weekly
newspaper Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens between 1996 and 2007 and
from AFP in 2008. Total scores are reported for each country and year, and the
distribution is highly skewed by a few countries with very high frequency of
reported events. We converted these original scores to a three-point scale
(0,0.5,1) in each year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Civil Tensions X X X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 48 36 33 33 32 26 26 26 26 25
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
41

Table A3: Afrobarometer (AFR)
Data Provider Michigan State University; Institute for Democracy (South Africa); Centre for Democracy and
Development (Ghana).
Description U.S-based university and African non-governmental organization
Website www.afrobarometer.org
Data Source Afrobarometer surveys
Type Survey
Respondents Households
Frequency Approximately every three years since 1999
Coverage African countries
Public Access Country level aggregates are publicly available through afrobarometer website. Record-level data
is released with some lag through the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social
Research (www.icpsr.org).
Description This household survey is designed to collect data on attitudes towards democracy and government
in a sample of African countries. We do not use data from the 1999 survey as the questionnaire
from this year differs substantially from subsequent years.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 200 2 2000 1998 1996
How much do you trust the parliament? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Overall, how satisfied a re yo u with the way democracy works in you r country? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Free and fa ir elections X X X X .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Government handl ing of public services (roads, health, educatio n, electricity, ecc..)?
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family feared crime in your
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
own home?
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family had something
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
stolen from your house?
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family been physically
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
attacke d?
How much do you trust the courts of law? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Trust in police X X X X X X X .. .. ..
How many elected leaders (parliamentarians) do you think are involved in
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
corruptio n?
How many judges and magistrates do you think are invo lved in corruption? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
How many government officials do you think are involved in co rruption? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption? X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Country Coverage 19 18 18 18 15 15 15 .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2008 2005 2005 2005 2002 2002 2002 .. .. ..
42

Table A4: Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD)
Data Provider Asian Development Bank

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Manila, the Philippines
Website www.adb.org
Respondents Asian Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for
comparability
Coverage Asian Development Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending by the Asian
Development Bank.
Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are
coded on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by
the Asian Development Bank.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Quality of Public Administration
X X X X X X X X .. ..
Efficiency of Revenue Mob ilization X X X X X X X X .. ..
Quality of Budgetary & Financial Management
X X X X X X X X .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Trade policy X X X X X X X X .. ..
Competitive environment
X X X X X X X X .. ..
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X X X .. ..
Anticorruption and Accounting Institutions X X X X X X X X .. ..
Country Coverage 28 29 26 25 26 26 25 25 .. ..
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 .. ..
43

Table A5: Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS)
Data Provider World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Description Multilateral development banks headquartered in Washington, United States and London, United
Kingdom
Website http://www.worldbank.org/eca/governance
Data Source Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey.
Type Survey
Respondents Firms
Frequency Every three years since 1999
Coverage Transition economies in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union
Public Access Full access to firm-level data through website noted above
Description This survey, part of the Investment Climate Survey project of the World Bank, collects a wide
range of data on firms' financial performance and their perceptions of the regulatory and
investment climate.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
How problematic are telecommunica tions for the growth of yo ur busines s X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is electric ity for the growth of your bus iness. X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is transportation for the growth of yo ur business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
Regulatory Quality
How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic are cust oms and trade regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
Rule of Law
How often is following characteristic associated with the court syst em: Fair and honest X X X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court syst em: enforce able X X X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court syst em: Quic knes s X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is crime for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
Control of Corr uption
How co mmon is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done X X X X X X X X .. ..
Percentage of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials X X X X X X X X .. ..
How often do firms mak e extra payments in connec tion with taxes, cust oms, and judiciary?
X X X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is co rruption for the growth of your business. X X X X X X X X .. ..
Country Coverage 30 27 27 27 27 27 27 18 .. ..
44

Table A6: Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI)
Data Provider BERI S.A.

Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
Website www.beri.com
Data Source Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index (BRI), Quantitative Risk Measure
in Foreign Lending (QLM)
Type Expert assessments
Respondents Permanent panel of experts convened by BERI
Frequency Quarterly since 1980 for BRI and annual since 1996 for QLM
Coverage Global sample of countries
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly
available in this spreadsheet.
Description PRI measures eight causes and two symptoms of political risk on a 7-point scale.
ORI measures 15 obstacles to business development on a 5-point scale. QLM
measures risk factors in foreign lending on a 100-point scale.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

PRI: External Cause s of Politica l Risk : Dependence on/Importance to a Hostile Major
X X X X X X X X X X
Power
PRI: External Cause s of Politica l Risk : Negative Influences of Regional Political Force s X X X X X X X X X X
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Social Conditions : Wealth Distribution, Population X X X X X X X X X X
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization of political sp ectrum and the power
X X X X X X X X X X
of these factions.
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious
X X X X X X X X X X
groups and the power of these factions.
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Restrictive (coerc ive ) measu res required to retain
X X X X X X X X X X
power.
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Organization and strength of force s for a radical
X X X X X X X X X X
government.
PRI: Symptoms of Political Risk: Soc ietal conflict invo lving demonstrations, strike s, and
X X X X X X X X X X
street violence.
PRI: Symptoms of Political Risk: Inst ability as perceived by non-constitutional changes,
as sassi nations, and guerilla wars. X X X X X X X X X X
ORI: Bureaucratic delays X X X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
ORI: Enforceability of contract s X X X X X X X X X X
QLM: Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organize d Crime X X X X X X X X X X
PRI: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Mentality, including xenophobia, nationalism,
co rruption, nepotism, willingness to co mpromise. X X X X X X X X X X
QLM: Indirect Diversion of Funds X X X X X X X X X X
Country Coverage (PRI, ORI) 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101
Country Coverage (QLM) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115
45

Table A7: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)
Data Provider Bertelsmann Foundation

Description Nongovernmental organization headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with goal to study social
challenges and problems and propose solutions.
Website www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de
Data Source Bertelsmann Transformation Index
Respondents Staff of Bertelsmann Foundation
Public Access Yes
Description We use data on the subcomponents of the Status Index (SI -- rating countries along
dimensions of democracy and market economy status) and the Management Index (MI --
rating countries according to progress in achieving democracy and market economy status).
Note that the MI rating captures information up to two years earlier. For instance, the BTI
2008 MI looked at events from 2005 to 2007. We have mapped them however only to 2007
(and carried forward to 2008). Note also that the corruption variable was drawn from one of
the sub-components of resource efficiency.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Voice a nd Accountability
Political Participation (SI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Stabi lity of Democratic Institutions (SI)
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Political and Social Integ ration (SI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Political Stability and Abs ence of Violence

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Consensus Building (MI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Governance Capability (MI)
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Resource Efficiency (MI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Competition (SI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Rule of Law (SI) X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Anti-Corruption policy X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 125 125 119 1 19 119 116 116 .. .. ..

46

Table A8: Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI)
Data Provider Global Insight

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States
Website www.globalinsight.com
Data Source Global Risk Service
Respondents Staff of Global Insight, subject to regional reviews
Frequency Quarterly since 1996
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in this
spreadsheet.
Description The Global Risk Service, formerly known as the Country Risk Review, was introduced by Data
Resources, Inc (DRI) in 1996. In 2001 DRI became part of Global Insight, which in 2003 also acquired
the World Markets Research Center that produces the World Markets Online ratings (WMO, see Table
A31). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them
as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003. The Global Risk Review provides assessments of the
likelihood of various "risk events". We use their assessments of risk events occurring in the next five
years. Although nominally these indicators measure the likelihood of future changes in dimensions of
governance we find that in practice they are highly correlated with other assessments of the level of
governance and we interpret them in this way.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stabil ity and Absence of Violence

Domestic Political Risks: Military Coup Risk: A military coup d’et at (or a series of suc h
events) that reduces t he GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Major Insurgency/Rebellion: An incr ease in sco pe or int ensit y of
one or more insu rgencies/rebellions that reduce s the GDP growt h rat e by 3% during any 12- X X X X X X X X X X
month period.
Domestic Political Risks: Political Terrorism: An increas e in scope or intensity of t errorism
t hat reduce s the G DP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Political Assassinat ion: A political assassinat ion (or a series of
s uch eve nts) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Civil War: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil
wars that reduce s the G DP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Major Urban Riot: An incr ease in scope, intensity, or frequency of
riot ing that reduce s the G DP growth rate by 1% during any 12-mont h period. X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risk: Gove rnment Instability: An incr ease in government perso nnel
t urnover rate at senior leve ls that reduce s the GDP growt h rat e by 2% during any 12-mont h X X X X X X X X X X
period.
Domestic Political Risk: Gove rnment Ineff ective ness : A decline in government personnel
qualit y at any level that reduce s the G DP growth rate by 1% during any 12-mont h period. X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risk: Instit utional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope
with national problems as a result of institutional rigidity or gridloc k that reduce s t he GDP X X X X X X X X X X
growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
Regulatory Quality
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Exports : A 2% reduction in export volume as a resu lt of a
worse ning in export regulations or restrict ions (su ch as export limits) during any 12-month X X X X X X X X X X
period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment .
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- I mports: A 2% reduct ion in import volume as a res ult of a
worse ning in import regulat ions or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month X X X X X X X X X X
period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment .
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- O ther Business: An incr ease in ot her regulatory burdens,
with respect t o t he level at t he time of t he asse ssm ent, t hat reduce s total aggregate X X X X X X X X X X
investment in real LCU terms by 10%
Policies Non-Tax: O wnership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point incr ease on a s cale
f rom "0" t o "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of bus iness by non-resident s during any 12- X X X X X X X X X X
month period.
Policies Non-Tax: O wnership of Equities by Non-Residents: A 1-point incr ease on a sc ale
f rom "0" t o "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-resident s during any 12- X X X X X X X X X X
month period.
Rule of Law
O utco mes Non-Price: Loss es and Costs of Crime: A 1-point incr ease on a sca le f rom "0" t o
"10" in crime during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risk: Kidnapping of Foreigners: An incr ease in scope, intensity, or
f requency of kidnapping of foreigners t hat reduce s the G DP growth rate by 1% during any 12- X X X X X X X X X X
month period.
Policies Non-Tax: Enf orceabilit y of Gove rnment Contracts: A 1 point decline on a sc ale f rom
"0" to "10" in t he enforceability of co ntract s during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X X X
Policies Non-Tax: Enf orceabilit y of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to
"10" in the legal enf orceabilit y of contracts during any 12-mont h period.
X X X X X X X X X X
Risk Event Outco me non-price: Losses and Cost s of Corrupt ion: A 1-point incr ease on a
s cale from "0" t o "10" in corrupt ion during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X X X
Year of Publi cation 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
47

Table A9: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR)
Data Provider European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Description Multilateral development bank based in London, United Kingdom
Website www.ebrd.org
Data Source Transition Report
Respondents EBRD staff
Coverage Transition economies
Public Access Yes
Description The Transition Report includes scores on a 5-point scale for eight Transition Indicators
measuring progress towards market economy status. Scores are based on a checklist of
underlying criteria and reflect the views of EBRD staff.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Price liberalisation X X X X X X X X X X
Trade & foreign exchange system X X X X X X X X X X
Competition policy X X X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 29 29 29 27 27 27 27 26 26 27
48

Table A10: Global E-Governance Index (EGV)
Data Provider Brown University Center for Public Policy

Description University located in Providence, United States
Website www.insidepolitics.org
Data Source Global E-Governance Index
Type Expert assessment
Respondents Research team led by Professor Darrell M. West
Public Access Yes
Description This source reports an assessment of the quality of e-government based on reviews of official
government websites. Features assessed include online publications, online database, audio
clips, video clips, non-native languages or foreign language translation, commercial advertising,
premium fees, user payments, disability access, privacy policy, security features, presence of
online services, number of different services, digital signatures, credit card payments, email
address, comment form, automatic email updates, website personalization, personal digital
assistant (PDA) access, and an English version of the website. Assessments are scored on a
100-point scale with 72 points for availability of publications and databases and 28 points for
the number of online services available.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Global E-governance Index X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

49

Table A11: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Data Provider Economist Intelligence Unit

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in London, United Kingdom
Website www.eiu.com
Data Source Country Risk Service, Country Forecasts
Respondents Network of over 500 correspondents, reviewed for consistency by panels of regional
experts
Frequency Quarterly since 1997 - Democracy Index annually since 2006
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available
in this spreadsheet. Democracy index is freely publicly available.
Description For the Viewswire Service we use data from last quarter of each year with exception of
1996 in which we draw data from first quarter of 1997.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 200 0 1998 1996
Democracy Index X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Vested interests X X X X X X X X X X
Accountablity of Public Officials X X X X X X X X X X
Human Rights X X X X X X X X X X
Freedom of association X X X X X X X X X X

Orderly transfers X X X X X X X X X X
Armed conflict X X X X X X X X X X
Violent d emonstrations X X X X X X X X X X
Social Unrest X X X X X X X X X X
International tensions / terrorist threat X X X X X X X X X X
Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness X X X X X X X X X X
Excessive bureacucracy / red tape X X X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
Unfair competitive practices X X X X X X X X X X
Price controls X X X X X X X X X X
Discrimi natory tariffs X X X X X X X X X X
Excessive protections X X X X X X X X X X
Discrimi natory taxes X X X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Violent crime X X X X X X X X X X
Organized crime X X X X X X X X X X
Fairness of judicial process X X X X X X X X X X
Enforceabi lity of contracts X X X X X X X X X X
Speediness of judicial process X X X X X X X X X X
Confisca tion/expropriation X X X X X X X X X X
Intellectual property rights protection X X X X X X X X X X
Private property protection X X X X X X X X X X
Corruption among public officials X X X X X X X X X X
Country coverage (democracy Index) 170 170 170
50

Table A12: Freedom House (FRH, CCR)
Data Provider Freedom House

Description Freedom House is a non-governmental organization promoting democratic values around the world and
is headquartered in New York, United States.
Website www.freedomhouse.org
Data Source Freedom in the World (FRW), Freedom of the Press (FRP), Nations in Transit (FNT) and Countries at
the Crossroads (CCR)
Respondents Freedom House staff and consultants, subject to centralized review process
Frequency FRW: Annual since 1955
FRP: Annual since 1980
FNT: Annual since 1995
CCR: Annual since 2004 but covering alternating sets of countries
Coverage FRW: Global sample of countries
FRP: Global sample of countries
FNT: Transition economies in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
CCR: Developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description FRW and FRP provide indicators of political rights (7-point scale), civil liberties (7-point scale), and
press freedoms (100-point scale) based on checklists of underlying indicators listed below. The
indicators are complemented with country narratives justifying the scores. FNT and CCR are series of
more detailed narrative country reports including common sets of quantitative indicators on democratic
and economic issues, typically scored on a 7-point scale. These too are based on a checklist of
underlying indicators. We average data from FRW, FRP and FNT and treat it as a single source that
we refer to as FRH, as these are produced by the same teams. We treat CCR as a distinct source as it is
produced separately. Note that the indicators refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the
data from this source by one year. Note also that in each year we carry forward CCR scores for those
countries that were covered in earlier years (up to two) but not in current year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Freedom of the World:

Political Rights X X X X X X X X X X
Civil Liberties X X X X X X X X X X
Freedom of the Press

Press Freedom Index X X X X X X X X X X
Nations in Transit
Media X X X X X X X X X X
Civil Soci ety X X X X X X X X X X
Electoral Process X X X X X X X X X X
Countries at the Crossroads

Civil Liberties X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Accountability and public voice X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
N/A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Nations in Transit: Ju dicial framework and independence X X X X X X X X X X
Countries at the Crossroads: Rule of Law X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Nations in Transit: Corruption X X X X X X X X X ..
Countries at the Crossroads: Anti-Corruption and Transparency X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage (FRH) 197 197 197 196 196 196 196 192 191 191
Country coverage (FRP) 195 195 195 194 194 193 193 187 186 187
Country coverage (FNT) 29 29 29 29 29 28 27 27 27 27
Country coverage (CCR) 62 62 62 62 60 30 .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication (FRH, FRP & FNT) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 1999 1997
Year of Publication (CCR) 2007 2007 2006 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. ..
51

Table A13: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)
Data Provider Transparency International

Description Nongovernmental organization devoted to fighting corruption
Website www.transparency.org
Data Source Global Corruption Barometer
Type Survey
Public Access Country-level aggregate responses and some breakdowns are reported on TI's website
Description This survey commissioned by TI collects data on households' experiences with petty
corruption and their perceptions of the overall incidence of corruption. Note that we
do NOT use data from the TI Corruption Perceptions Index. This is a composite
indicator of corruption based on an aggregation of a subset of the data sources that we
use in our Control of Corruption indicator. Note that in each year we carry forward
scores for those countries that were covered in earlier years (up to two) but not in
current year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Political parties X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Parliament/Legislature X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Media X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: The military .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Education system .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Legal system/Judiciary X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Medical services .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Police .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Registry and permit services .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Utilities (telephone, electricity, wa .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Tax revenue .. X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Customs .. .. .. X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among public institutions: Public officials X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of household bribery X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage * 79 78 79 74 62 .. .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
* includes some countries ca rried forward from previous years
52

Table A14: World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS)
Data Provider World Economic Forum

Description Nongovernmental organization bringing together business, government, academic and media leaders to
address economic, social and political issues
Website www.weforum.org
Data Source Global Competitiveness Survey
Type Survey
Respondents Firms
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Most variables were downloaded from the Global
Competitiveness report. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in this spreadsheet.
Description This survey gathers the views of domestic and foreign-owned firms on a range of issues related to the
business environment. Most questions are scored on a 7-point scale.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Firms are u sually informed clearly and transparently by the Government on changes in policies affecting
X X X .. X X X .. .. ..
their i ndustry
Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation X X X X X X X .. .. ..
When deciding upon policie s and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms X X X X X X X X .. ..
Influe nce of legal contribu tions to political parties on specific public policy outcomes .. .. X .. X X X .. .. ..
Effecti veness of national Parliame nt/Congress as a law making and oversight institution X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Political Stability and Absenc e of Violence

The threat of te rro rism in the country imposes significant costs on business X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Quality of general infrastructure X X X X X X X X X X
Quality of public schools X X X X X X X X X X
Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials .. .. X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
Administrative regulations are burdensome X X X X X X X X X X
Tax system is distortio nary X X X X X X X X X X
Import b arriers / cost of tariffs a s obstacle to growth X X X X X X X X X X
Competition in local market is limited X X X X X X X X X ..
It is easy to start company X X X .. X X X X X ..
Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective X X X X X X X X X X
Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness X X X X X X X X X ..
Rule of Law
Common crime imposes costs on business X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Organized crime imposes costs on business X X X X X X X X X X
Money laundering through banks is pervasive .. .. X X X X X .. .. ..
Effecti veness of Police X X X X X X X X X X
The judiciary is independent from political influences of government, citizens, or firms X X X X X X X X X ..
Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient X X X X X X X X X X
Intell ectual Property protection is weak X X X X X X X X X X
Protection of financial assets is weak X X X X X X X X .. ..
Illegal donation to parties are frequent .. .. X .. X X X .. .. ..
Percenta ge of firms which are unofficial or unregistered / Tax evasion X X X X X X X X X X
Public trust in financial honesty of politicians X X X X X X X X X ..
Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Frequent for firms to make extra payments conn ected to trade permits X X X X X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments conn ected to public utilities X X X X X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments conn ected to tax payments X X X X X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments conn ected to loan applications .. .. .. .. X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments conn ected to awarding of public contracts X X X X X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments to influence laws, policies regu lations, decrees .. .. X .. X X X X X X
Frequent for firms to make extra payments to get favourable judicial deci sions X X X X X X X X X X
Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on firms X X X X X X X X .. ..
Extent to which influence of powerful firms with political ties impose costs on other firms .. X X .. X X X .. .. ..
Country Coverage: 134 131 126 117 104 102 90 76 53 58

53

Table A15: Global Integrity Index (GII)
Data Provider Global Integrity

Description Nongovernmental organization located in Washington, United States, advocating integrity
and accountability in government.
Website www.globalintegrity.org
Data Source Global Integrity Index
Respondents Local country experts and peer reviewers recruited by Global Integrity
Frequency Annually since 2006
Coverage Mostly developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description The Global Integrity Index uses some 300 indicators to assess the existence and effectiveness
of anti-corruption mechanisms that promote public integrity. They typically pair an
indication of the "in law'" existence of a particular institutions with an "in practice"
assessment of its functioning. We use a simple average of the "in practice" components of
each of the indicated GII indicators, in keeping with our practice of relying purely on
perceptions-based data in the WGI. Note that in 2007 & 2008 we have carried forward scores
for those countries that were covered in previous year but not in current year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Voice and Ac countability
Civil Society Organizations
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Media
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Public Access to In formation
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Voting & Citizen Participation
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Election Integrity
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Financing
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Executive Accountability
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Judicial Accounta bility
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Law Enfo rcement
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Anti-Corruption Agency
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 79 66 41 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
54

Table A16: Gallup World Poll (GWP)
Data Provider The Gallup Organization

Description Commercial survey firm based in Washington, United States
Website www.gallup.com
Data Source Gallup World Poll
Type Survey
Frequency Annual starting in 2006
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in
this spreadsheet. Country level averages of variables from the core questionnaire are freely
available through the Gallup World View website (worldview.gallup.com)
Description The Gallup World Poll is a new survey polling representative samples of households in a
large sample of countries. The core survey instrument asks a wide range of questions,
including some related to governance as indicated below. Note that in 2007 and 2008 we
have carried forward scores for those countries that were covered in previous years but not in
current year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Confidence in honesty of elections X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with public transportation system X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with roads and highways X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with education system X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Confidence in the police force X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Confidence in judicial system X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Have you been a victim of crime? X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Is corruption in governmnent widespread? X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage * 143 140 122 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

* includes countries carried forward from previous years
55

Table A17: Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER)
Data Provider Heritage Foundation

Description The Heritage Foundation is a nongovernmental research and educational institute
headquartered in Washington, United States, advocating conservative public policies.
Website www.heritage.org
Data Source Index of Economic Freedom
Respondents Staff of Heritage Foundation
Public Access Yes
Description Heritage constructs an Index of Economic Freedom consisting of 10 components. There
were major revisions to the methodology in 2006 and 2007. We use data from the three of
these components that are based on subjective assessments of Heritage staff and are
comparable over time: Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom, and Property Rights.
These indicators are scored on a 100-point scale. Note that the indicators refer to data from
the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Forei gn investment X X X X X X X X X X
Banking / Finance X X X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Property Rights X X X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
56

Table A18: Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)
Data Provider University of Binghamton Cingranelli-Richards Human rights database (CIRI) and University of
North Carolina Political Terror Scale (PTS)
Description United States based universities
Website www.humanrightsdata.com
Data Source Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset (CIRI) and the Political Terror Scale (PTS)
Respondents Coding by Cingranelli-Richards and Gibney teams
Public Access Yes
Description The Cingranelli-Richards dataset is a numerical coding on a 2 or 3 point scale of data on 13 human
rights, as reported in Amnesty International Human Rights Reports and the U.S. Department of
State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. It is produced by Professor David Cingranelli
at the University of Binghamton, U.S.A. and Professor David Richards at the University of
Memphis, U.S.A. and is available at www.humanrightsdata.com. The Political Terror Scale is a
numerical coding on a 5-point scale of state-sponsored domestic political terror through
imprisonments, torture, disappearances and violations of the rule of law. It is produced by Prof.
Marc Gibney at the University of North Carolina and is available electronically at:
http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/. Note that the two sources are averaged and treated as a single
source in Political Stability and Absence of Violence since they are based on the same underlying
publications. Note also that the indicators refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the
data from this source by one year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Restrictions on domestic and foreign travel (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Freedom of political participation (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Imprisonments because of ethnicity, race, or political, religious beliefs? (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Freedom of Speech (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Political Stability and Absence of Violenc e

Frequency of political killings (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Frequency of disappearances (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Frequency of tortures (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
Political terror scale (PTS) X X X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Independence of judiciary (CIRI) X X X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage (CIRI) 192 192 192 192 192 159 159 159 159 159
Country coverage (PTS) 180 180 177 176 178 178 178 178 177 174
57

Table A19: IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD)
Data Provider International Fund for Agricultural Development

Description Multilateral development institution headquartered in Rome, Italy, financing agricultural
investments in developing countries.
Website www.ifad.org
Data Source Rural Sector Performance Assessments
Respondents IFAD country economists, subject to centralized review
Coverage IFAD client countries
Public Access Yes
Description This source assesses 12 dimensions of the rural policy environment on a 6-point scale. The
assessments are used in IFAD's performance-based allocation system for distributing
resources across countries.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Policy a nd legal framework for rural organizations X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Dialo gue between government and rural organizations X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Allocation & management of public resources for rural development X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Enabling conditions for rural financial services develo pment X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Investment climate for rural businesses X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Access to agricultural in put and produce markets X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Access to land X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Access to water for agriculture X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 90 87 100 121 124 .. .. .. .. ..

Year of public ation 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
58

Table A20: iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT)
Data Provider iJET

Description Commercial security risk consulting company based in Annapolis, United States
Website www.ijet.com
Data Source Country Security Risk Ratings
Respondents iJET staff
Public Access Commercially available
Description iJET provides assessments of security risks faced by travelers, coded on a 5-point scale.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Security Risk Rating X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 185 184 182 177 167 .. .. .. .. ..
Year of public ation 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
59

Table A21: Institutional Profiles Database (IPD)
Data Provider French Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry and the Agence Francais de Developpement
Description French Government

Website http://www.cepii.fr/ProfilsInstitutionnelsDatabase.htm
Data Source Country Security Risk Ratings
Respondents Country office staff of the two ministries
Public Access Yes
Description The Institutional Profiles database presents a set of indicators on the institutional characteristics of 85
developed and developing countries. The subject scope covers a broad spectrum of these institutional
characteristics: functioning of political institutions, public security, public governance, markets’
operating freedom, stakeholder co-ordination and strategic vision of the authorities and agents,
security of transactions, market regulations and corporate governance, social dialogue, openness of
society and markets, social cohesion.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Voice and Accountabi lity
Political rights and functioning of politica l institutions
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Freedom of the pres s X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Freedom of asso ciation
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Freedom of asse mbly and demonstrat ion X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Resp ect for minorit ies (et hnic, religious, linguistic, etc)
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Transparency of public action in the economic field X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Transparency of economic polic y (f is cal, t axat ion, monetary, exchange-rate)
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Award of public procurement c ont racts and delegation of public se rvice X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Free move ment of perso ns, information, et c X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stabili ty and Absence of Vi olence
Conflicts of ethnic, religious, regional nature … X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Violent ac tions by underground polit ica l organisa tions
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Violent social conflicts
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ext ernal public secu rit y X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Government-citizen relations
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Capacity of the tax adminis tration to implement measures decided on X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Quality of t he supply of public goods: educat ion and basic healt h X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Capacity of the polit ical authorit ies X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regul ator y Qual ity
Administrat ive business start -up f ormalities X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Administered price s and market pric es
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Competition: productive sect or: ease of market entry for new firms
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Competition between businesses: competition regulation arrangements X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Resp ect for law in relat ions between citizens and the administration X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Secu rity of persons and goods
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Organise d cr iminal activity (drug-t rafficki ng, arms- traf ficki ng, et c. X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I mportance of the inf ormal eco nomy X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I mportance of tax evasion in the formal sect or X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I mportance of cust oms evasion (smuggling, under-declaration, etc) X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Running of the justice syst em
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Security of t raditional propert y rights X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Secu rity of propert y rights : formal property right s
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Secu rity of c ont racts bet ween private agents X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Government respect for contracts
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Sett lement of ec onomic disputes: just ice in commercial matters
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
I ntellectual property X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Arrangement s for the prot ection of intellect ual propert y
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Agric ultural sector: se curit y of rights and propert y transactions X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Contr ol of Cor ruption
Corruption
X X X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 60 85 85 85 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Table A22: Latinobarometro (LBO)
Data Provider Latinobarometro

Description Nongovernmental organization based in Santiago, Chile
Website www.latinobarometro.org
Data Source Latinobarometro surveys
Type Survey
Coverage Sample of Latin American countries
this spreadsheet.
Description Latinobarometro administers a common questionnaire to households in Latin America with
questions on areas such as Economy and International Trade, Integration and Regional
Trading Blocks, Democracy, Politics and Institutions, Social Policies, Civic Culture, Social
Capital and Social Fraud, the Environment, and Current Issues.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Satisfaction with democracy
X X X X X X X X X X
Trust in Parliament
X X X X X X X X X X
NA
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Trust in Government
X X X X X X X .. .. X
Regulator y Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Trust in Ju diciary X X X X X X X X X X
Trust in Police X X X X X X X X X X
Have you been a victim of crime?
X X X X X X X X X X
Contr ol of Cor ruption

Frequency of co rruption
X X X X X X X X .. ..
Year of publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
61

Table A23: Cerberus Corporate Intelligence Gray Area Dynamics (MIG, GAD)
Data Provider Cerberus Corporate Intelligence
Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom
Website www.merchantinternational.com
Data Source Gray Area Dynamics
Respondents Cerberus Corporate Intelligence staff
Frequency Quarterly since 2002. MIG has been discontinued in 2007 and replaced with GAD, due to
takeover of former Merchant International Group. GAD questions are not comparable with
those rated earlier by MIG, and so we treat GAD as a new source starting in 2008.
this spreadsheet.
Description Provides assessments of risks to foreign investor posed by 10 risk factors assessed on a 10-
point scale.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Military Involvement in Poli tics X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Inclusiveness / Patronage X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Relig ious Freedom X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Opposi tion X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Extremism (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Auton omy and Separatism X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Civil Unrest X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
State of Emergency / Marti al Law X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Active Terrorist Groups in the Last Two Years X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Bureaucracy (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Unfair Trade (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Unfair Competition (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Stock Exchange / Capital Ma rkets X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Forei gn Investment X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Legal Safeguards (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Organized Crime (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Nationalisation / Expropriation X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Corruption (MIG) .. X X X X X X .. .. ..
Cronyism X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Government Efforts to Tackle Corruption X .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage (GAD) 164 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Country coverage (MIG) .. 156 156 155 155 155 118 .. .. ..
62

Table A24: International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
Data Provider International Research and Exchanges Board

Description International nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, United States,
specializing in education, independent media, Internet development, and civil society
programs.
Website www.irex.org
Data Source Media Sustainability Index
Respondents Panel of local respondents in each country, subject to centralized review
Coverage Developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description Index rates countries on a variety of subcomponents relating to freedom of speech, plurality
of media available to citizens, professional journalism standards, business sustainability of
media, and the efficacy of institutions that support independent media. Note that for each
year we have carried forward score from those countries that were covered in earlier years
(up to two) but not in current year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Media Sustainability Index X X X X X X X .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage * 76 76 63 38 20 20 20 .. .. ..
Year of publication 2009 2008 2007 2005 2005 2004 2002 .. .. ..
* includes countries carried forward from previous years
63

Table A25: International Budget Project Open Budget Index (OBI)
Data Provider International Budget Project

Description Nongovernmental organization based in Washington, United States, devoted to developing
civil society capacity to influence government budget processes.
Website www.internationalbudget.org
Data Source Open Budget Index
Respondents Local experts recruited by the International Budget Project subject to anonymous peer
review
Frequency Every two years
Coverage Global country sample
Public Access Yes
Description The Open Budget Index is based on a questionnaire with 122 multiple choice questions on
various dimensions of the availability, timeliness and quality of central government budget
documents. Note that the 2006 index refers to data reflecting conditions in 2005 and the
2008 index refers to conditions in 2008.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Open Budget Initiative X X X X .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 85 59 59 59 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Year of publication 2008 2006 2006 2006 .. .. .. .. .. ..
64

Table A26: World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA)
Data Provider The World Bank.

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Washington, United States
Website www.worldbank.org
Respondents World Bank country economists subject to centralized review for comparability
Coverage World Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending from the International
Development Association.
Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded
on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional lending across
countries.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Management of external debt X X X X X X X X X X
Quality public administration X X X X X X X X .. ..
Budget management X X X X X X X X X X
Efficiency of reve nue mobilization / public expenditures X X X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
Busi ness regulatory environment X X X X X X X X X ..
Trade policy X X X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X X X X ..
Transparency, accountability and corruption in public sector X X X X X X X X X ..
65

Table A27: Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey (PRC)
Data Provider Political and Economic Risk Consultancy

Description Commercial business information firm headquartered in Hong Kong, China
Website www.asiarisk.com
Data Source Corruption in Asia
Type Survey
Respondents Expatriate business people
Coverage Asian countries
Public Access Commercially available
Description This survey asks respondents to rate severity of corruption, attitudes towards corruption, and
effectiveness of efforts to reduce corruption, on a 10-point scale.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
To what extent does corruption exist in a way that detracts from the
business environment for foreign companies? X X X X X X X X X X
Year of publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1997
66

Table A28: Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS)
Data Provider Political Risk Services

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Syracuse, United States
Website www.prsgroup.com
Data Source International Country Risk Guide
Type Expert assessments subject to peer review at the topic and regional levels
Respondents Political Risk Services staff
Frequency Monthly since 1984
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in this
spreadsheet.
Description The International Country Risk Guide includes a Political Risk Index, which in turn consists of
12 components measuring various dimensions of the political and business environment facing
firms operating in a country. We use data from December reports of each year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Military in Politics The military are not elect ed by anyo ne, so their participation in gove rnment,
either direct or indirect, reduces accountability and therefore represents a risk. The threat of
military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficie nt change in policy or X X X X X X X X X X
eve n in government. It also works as an indica tion that the government is unable to function
effect ive ly and that the co untry has an uneasy environment for foreign business.
Democratic Accountability. Quantifies how responsive gove rnment is to its people, on the basis
that the less response there is the more likely is that the gove rnment will fall, peac efully or violently.
It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but als o how likely is the gove rnment to X X X X X X X X X X
remain in power or remain popular.

Gov ernment Stability. Measures the government’s ability to ca rry out its declared programs, and
its ability to stay in office . This will depend on issu es as: the type of governance , the cohesion of
the government and governing party or parties, the close ness of the next election, the government X X X X X X X X X X
command of the legislature, and approval of government policies .
Internal Conflict . Assess political violence and its influence on governance. Highest scores go to
countries with no armed opposition, and where the government does not indulge in arbitrary
violence, direct or indirect . Lowes t ratings go to c ivil war torn co untries. Intermediate ratings are X X X X X X X X X X
awarded on the basis of the threats to the gove rnment and busines.
Ext ernal conflict : The external co nflict measu re is an assessm ent both of the risk to the incu mbent
government and to inward investment. It ranges from trade restrict ions and embargoes, whether
impose d by a single co untry, a group of co untries, or the international community as a whole,
X X X X X X X X X X
through geopolitical disputes, armed threats, exch anges of fire on borders, border incu rs ions,
foreign-supported insurgency, and full-sca le warfare.
Ethnic tensions : This component meas ures the degree of tension within a co untry attributable to
racial, nationality, or language divis ions. Lower ratings are given to countries where racial and
nationality tensions are high beca use opposing groups are intolerant and unwilling to compromise. X X X X X X X X X X
Higher ratings are given to countries where tensions are minimal, eve n though su ch differences
may still exist.
Bureaucratic Quality. Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil se rvice , assess how
much strength and expertise bureaucrats have and how able they are to manage political
alternations without dras tic interruptions in government se rvice s, or policy ch anges . Good X X X X X X X X X X
performers have so mewhat autonomous bureaucracies, free from politica l pressu res, and an
est ablish ed mechanism for recruitment and training.
Regulatory Quality
Investment Profile. Assessm ent of fact ors that affect the risk to operations : co ntract
viability/expropriation, repatriation and payment delays. X X X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Law and Order. The Law sub-co mponent is an asse ssment of the st rength and impartiality of the
legal syst em, while the Order s ub-component is an assessm ent of popular obse rva nce of the law. X X X X X X X X X X
Corruption. Measures corruption within the political s ystem, whic h dis torts the eco nomic and
financial environment, reduces the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to
assu me positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduce s an inherently X X X X X X X X X X
instability in the political system.
Year of public ation 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
67

Table A29: Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF)
Data Provider Reporters Without Borders

Description International nongovernmental organization headquartered in Paris, France, devoted to the
protection of reporters and respect of press freedom.
Website www.rsf.org
Data Source Worldwide Press Freedom Index
Respondents Reporters, researchers, legal experts and press freedom advocates in assessed countries
Public Access Yes
Description The press freedom index is based on a 50-question checklist on the incidence and severity of
restrictions on reporters and the media
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Press Freedom Index X X X X X X X .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

68

Table A30: U.S. Department of State Trafficking in People Report (TPR)
Data Provider United States Department of State

Description Foreign affairs department of the United States Government.
Website www.state.gov
Data Source Trafficking in People Report
Respondents United States embassy staff worldwide subject to centralized review
Coverage Global country sample
Public Access Yes
Description This report scores countries on a four-point scale based on the extent of government
efforts to combat "severe trafficking in persons" defined as (a) sex trafficking in
which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the
person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the
recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor
or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection
to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. Note that the reports
refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by
one year and that for 2008 we used same data as previous year.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Trafficking in People X X X X X X X X .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 153 153 151 149 142 131 116 82 .. ..

69

Table A31: Vanderbilt University Americas Barometer (VAB)
Data Provider Vanderbilt University

Description United States university
Website www.lapopsurveys.com
Data Source Americas' Barometer
Type Survey
Frequency Bi-annual since 2004
Coverage Sample of Latin American countries
Public Access Some country-level aggregates are freely available, the rest of the dataset is
available via subscription
Description The Americas Barometer is an effort by LAPOP to measure democratic values
and behaviors in the Americas using common questionnaires to households in
Latin America with questions on areas such as Democracy, Politics and
Institutions, Social Policies, Civic Culture, and other Current Issues.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Trust in Parliament X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with democracy X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability and Absenc e of Violence

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Trust in Supreme Court X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Trust in Justice system X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Trust in Police X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Have you been a victim of crime? X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption among government officials X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 23 22 20 11 11 .. .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2008 2006 2006 2004 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
70

Table A32: Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY)
Data Provider Institute for Management Development

Description Educational and research organization headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland
Website www.imd.ch
Data Source World Competitiveness Yearbook
Type Survey
Respondents Businesspeople working in countries being assessed
Public Access Full dataset is commercially available, downloadable from the World Competitiveness
Yearbook. Averages of sub-indicators are publicly available in this spreadsheet.
Description The World Competitiveness Yearbook ranks countries on a large number of factual and
subjective indicators relating to the business environment. We use indicators drawn from
their Executive Opinion Survey capturing the views of approximately 4000 respondents.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Transp arency of Government policy X X X X X X X X X X

The risk of political instability is very high X X X X X X X X .. ..
X X X X X X X X .. X
Gove rnment economic policies do not adapt quickl y to c hanges in the eco nomy
The public se rvice is not independent from politica l interference
X X X X X X X X X ..
Gove rnment decisions are not effec tively implemented X X X X X X X X X ..
Bureaucracy hinders business activity X X X X X X X X X X
The distribution infras tructure of goods and service s is generally inefficient
X X X X X X X X .. X
Policy direction is not cons ist ent X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Protectionism in the country negatively affects the conduct of business X X X X X X X X X ..
Competition legislation in yo ur co untry does not prevent unfair competition X X X X X X X X X X
Price co ntrols affect pricing of products in most industries
X X X X X X X X X X
Acce ss to ca pital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available
X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Ease of doing business is not a co mpetitive adva ntage for yo ur co untry
X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Financial inst itutions' transparency is not widely deve loped in your c ountry X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods
The legal framework is detrimental to your co untry's c ompetitiveness X X X X X X X X X ..
Foreign inve stors are free to acquire control in domestic co mpanies X X X X X X X X X X
Public sec tor co ntract s are sufficiently open to foreign bidders X X X X X X X X X X
Real personal taxes are non dist ortionary X X X X X X X X X X
Real c orporate taxes are non dist ortionary
Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness X X X X X X X .. .. ..
Labor regulations hinder business activities X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Subsidies impair ec onomic development
X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Ease to st art a business
X X X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Tax evasion is a common practice in your country X X X X X X X X X ..
Just ic e is not fairly administered in society X X X X X X X X X X
Perso nal secu rity and private property are not adequately protect ed
X X X X X X X X X X
Parallel eco nomy impairs eco nomic deve lopment in yo ur country X X X X X X X X X X
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your co untry
X X X X X X X .. X X
Bribing and corruption exist in the eco nomy X X X X X X X X X X
71

Table A33: Global Insight Business Risk and Conditions (WMO)
Data Provider Global Insight

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States
Website www.globalinsight.com
Data Source World Markets Online
Respondents Staff of World Markets Research Center, subject to regional reviews for comparability
Frequency Annual assessments with daily online updates
this spreadsheet.
Description WMO produces assessments of the quality and stability of various dimensions of the
business environment. It was acquired by Global Insight in 2003, which also owns and
produces the DRI Global Risk Service (see Table A8). These two sets of ratings continue to
be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did
prior to 2003.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Institutio nal permanence An assessment of how mature and well-established the
political system is. It is also an assessment of h ow far pol itical opposition operates X X X X X X X X X ..
within the system or attempts to undermine it from outside.
Representativeness How well the population and organised interests can make their
voices heard i n the political system. Provided representation is handled fairly and X X X X X X X X X ..
effectively, it will ensu re greater stability and better designed policies.
Political Stability and Absence of Violenc e

Civil unrest How widespread p olitical unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to
investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they wi ll
cause major disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor X X X X X X X X X ..
would amount to civil war.
Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how
many sources. The degree of localisation of the threat is assessed, and whether the X X X X X X X X X ..
active groups are likely to target or affect businesses.
..
Bureaucracy : An assessment of the qua lity of the country’s bureaucracy. The bette r
the bureaucra cy the quicker decisions are made and the more easily foreign investors X X X X X X X X X ..
can go abo ut their business.
Policy consistency and forward pl anning How confident businesses can be of the
continuity of e conomic policy stance - whether a change of government will entail
major policy d isruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent X X X X X X X X X ..
strategy. This factor a lso looks at the extent to which policy-ma king is far-sighted, o r
conversely aimed at short-term economic a dvantage.
Regulatory Quality
Tax Effectiveness How efficient the country’s tax collection system is. The rules may
be clear an d transparent, but whether they are enforce d consistently. This factor looks X X X X X X X X X ..
at the relati ve e ffectiveness too of corporate and personal, indirect and direct taxation.
Legislation An assessment of whethe r the necessary business laws a re in place, and

whether there any outstanding gaps. This includes the extent to which the country's X X X X X X X X X ..
legislation is compatible with, and respected by, other countries' legal systems.
..
Rule of Law
Judicial Independence An assessment of how far the state a nd other outside actors
can influ ence and distort the le gal system. This will determine the level of legal X X X X X X X X X ..
impartiality i nvestors can expect.
Crime How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping,
extortion, street violence , burglary and so on. These problems can cause major
inconvenience for foreign investors and req uire them to take expensive securi ty X X X X X X X X X ..
precautions.
Corruption : An a ssessment of the in trusiveness of the country’s b ureaucracy. The
amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as is the likelihood of encountering X X X X X X X X X ..
corrupt officials and other groups.
Country Coverage 203 202 202 201 202 186 186 181 181 ..
Year of Publication 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..
72

Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators in 2008
Table B1: Voice and Accountability
Code Concept Measured
Representative Sources
EIU Orderly transfers
Vested interests
Acco untability of Public Officials
Human Rights
Freedom of association
Democr acy Index
FRH Civil liberties : Freedom of speech, assembly, demonstration, religion, equal opportunity, excessive governmental intervention
Politica l Rights : free and fair elect ions, represe ntative legislative, free vo te, political parties, no dominant group, resp ect for minorities
FRP Freedom of the Press
GAD Military Involvement in Politics
Inclusiveness / Patronage
Religious Freedom
Opposition to the government
GCS Newspapers ca n publis h st ories of their ch oosing without fear of censorship or retaliation
When deciding upon policies and contract s, Government officials favo r well-connected firms
Effect ive ness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and ove rsight institution
Passive voic e
GWP Confidence in honesty of elections
HUM Travel: domestic and foreign travel rest rictions
Freedom of political participation
Imprisonments: Are there any imprisoned people beca use of their ethnicity, race, or their politica l, religious beliefs?
Government censorship
IPD Politica l rights and func tioning of political institutions
Freedom of the press
Freedom of association
Freedom of assembly and demonstration
Respect for minorities (ethnic, religious, linguistic, etc)
Transp arency of public action in the eco nomic field
Transp arency of eco nomic policy (fisca l, taxation, monetary, exchange-rate, etc )
Award of public procu rement co ntract s and delegation of public service
Free movement of persons, information, etc
PRS Military in Politics The military are not elected by anyo ne, so their participation in government, either direct or indirect , reduces acco untability
and therefore represe nts a risk. The threat of military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient ch ange in policy or
eve n in government.
Democr atic Acco untability. Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis that the less resp onse there is the more likely is
that the government will fall, peace fully or violently. It includes not only if free and fair elect ions are in place, but also how like ly is the
government to remain in power.
RSF Press Freedom Index
WMO Institutional permanence: An assessm ent of how mature and well-established the politica l syst em is.
Representative ness :How well the population and organized interests can make their voices heard in the political syste m
Non-representative Sources
AFR Elec tions are free and fair
Trust in Parliament
BTI Stateness
Political Participation
Institutional Stability
Politica l and Social Integration
CCR Civil Liberties
Accountability and public voice
GII Civil Society Organizations
Media
Public Ac cess to Information
Voting & Citize n Participation
Elec tion Integrity
Political Financing
IFD Policy and legal framework for rural organizations
Dialogue between government and rural organiza tions
LBO Satisfaction with democracy
Trust in Parliament
MSI Media Sustainability Index
OBI Open Budget Index
VAB Trust in Parliament
WCY Transp arency of Government policy
73

Table B2: Political Stability & Absence of Violence/Terrorism
BRI Fractionalization of political sp ectrum and the power of these factions.
Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions.
Restric tive (coerc ive) measures required to retain power.
Organiza tion and strength of force s for a radical government.
Societal co nflict involving demonstrations, strike s, and street violence .
Inst ability as perceived by non-const itutional changes, assas sinations, and guerrilla wars.
DRI Military Coup Risk
Major Insurgency/Rebellion
Political Terrorism
Political Assassination
Civil War
Major Urban Riot
EIU Armed conflict
Violent demonstrations
Soci al Unrest
International tensions
GAD Autonomy and Separatism
Civil Unrest
State of Emergency / Martial Law
Active Terrorist Groups in the Last Two Years
GCS Country terrorist threat : Does the threat of terrorism in the country impose significant co sts on firms?
HUM Frequency of political killings
Frequency of disappearance s
Frequency of torture
IJT Security Risk Rating
IPD Conflicts of ethnic, religious, regional nature …
Violent actions by underground political organisations
Violent social conflicts
External public se curity
PRS Internal Conflict : Asse sses politica l violence and its influence on governance.
External conflict: The external conflict measure is an as sessm ent both of the risk to the incu mbent government and to inward invest ment.
Government Stability. Measures the government’s ability to ca rry out its declared programs , and its ability to stay in office .
Ethnic tensions : This component measu res the degree of tension within a country attributable to racial, nationality, or language divisions.
PTS Political Terror Scale

WMO Civil unrest How widesp read political unrest is , and how great a threat it poses to investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be
caus e for concern, but they will cause major disruption if they esca late into severe violence. At the extreme, this fact or would amount to
civil war.
Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sus tained terrorist threat, and from how many sources. The degree of loca lization of the
threat is assess ed, and whether the active groups are likely to target or affect businesses.
AEO Civil Tensions
WCY Risk of political instability
74

Table B3: Government Effectiveness
BRI Bureaucratic delays
DRI Government Inst ability : An increase in government perso nnel turnove r rate at senior levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any
12-month period.
Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any leve l that reduc es the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-
month period.
Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government c apacity to co pe with national problems as a resu lt of inst itutional rigidity that reduc es the
GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
EGV Global E-government
EIU Quality of bureaucracy
Excessi ve bureaucracy / red tape
GCS Quality of general infrastruct ure
Quality of public schools
GWP Satisf action with public transportation syst em
Satisf action with roads and highways
Satisf action with education syst em
IPD Government-citizen relations
Capacity of the tax administration to implement measu res decided on
Quality of the supply of public goods: education and basic health
Capacity of the political authorities
PRS
Bureaucratic Quality. Measu res inst itutional strength and quality of the civil service, asse sses how much st rength and expertise bureauc rats
have and how able they are to manage politica l alternations without drastic interruptions in government se rvice s, or policy ch anges.
WMO Policy consistency and forward planning: How confident businesses can be of the co ntinuity of economic policy stance - whether a ch ange of
gove rnment will entail major policy disruption, and whether the cu rrent gove rnment has pursued a coherent st rategy.
Bureaucracy : An assessm ent of the quality of the country’s bureaucracy. The better the bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the
more easily foreign investors can go about their business.
ADB Management of public debt
Policies to improve efficiency of public se ctor
Revenue Mobilization
Budget Management
AFR Government handling of water and sa nitation services
Government handling of roads and bridges
Government handling of electric ity supply
Government handling of health se rvices
Government handling of educa tion services
ASD Civil service
Revenue Mobiliza tion and Budget Management
Management and Efficiency of Public Expenditures
BPS How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business
How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business.
How problematic is transp ortation for the growth of your business.
BTI Consensus Building
Governance Capability
Effective Use of Reso urces
CPIA Management of external debt
Quality public Administration
Revenue Mobilization
Budget Management
IFDAllocation & management of publlic reso urces for rural deve lopment
LBO Trust in Government
WCY Government eco nomic policies do not adapt quickl y to changes in the economy
The public servic e is not independent from political interference
Government dec isions are not effectively implemented
Bureaucracy hinders business act ivity
The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient
Policy direct ion is not co nsistent
75

Table B4: Regulatory Quality
DRI Export Regulations
Import Regulations
Other Regulation burdens
Res trict ions on ownersh ip of Business by Non-Residents
Res trict ions on ownersh ip of equity by Non-Residents
EIU Unfair competitive pract ice s
Price controls
Discriminatory tariffs
Exc essi ve protections
GAD Stock Exchange / Capital Markets
Foreign Investment
GCS Administrative regulations are burdensome
Tax system is distortionary
Import barriers as obst acle to growth
Competition in local market is limited
Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective
Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness
Complexity of tax System
Easy to st art co mpany
HER Foreign investment
Banking / finance
Wage/Prices
IPD Administrative business start-up formalities
Administered price s and market pric es
Competition: productive sect or: ease of market entry for new firms
Competition between businesses: competition regulation arrangements
PRS Inves tment Profile.
WMO Tax Effectiv eness: How efficient the co untry’s tax collection syst em is.
Legislation: An asse ssm ent of whether the necessa ry bus iness laws are in place.
ADB Trade policy
Competitive environment
Labor Market Policies
ASD Trade Policy and Forex Regime
Enabling Environment for Priva te Sec tor Deve lopment
BPS How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business.
How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business.
How problematic are cust om and trade regulations for the growth of your business.
BTI Competition
Price Stability
CPIA Competitive environment
Trade policy
EBR Price liberalization
Trade & foreign exchange sys tem
Competition policy
IFD Enabling conditions for rural financial service s development
Invest ment climate for rural businesse s
Access to agricultural input and produce marke ts
WCY Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily ava ilable
Ease of Doing Busines s
Banking regulation does not hinder co mpetitiveness
Competition legislation in your country does not preve nt unfair co mpetition
Cus toms' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods
Financial institutions' transp arency is not widely developed in yo ur country
Easy to st art co mpany
Foreign invest ors are free to acq uire co ntrol in domestic companies
Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries
Public s ector contracts are su fficiently open to foreign bidders
Real corporate taxes are non distortionary
Real personal taxes are non distortionary
The legal framework is detrimental to yo ur country' s competitive nes s
Protect ionism in your country negatively affects the conduc t of business in your co untry
Labor regulations hinder business activities
Subsidies impair economic development
76

Table B5: Rule of Law
BRI Enforc eability of contracts
Direct Financia l Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime
DRI Losses and Costs of Crime
Kidnapping of Foreigners
Enforc eability of Gove rnment Contracts
Enforc eability of Priva te Contracts
EIU Violent crime
Organize d crime
Fairness of judicial process
Enforc eability of contracts
Speediness of judicial process
Confisca tion/expropriation
GAD Nationalis ation / Expropriation
GCS Common crime imposes costs on busines s
Organize d crime imposes costs on business
Quality of Police
The judiciary is independent from politica l influence s of members of government, citizens or firms
Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient
Intellectual Property protection is weak
Protec tion of financial assets is weak
Tax evasio n
GWP Confidence in the police forc e
Confidence in judicial syst em
HER Property Rights
HUM Independenc e of Ju diciary
IPD Respect for law in relations between citizens and the administration
Secu rity of perso ns and goods
Organise d c riminal activity (drug-trafficki ng, arms-trafficki ng, etc.
Importance of the informal ec onomy
Importance of tax evasion in the formal sect or
Importance of cust oms evasion (smuggling, under-declaration, etc)
Running of the justice syst em
Secu rity of traditional property rights
Secu rity of property rights: formal property rights
Secu rity of contracts between private agents
Government respect for contracts
Settlement of economic disputes: justice in commercial matters
Intellectual property
Arrangements for the protection of intellect ual property
Agricultural sect or: se curity of rights and property transact ions
PRS Law and Order. The Law su b-component is an as sessm ent of the strength and impartiality of the legal syst em, while the Order su b-
co mponent is an asse ssm ent of popular observance of the law (assess ed separately).
TPR Trafficki ng in People Report
WMO Ju dicial Independence An asse ssm ent of how far the state and other outside actors can influence and dist ort the legal syst em. This will
determine the level of legal impartiality inve stors c an expect.
Crime - How much of a threat bus inesses face from crime suc h as kidnapping, extortion, street vio lence, burglary...
77

Table B5: Rule of Law - cont
ADB Property Rights
AFR Base d on yo ur experiences, how easy or diffic ult is it to obtain help from the police when yo u need it?
Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family feared crime in yo ur own home?
Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family had s omething stolen from your house?
Over the past year, how often, if ever, have you or anyone in your family been physi cally attacke d?
Trust in co urts
ASD Rule of Law
BPS Fairness, honesty, enforceability, and quickness of the court system
How problematic is crime for the growth of your business.
How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your busin ess.
BTI Rule of Law
Priva te Property
CCR Rule of Law
CPIA Property rights
FRH Ju dicial Framework and Independence
GII Executive Accountability
Judicial Accountability
Rule of Law
Law Enforcement
IFD Access to land
Access to water for agricu lture
LBO Trust in Ju diciary
Trust in Police
VAB Trust in Justice
Trust in Police
Trust in Supreme Court
WCY Tax eva sion is a co mmon practice in your co untry
Justice is not fairly administered in society
Personal se curity and private property are not adequately protected
Parallel economy impairs economic development in your co untry
Patent and co pyright protect ion is not adequately enforc ed in yo ur country
78

Table B6: Control of Corruption
BRI I nternal Causes of Political Risk : Mentality, including xenophobia, nationalism, corruption, nepotis m, willingness to compromise
Indirect Diversion of Funds
DRI Losse s and Costs of Corruption
EIU Corruption
GAD Cronyism
Government Efforts to Tackl e Corruption
GCS Public trust in financial hones ty of politic ians
Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common
Frequent for firms to make extra payments co nnected to: import/export permits
Frequent for firms to make extra payments co nnected to: public utilities
Frequent for firms to make extra payments co nnected to tax payments
Frequent for firms to make extra payments co nnected to: awarding of public co ntract s
Frequent for firms to make extra payments co nnected to: getting favorable judicial decisions
Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence gove rnment policies impos e co sts on other firms
GWP Is corruption in government widespread?
IPD Corruption
PRS Corruption. Measu res co rruption within the political syst em, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency of
gove rnment and business by enabling people to assu me positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduce s an
inherently instability in the political system.
WMO Corruption : This index assesses the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of red tape like ly to countered is assessed, as is
the like lihood of enco untering corrupt officials and other groups.
ADB Transparency / co rruption
AFR How many elected leaders (parliamentarians or local co uncilors) do yo u think are involved in co rruption?
How many judges and magist rates do you think are invo lve d in corruption?
How many gove rnment officials do yo u think are involved in co rruption?
How many border/tax officials do you think are involve d in corruption?
ASD Anti-corruption
BPS How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done
On average, what perce nt of total annual sa les do firms pay in unoffic ial payments to public officials
How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business.
Frequency of bribery in taxes, cus toms and judiciary
BTI Corruption
CCR Transparency / co rruption
CPIA Transparency / co rruption
FRH Corruption
GCB Frequency of co rruption among politic al parties, gove rnment officials, parliament, media and judiciary
Frequency of household bribery
GII Anti-Corruption Agency
IFD Accountability, transp arency and corruption in rural areas
LBO Have yo u heard of act s of corruption?
PRC Corruption Index
VAB Frequency of corruption among government officials
WCY Bribing and co rruption exist in the economy
79

APPENDIX C: Governance Indicators over Time
TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.26 0.13 11 -1.13 0.13 9 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.22 0.17 8 -1.45 0.17 6 -1.43 0.20 5 -2.00 0.29 3 -2.04 0.29 3 -1.82 0.28 2
ALBANIA ALB 0.13 0.13 13 0.03 0.14 12 0.02 0.16 12 -0.03 0.17 10 0.03 0.18 8 0.02 0.16 7 -0.09 0.17 6 -0.32 0.25 4 -0.44 0.26 4 -0.57 0.26 3
ALGERIA DZA -1.05 0.11 15 -1.00 0.11 13 -0.96 0.13 12 -0.74 0.14 12 -0.79 0.16 10 -1.05 0.17 8 -1.02 0.17 7 -1.25 0.22 5 -1.37 0.23 5 -1.33 0.23 4
AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 1.00 0.54 1 1.00 0.54 1 0.59 0.52 1 0.64 0.42 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANDORRA ADO 1.34 0.21 3 1.33 0.21 3 1.38 0.26 3 1.45 0.28 3 1.48 0.28 3 1.32 0.26 3 1.45 0.29 2 1.59 0.32 2 1.62 0.33 2 1.49 0.30 1
ANGOLA AGO -1.07 0.12 13 -1.14 0.13 11 -1.23 0.15 12 -1.23 0.16 10 -1.22 0.16 10 -1.07 0.17 8 -1.22 0.17 7 -1.51 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.52 0.23 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.00 0.54 1 1.00 0.54 1 1.06 0.52 1 0.88 0.42 1 0.81 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.56 0.21 3 0.53 0.21 3 0.62 0.26 3 0.51 0.27 4 0.53 0.27 4 0.19 0.26 3 0.11 0.29 2 0.15 0.32 2 0.09 0.33 2 -0.03 0.30 1
ARGENTINA ARG 0.32 0.13 16 0.36 0.13 14 0.36 0.14 14 0.22 0.16 12 0.34 0.17 11 0.30 0.17 10 0.16 0.17 10 0.27 0.20 8 0.16 0.22 7 0.39 0.22 6
ARMENIA ARM -0.66 0.12 14 -0.63 0.12 13 -0.63 0.14 13 -0.58 0.16 10 -0.53 0.16 9 -0.65 0.14 8 -0.56 0.17 6 -0.43 0.25 4 -0.54 0.26 4 -0.71 0.28 2
ARUBA ABW 1.00 0.54 1 1.00 0.54 1 1.06 0.52 1 1.13 0.42 1 0.70 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.36 0.16 10 1.36 0.16 9 1.39 0.21 9 1.52 0.19 8 1.50 0.19 8 1.41 0.20 8 1.40 0.20 8 1.51 0.21 7 1.43 0.23 6 1.34 0.23 5
AUSTRIA AUT 1.36 0.16 10 1.35 0.16 9 1.32 0.21 9 1.39 0.19 8 1.49 0.19 8 1.32 0.20 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.38 0.21 7 1.42 0.23 6 1.32 0.23 5
AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.23 0.12 15 -1.17 0.12 14 -1.10 0.13 14 -1.03 0.14 12 -0.95 0.15 10 -0.92 0.14 9 -0.89 0.16 8 -0.98 0.22 5 -0.95 0.23 5 -1.13 0.25 3
BAHAMAS BHS 1.14 0.20 4 1.13 0.20 4 1.04 0.23 4 0.98 0.25 4 1.02 0.25 4 1.07 0.24 4 1.17 0.25 3 1.16 0.26 3 1.13 0.28 3 1.18 0.28 2
BAHRAIN BHR -0.82 0.12 11 -0.84 0.12 10 -0.76 0.15 10 -0.73 0.15 10 -0.58 0.16 9 -0.68 0.15 8 -0.68 0.17 8 -0.92 0.22 5 -1.04 0.23 5 -1.19 0.23 4
BANGLADESH BGD -0.61 0.12 15 -0.59 0.12 14 -0.42 0.13 13 -0.52 0.15 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.60 0.17 8 -0.45 0.17 8 -0.44 0.22 6 -0.25 0.23 5 -0.23 0.23 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.16 0.21 4 1.14 0.21 4 1.14 0.25 4 1.04 0.27 4 1.15 0.27 4 1.22 0.26 3 1.37 0.29 2 1.41 0.32 2 1.46 0.33 2 1.21 0.30 1
BELARUS BLR -1.60 0.13 11 -1.70 0.14 9 -1.80 0.17 9 -1.71 0.18 7 -1.37 0.18 7 -1.36 0.16 7 -1.40 0.16 7 -1.35 0.25 4 -0.86 0.26 4 -1.54 0.28 2
BELGIUM BEL 1.37 0.16 10 1.39 0.16 9 1.37 0.21 9 1.42 0.19 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.38 0.20 8 1.39 0.21 7 1.36 0.23 6 1.24 0.23 5
BELIZE BLZ 0.74 0.17 8 0.59 0.18 6 0.82 0.25 5 0.73 0.27 4 0.76 0.27 4 0.88 0.26 3 0.83 0.26 3 0.90 0.29 3 0.81 0.29 3 0.99 0.28 2
BENIN BEN 0.34 0.13 14 0.36 0.13 13 0.27 0.15 13 0.10 0.20 8 0.06 0.22 6 0.10 0.20 5 0.11 0.20 5 0.39 0.29 3 0.37 0.29 3 0.68 0.28 2
BERMUDA BMU 1.00 0.54 1 1.00 0.54 1 1.06 0.52 1 1.13 0.42 1 1.08 0.39 1 1.09 0.49 1 1.05 0.52 1 0.87 0.48 1 1.10 0.47 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN -0.73 0.13 8 -0.99 0.13 7 -0.76 0.18 7 -1.01 0.22 6 -0.95 0.22 6 -1.22 0.25 4 -1.22 0.25 4 -0.98 0.29 3 -0.97 0.29 3 -1.39 0.28 2
BOLIVIA BOL -0.01 0.12 16 0.02 0.12 15 0.13 0.13 15 -0.22 0.15 13 -0.17 0.15 12 -0.03 0.17 9 0.07 0.17 9 0.08 0.20 7 0.27 0.22 6 0.34 0.22 5
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.00 0.13 13 0.10 0.14 11 0.14 0.18 10 0.08 0.16 9 0.08 0.16 9 -0.11 0.16 7 -0.23 0.16 7 -0.08 0.27 3 -0.12 0.27 3 -0.50 0.27 2
BOTSWANA BWA 0.55 0.13 15 0.50 0.13 14 0.50 0.15 14 0.65 0.16 11 0.80 0.17 10 0.85 0.17 9 0.72 0.17 8 0.73 0.22 5 0.73 0.23 5 0.81 0.23 4
BRAZIL BRA 0.51 0.13 17 0.48 0.12 16 0.51 0.14 16 0.43 0.16 12 0.35 0.17 11 0.48 0.17 10 0.33 0.17 10 0.17 0.20 8 0.19 0.22 7 0.18 0.22 6
BRUNEI BRN -1.00 0.19 5 -1.04 0.20 4 -1.06 0.23 4 -0.99 0.25 4 -0.82 0.25 4 -1.01 0.24 4 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.75 0.25 4 -0.75 0.26 4 -1.14 0.26 3
BULGARIA BGR 0.60 0.12 15 0.65 0.12 14 0.58 0.14 14 0.50 0.15 10 0.56 0.16 9 0.49 0.15 9 0.58 0.15 9 0.48 0.22 6 0.38 0.23 5 0.11 0.23 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.33 0.12 16 -0.34 0.12 14 -0.32 0.13 14 -0.46 0.17 9 -0.40 0.18 8 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.41 0.19 6 -0.28 0.25 4 -0.56 0.26 4 -0.29 0.26 3
BURUNDI BDI -0.66 0.14 12 -0.75 0.14 11 -1.11 0.18 10 -1.02 0.22 6 -1.26 0.22 6 -1.11 0.20 5 -1.20 0.20 5 -1.64 0.29 3 -1.51 0.29 3 -1.54 0.28 2
CAMBODIA KHM -0.94 0.12 14 -0.87 0.13 11 -0.79 0.14 11 -1.00 0.16 9 -0.87 0.17 8 -0.83 0.16 7 -0.73 0.18 6 -0.79 0.25 4 -0.88 0.25 4 -0.96 0.25 3
CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.12 15 -0.98 0.12 14 -0.93 0.15 12 -1.06 0.17 10 -1.00 0.18 8 -1.13 0.17 8 -1.12 0.17 7 -1.10 0.22 5 -1.14 0.23 5 -1.21 0.23 4
CANADA CAN 1.43 0.14 13 1.37 0.14 12 1.37 0.18 11 1.50 0.19 8 1.67 0.19 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.57 0.21 7 1.60 0.23 6 1.48 0.23 5
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.95 0.17 7 0.90 0.17 7 0.65 0.22 7 0.33 0.24 6 0.55 0.26 6 0.51 0.25 5 0.46 0.27 4 0.73 0.40 1 0.73 0.42 1 0.79 0.30 1
CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 0.79 0.54 1 0.78 0.54 1 0.83 0.52 1 0.88 0.42 1 0.84 0.39 1 0.86 0.49 1 1.48 0.52 1 1.52 0.48 1 1.54 0.47 1 .. .. ..
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.00 0.14 9 -1.06 0.14 8 -1.09 0.18 7 -1.11 0.22 6 -1.20 0.22 6 -1.41 0.20 5 -1.12 0.20 5 -0.73 0.29 3 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.45 0.28 2
CHAD TCD -1.45 0.13 13 -1.41 0.13 12 -1.44 0.16 11 -1.38 0.20 8 -1.29 0.21 7 -1.09 0.20 6 -0.93 0.20 5 -0.97 0.29 3 -0.99 0.29 3 -0.92 0.28 2
CHILE CHL 0.98 0.13 15 1.03 0.13 13 0.88 0.15 13 1.21 0.17 11 1.17 0.17 11 1.04 0.17 10 1.04 0.17 10 0.81 0.20 8 0.45 0.22 7 0.78 0.22 6
CHINA CHN -1.72 0.12 15 -1.72 0.12 13 -1.68 0.14 12 -1.52 0.16 11 -1.46 0.16 11 -1.53 0.17 9 -1.58 0.17 9 -1.29 0.21 7 -1.38 0.23 6 -1.66 0.23 5
COLOMBIA COL -0.26 0.12 18 -0.25 0.11 17 -0.14 0.13 16 -0.24 0.15 14 -0.30 0.15 13 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.59 0.20 8 -0.54 0.22 7 -0.43 0.22 6
COMOROS COM -0.43 0.17 6 -0.53 0.17 6 -0.37 0.24 6 -0.50 0.26 5 -0.43 0.26 5 -0.34 0.25 4 -0.46 0.27 3 -0.80 0.32 2 -0.64 0.33 2 -0.04 0.30 1
CONGO COG -1.16 0.14 10 -1.14 0.14 9 -1.11 0.20 8 -1.02 0.20 7 -0.94 0.23 6 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.83 0.23 5 -1.63 0.25 4 -1.67 0.26 4 -0.47 0.26 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.48 0.13 13 -1.40 0.13 11 -1.59 0.16 10 -1.65 0.18 8 -1.72 0.18 8 -1.58 0.19 6 -1.71 0.19 5 -1.89 0.26 3 -1.90 0.28 3 -1.63 0.28 2
COSTA RICA CRI 0.98 0.13 15 0.92 0.13 14 0.83 0.16 13 0.81 0.16 12 1.00 0.17 11 1.03 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.07 0.20 7 1.17 0.22 6 1.13 0.22 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.24 0.13 12 -1.23 0.13 9 -1.38 0.16 9 -1.45 0.18 7 -1.34 0.18 8 -1.21 0.17 7 -1.21 0.17 7 -1.32 0.22 5 -0.71 0.23 5 -0.80 0.23 4
CROATIA HRV 0.48 0.13 13 0.50 0.14 12 0.49 0.16 12 0.49 0.15 11 0.71 0.16 10 0.61 0.15 9 0.53 0.15 9 0.41 0.22 5 -0.30 0.23 5 -0.34 0.25 3
CUBA CUB -1.85 0.13 10 -1.90 0.14 9 -2.19 0.16 9 -1.83 0.18 8 -1.80 0.18 8 -1.68 0.17 7 -1.66 0.17 7 -1.64 0.22 5 -1.61 0.23 5 -1.78 0.23 4
CYPRUS CYP 0.99 0.16 9 1.03 0.16 8 1.09 0.21 8 0.97 0.19 7 0.99 0.19 7 1.05 0.20 6 1.18 0.21 5 1.15 0.22 5 1.01 0.23 5 1.11 0.23 4
CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 1.02 0.13 13 1.00 0.13 12 1.03 0.15 12 0.92 0.16 10 0.97 0.17 9 1.04 0.17 9 1.00 0.17 9 0.72 0.21 7 0.95 0.23 6 0.97 0.23 5
DENMARK DNK 1.48 0.16 10 1.49 0.16 9 1.59 0.21 9 1.78 0.19 8 1.83 0.19 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.57 0.21 7 1.50 0.23 6 1.46 0.23 5
DJIBOUTI DJI -1.12 0.16 9 -1.18 0.16 7 -1.03 0.22 7 -1.03 0.26 5 -0.83 0.26 5 -0.74 0.25 4 -0.73 0.27 3 -0.79 0.32 2 -1.06 0.33 2 -0.72 0.30 1
DOMINICA DMA 1.09 0.20 4 1.04 0.21 3 1.01 0.26 3 0.96 0.27 4 0.99 0.27 4 1.09 0.26 3 1.10 0.29 2 1.03 0.32 2 1.03 0.33 2 1.21 0.30 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.14 0.13 15 0.22 0.13 13 0.23 0.15 13 -0.06 0.17 11 0.04 0.17 11 -0.01 0.17 8 0.22 0.17 7 0.17 0.22 5 -0.04 0.23 5 0.23 0.23 4
ECUADOR ECU -0.22 0.12 16 -0.20 0.12 15 -0.35 0.14 14 -0.39 0.15 13 -0.29 0.15 12 -0.10 0.17 9 -0.09 0.17 9 -0.37 0.20 7 -0.04 0.22 6 0.14 0.22 5
EGYPT EGY -1.19 0.11 15 -1.20 0.11 14 -1.27 0.13 14 -0.92 0.14 12 -0.96 0.16 10 -1.00 0.17 8 -1.02 0.17 8 -0.78 0.22 6 -0.85 0.23 5 -1.00 0.23 4
EL SALVADOR SLV 0.06 0.14 14 0.09 0.14 13 0.15 0.16 13 0.02 0.16 12 0.12 0.17 11 0.12 0.17 9 0.10 0.17 9 -0.09 0.20 7 -0.06 0.22 6 -0.01 0.22 5
EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.89 0.16 8 -1.84 0.16 6 -1.77 0.24 5 -1.69 0.21 5 -1.67 0.21 6 -1.72 0.22 5 -1.60 0.24 4 -1.61 0.27 3 -1.57 0.27 3 -1.68 0.27 2
ERITREA ERI -2.20 0.13 10 -2.10 0.13 8 -2.06 0.16 8 -1.98 0.19 7 -1.86 0.19 7 -1.83 0.20 5 -1.75 0.20 5 -1.31 0.29 3 -1.18 0.29 3 -1.09 0.28 2
ESTONIA EST 1.03 0.13 12 1.07 0.14 11 1.05 0.16 11 1.01 0.17 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.12 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 8 0.96 0.21 7 1.00 0.23 5 0.92 0.25 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -1.30 0.12 15 -1.18 0.11 14 -1.16 0.13 13 -1.16 0.16 10 -1.15 0.16 10 -1.21 0.17 8 -1.28 0.17 7 -1.02 0.22 5 -0.84 0.23 5 -0.83 0.23 4
FIJI FJI -0.65 0.16 7 -0.42 0.17 5 -0.62 0.24 5 0.17 0.26 4 0.07 0.27 4 0.12 0.25 4 0.10 0.26 3 -0.57 0.29 3 0.01 0.29 3 -0.26 0.28 2
FINLAND FIN 1.48 0.16 10 1.49 0.16 9 1.55 0.21 9 1.72 0.19 8 1.81 0.19 8 1.57 0.20 8 1.57 0.20 8 1.64 0.21 7 1.49 0.23 6 1.39 0.23 5
FRANCE FRA 1.24 0.14 13 1.25 0.14 12 1.34 0.17 11 1.47 0.18 9 1.43 0.19 8 1.08 0.20 8 1.10 0.20 8 1.12 0.21 7 1.11 0.23 6 1.02 0.23 5
FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.35 0.54 1 0.33 0.54 1 0.36 0.52 1 0.40 0.42 1 0.48 0.39 1 0.41 0.49 1 0.40 0.52 1 0.44 0.48 1 0.45 0.47 1 .. .. ..
GABON GAB -0.84 0.15 9 -0.89 0.15 8 -0.78 0.19 8 -0.83 0.20 7 -0.80 0.20 7 -0.70 0.20 6 -0.47 0.20 6 -0.41 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 5 -0.41 0.23 4
GAMBIA GMB -0.97 0.15 10 -0.99 0.16 9 -0.92 0.20 9 -1.03 0.22 7 -0.60 0.23 7 -0.43 0.22 6 -0.60 0.23 5 -1.06 0.25 4 -0.99 0.26 4 -1.30 0.26 3
GEORGIA GEO -0.25 0.12 14 -0.22 0.12 13 -0.13 0.14 13 -0.16 0.16 10 -0.19 0.17 9 -0.45 0.15 7 -0.50 0.18 5 -0.26 0.29 3 -0.41 0.29 3 -0.39 0.28 2
GERMANY DEU 1.34 0.14 12 1.38 0.15 10 1.41 0.18 10 1.51 0.19 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.40 0.20 8 1.42 0.20 8 1.37 0.21 7 1.34 0.23 6 1.28 0.23 5
Note: “Est.” refers to estimate, “S.E.” refers to standard errors, and “N.” refers to number of sources. The standard
errors have the following interpretation: there is roughly a 70% chance that the level of governance lies within plus or
minus one standard error of the point estimate of governance.
80

TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GHANA GHA 0.48 0.12 16 0.51 0.12 14 0.51 0.14 14 0.26 0.16 11 0.09 0.17 10 0.12 0.17 9 -0.06 0.17 8 -0.06 0.22 5 -0.43 0.23 5 -0.28 0.23 4
GREECE GRC 0.88 0.15 11 0.96 0.15 10 0.98 0.18 10 1.09 0.19 8 1.12 0.19 8 0.99 0.20 8 1.02 0.20 8 0.93 0.21 7 1.12 0.23 6 0.72 0.23 5
GRENADA GRD 0.89 0.20 4 0.80 0.21 3 0.72 0.25 4 0.59 0.27 4 0.61 0.26 5 0.81 0.26 3 0.79 0.29 2 0.61 0.32 2 0.59 0.33 2 1.00 0.30 1
GUAM GUM 1.00 0.54 1 1.00 0.54 1 0.59 0.52 1 0.64 0.42 1 0.57 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.26 0.12 17 -0.23 0.11 16 -0.20 0.12 16 -0.38 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 10 -0.41 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 7 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.20 0.22 5
GUINEA GIN -1.32 0.14 11 -1.26 0.14 9 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.16 0.20 7 -1.22 0.20 7 -1.39 0.19 6 -1.39 0.19 6 -1.22 0.25 4 -1.21 0.26 4 -1.07 0.26 3
GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.79 0.16 8 -0.76 0.16 7 -0.51 0.22 7 -0.50 0.24 6 -0.67 0.23 6 -1.14 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 5 -0.85 0.25 4 -1.16 0.28 3 -0.32 0.26 3
GUYANA GUY 0.17 0.14 10 0.14 0.14 10 0.06 0.17 9 -0.15 0.20 7 0.20 0.24 5 0.68 0.24 4 0.69 0.23 4 0.55 0.25 4 0.48 0.26 4 0.83 0.26 3
HAITI HTI -0.71 0.13 12 -0.75 0.13 10 -0.92 0.15 10 -1.32 0.18 8 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.22 0.16 8 -1.31 0.18 7 -0.83 0.25 4 -0.90 0.26 4 -0.51 0.26 3
HONDURAS HND -0.29 0.12 15 -0.19 0.12 14 -0.10 0.14 14 -0.29 0.15 13 -0.31 0.15 12 -0.23 0.17 9 -0.23 0.17 8 -0.18 0.20 7 -0.16 0.22 6 -0.13 0.22 5
HONG KONG HKG 0.49 0.16 9 0.51 0.16 9 0.67 0.19 9 0.60 0.20 7 0.54 0.20 7 0.31 0.21 7 0.11 0.21 7 0.00 0.26 5 -0.11 0.28 4 0.21 0.25 4
HUNGARY HUN 1.00 0.13 13 1.06 0.14 11 1.08 0.16 11 1.16 0.17 9 1.18 0.17 9 1.22 0.17 9 1.17 0.17 9 1.17 0.21 7 1.08 0.23 6 1.05 0.23 5
ICELAND ISL 1.45 0.16 8 1.47 0.16 8 1.53 0.21 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.64 0.23 7 1.55 0.22 7 1.49 0.22 7 1.54 0.24 6 1.47 0.25 5 1.33 0.26 4
INDIA IND 0.45 0.13 15 0.41 0.13 14 0.47 0.14 14 0.42 0.16 11 0.42 0.17 10 0.33 0.17 9 0.38 0.17 9 0.26 0.21 7 0.32 0.23 6 0.12 0.23 5
INDONESIA IDN -0.14 0.12 16 -0.15 0.12 15 -0.18 0.13 15 -0.18 0.15 12 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.41 0.15 10 -0.41 0.17 9 -0.40 0.21 7 -1.04 0.23 6 -1.17 0.23 5
IRAN IRN -1.48 0.12 12 -1.49 0.12 11 -1.50 0.14 12 -1.24 0.15 10 -1.27 0.16 9 -1.28 0.17 7 -1.11 0.17 7 -0.95 0.22 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -1.35 0.23 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.26 0.13 11 -1.31 0.14 8 -1.37 0.17 8 -1.38 0.16 8 -1.63 0.18 7 -1.60 0.17 7 -2.03 0.17 7 -2.00 0.22 5 -1.93 0.23 5 -1.96 0.23 4
IRELAND IRL 1.40 0.15 11 1.40 0.15 10 1.42 0.18 10 1.62 0.19 8 1.48 0.19 8 1.27 0.20 8 1.24 0.20 8 1.41 0.21 7 1.35 0.23 6 1.19 0.23 5
ISRAEL ISR 0.69 0.14 12 0.76 0.14 11 0.80 0.17 11 0.58 0.19 8 0.65 0.19 8 0.54 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 8 0.68 0.21 7 0.64 0.23 6 0.80 0.23 5
ITALY ITA 0.96 0.14 12 1.09 0.14 11 1.00 0.18 10 1.00 0.19 8 1.15 0.19 8 0.92 0.20 8 0.98 0.20 8 0.99 0.21 7 1.07 0.23 6 0.90 0.23 5
JAMAICA JAM 0.61 0.14 10 0.64 0.14 10 0.64 0.17 11 0.45 0.17 9 0.43 0.17 9 0.52 0.17 8 0.56 0.17 7 0.70 0.22 6 0.74 0.23 5 0.78 0.23 4
JA PAN JPN 0.95 0.14 12 0.97 0.14 11 0.97 0.18 10 1.00 0.19 8 1.01 0.19 8 1.03 0.20 8 0.99 0.20 8 0.87 0.21 7 0.89 0.23 6 0.87 0.23 5
JORDAN JOR -0.71 0.11 17 -0.68 0.11 16 -0.60 0.13 15 -0.49 0.14 13 -0.57 0.16 11 -0.68 0.15 10 -0.77 0.17 8 -0.26 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 5 -0.37 0.23 4
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -1.01 0.11 15 -1.07 0.11 14 -1.03 0.13 14 -0.94 0.14 12 -1.11 0.15 10 -1.05 0.14 9 -1.13 0.16 8 -0.90 0.22 6 -0.75 0.23 5 -0.93 0.25 3
KENYA KEN -0.16 0.11 17 -0.10 0.11 16 -0.01 0.13 15 -0.21 0.15 12 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.41 0.15 10 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.82 0.22 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -0.82 0.23 4
KIRIBATI KIR 0.71 0.21 3 0.71 0.21 3 0.66 0.26 3 0.19 0.28 3 0.49 0.28 3 0.93 0.30 2 0.98 0.33 1 1.04 0.40 1 1.14 0.42 1 1.18 0.30 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.21 0.15 7 -2.21 0.15 7 -2.35 0.18 8 -2.16 0.18 8 -2.07 0.18 8 -2.15 0.19 6 -2.13 0.19 6 -2.09 0.25 4 -2.12 0.26 4 -2.03 0.26 3
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.59 0.13 13 0.65 0.13 12 0.61 0.15 12 0.75 0.16 10 0.71 0.17 9 0.75 0.17 9 0.74 0.17 9 0.61 0.21 7 0.62 0.23 6 0.50 0.23 5
KOSOVO LWI -0.65 0.21 4 -0.68 0.21 4 -0.57 0.26 4 -0.44 0.26 3 -0.93 0.43 1 -0.89 0.34 1 -0.88 0.33 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT -0.53 0.13 12 -0.52 0.13 11 -0.20 0.17 10 -0.31 0.17 8 -0.36 0.20 6 -0.44 0.20 6 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.28 0.22 5 -0.27 0.23 5 -0.46 0.23 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.72 0.12 14 -0.67 0.12 12 -0.69 0.14 12 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.99 0.17 8 -1.08 0.15 7 -1.00 0.17 6 -1.17 0.29 3 -0.73 0.29 3 -0.69 0.28 2
LAOS LAO -1.71 0.13 10 -1.66 0.13 9 -1.64 0.16 9 -1.67 0.19 7 -1.55 0.19 7 -1.72 0.20 5 -1.75 0.20 5 -1.23 0.29 3 -1.03 0.29 3 -1.08 0.28 2
LATVIA LVA 0.86 0.14 11 0.86 0.14 10 0.85 0.18 9 0.77 0.17 8 0.72 0.17 8 0.91 0.17 8 0.85 0.17 7 0.71 0.22 6 0.81 0.23 5 0.75 0.25 3
LEBANON LBN -0.40 0.12 14 -0.45 0.13 12 -0.45 0.15 12 -0.34 0.16 9 -0.37 0.18 8 -0.67 0.17 7 -0.74 0.17 8 -0.29 0.23 4 -0.34 0.24 4 -0.39 0.25 3
LESOTHO LSO 0.04 0.17 8 0.13 0.17 8 0.07 0.22 8 -0.14 0.24 6 -0.15 0.26 6 0.14 0.25 5 0.04 0.26 4 -0.49 0.29 3 -0.77 0.33 2 -0.21 0.28 2
LIBERIA LBR -0.29 0.13 13 -0.27 0.14 9 -0.60 0.17 8 -0.74 0.20 6 -1.31 0.20 7 -1.58 0.19 6 -1.58 0.19 6 -1.36 0.25 4 -1.12 0.26 4 -1.36 0.26 3
LIBYA LBY -1.90 0.12 11 -1.96 0.12 10 -1.91 0.15 9 -1.86 0.15 9 -1.75 0.16 8 -1.77 0.17 7 -1.79 0.17 7 -1.60 0.22 5 -1.60 0.23 5 -1.82 0.23 4
LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.32 0.21 3 1.32 0.21 3 1.36 0.26 3 1.46 0.28 3 1.39 0.28 3 1.34 0.26 3 1.34 0.29 2 1.59 0.32 2 1.62 0.33 2 1.49 0.30 1
LITHUANIA LTU 0.85 0.13 13 0.89 0.14 11 0.91 0.16 10 0.91 0.17 8 0.90 0.17 8 1.03 0.17 8 0.92 0.17 7 0.85 0.22 6 0.89 0.23 5 0.93 0.25 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.50 0.16 9 1.51 0.17 7 1.49 0.22 7 1.55 0.23 6 1.63 0.24 6 1.46 0.23 6 1.33 0.23 5 1.47 0.24 6 1.48 0.25 5 1.38 0.26 4
MACAO MAC 0.14 0.54 1 0.11 0.54 1 0.36 0.52 1 0.40 0.42 1 0.12 0.39 1 0.64 0.49 1 0.40 0.52 1 0.22 0.48 1 0.23 0.47 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD 0.16 0.13 13 0.20 0.14 10 0.16 0.18 10 -0.08 0.16 9 -0.11 0.16 9 -0.10 0.16 8 -0.29 0.17 6 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.30 0.25 4 -0.04 0.25 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.16 0.13 14 -0.02 0.13 13 -0.09 0.15 13 -0.15 0.19 9 -0.05 0.20 8 -0.04 0.19 7 -0.24 0.19 6 0.08 0.25 4 0.12 0.26 4 0.38 0.26 3
MALAWI MWI -0.18 0.12 16 -0.24 0.12 14 -0.25 0.14 14 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.58 0.17 9 -0.64 0.17 8 -0.17 0.22 5 -0.09 0.23 5 0.01 0.23 4
MALAYSIA MYS -0.58 0.12 14 -0.57 0.12 12 -0.55 0.14 13 -0.17 0.16 11 -0.25 0.16 11 -0.41 0.15 10 -0.44 0.17 9 -0.29 0.21 7 -0.21 0.23 6 -0.31 0.23 5
MALDIVES MDV -0.39 0.19 6 -0.90 0.20 5 -1.00 0.24 5 -0.96 0.26 5 -1.09 0.26 5 -0.81 0.25 4 -0.83 0.29 2 -0.71 0.32 2 -0.67 0.33 2 -1.09 0.30 1
MALI MLI 0.28 0.13 14 0.26 0.13 13 0.24 0.15 13 0.40 0.19 9 0.24 0.20 9 0.28 0.19 8 0.28 0.19 7 0.19 0.25 4 -0.05 0.26 4 0.69 0.26 3
MALTA MLT 1.21 0.17 6 1.22 0.17 6 1.18 0.22 6 1.21 0.24 5 1.34 0.24 5 1.32 0.23 5 1.29 0.25 3 1.27 0.26 3 1.24 0.28 3 1.16 0.28 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.20 0.22 2 1.19 0.23 2 1.17 0.28 2 1.16 0.35 2 1.18 0.37 2 1.14 0.30 2 1.26 0.33 1 1.27 0.40 1 1.29 0.42 1 1.35 0.30 1
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.57 0.54 1 0.56 0.54 1 0.59 0.52 1 0.64 0.42 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.64 0.49 1 0.61 0.52 1 0.65 0.48 1 0.67 0.47 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.92 0.12 13 -0.75 0.12 12 -0.81 0.16 10 -0.98 0.22 6 -1.21 0.22 6 -0.89 0.25 4 -0.65 0.25 4 -0.76 0.29 3 -0.76 0.29 3 -0.95 0.28 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.88 0.14 10 0.86 0.14 9 0.80 0.17 9 0.80 0.18 8 0.82 0.18 8 0.89 0.21 6 0.75 0.22 6 0.99 0.27 4 1.01 0.29 3 0.83 0.25 3
MEXICO MEX 0.08 0.13 17 0.05 0.12 16 0.09 0.14 16 0.17 0.16 13 0.31 0.17 12 0.25 0.17 10 0.28 0.17 10 0.19 0.20 8 -0.09 0.22 7 -0.16 0.22 6
MICRONESIA FSM 1.03 0.21 3 1.02 0.21 3 0.99 0.26 3 0.97 0.28 3 0.83 0.28 3 1.04 0.30 2 0.99 0.33 1 0.90 0.40 1 0.85 0.42 1 1.09 0.30 1
MOLDOVA MDA -0.27 0.13 13 -0.31 0.13 12 -0.46 0.17 11 -0.59 0.16 10 -0.61 0.16 9 -0.62 0.15 8 -0.53 0.16 7 0.02 0.22 5 0.03 0.23 5 -0.12 0.25 3
MONACO MCO 0.85 0.22 2 0.84 0.23 2 0.77 0.28 2 0.73 0.35 2 0.95 0.37 2 0.92 0.30 2 1.13 0.33 1 1.13 0.40 1 1.15 0.42 1 1.20 0.30 1
MONGOLIA MNG 0.24 0.14 12 0.23 0.14 11 0.06 0.17 10 0.04 0.19 9 0.22 0.20 7 0.33 0.19 6 0.33 0.19 6 0.37 0.25 4 0.51 0.26 4 0.46 0.26 3
MONTENEGRO MNP 0.25 0.14 11 0.27 0.14 9 0.05 0.20 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.70 0.11 15 -0.70 0.12 13 -0.61 0.13 14 -0.64 0.14 12 -0.55 0.16 10 -0.63 0.15 9 -0.37 0.17 8 -0.34 0.22 5 -0.22 0.23 5 -0.58 0.23 4
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.02 0.11 16 -0.05 0.11 15 -0.10 0.13 15 0.03 0.15 11 -0.03 0.16 11 -0.10 0.17 9 -0.20 0.17 8 -0.20 0.22 5 -0.12 0.23 5 0.01 0.23 4
MYANMAR MMR -2.24 0.14 8 -2.18 0.15 7 -2.23 0.18 8 -2.18 0.18 8 -2.14 0.18 8 -2.06 0.17 7 -2.01 0.17 7 -2.07 0.22 5 -1.95 0.23 5 -2.10 0.23 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.57 0.13 13 0.54 0.13 12 0.51 0.16 11 0.28 0.16 11 0.28 0.17 10 0.30 0.17 9 0.30 0.17 9 0.44 0.22 5 0.35 0.23 5 0.62 0.23 4
NAURU NRU 1.04 0.22 2 1.03 0.23 2 1.02 0.28 2 0.96 0.35 2 0.98 0.37 2 1.06 0.30 2 0.84 0.33 1 0.91 0.40 1 1.05 0.42 1 1.10 0.30 1
NEPAL NPL -0.79 0.13 13 -0.88 0.12 12 -1.16 0.14 12 -1.17 0.16 9 -1.02 0.17 8 -0.81 0.17 6 -0.81 0.20 5 -0.22 0.29 3 -0.23 0.29 3 -0.06 0.28 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.53 0.16 10 1.54 0.16 9 1.53 0.21 9 1.69 0.19 8 1.73 0.19 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.58 0.21 7 1.62 0.23 6 1.45 0.23 5
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.57 0.54 1 0.56 0.54 1 0.59 0.52 1 0.64 0.42 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.48 0.14 12 1.48 0.15 11 1.52 0.17 11 1.66 0.18 9 1.68 0.19 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 7 1.74 0.21 7 1.61 0.23 6 1.59 0.23 5
NICARAGUA NIC -0.14 0.12 16 -0.06 0.12 15 -0.11 0.13 15 -0.21 0.15 13 0.00 0.15 12 0.00 0.15 10 -0.10 0.17 8 -0.21 0.20 7 0.03 0.22 6 0.17 0.22 5
NIGER NER -0.41 0.13 13 -0.41 0.13 11 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.22 0.20 7 -0.22 0.20 7 -0.38 0.19 6 -0.33 0.19 6 -0.29 0.25 4 -1.54 0.26 4 -1.00 0.26 3
NIGERIA NGA -0.60 0.11 17 -0.59 0.11 16 -0.38 0.13 15 -0.76 0.15 12 -0.69 0.16 11 -0.70 0.15 10 -0.78 0.17 9 -0.72 0.22 6 -1.19 0.23 5 -1.80 0.23 4
81

TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NORWAY NOR 1.53 0.14 12 1.53 0.15 11 1.49 0.17 11 1.65 0.18 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.56 0.21 7 1.53 0.23 6 1.51 0.23 5
OMAN OMN -1.07 0.14 10 -1.06 0.14 8 -0.83 0.21 6 -0.73 0.18 6 -0.63 0.20 5 -0.92 0.20 6 -0.74 0.21 6 -0.66 0.22 5 -0.65 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 4
PAKISTAN PAK -1.01 0.12 15 -1.06 0.12 14 -0.98 0.13 14 -1.05 0.15 11 -1.20 0.16 10 -1.23 0.15 9 -1.19 0.17 7 -1.36 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.71 0.23 4
PALAU PCI 1.24 0.22 2 1.23 0.23 2 1.22 0.28 2 1.17 0.35 2 1.18 0.37 2 1.25 0.30 2 1.13 0.33 1 1.13 0.40 1 1.15 0.42 1 1.20 0.30 1
PANAMA PAN 0.59 0.14 13 0.56 0.14 12 0.51 0.17 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.50 0.17 11 0.50 0.19 8 0.57 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 7 0.51 0.22 6 0.24 0.22 5
PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG 0.09 0.14 9 0.13 0.14 8 0.08 0.18 7 -0.19 0.17 7 -0.33 0.18 7 -0.06 0.18 6 -0.09 0.18 6 -0.01 0.22 5 0.07 0.23 5 0.44 0.23 4
PARAGUAY PRY -0.33 0.13 14 -0.35 0.13 13 -0.45 0.14 13 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.47 0.16 11 -0.38 0.17 9 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.61 0.20 7 -0.45 0.22 6 0.06 0.22 5
PERU PER 0.02 0.12 18 0.03 0.11 16 0.06 0.13 15 0.03 0.15 12 -0.11 0.16 11 0.04 0.17 9 0.15 0.17 9 -0.16 0.20 7 -0.57 0.22 6 -0.27 0.22 5
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.20 0.12 16 -0.16 0.12 15 -0.08 0.13 15 0.03 0.15 12 0.03 0.16 11 0.06 0.17 9 0.14 0.17 9 0.18 0.21 7 0.39 0.23 6 0.17 0.23 5
POLAND POL 0.86 0.13 14 0.80 0.13 12 0.75 0.15 12 0.96 0.16 10 1.02 0.17 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.08 0.17 9 1.04 0.21 7 1.05 0.23 6 0.98 0.23 5
PORTUGAL PRT 1.19 0.15 11 1.24 0.15 10 1.32 0.18 10 1.43 0.19 8 1.48 0.19 8 1.38 0.20 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.33 0.21 7 1.46 0.23 6 1.27 0.23 5
PUERTO RICO PRI 1.31 0.23 4 1.29 0.23 4 1.25 0.28 3 1.10 0.30 2 0.93 0.30 2 1.06 0.29 2 1.07 0.29 2 0.87 0.48 1 0.88 0.47 1 .. .. ..
QATAR QAT -0.77 0.14 10 -0.73 0.14 9 -0.59 0.16 9 -0.40 0.16 9 -0.47 0.18 7 -0.67 0.17 7 -0.62 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 4 -0.75 0.24 4 -0.94 0.25 3
REUNION REU 1.22 0.54 1 1.22 0.54 1 1.29 0.52 1 1.37 0.42 1 1.15 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.48 0.12 15 0.49 0.12 14 0.55 0.14 14 0.36 0.15 12 0.37 0.16 11 0.34 0.15 10 0.46 0.15 9 0.40 0.22 6 0.36 0.23 5 0.18 0.23 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.97 0.11 16 -0.98 0.11 15 -0.92 0.13 15 -0.65 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.57 0.15 10 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.46 0.21 7 -0.58 0.23 6 -0.43 0.23 5
RWANDA RWA -1.24 0.13 12 -1.25 0.13 10 -1.27 0.16 9 -1.30 0.19 7 -1.37 0.19 7 -1.26 0.20 5 -1.49 0.20 5 -1.50 0.29 3 -1.34 0.29 3 -1.33 0.28 2
SAMOA SAM 0.63 0.20 4 0.63 0.21 3 0.65 0.26 3 0.59 0.28 3 0.57 0.28 3 0.70 0.26 3 0.68 0.29 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.52 0.33 2 0.71 0.30 1
SAN MARINO SMR 1.12 0.22 2 1.11 0.23 2 1.17 0.28 2 1.13 0.35 2 1.14 0.37 2 1.21 0.30 2 1.27 0.33 1 1.41 0.40 1 1.43 0.42 1 1.49 0.30 1
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.24 0.17 5 0.36 0.18 4 0.50 0.25 5 0.09 0.27 4 0.09 0.27 4 0.41 0.26 3 0.59 0.29 2 0.36 0.32 2 0.27 0.33 2 0.51 0.30 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.74 0.13 13 -1.62 0.13 10 -1.62 0.16 10 -1.32 0.16 8 -1.41 0.18 7 -1.63 0.17 7 -1.64 0.17 8 -1.49 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.62 0.23 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.16 0.12 16 -0.08 0.12 14 0.14 0.14 13 0.07 0.17 9 0.09 0.18 9 0.12 0.17 9 0.27 0.17 8 0.03 0.22 5 -0.07 0.23 5 -0.10 0.23 4
SERBIA YUG 0.19 0.13 13 0.25 0.13 11 0.15 0.16 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.10 0.16 9 -0.03 0.15 9 -0.12 0.16 8 -0.72 0.22 5 -1.14 0.23 5 -1.38 0.23 4
SEYCHELLES SYC -0.04 0.17 5 -0.05 0.17 5 -0.12 0.24 5 0.16 0.21 6 0.38 0.21 6 -0.08 0.25 4 0.11 0.27 3 0.00 0.32 2 0.02 0.33 2 0.04 0.30 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.28 0.12 13 -0.39 0.12 12 -0.46 0.14 12 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.43 0.18 8 -0.64 0.16 7 -0.73 0.19 6 -1.57 0.26 3 -1.47 0.28 3 -0.94 0.26 3
SINGAPORE SGP -0.41 0.13 12 -0.45 0.14 11 -0.48 0.16 11 0.04 0.17 9 0.02 0.17 9 -0.01 0.17 9 0.07 0.17 8 0.25 0.21 7 0.27 0.23 6 -0.21 0.23 5
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.89 0.14 11 0.93 0.14 10 1.03 0.18 10 0.92 0.17 9 0.96 0.17 9 1.04 0.17 9 0.99 0.17 8 0.79 0.21 7 0.71 0.23 5 0.25 0.23 4
SLOVENIA SVN 1.02 0.14 12 1.07 0.14 11 1.08 0.17 11 1.06 0.16 10 1.10 0.17 9 1.16 0.17 9 1.12 0.17 9 1.05 0.21 7 1.20 0.23 5 1.10 0.25 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.19 0.20 5 0.13 0.21 4 0.20 0.26 3 0.08 0.28 3 -0.20 0.28 3 0.35 0.30 2 0.42 0.33 1 0.20 0.40 1 1.02 0.42 1 1.10 0.30 1
SOMALIA SOM -1.85 0.16 7 -1.88 0.16 6 -1.82 0.18 6 -1.89 0.20 7 -1.76 0.20 7 -1.56 0.19 6 -1.47 0.19 5 -1.86 0.26 3 -2.03 0.28 3 -1.91 0.28 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.68 0.12 16 0.71 0.12 15 0.83 0.14 15 0.75 0.16 12 0.75 0.17 11 0.78 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.75 0.21 7 0.85 0.23 6 0.89 0.23 5
SPAIN ESP 1.12 0.14 12 1.10 0.14 11 1.06 0.18 10 1.11 0.19 8 1.30 0.19 8 1.24 0.20 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.26 0.21 7 1.29 0.23 6 1.15 0.23 5
SRI LANKA LKA -0.44 0.12 15 -0.42 0.12 14 -0.25 0.13 13 -0.21 0.15 11 -0.16 0.16 10 -0.14 0.15 9 -0.14 0.17 8 -0.29 0.22 6 -0.15 0.23 5 -0.24 0.23 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.12 0.21 3 1.11 0.21 3 1.10 0.26 3 1.09 0.27 4 0.46 0.27 4 0.81 0.30 2 0.97 0.33 1 0.96 0.40 1 0.98 0.42 1 1.03 0.30 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.24 0.21 3 1.22 0.21 3 1.23 0.26 3 1.17 0.27 4 0.68 0.27 4 1.13 0.30 2 1.15 0.33 1 1.05 0.40 1 1.07 0.42 1 1.12 0.30 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.11 0.21 3 1.10 0.21 3 1.04 0.26 3 1.06 0.27 4 0.74 0.27 4 1.09 0.30 2 0.99 0.33 1 1.00 0.40 1 1.02 0.42 1 1.07 0.30 1
SUDAN SDN -1.77 0.13 13 -1.68 0.13 11 -1.73 0.17 9 -1.70 0.18 8 -1.66 0.18 8 -1.55 0.17 7 -1.52 0.17 7 -1.71 0.22 5 -1.75 0.23 5 -1.95 0.23 4
SURINAME SUR 0.57 0.16 8 0.51 0.17 6 0.11 0.22 7 0.10 0.25 5 0.13 0.24 5 0.38 0.24 4 0.35 0.25 3 0.19 0.26 3 -0.22 0.28 3 0.21 0.28 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -1.20 0.15 8 -1.24 0.15 7 -1.20 0.18 7 -1.35 0.22 6 -1.31 0.22 6 -1.39 0.25 4 -1.25 0.25 4 -1.39 0.29 3 -1.23 0.29 3 -1.08 0.28 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.53 0.14 12 1.49 0.15 11 1.39 0.17 11 1.58 0.18 9 1.76 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.61 0.21 7 1.58 0.23 6 1.42 0.23 5
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.45 0.16 10 1.51 0.16 9 1.50 0.21 9 1.60 0.19 8 1.71 0.19 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.42 0.20 8 1.45 0.21 7 1.44 0.23 6 1.39 0.23 5
SYRIA SYR -1.75 0.12 13 -1.77 0.12 12 -1.74 0.14 11 -1.51 0.15 10 -1.52 0.16 9 -1.57 0.17 7 -1.57 0.17 7 -1.53 0.22 5 -1.47 0.23 5 -1.61 0.23 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.70 0.14 11 0.72 0.14 11 0.66 0.16 11 0.93 0.17 9 0.86 0.17 9 0.97 0.17 9 0.93 0.17 9 0.78 0.21 7 0.82 0.23 6 0.59 0.23 5
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -1.32 0.12 12 -1.29 0.12 11 -1.28 0.14 12 -1.16 0.17 9 -1.30 0.17 8 -1.20 0.17 6 -1.25 0.17 6 -1.42 0.29 3 -1.71 0.29 3 -1.74 0.28 2
TANZANIA TZA -0.09 0.13 15 -0.13 0.13 14 -0.14 0.16 13 -0.28 0.16 11 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.41 0.17 9 -0.33 0.17 8 -0.42 0.22 5 -0.55 0.23 5 -0.65 0.23 4
THAILAND THA -0.56 0.12 15 -0.61 0.12 13 -0.55 0.14 13 0.03 0.16 11 0.12 0.16 11 0.26 0.17 9 0.34 0.17 9 0.51 0.21 7 0.40 0.23 6 0.29 0.23 5
TIMOR-LESTE TMP 0.15 0.14 9 0.07 0.14 8 -0.36 0.18 8 -0.19 0.21 7 0.08 0.22 6 0.19 0.19 5 0.28 0.29 2 0.07 0.40 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.13 0.14 10 -1.22 0.14 9 -1.35 0.18 9 -1.43 0.20 7 -1.31 0.20 7 -1.41 0.19 6 -1.46 0.19 6 -1.26 0.25 4 -1.18 0.26 4 -1.04 0.26 3
TONGA TON -0.08 0.19 5 -0.12 0.20 4 -0.03 0.24 4 -0.09 0.26 4 -0.26 0.27 4 -0.16 0.30 2 0.01 0.33 1 -0.04 0.40 1 -0.07 0.42 1 -0.09 0.30 1
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.53 0.16 9 0.61 0.16 8 0.65 0.21 8 0.60 0.19 8 0.59 0.19 8 0.61 0.20 7 0.53 0.21 6 0.53 0.22 6 0.81 0.23 5 0.81 0.23 4
TUNISIA TUN -1.26 0.12 14 -1.27 0.12 12 -1.18 0.13 12 -0.99 0.15 11 -0.81 0.16 10 -0.93 0.17 8 -0.96 0.17 8 -0.71 0.22 5 -0.76 0.23 5 -0.86 0.23 4
TURKEY TUR -0.19 0.12 16 -0.20 0.12 14 -0.12 0.13 14 -0.05 0.15 12 -0.06 0.16 11 -0.13 0.17 9 -0.28 0.17 9 -0.48 0.21 7 -0.68 0.23 6 -0.44 0.23 5
TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.06 0.14 8 -2.11 0.15 7 -1.95 0.20 6 -1.99 0.19 6 -2.00 0.22 5 -1.86 0.20 5 -1.93 0.20 5 -1.67 0.29 3 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.81 0.28 2
TUVALU TUV 0.79 0.21 3 0.78 0.21 3 0.75 0.26 3 0.64 0.28 3 0.56 0.28 3 1.04 0.30 2 1.15 0.33 1 1.41 0.40 1 1.43 0.42 1 1.49 0.30 1
UGANDA UGA -0.47 0.11 17 -0.48 0.11 16 -0.42 0.12 16 -0.53 0.15 12 -0.66 0.16 11 -0.74 0.15 10 -0.98 0.17 8 -1.11 0.22 5 -0.89 0.23 5 -0.50 0.23 4
UKRAINE UKR -0.03 0.11 16 -0.06 0.11 14 -0.10 0.13 12 -0.42 0.15 10 -0.63 0.15 10 -0.71 0.14 10 -0.58 0.15 9 -0.57 0.22 6 -0.32 0.23 5 -0.30 0.25 3
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.98 0.14 10 -1.00 0.14 9 -0.86 0.17 9 -0.68 0.16 9 -0.78 0.17 8 -0.82 0.20 6 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.58 0.22 5 -0.56 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 4
UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.33 0.14 12 1.33 0.15 11 1.43 0.17 11 1.47 0.18 9 1.60 0.19 8 1.29 0.20 8 1.27 0.20 8 1.36 0.21 7 1.30 0.23 6 1.02 0.23 5
UNITED STATES USA 1.12 0.14 14 1.09 0.14 13 1.10 0.16 12 1.33 0.19 8 1.34 0.19 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.33 0.20 8 1.37 0.21 7 1.37 0.23 6 1.29 0.23 5
URUGUAY URY 1.02 0.14 12 0.97 0.14 11 0.97 0.18 10 0.88 0.17 10 0.85 0.17 10 1.02 0.17 9 1.00 0.17 9 0.92 0.20 7 0.88 0.22 6 0.94 0.22 5
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.90 0.12 10 -1.91 0.12 10 -1.90 0.14 9 -1.82 0.15 8 -1.74 0.15 8 -1.76 0.14 8 -1.66 0.16 7 -1.64 0.28 3 -1.56 0.29 3 -1.52 0.25 3
VANUATU VUT 0.62 0.20 4 0.51 0.19 4 0.61 0.26 3 0.36 0.28 3 0.35 0.28 3 0.86 0.30 2 0.92 0.33 1 0.50 0.40 1 0.44 0.42 1 0.47 0.30 1
VENEZUELA VEN -0.62 0.12 17 -0.60 0.12 15 -0.45 0.14 14 -0.61 0.16 12 -0.59 0.15 12 -0.53 0.15 11 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.13 0.20 8 0.00 0.22 7 0.08 0.22 6
VIETNAM VNM -1.62 0.12 15 -1.60 0.12 14 -1.59 0.13 14 -1.43 0.15 11 -1.39 0.16 10 -1.54 0.15 9 -1.50 0.17 8 -1.27 0.22 6 -1.36 0.23 5 -1.50 0.23 4
VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.79 0.54 1 0.78 0.54 1 0.83 0.52 1 1.13 0.42 1 0.72 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
WEST BANK GAZA WBG -0.94 0.16 7 -0.87 0.17 6 -1.09 0.23 6 -0.75 0.22 5 -1.02 0.28 4 -1.29 0.27 3 -1.21 0.27 3 -1.09 0.32 2 -0.99 0.33 2 -0.70 0.30 1
YEMEN YEM -1.18 0.11 15 -1.08 0.11 13 -1.03 0.13 13 -0.99 0.15 10 -0.89 0.16 9 -1.05 0.15 8 -1.20 0.17 7 -0.92 0.22 5 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.94 0.23 4
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.09 0.12 15 -0.23 0.12 14 -0.31 0.14 14 -0.48 0.15 11 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.36 0.17 8 -0.41 0.22 5 -0.49 0.23 5 -0.49 0.23 4
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.52 0.12 15 -1.54 0.11 15 -1.45 0.13 15 -1.64 0.15 11 -1.53 0.16 10 -1.42 0.15 9 -1.47 0.17 8 -1.15 0.22 6 -0.81 0.23 5 -0.63 0.23 4
82

TABLE C2: Political Stability & Absence of Violence/Terrorism
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.64 0.27 5 -2.35 0.28 4 -2.27 0.26 5 -2.01 0.26 5 -2.12 0.26 5 -2.00 0.32 3 -1.93 0.32 3 -2.72 0.32 3 -2.55 0.41 2 -2.03 0.53 1
ALBANIA ALB 0.01 0.23 8 -0.22 0.24 7 -0.41 0.24 7 -0.61 0.26 6 -0.81 0.28 5 -0.43 0.30 4 -0.60 0.30 4 -0.95 0.30 4 -0.86 0.28 4 -0.12 0.39 3
ALGERIA DZA -1.15 0.20 11 -1.12 0.20 11 -1.02 0.20 11 -1.13 0.21 10 -1.43 0.22 10 -1.77 0.21 9 -1.73 0.21 8 -1.78 0.24 7 -2.14 0.22 7 -2.40 0.29 6
ANDORRA ADO 1.40 0.37 2 1.38 0.38 2 1.39 0.40 2 1.40 0.41 2 1.42 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.50 1 1.13 0.51 1 1.12 0.53 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -0.43 0.22 9 -0.47 0.21 9 -0.49 0.21 10 -0.78 0.22 9 -0.95 0.22 10 -1.10 0.23 8 -1.42 0.23 7 -2.31 0.25 6 -2.16 0.24 6 -2.25 0.32 5
ANGUILLA AIA 1.19 0.36 2 1.21 0.37 2 1.20 0.38 2 1.30 0.39 2 0.79 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.85 0.32 3 0.83 0.33 3 0.83 0.34 3 0.84 0.34 3 1.21 0.34 3 0.83 0.38 2 0.71 0.50 1 0.66 0.51 1 0.65 0.53 1 .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.04 0.20 11 0.18 0.20 11 0.06 0.20 11 -0.09 0.21 10 -0.28 0.22 10 -0.27 0.23 9 -1.04 0.22 9 0.04 0.23 7 0.10 0.24 6 0.15 0.32 5
ARMENIA ARM 0.01 0.23 8 -0.08 0.22 8 -0.28 0.23 8 -0.21 0.25 7 -0.56 0.26 6 -0.31 0.28 5 -0.81 0.29 5 -1.23 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 0.26 0.42 2
ARUBA ABW 1.38 0.36 2 1.38 0.37 2 1.38 0.38 2 1.46 0.39 2 0.99 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.08 0.21 10 0.90 0.21 10 0.90 0.21 10 0.90 0.21 10 0.93 0.22 10 0.88 0.23 9 1.20 0.23 8 1.29 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.21 0.32 5
AUSTRIA AUT 1.30 0.21 10 1.23 0.21 10 1.03 0.21 10 1.06 0.21 10 1.01 0.22 10 0.99 0.23 9 1.31 0.23 8 1.27 0.23 7 1.32 0.24 6 1.31 0.32 5
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.48 0.22 9 -0.69 0.22 9 -0.92 0.22 9 -1.17 0.22 9 -1.26 0.23 8 -1.30 0.24 7 -1.13 0.23 7 -0.80 0.25 6 -0.67 0.24 6 -0.78 0.33 4
BAHAMAS BHS 0.74 0.30 4 0.70 0.30 4 0.88 0.32 4 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.33 4 0.80 0.36 3 0.87 0.38 3 1.10 0.38 3 0.85 0.31 3 1.01 0.48 2
BAHRAIN BHR -0.18 0.22 9 -0.26 0.22 9 -0.32 0.22 9 -0.25 0.22 9 0.01 0.22 9 0.18 0.24 7 0.23 0.23 7 0.11 0.25 6 -0.05 0.24 6 -0.52 0.32 5
BANGLADESH BGD -1.54 0.21 10 -1.40 0.20 10 -1.39 0.21 10 -1.61 0.22 9 -1.14 0.22 9 -1.08 0.23 8 -0.85 0.23 8 -0.60 0.25 6 -0.52 0.24 6 -0.80 0.32 5
BARBADOS BRB 1.09 0.31 4 1.27 0.29 5 1.07 0.30 5 1.24 0.31 4 1.25 0.31 4 1.04 0.35 3 1.03 0.42 2 0.98 0.42 2 0.98 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
BELARUS BLR 0.45 0.23 7 0.22 0.23 7 0.13 0.24 7 0.08 0.26 6 -0.20 0.26 6 0.15 0.28 5 -0.01 0.30 4 -0.12 0.30 4 -0.11 0.28 4 -0.10 0.42 2
BELGIUM BEL 0.61 0.21 10 0.78 0.21 10 0.79 0.21 10 0.79 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 1.07 0.23 9 1.20 0.22 9 1.02 0.23 7 1.05 0.24 6 1.06 0.32 5
BELIZE BLZ 0.25 0.27 5 0.23 0.26 5 0.16 0.27 5 0.25 0.31 4 0.76 0.31 4 0.68 0.35 3 0.32 0.42 2 0.29 0.42 2 0.56 0.41 2 0.75 0.53 1
BENIN BEN 0.35 0.23 8 0.35 0.22 8 0.34 0.23 8 0.31 0.29 6 0.00 0.30 5 0.36 0.35 3 0.71 0.42 2 0.67 0.42 2 0.62 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
BERMUDA BMU 0.83 0.36 2 0.79 0.37 2 0.81 0.38 2 0.83 0.39 2 0.89 0.39 2 0.80 0.48 1 0.71 0.50 1 0.66 0.51 1 0.65 0.53 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.89 0.30 4 0.69 0.30 4 1.29 0.31 4 1.14 0.31 4 0.86 0.31 4 0.78 0.35 3 0.63 0.42 2 0.48 0.42 2 0.45 0.41 2 0.81 0.53 1
BOLIVIA BOL -1.02 0.21 10 -0.99 0.20 10 -0.94 0.21 10 -1.13 0.22 9 -0.67 0.22 9 -0.65 0.23 8 -0.17 0.23 8 -0.22 0.25 6 -0.23 0.24 6 -0.18 0.32 5
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.57 0.24 7 -0.59 0.23 7 -0.54 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.52 0.24 7 -0.70 0.26 5 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.61 0.34 3 -0.59 0.34 3 -0.45 0.42 2
BOTSWANA BWA 0.96 0.21 10 0.92 0.20 10 0.95 0.21 10 1.02 0.22 9 0.96 0.25 8 0.99 0.22 8 0.77 0.21 8 0.94 0.26 6 0.82 0.23 6 0.82 0.31 5
BRAZIL BRA -0.12 0.20 11 -0.17 0.20 11 -0.13 0.20 11 -0.08 0.21 10 -0.08 0.22 10 0.06 0.23 9 -0.16 0.22 9 0.11 0.23 7 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.51 0.32 5
BRUNEI BRN 1.22 0.29 5 1.23 0.35 3 1.23 0.36 3 1.27 0.38 3 1.36 0.38 3 1.08 0.36 3 1.00 0.38 3 1.22 0.38 3 1.20 0.31 3 1.11 0.48 2
BULGARIA BGR 0.39 0.20 11 0.39 0.20 11 0.38 0.20 11 0.17 0.22 9 0.06 0.22 9 0.31 0.23 8 0.43 0.23 8 0.41 0.25 6 0.49 0.24 6 -0.37 0.32 5
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.11 0.21 10 0.04 0.20 10 -0.11 0.21 10 -0.11 0.29 6 -0.18 0.29 6 -0.18 0.28 5 -0.44 0.29 4 -0.16 0.36 4 -0.14 0.28 4 0.10 0.40 3
BURUNDI BDI -1.43 0.23 8 -1.32 0.23 7 -1.37 0.24 7 -1.41 0.31 4 -2.35 0.31 4 -2.08 0.35 3 -2.40 0.42 2 -2.21 0.42 2 -2.41 0.41 2 -1.96 0.53 1
CAMBODIA KHM -0.27 0.22 8 -0.52 0.23 7 -0.42 0.24 7 -0.50 0.26 6 -0.47 0.27 5 -0.74 0.29 4 -0.72 0.30 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -1.15 0.34 3 -1.37 0.42 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.53 0.20 11 -0.33 0.20 11 -0.41 0.20 11 -0.48 0.21 10 -0.67 0.22 9 -0.66 0.21 9 -0.73 0.21 8 -0.68 0.24 7 -0.83 0.22 7 -1.44 0.29 6
CANADA CAN 1.03 0.20 11 1.02 0.20 11 1.03 0.20 11 0.96 0.21 10 1.01 0.22 10 1.21 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.14 0.23 7 1.14 0.24 6 1.04 0.32 5
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.85 0.30 4 0.90 0.29 4 1.00 0.31 3 0.72 0.41 2 1.10 0.41 2 0.97 0.38 2 0.65 0.42 2 1.07 0.60 1 1.04 0.55 1 1.02 0.53 1
CHAD TCD -1.92 0.23 8 -1.89 0.22 8 -1.90 0.23 8 -1.34 0.29 6 -1.23 0.29 6 -1.47 0.28 5 -1.59 0.29 4 -1.38 0.40 3 -1.03 0.33 3 -0.62 0.43 2
CHILE CHL 0.56 0.20 11 0.59 0.20 11 0.70 0.20 11 0.94 0.21 10 0.83 0.22 10 0.91 0.23 9 0.97 0.22 9 0.64 0.23 7 0.14 0.24 6 0.56 0.32 5
CHINA CHN -0.32 0.20 11 -0.28 0.20 11 -0.31 0.20 11 -0.25 0.21 10 -0.14 0.22 10 -0.32 0.23 9 -0.18 0.22 9 -0.11 0.23 7 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.25 0.32 5
COLOMBIA COL -1.66 0.20 11 -1.57 0.20 11 -1.61 0.20 11 -1.75 0.21 10 -1.92 0.22 10 -2.14 0.23 9 -2.02 0.22 9 -1.85 0.23 7 -1.62 0.24 6 -1.29 0.32 5
COMOROS COM -1.01 0.37 2 -0.99 0.38 2 -0.17 0.40 2 -0.17 0.41 2 0.03 0.41 2 -0.55 0.38 2 0.33 0.42 2 -0.19 0.42 2 0.43 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
CONGO COG -0.61 0.22 9 -0.94 0.21 9 -1.12 0.22 9 -1.43 0.22 9 -1.34 0.27 7 -1.50 0.30 5 -1.98 0.31 5 -1.86 0.33 4 -2.37 0.29 4 -1.43 0.42 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -2.34 0.23 8 -2.45 0.23 8 -2.64 0.24 8 -2.53 0.22 9 -2.46 0.22 9 -2.44 0.27 6 -2.47 0.27 6 -2.79 0.27 5 -3.07 0.26 5 -2.13 0.36 4
COSTA RICA CRI 0.56 0.22 9 0.75 0.22 9 0.85 0.22 9 0.83 0.22 9 0.82 0.22 9 0.84 0.23 8 0.96 0.23 8 0.77 0.25 6 0.67 0.24 6 0.76 0.32 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.91 0.21 10 -2.12 0.20 9 -2.18 0.21 9 -2.46 0.23 8 -2.19 0.23 8 -1.87 0.23 7 -1.76 0.22 7 -0.89 0.26 6 -0.23 0.23 6 -0.17 0.31 5
CROATIA HRV 0.57 0.21 10 0.50 0.21 10 0.41 0.21 10 0.26 0.22 9 0.31 0.22 9 0.26 0.23 8 0.29 0.23 8 0.18 0.25 6 0.04 0.24 6 -0.36 0.33 4
CUBA CUB 0.04 0.22 8 0.04 0.21 8 0.15 0.22 8 -0.07 0.24 7 0.07 0.24 7 -0.08 0.25 6 -0.06 0.25 6 -0.31 0.26 5 -0.19 0.25 5 -0.33 0.34 4
CYPRUS CYP 0.52 0.22 9 0.52 0.23 8 0.50 0.23 8 0.38 0.23 8 0.38 0.23 8 0.39 0.25 6 0.23 0.24 6 0.42 0.25 6 0.26 0.24 6 0.45 0.32 5
DENMARK DNK 1.00 0.21 10 0.94 0.21 10 0.86 0.21 10 1.00 0.21 10 1.06 0.22 10 1.22 0.23 9 1.30 0.23 8 1.25 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.16 0.32 5
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.13 0.28 5 -0.03 0.33 3 -0.21 0.34 3 -0.63 0.41 2 -0.24 0.41 2 -0.90 0.38 2 -0.40 0.42 2 -0.50 0.42 2 -1.07 0.41 2 0.21 0.53 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.97 0.30 4 0.86 0.33 3 0.99 0.34 3 0.90 0.34 3 1.11 0.34 3 0.67 0.38 2 0.46 0.50 1 0.43 0.51 1 0.65 0.53 1 .. .. ..
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.10 0.22 9 0.12 0.21 9 0.11 0.21 9 0.02 0.23 8 0.01 0.23 8 -0.13 0.24 7 0.22 0.24 7 0.10 0.26 5 -0.35 0.28 4 -0.43 0.39 3
ECUADOR ECU -0.83 0.22 9 -0.91 0.22 9 -0.90 0.22 9 -0.84 0.22 9 -0.83 0.22 9 -0.91 0.23 8 -0.81 0.23 8 -0.96 0.25 6 -0.41 0.24 6 -0.90 0.32 5
EGYPT EGY -0.67 0.20 11 -0.65 0.20 11 -0.86 0.20 11 -0.91 0.21 10 -0.87 0.22 10 -0.77 0.21 9 -0.67 0.21 8 -0.29 0.24 7 -0.27 0.22 7 -0.92 0.29 6
EL SALVADOR SLV 0.09 0.23 8 0.01 0.23 8 -0.14 0.24 8 -0.07 0.24 8 -0.10 0.24 8 -0.16 0.26 7 0.14 0.25 7 0.12 0.28 5 -0.26 0.26 5 -0.40 0.36 4
ERITREA ERI -0.84 0.27 5 -1.03 0.26 5 -0.91 0.27 5 -0.76 0.31 4 -0.63 0.31 4 -0.74 0.35 3 -0.43 0.42 2 -1.26 0.42 2 -1.44 0.41 2 0.27 0.53 1
ESTONIA EST 0.57 0.20 11 0.60 0.20 11 0.76 0.20 11 0.64 0.21 10 0.82 0.22 10 0.98 0.23 9 0.89 0.22 9 0.70 0.23 7 0.56 0.24 6 0.49 0.33 4
ETHIOPIA ETH -1.79 0.22 9 -1.73 0.22 9 -1.62 0.22 9 -1.52 0.25 8 -1.19 0.25 8 -1.38 0.24 7 -1.34 0.24 6 -1.22 0.30 5 -0.75 0.25 5 -1.00 0.35 4
FIJI FJI -0.05 0.30 4 0.04 0.33 3 -0.06 0.34 3 0.37 0.34 3 0.29 0.34 3 0.43 0.38 2 0.36 0.42 2 -0.03 0.42 2 0.84 0.41 2 0.75 0.53 1
FINLAND FIN 1.36 0.21 10 1.43 0.21 10 1.47 0.21 10 1.56 0.21 10 1.60 0.22 10 1.66 0.23 9 1.62 0.22 9 1.46 0.23 7 1.32 0.24 6 1.30 0.32 5
FRANCE FRA 0.58 0.20 11 0.54 0.20 11 0.51 0.20 11 0.47 0.21 10 0.55 0.22 10 0.58 0.23 9 0.97 0.22 9 0.92 0.23 7 0.85 0.24 6 1.01 0.32 5
FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.08 0.36 2 0.03 0.37 2 0.06 0.38 2 0.23 0.50 1 0.20 0.50 1 0.27 0.48 1 0.22 0.50 1 -0.04 0.51 1 -0.04 0.53 1 .. .. ..
GABON GAB 0.23 0.21 9 0.15 0.20 9 0.09 0.21 9 0.14 0.23 8 0.13 0.23 8 0.23 0.23 7 0.00 0.22 7 0.31 0.26 6 -0.08 0.25 5 -0.58 0.35 4
GAMBIA GMB 0.14 0.25 7 -0.03 0.28 5 -0.04 0.28 5 0.25 0.35 4 0.26 0.37 4 0.39 0.34 4 0.68 0.38 3 0.47 0.38 3 0.62 0.31 3 0.05 0.48 2
GEORGIA GEO -1.00 0.24 7 -0.70 0.23 7 -0.88 0.24 7 -0.68 0.26 6 -1.04 0.27 6 -1.61 0.30 4 -1.47 0.30 4 -1.44 0.32 3 -1.60 0.34 3 -0.93 0.42 2
GERMANY DEU 1.08 0.20 11 0.98 0.20 11 0.92 0.20 11 0.84 0.21 10 0.72 0.22 10 0.74 0.23 9 1.08 0.22 9 1.26 0.23 7 1.27 0.24 6 1.24 0.32 5
83

TABLE C2: Political Stability & Absence of Violence/Terrorism (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GHANA GHA 0.06 0.20 11 0.23 0.20 10 0.26 0.20 10 0.27 0.21 10 -0.03 0.22 10 -0.05 0.21 9 -0.15 0.21 8 -0.20 0.24 7 -0.21 0.22 7 -0.18 0.29 6
GREECE GRC 0.32 0.20 11 0.50 0.20 11 0.53 0.20 11 0.48 0.21 10 0.44 0.22 10 0.64 0.23 9 0.72 0.22 9 0.63 0.23 7 0.26 0.24 6 0.40 0.32 5
GRENADA GRD 0.67 0.30 4 0.44 0.33 3 0.45 0.34 3 0.44 0.34 3 0.93 0.34 3 0.95 0.38 2 0.85 0.42 2 0.83 0.42 2 0.84 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
GUAM GUM 0.47 0.43 1 0.45 0.45 1 0.74 0.46 1 0.75 0.50 1 0.64 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.58 0.21 10 -0.72 0.20 10 -0.69 0.21 10 -0.84 0.24 8 -0.74 0.24 8 -0.80 0.26 7 -0.78 0.25 7 -0.57 0.28 5 -0.72 0.26 5 -1.38 0.36 4
GUINEA GIN -1.91 0.23 8 -2.12 0.23 7 -1.74 0.24 7 -1.11 0.30 5 -0.88 0.30 5 -0.60 0.33 4 -1.30 0.35 4 -1.79 0.38 3 -0.57 0.31 3 -1.45 0.48 2
GUYANA GUY -0.56 0.25 7 -0.27 0.24 7 -0.59 0.25 7 -0.23 0.28 6 -0.31 0.30 5 -0.33 0.33 4 -0.54 0.38 3 -0.56 0.38 3 -0.06 0.31 3 0.00 0.48 2
HAITI HTI -1.39 0.25 6 -1.33 0.25 6 -1.41 0.26 6 -1.81 0.30 5 -1.96 0.30 5 -0.99 0.31 5 -1.31 0.35 4 -0.82 0.38 3 -1.39 0.31 3 -0.44 0.48 2
HONDURAS HND -0.36 0.22 9 -0.43 0.22 9 -0.50 0.22 9 -0.63 0.24 8 -0.47 0.24 8 -0.48 0.26 7 -0.29 0.25 7 -0.25 0.28 5 -0.27 0.26 5 -0.54 0.36 4
HONG KONG HKG 1.09 0.22 9 1.06 0.21 10 1.12 0.21 10 1.14 0.22 9 1.03 0.23 9 0.83 0.24 8 0.83 0.23 8 0.90 0.24 6 0.75 0.26 5 0.37 0.37 4
HUNGARY HUN 0.59 0.20 11 0.63 0.20 11 0.83 0.20 11 0.88 0.21 10 0.84 0.22 10 1.02 0.23 9 1.03 0.22 9 0.72 0.23 7 0.99 0.24 6 0.66 0.32 5
ICELAND ISL 1.22 0.25 7 1.65 0.24 8 1.59 0.24 8 1.62 0.27 7 1.65 0.28 7 1.68 0.30 6 1.53 0.33 5 1.43 0.32 4 1.28 0.31 3 1.05 0.48 2
INDIA IND -0.99 0.20 11 -0.98 0.20 11 -0.90 0.20 11 -0.74 0.21 10 -0.90 0.22 10 -1.20 0.23 9 -0.98 0.22 9 -0.68 0.23 7 -0.87 0.24 6 -0.99 0.32 5
INDONESIA IDN -1.00 0.20 11 -1.08 0.20 11 -1.21 0.20 11 -1.25 0.21 10 -1.54 0.22 10 -1.99 0.23 9 -1.61 0.22 9 -1.69 0.23 7 -1.39 0.24 6 -0.85 0.32 5
IRAN IRN -1.06 0.21 9 -1.27 0.21 9 -1.30 0.21 9 -1.12 0.22 8 -1.05 0.23 8 -1.04 0.24 7 -0.79 0.23 7 -0.44 0.25 6 -0.46 0.24 6 -0.64 0.32 5
IRAQ IRQ -2.69 0.23 7 -2.81 0.23 7 -2.88 0.24 7 -2.81 0.24 7 -3.06 0.26 6 -2.34 0.25 6 -1.90 0.25 6 -1.72 0.26 5 -2.28 0.25 5 -2.80 0.34 4
IRELAND IRL 1.16 0.20 11 1.14 0.20 11 1.09 0.20 11 1.17 0.21 10 1.13 0.22 10 1.27 0.23 9 1.34 0.23 8 1.30 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.10 0.32 5
ISRAEL ISR -1.39 0.20 11 -1.29 0.20 11 -1.34 0.20 11 -1.15 0.21 10 -1.40 0.22 10 -1.54 0.23 9 -1.64 0.22 9 -0.91 0.23 7 -0.94 0.24 6 -0.73 0.32 5
ITALY ITA 0.41 0.20 11 0.39 0.20 11 0.42 0.20 11 0.34 0.21 10 0.33 0.22 10 0.52 0.23 9 0.73 0.22 9 0.73 0.23 7 0.80 0.24 6 0.66 0.32 5
JAMAICA JAM -0.27 0.25 7 -0.07 0.23 8 -0.27 0.24 8 -0.35 0.24 8 -0.31 0.24 8 -0.50 0.26 7 -0.44 0.25 7 -0.14 0.28 5 -0.26 0.26 5 0.04 0.36 4
JA PAN JPN 0.94 0.20 11 1.03 0.20 11 1.10 0.20 11 1.03 0.21 10 1.08 0.22 10 1.19 0.23 9 1.19 0.22 9 1.11 0.23 7 1.23 0.24 6 1.01 0.32 5
JORDAN JOR -0.32 0.20 11 -0.32 0.20 11 -0.65 0.20 11 -0.29 0.21 10 -0.38 0.22 10 -0.32 0.23 9 -0.47 0.23 8 -0.06 0.25 6 -0.21 0.24 6 0.08 0.32 5
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.51 0.21 10 0.34 0.20 10 0.15 0.21 10 0.01 0.22 9 -0.11 0.23 8 0.11 0.24 7 0.13 0.23 7 0.06 0.25 6 0.09 0.24 6 -0.42 0.33 4
KENYA KEN -1.25 0.20 11 -1.08 0.20 11 -0.95 0.20 11 -1.16 0.21 10 -1.02 0.22 10 -1.06 0.21 9 -1.09 0.21 8 -1.03 0.24 7 -1.04 0.22 7 -0.84 0.29 6
KIRIBATI KIR 1.40 0.37 2 1.38 0.38 2 1.39 0.40 2 1.40 0.41 2 1.20 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK 0.35 0.34 3 0.28 0.35 3 -0.23 0.29 4 -0.29 0.31 4 -0.17 0.32 4 -0.05 0.36 3 0.27 0.38 3 -0.08 0.38 3 -0.41 0.31 3 -1.69 0.48 2
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.41 0.20 11 0.45 0.20 11 0.41 0.20 11 0.56 0.21 10 0.49 0.22 10 0.33 0.23 9 0.31 0.22 9 0.17 0.23 7 0.14 0.24 6 0.26 0.32 5
KUWAIT KWT 0.45 0.22 9 0.41 0.21 9 0.24 0.21 9 0.06 0.23 8 0.06 0.24 7 -0.02 0.25 6 -0.03 0.25 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.35 0.25 5 0.04 0.34 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.68 0.23 8 -1.07 0.22 8 -1.20 0.23 8 -1.09 0.24 7 -1.10 0.25 6 -1.14 0.28 5 -1.03 0.28 5 -0.44 0.29 4 -0.11 0.31 4 0.32 0.38 3
LAOS LAO -0.01 0.24 6 -0.04 0.24 6 0.01 0.24 6 -0.28 0.27 5 -0.58 0.31 4 -1.05 0.35 3 -0.26 0.38 3 -0.73 0.42 2 -0.32 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
LATVIA LVA 0.40 0.22 9 0.63 0.22 9 0.76 0.22 9 0.76 0.22 9 0.78 0.22 9 1.01 0.23 8 0.81 0.23 8 0.45 0.25 6 -0.01 0.24 6 0.22 0.33 4
LEBANON LBN -1.94 0.21 9 -2.22 0.21 9 -2.06 0.21 9 -1.18 0.22 8 -0.98 0.23 8 -0.73 0.24 7 -0.72 0.23 7 -0.61 0.25 6 -0.88 0.24 6 -0.67 0.32 5
LESOTHO LSO -0.03 0.26 6 -0.02 0.25 6 0.15 0.25 6 0.29 0.30 4 0.43 0.30 4 0.22 0.30 4 0.02 0.32 3 0.00 0.42 2 -0.22 0.41 2 0.54 0.53 1
LIBERIA LBR -0.99 0.27 6 -1.33 0.28 5 -1.32 0.32 4 -1.41 0.32 4 -1.49 0.33 4 -2.22 0.36 3 -2.25 0.38 3 -2.07 0.38 3 -1.75 0.31 3 -2.63 0.48 2
LIBYA LBY 0.48 0.21 10 0.43 0.21 10 0.21 0.22 8 0.14 0.22 8 -0.02 0.24 7 -0.27 0.24 7 -0.38 0.23 7 -0.62 0.25 6 -1.13 0.24 6 -1.55 0.32 5
LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.40 0.37 2 1.38 0.38 2 1.39 0.40 2 1.40 0.41 2 1.52 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.50 1 1.13 0.51 1 1.12 0.53 1 .. .. ..
LITHUANIA LTU 0.73 0.20 11 0.74 0.20 11 0.80 0.21 10 0.79 0.22 9 0.82 0.22 9 1.04 0.23 8 0.86 0.23 8 0.44 0.25 6 0.31 0.24 6 0.17 0.33 4
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.52 0.24 8 1.57 0.24 8 1.50 0.24 8 1.46 0.27 7 1.46 0.28 7 1.66 0.30 6 1.68 0.32 5 1.56 0.32 4 1.43 0.31 3 1.06 0.48 2
MACAO MAC 0.46 0.36 2 0.38 0.37 2 0.99 0.38 2 1.27 0.50 1 1.33 0.50 1 1.06 0.48 1 0.46 0.50 1 0.43 0.51 1 0.19 0.53 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.31 0.24 7 -0.43 0.23 7 -0.66 0.24 7 -1.01 0.24 7 -1.04 0.24 7 -0.95 0.25 6 -0.98 0.27 4 -0.84 0.34 3 -0.94 0.34 3 0.05 0.42 2
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.42 0.21 10 -0.01 0.20 10 0.08 0.21 10 -0.08 0.27 7 0.10 0.28 7 0.43 0.31 5 -0.25 0.38 3 0.13 0.38 3 0.03 0.31 3 0.02 0.48 2
MALAWI MWI 0.05 0.22 9 -0.01 0.22 8 0.01 0.22 9 0.09 0.25 8 -0.10 0.26 7 -0.21 0.27 6 -0.17 0.28 5 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.16 0.28 4 -0.27 0.39 3
MALAYSIA MYS 0.13 0.20 11 0.23 0.20 11 0.34 0.20 11 0.47 0.21 10 0.29 0.22 10 0.33 0.23 9 0.42 0.22 9 0.28 0.23 7 0.13 0.24 6 0.67 0.32 5
MALDIVES MDV -0.10 0.30 4 0.10 0.33 3 0.73 0.34 3 0.79 0.34 3 0.56 0.34 3 0.93 0.38 2 1.00 0.42 2 1.11 0.42 2 1.04 0.41 2 0.21 0.53 1
MALI MLI -0.21 0.22 9 -0.10 0.22 9 -0.06 0.23 9 0.05 0.27 7 0.27 0.28 7 0.00 0.27 6 0.24 0.28 5 0.21 0.36 4 0.00 0.28 4 0.37 0.40 3
MALTA MLT 1.30 0.26 6 1.30 0.24 7 1.20 0.25 7 1.37 0.28 6 1.32 0.29 6 1.52 0.31 5 1.52 0.38 3 1.40 0.38 3 1.36 0.31 3 1.16 0.48 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.18 0.60 1 1.18 0.60 1 1.11 0.61 1 1.13 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.64 0.36 2 1.21 0.37 2 1.20 0.38 2 1.30 0.39 2 1.40 0.39 2 0.80 0.48 1 0.46 0.50 1 0.43 0.51 1 0.19 0.53 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.93 0.23 8 -0.38 0.24 7 -0.14 0.25 7 -0.49 0.31 4 -0.10 0.31 4 -0.13 0.35 3 0.17 0.42 2 0.10 0.42 2 0.21 0.41 2 0.54 0.53 1
MAURITIUS MUS 0.84 0.22 9 0.72 0.22 8 0.67 0.22 8 0.66 0.28 6 0.66 0.28 6 0.80 0.25 6 0.65 0.24 6 0.35 0.33 4 0.63 0.30 4 0.66 0.34 4
MEXICO MEX -0.62 0.20 11 -0.50 0.20 11 -0.48 0.20 11 -0.23 0.21 10 -0.04 0.22 10 -0.12 0.23 9 0.03 0.22 9 -0.10 0.23 7 -0.48 0.24 6 -0.87 0.32 5
MICRONESIA FSM 1.16 0.32 3 1.10 0.33 3 1.12 0.34 3 1.08 0.34 3 0.97 0.34 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.38 0.23 8 -0.23 0.22 8 -0.48 0.23 8 -0.61 0.25 7 -0.46 0.26 6 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.15 0.26 5 -0.23 0.26 5 0.13 0.25 5 -0.03 0.36 3
MONACO MCO 1.12 0.45 2 1.07 0.43 2 1.04 0.46 2 1.04 0.42 2 1.06 0.43 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG 0.35 0.24 7 0.65 0.25 7 0.73 0.26 7 0.93 0.28 6 0.73 0.30 5 0.93 0.33 4 1.06 0.38 3 0.80 0.38 3 0.39 0.31 3 0.58 0.48 2
MONTENEGRO MNP 0.59 0.26 6 -0.21 0.30 5 -0.38 0.36 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.47 0.20 11 -0.43 0.20 11 -0.26 0.20 11 -0.43 0.21 10 -0.39 0.22 10 -0.22 0.21 9 -0.24 0.20 9 -0.24 0.24 7 -0.02 0.22 7 -0.68 0.29 6
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.29 0.21 10 0.24 0.20 10 0.52 0.21 10 0.04 0.22 9 -0.10 0.23 9 0.04 0.22 8 0.29 0.24 6 -0.02 0.30 5 0.13 0.25 5 -0.63 0.35 4
MYANMAR MMR -1.56 0.23 7 -1.26 0.23 7 -0.82 0.24 7 -0.90 0.24 7 -0.95 0.24 7 -1.28 0.25 6 -1.33 0.25 6 -1.57 0.26 5 -1.29 0.25 5 -1.30 0.34 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.96 0.22 9 0.91 0.22 9 0.81 0.22 9 0.59 0.22 9 0.60 0.23 9 0.39 0.22 8 0.24 0.21 8 -0.32 0.30 5 0.54 0.25 5 0.43 0.35 4
NAURU NRU 1.18 0.60 1 1.18 0.60 1 1.11 0.61 1 1.13 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -1.69 0.24 7 -1.88 0.25 7 -2.05 0.25 7 -2.28 0.23 7 -2.00 0.25 6 -1.73 0.32 4 -1.54 0.33 4 -0.66 0.36 3 -0.31 0.35 3 -0.09 0.45 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 0.95 0.21 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.80 0.21 10 0.89 0.21 10 0.99 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.24 0.22 9 1.46 0.23 7 1.49 0.24 6 1.33 0.32 5
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.05 0.41 2 -0.03 0.39 2 -0.20 0.42 2 -0.18 0.53 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.87 0.77 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.16 0.20 11 1.30 0.20 11 1.32 0.20 11 1.32 0.21 10 1.50 0.22 10 1.34 0.23 9 1.36 0.23 8 1.29 0.23 7 1.40 0.24 6 1.27 0.32 5
NICARAGUA NIC -0.39 0.23 8 -0.19 0.22 8 -0.41 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.2 0.26 7 -0.22 0.27 6 -0.08 0.27 6 -0.08 0.31 4 -0.57 0.28 4 -0.68 0.39 3
NIGER NER -0.75 0.23 8 -0.67 0.22 8 -0.36 0.23 8 -0.41 0.29 6 -0.58 0.29 6 -0.12 0.33 4 -0.26 0.38 3 -0.15 0.38 3 -0.49 0.31 3 -0.13 0.48 2
NIGERIA NGA -2.01 0.20 11 -2.09 0.20 11 -2.12 0.20 11 -1.81 0.21 10 -1.87 0.22 10 -1.73 0.21 9 -1.76 0.20 9 -1.63 0.24 7 -0.98 0.22 7 -1.60 0.29 6
84

TABLE C2: Political Stability & Absence of Violence/Terrorism (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NORWAY NOR 1.33 0.20 11 1.25 0.20 11 1.18 0.20 11 1.29 0.21 10 1.36 0.22 10 1.44 0.23 9 1.49 0.23 8 1.35 0.23 7 1.34 0.24 6 1.32 0.32 5
OMAN OMN 0.95 0.22 9 0.79 0.22 9 0.75 0.22 8 0.74 0.22 8 0.80 0.23 8 0.86 0.24 7 0.85 0.23 7 0.88 0.25 6 0.73 0.24 6 0.60 0.32 5
PAKISTAN PAK -2.61 0.21 10 -2.39 0.20 10 -1.94 0.21 10 -1.70 0.22 9 -1.68 0.22 9 -1.67 0.23 8 -1.56 0.23 7 -1.02 0.25 6 -1.34 0.24 6 -1.44 0.32 5
PALAU PCI 1.18 0.60 1 1.18 0.60 1 1.11 0.61 1 1.13 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN 0.11 0.22 9 0.15 0.22 9 0.10 0.22 9 0.02 0.22 9 0.18 0.22 9 0.17 0.23 8 0.31 0.23 8 0.21 0.25 6 0.02 0.24 6 0.08 0.32 5
PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.55 0.22 8 -0.70 0.22 8 -0.75 0.22 8 -0.76 0.22 8 -0.63 0.23 8 -0.71 0.24 7 -0.65 0.24 6 -0.47 0.25 6 -0.34 0.26 5 -1.24 0.36 4
PARAGUAY PRY -0.63 0.23 8 -0.45 0.23 8 -0.60 0.24 8 -0.53 0.24 8 -0.40 0.24 8 -0.80 0.26 7 -1.05 0.25 7 -0.97 0.28 5 -0.94 0.26 5 -0.32 0.36 4
PERU PER -0.84 0.20 11 -0.72 0.20 10 -0.89 0.21 10 -0.98 0.22 9 -0.83 0.22 9 -0.95 0.23 8 -0.80 0.23 8 -0.94 0.25 6 -0.78 0.24 6 -1.26 0.32 5
PHILIPPINES PHL -1.41 0.20 11 -1.31 0.20 11 -1.30 0.20 11 -1.05 0.21 10 -1.21 0.22 10 -1.18 0.23 9 -0.66 0.22 9 -0.78 0.23 7 -0.17 0.24 6 -0.42 0.32 5
POLAND POL 0.79 0.20 11 0.56 0.20 11 0.33 0.20 11 0.34 0.21 10 0.22 0.22 10 0.66 0.23 9 0.68 0.22 9 0.40 0.23 7 0.61 0.24 6 0.61 0.32 5
PORTUGAL PRT 1.05 0.20 11 0.83 0.20 11 0.91 0.20 11 0.96 0.21 10 0.97 0.22 10 1.20 0.23 9 1.36 0.23 8 1.22 0.23 7 1.26 0.24 6 1.15 0.32 5
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.49 0.30 4 0.79 0.28 5 0.75 0.30 4 0.78 0.29 4 0.89 0.29 4 0.72 0.34 3 0.60 0.36 2 0.57 0.36 2 0.49 0.40 2 0.59 0.58 1
QATAR QAT 1.01 0.22 9 0.80 0.22 9 0.87 0.22 9 0.78 0.22 9 0.94 0.23 8 1.01 0.24 7 0.77 0.24 6 1.02 0.25 6 0.96 0.24 6 0.27 0.32 5
REUNION REU 0.47 0.43 1 0.71 0.45 1 0.74 0.46 1 0.49 0.50 1 0.44 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.30 0.21 10 0.27 0.21 10 0.23 0.21 10 0.20 0.22 9 0.07 0.23 9 0.27 0.24 8 0.32 0.24 7 0.00 0.26 5 0.19 0.25 5 0.37 0.34 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.62 0.20 11 -0.72 0.20 11 -0.77 0.20 11 -0.94 0.21 10 -1.00 0.22 10 -0.80 0.23 9 -0.57 0.22 9 -0.72 0.23 7 -0.83 0.24 6 -1.04 0.32 5
RWANDA RWA -0.14 0.26 6 -0.11 0.26 5 -0.62 0.27 5 -0.55 0.38 3 -0.82 0.39 3 -1.15 0.38 2 -1.79 0.42 2 -1.80 0.42 2 -2.13 0.41 2 -1.96 0.53 1
SAMOA SAM 1.11 0.30 4 1.05 0.33 3 1.14 0.34 3 1.14 0.34 3 1.14 0.34 3 1.28 0.38 2 1.03 0.42 2 1.14 0.42 2 1.26 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
SAN MARINO SMR 1.18 0.60 1 1.18 0.60 1 1.11 0.61 1 1.13 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.29 0.32 3 0.44 0.31 3 0.36 0.31 3 0.70 0.41 2 0.68 0.41 2 0.26 0.38 2 0.47 0.42 2 0.98 0.42 2 0.98 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.39 0.21 10 -0.62 0.20 10 -0.63 0.21 9 -0.69 0.22 8 -1.04 0.23 8 -0.38 0.24 7 -0.45 0.23 7 0.02 0.25 6 -0.13 0.24 6 -0.47 0.32 5
SENEGAL SEN -0.16 0.21 10 -0.19 0.20 10 -0.29 0.21 9 -0.12 0.26 7 -0.10 0.26 7 -0.27 0.24 7 -0.33 0.24 6 -0.51 0.30 5 -0.84 0.25 5 -0.57 0.35 4
SERBIA YUG -0.50 0.23 8 -0.71 0.22 8 -0.69 0.25 7 -0.88 0.23 8 -0.87 0.23 8 -0.82 0.24 7 -0.75 0.25 6 -1.69 0.31 4 -1.93 0.28 4 -1.19 0.39 3
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.91 0.28 5 0.97 0.26 5 1.08 0.27 5 1.14 0.27 5 0.74 0.27 5 0.60 0.35 3 0.82 0.42 2 1.14 0.42 2 0.98 0.41 2 1.02 0.53 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.23 0.24 7 -0.23 0.27 5 -0.46 0.28 5 -0.39 0.32 4 -0.36 0.33 4 -1.10 0.36 3 -0.91 0.38 3 -1.89 0.38 3 -2.17 0.31 3 -2.35 0.48 2
SINGAPORE SGP 1.33 0.20 11 1.22 0.20 11 1.30 0.20 11 1.18 0.21 10 1.15 0.22 10 1.02 0.23 9 1.34 0.22 9 1.23 0.23 7 1.11 0.24 6 1.16 0.32 5
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.92 0.21 10 0.86 0.21 10 0.69 0.21 10 0.72 0.21 10 0.55 0.22 10 0.82 0.23 9 0.75 0.22 9 0.44 0.23 7 0.93 0.24 6 0.53 0.32 5
SLOVENIA SVN 1.07 0.21 10 0.99 0.21 10 1.02 0.21 10 0.95 0.21 10 1.02 0.22 10 1.09 0.23 9 1.20 0.22 9 0.90 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.94 0.33 4
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.12 0.33 3 0.43 0.38 2 0.22 0.40 2 0.26 0.41 2 0.07 0.41 2 0.08 0.55 1 -0.55 0.63 1 -0.87 0.60 1 1.04 0.55 1 1.02 0.53 1
SOMALIA SOM -3.28 0.30 4 -3.18 0.30 4 -2.73 0.32 4 -2.64 0.32 4 -2.60 0.38 3 -2.31 0.36 3 -2.31 0.38 3 -2.48 0.38 3 -2.38 0.31 3 -2.35 0.48 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.04 0.20 12 0.04 0.19 12 0.00 0.19 12 -0.03 0.21 11 -0.17 0.21 11 -0.32 0.21 10 -0.41 0.20 10 -0.40 0.22 8 -0.88 0.22 7 -1.11 0.29 6
SPAIN ESP -0.03 0.20 11 0.07 0.20 11 0.17 0.20 11 0.46 0.21 10 0.35 0.22 10 0.45 0.23 9 0.60 0.22 9 0.83 0.23 7 0.49 0.24 6 0.41 0.32 5
SRI LANKA LKA -2.04 0.21 10 -1.89 0.20 10 -1.54 0.21 10 -1.30 0.22 9 -1.11 0.22 9 -0.91 0.23 8 -0.92 0.23 8 -1.52 0.25 6 -1.32 0.24 6 -1.87 0.32 5
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.85 0.32 3 0.83 0.33 3 1.30 0.34 3 1.39 0.34 3 1.48 0.34 3 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.66 0.32 3 0.62 0.33 3 0.94 0.34 3 1.07 0.34 3 1.28 0.34 3 1.23 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.07 0.60 1 0.26 0.55 1 1.02 0.53 1
SUDAN SDN -2.44 0.23 8 -2.29 0.23 7 -2.11 0.24 7 -2.12 0.24 7 -1.84 0.26 6 -2.12 0.25 6 -2.02 0.25 6 -2.36 0.26 5 -2.05 0.28 4 -2.55 0.39 3
SURINAME SUR 0.15 0.27 6 0.24 0.27 6 0.11 0.29 6 0.35 0.34 4 0.41 0.33 4 0.52 0.33 4 0.42 0.38 3 0.24 0.38 3 0.32 0.31 3 0.49 0.48 2
SWAZILAND SWZ 0.22 0.25 6 0.10 0.26 5 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.11 0.30 4 0.12 0.30 4 0.01 0.30 4 0.22 0.32 3 -0.09 0.42 2 -0.08 0.41 2 0.00 0.53 1
SWEDEN SWE 1.13 0.20 11 1.24 0.20 11 1.17 0.20 11 1.22 0.21 10 1.34 0.22 10 1.48 0.23 9 1.35 0.23 8 1.32 0.23 7 1.38 0.24 6 1.34 0.32 5
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.23 0.21 10 1.39 0.21 10 1.41 0.21 10 1.33 0.21 10 1.35 0.22 10 1.48 0.23 9 1.53 0.23 8 1.54 0.23 7 1.51 0.24 6 1.46 0.32 5
SYRIA SYR -0.56 0.21 10 -0.60 0.20 10 -0.62 0.21 9 -0.89 0.22 8 -0.59 0.23 8 -0.29 0.24 7 -0.19 0.23 7 -0.51 0.25 6 -0.20 0.24 6 -0.56 0.32 5
TAIWAN TWN 0.72 0.21 10 0.50 0.20 11 0.60 0.20 11 0.61 0.21 10 0.61 0.22 10 0.75 0.23 9 0.77 0.22 9 0.41 0.23 7 0.88 0.24 6 1.08 0.32 5
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -0.74 0.23 8 -0.92 0.22 8 -1.35 0.23 8 -1.34 0.24 7 -1.40 0.25 6 -1.39 0.28 5 -1.37 0.28 5 -1.71 0.29 4 -2.16 0.31 4 -2.41 0.38 3
TANZANIA TZA 0.01 0.21 10 -0.18 0.21 10 -0.09 0.21 10 -0.39 0.21 10 -0.50 0.22 10 -0.56 0.21 9 -0.14 0.21 8 -0.45 0.24 7 -0.23 0.22 7 -0.32 0.29 6
THAILAND THA -1.19 0.20 11 -1.01 0.20 11 -0.89 0.20 11 -0.60 0.21 10 -0.41 0.22 10 -0.01 0.23 9 0.38 0.22 9 0.35 0.23 7 0.40 0.24 6 0.10 0.32 5
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.13 0.28 5 -1.09 0.32 4 -1.16 0.33 4 -0.68 0.32 4 -0.35 0.34 3 -0.22 0.38 2 -0.57 0.42 2 0.30 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -0.10 0.23 8 -0.48 0.23 7 -0.71 0.24 7 -1.52 0.30 5 -0.42 0.30 5 -0.40 0.33 4 0.01 0.38 3 -0.17 0.38 3 -0.70 0.31 3 -0.61 0.48 2
TONGA TON 0.21 0.30 4 0.41 0.33 3 0.54 0.34 3 0.78 0.34 3 0.83 0.34 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.08 0.24 7 0.07 0.22 8 -0.11 0.23 8 -0.07 0.23 8 -0.01 0.26 7 -0.15 0.27 6 -0.16 0.28 5 0.07 0.31 4 0.43 0.28 4 0.44 0.39 3
TUNISIA TUN 0.29 0.20 11 0.23 0.20 11 0.37 0.20 11 0.11 0.21 10 0.17 0.22 10 0.16 0.21 9 0.05 0.20 9 0.28 0.24 7 0.20 0.22 7 0.25 0.29 6
TURKEY TUR -0.73 0.20 11 -0.77 0.20 11 -0.59 0.20 11 -0.53 0.21 10 -0.84 0.22 10 -0.78 0.23 9 -1.00 0.22 9 -0.89 0.23 7 -1.03 0.24 6 -1.49 0.32 5
TURKMENISTAN TKM 0.23 0.23 7 -0.10 0.23 7 -0.33 0.23 7 -0.26 0.23 7 -0.66 0.25 6 -0.63 0.28 5 -0.40 0.28 5 -0.08 0.29 4 0.04 0.31 4 0.09 0.38 3
TUVALU TUV 1.40 0.37 2 1.38 0.38 2 1.39 0.40 2 1.40 0.41 2 1.30 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.88 0.21 10 -1.09 0.20 10 -1.21 0.21 10 -1.37 0.22 9 -1.41 0.23 9 -1.54 0.22 8 -1.64 0.22 7 -1.46 0.26 6 -1.30 0.23 6 -1.30 0.31 5
UKRAINE UKR -0.01 0.20 11 0.12 0.20 11 -0.03 0.21 10 -0.35 0.22 9 -0.36 0.22 9 -0.28 0.23 8 -0.20 0.23 8 -0.34 0.25 6 -0.24 0.24 6 -0.25 0.33 4
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.74 0.22 9 0.74 0.22 9 0.74 0.22 9 0.62 0.22 9 0.64 0.22 9 0.81 0.24 7 0.81 0.23 7 0.81 0.25 6 0.76 0.24 6 0.77 0.32 5
URUGUAY URY 0.83 0.22 9 0.81 0.22 9 0.71 0.22 9 0.59 0.22 9 0.40 0.22 9 0.56 0.23 8 0.67 0.23 8 0.87 0.25 6 0.57 0.24 6 0.67 0.32 5
UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.91 0.22 8 -1.32 0.21 9 -1.59 0.21 8 -1.80 0.23 7 -1.47 0.23 7 -1.42 0.25 6 -1.21 0.24 6 -1.16 0.29 4 -0.50 0.30 4 -0.39 0.33 4
VANUATU VUT 1.30 0.37 2 1.27 0.38 2 1.39 0.40 2 1.40 0.41 2 0.74 0.41 2 0.94 0.55 1 1.14 0.63 1 1.07 0.60 1 1.04 0.55 1 1.02 0.53 1
VENEZUELA VEN -1.23 0.20 11 -1.20 0.20 11 -1.16 0.20 11 -1.18 0.21 10 -1.20 0.22 10 -1.27 0.23 9 -1.32 0.22 9 -0.49 0.23 7 -0.39 0.24 6 -0.78 0.32 5
VIETNAM VNM 0.32 0.21 10 0.28 0.20 10 0.43 0.21 10 0.37 0.22 9 0.21 0.22 9 0.18 0.23 8 0.33 0.23 8 0.23 0.25 6 0.35 0.24 6 0.34 0.32 5
WEST BANK GAZA WBG -1.76 0.37 2 -1.92 0.34 3 -1.98 0.35 3 -1.68 0.36 3 -1.66 0.35 3 -1.69 0.35 3 -1.96 0.38 3 -1.74 0.42 2 -1.70 0.41 2 .. .. ..
YEMEN YEM -1.89 0.22 8 -1.52 0.21 8 -1.33 0.22 8 -1.42 0.26 6 -1.74 0.26 6 -1.44 0.28 5 -1.45 0.28 5 -1.33 0.31 4 -1.49 0.28 4 -1.17 0.39 3
ZAMBIA ZMB 0.29 0.21 10 0.14 0.21 10 0.13 0.21 10 -0.11 0.22 9 -0.10 0.22 10 -0.23 0.21 9 -0.45 0.21 8 -0.50 0.24 7 -0.22 0.22 7 -0.59 0.29 6
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.56 0.20 11 -1.47 0.20 11 -1.16 0.20 11 -1.62 0.21 10 -1.62 0.22 10 -1.44 0.21 9 -1.71 0.20 9 -1.40 0.24 7 -0.85 0.22 7 -0.67 0.29 6
85

TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.31 0.22 8 -1.29 0.26 7 -1.37 0.22 8 -1.22 0.21 6 -0.99 0.22 6 -1.26 0.25 4 -1.55 0.24 4 -2.14 0.26 2 -2.27 0.15 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB -0.34 0.19 11 -0.36 0.19 11 -0.50 0.18 11 -0.62 0.18 9 -0.38 0.22 8 -0.56 0.21 7 -0.59 0.21 7 -0.81 0.21 5 -0.71 0.14 4 -0.18 0.35 3
ALGERIA DZA -0.50 0.17 12 -0.53 0.16 13 -0.45 0.15 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.45 0.15 12 -0.60 0.15 11 -0.63 0.17 10 -0.93 0.18 7 -1.16 0.13 7 -0.65 0.26 5
AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.49 0.38 1 0.47 0.40 1 0.22 0.38 1 0.21 0.29 1 -0.20 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANDORRA ADO 1.56 0.37 2 1.57 0.39 2 1.39 0.37 2 1.28 0.29 2 1.35 0.36 2 1.26 0.33 2 1.33 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.15 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -0.98 0.18 11 -1.13 0.18 12 -1.24 0.15 13 -1.01 0.17 11 -1.24 0.15 12 -1.10 0.15 11 -1.14 0.17 10 -1.33 0.18 7 -1.07 0.13 7 -1.32 0.26 5
ANGUILLA AIA 1.56 0.38 1 1.53 0.40 1 1.54 0.38 1 1.56 0.29 1 0.97 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.18 0.17 13 -0.10 0.17 14 -0.06 0.15 14 -0.18 0.15 13 -0.14 0.16 13 -0.18 0.15 12 -0.40 0.15 12 0.09 0.17 8 0.18 0.13 8 0.32 0.23 8
ARMENIA ARM -0.07 0.18 12 -0.24 0.18 13 -0.25 0.15 13 -0.09 0.18 10 -0.11 0.21 9 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.59 0.21 5 -0.44 0.14 4 -0.61 0.62 1
ARUBA ABW 1.29 0.38 1 1.27 0.40 1 1.28 0.38 1 1.29 0.29 1 1.19 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.90 0.20 9 1.99 0.19 10 1.91 0.18 10 1.93 0.17 9 2.10 0.17 9 2.01 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 8 1.83 0.18 7 1.92 0.13 7 1.66 0.26 6
AUSTRIA AUT 1.71 0.20 9 1.77 0.19 10 1.75 0.18 10 1.70 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.98 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 7 1.77 0.13 7 2.06 0.26 6
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.64 0.18 12 -0.66 0.17 14 -0.56 0.15 14 -0.63 0.15 13 -0.80 0.17 12 -0.72 0.16 11 -0.87 0.17 11 -0.81 0.16 8 -0.89 0.13 6 -0.85 0.28 4
BAHAMAS BHS 1.10 0.32 3 1.13 0.32 3 1.09 0.31 3 1.27 0.26 3 1.13 0.31 3 1.23 0.28 3 1.26 0.27 3 1.34 0.27 2 1.48 0.15 2 0.43 0.61 1
BAHRAIN BHR 0.47 0.20 8 0.37 0.19 9 0.32 0.17 9 0.35 0.16 9 0.52 0.17 9 0.44 0.18 8 0.61 0.17 9 0.65 0.20 5 0.81 0.14 5 0.38 0.29 4
BANGLADESH BGD -0.77 0.16 13 -0.80 0.17 14 -0.74 0.14 14 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 11 -0.73 0.16 11 -0.52 0.16 8 -0.61 0.13 6 -0.65 0.26 5
BARBADOS BRB 1.48 0.31 3 1.17 0.29 4 1.22 0.24 4 1.16 0.26 4 1.05 0.31 4 1.23 0.30 3 1.32 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.15 1 .. .. ..
BELARUS BLR -1.11 0.22 9 -1.23 0.21 10 -1.19 0.20 10 -1.16 0.20 8 -1.25 0.22 8 -1.06 0.20 8 -1.06 0.21 7 -0.80 0.21 5 -0.47 0.14 4 -1.41 0.40 2
BELGIUM BEL 1.36 0.20 9 1.65 0.19 10 1.82 0.18 10 1.78 0.17 9 1.91 0.17 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.99 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 7 1.73 0.13 7 2.01 0.26 6
BELIZE BLZ -0.42 0.25 6 -0.24 0.24 7 -0.25 0.24 6 0.07 0.25 5 0.07 0.27 5 0.10 0.26 4 0.02 0.27 3 0.06 0.26 2 0.35 0.15 2 -0.39 0.48 1
BENIN BEN -0.52 0.19 11 -0.57 0.17 12 -0.54 0.16 12 -0.60 0.18 9 -0.49 0.22 7 -0.35 0.22 6 -0.49 0.23 5 -0.22 0.24 3 -0.36 0.15 3 -0.01 0.48 1
BERMUDA BMU 1.03 0.38 1 1.00 0.40 1 1.01 0.38 1 1.02 0.29 1 1.07 0.37 1 1.06 0.33 1 1.12 0.31 1 1.18 0.31 1 1.22 0.15 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.11 0.24 5 0.25 0.26 6 0.18 0.22 6 0.30 0.21 6 0.16 0.24 6 0.50 0.24 5 0.66 0.26 4 0.80 0.21 3 0.67 0.15 2 0.18 0.48 1
BOLIVIA BOL -0.81 0.17 13 -0.79 0.17 14 -0.73 0.15 14 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.58 0.16 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.29 0.17 7 -0.09 0.13 6 -0.19 0.26 6
BOTSWANA BWA 0.67 0.17 13 0.66 0.16 14 0.55 0.15 14 0.75 0.15 12 0.71 0.15 12 0.73 0.15 11 0.68 0.15 11 0.63 0.19 6 0.66 0.14 6 0.17 0.29 4
BRAZIL BRA -0.01 0.17 14 -0.13 0.16 15 -0.14 0.15 15 -0.09 0.15 13 0.01 0.16 13 0.11 0.15 12 -0.10 0.15 12 0.04 0.17 8 -0.12 0.13 8 -0.24 0.23 8
BRUNEI BRN 0.89 0.27 4 0.86 0.32 3 0.77 0.31 3 0.59 0.26 3 0.06 0.31 3 0.68 0.28 3 0.81 0.27 3 0.91 0.27 2 0.93 0.15 2 1.13 0.61 1
BULGARIA BGR 0.10 0.17 13 0.07 0.17 14 0.05 0.16 14 0.20 0.16 11 0.08 0.16 11 0.03 0.15 11 0.09 0.16 11 0.05 0.17 8 -0.02 0.13 6 -0.68 0.26 5
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.67 0.17 13 -0.83 0.17 13 -0.82 0.16 13 -0.60 0.20 8 -0.57 0.20 8 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.70 0.22 6 -0.61 0.23 4 -0.87 0.15 4 -0.73 0.40 2
BURUNDI BDI -1.21 0.19 10 -1.31 0.19 11 -1.22 0.17 11 -1.32 0.21 7 -1.36 0.22 7 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.55 0.23 5 -1.45 0.24 3 -1.74 0.15 3 -0.97 0.48 1
CAMBODIA KHM -0.81 0.18 11 -0.86 0.19 11 -0.90 0.16 11 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.89 0.19 8 -0.76 0.19 7 -0.81 0.19 7 -0.83 0.19 4 -0.78 0.14 3 -1.02 0.35 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.80 0.16 13 -0.88 0.16 14 -0.91 0.15 14 -0.94 0.15 12 -0.85 0.17 11 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.83 0.17 10 -0.79 0.18 7 -1.12 0.13 7 -1.10 0.26 5
CANADA CAN 1.93 0.19 10 1.95 0.18 11 2.08 0.17 11 2.04 0.17 9 2.06 0.17 9 2.11 0.17 9 2.09 0.17 9 1.95 0.18 7 1.84 0.13 7 2.11 0.26 6
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.05 0.22 7 0.36 0.21 7 0.16 0.21 7 -0.10 0.23 6 0.05 0.21 6 -0.02 0.22 5 -0.03 0.22 5 0.19 0.38 2 0.35 0.48 2 -0.14 0.48 1
CHAD TCD -1.48 0.19 10 -1.44 0.18 11 -1.36 0.17 11 -1.15 0.18 8 -1.00 0.19 8 -0.94 0.19 7 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.63 0.24 3 -0.63 0.15 3 -0.65 0.48 1
CHILE CHL 1.24 0.17 13 1.24 0.17 14 1.15 0.15 14 1.21 0.15 13 1.25 0.16 13 1.24 0.15 12 1.24 0.15 12 1.15 0.17 8 1.39 0.13 8 0.87 0.23 8
CHINA CHN 0.24 0.17 13 0.19 0.16 14 0.06 0.15 13 -0.12 0.15 12 -0.05 0.16 12 -0.09 0.15 11 -0.01 0.16 11 -0.06 0.17 8 -0.30 0.13 8 0.11 0.23 7
COLOMBIA COL 0.13 0.17 14 0.03 0.16 15 -0.01 0.15 15 -0.11 0.15 13 -0.08 0.16 13 -0.17 0.15 12 -0.40 0.15 12 -0.31 0.17 8 -0.46 0.13 8 0.27 0.23 8
COMOROS COM -1.88 0.25 5 -1.78 0.26 5 -1.72 0.25 5 -1.67 0.24 5 -1.56 0.25 5 -1.40 0.26 4 -0.96 0.26 4 -1.33 0.24 3 -1.76 0.15 3 -0.71 0.48 1
CONGO COG -1.34 0.18 10 -1.37 0.18 11 -1.34 0.18 10 -1.39 0.18 10 -1.24 0.20 8 -1.36 0.21 7 -1.44 0.21 7 -1.54 0.21 5 -1.22 0.14 5 -1.41 0.32 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.89 0.20 10 -1.80 0.19 11 -1.80 0.19 10 -1.76 0.17 11 -1.61 0.17 11 -1.59 0.18 9 -1.86 0.19 9 -1.87 0.19 6 -1.84 0.14 6 -1.76 0.30 4
COOK ISLANDS COK -0.49 0.88 1 0.74 0.61 2 -0.19 0.33 2 0.40 0.39 2 -0.29 0.42 2 -0.24 0.49 2 0.10 0.79 2 0.13 0.35 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.39 0.18 12 0.38 0.18 13 0.18 0.16 13 0.28 0.15 12 0.40 0.16 12 0.45 0.15 11 0.45 0.16 11 0.47 0.17 7 0.68 0.13 6 0.08 0.24 7
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.39 0.17 11 -1.36 0.18 10 -1.37 0.18 10 -1.40 0.18 9 -1.34 0.17 10 -0.92 0.17 9 -0.98 0.17 9 -0.79 0.19 6 -0.37 0.14 6 0.01 0.29 4
CROATIA HRV 0.52 0.18 12 0.41 0.17 13 0.50 0.16 13 0.47 0.16 12 0.45 0.16 12 0.33 0.15 11 0.34 0.16 11 0.27 0.18 7 0.10 0.13 6 -0.17 0.28 4
CUBA CUB -0.51 0.22 8 -0.55 0.21 9 -0.59 0.20 9 -0.82 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 8 -0.58 0.19 7 -0.55 0.19 7 -0.48 0.21 4 -0.81 0.14 4 -0.39 0.35 3
CYPRUS CYP 1.25 0.21 8 1.18 0.21 8 1.12 0.19 8 1.09 0.18 7 1.05 0.18 7 1.10 0.20 6 1.17 0.19 6 1.04 0.20 5 1.16 0.14 5 1.04 0.29 4
DENMARK DNK 2.19 0.20 9 2.29 0.19 10 2.32 0.18 10 2.16 0.17 9 2.30 0.17 9 2.20 0.17 9 2.17 0.17 8 2.00 0.18 7 1.90 0.13 7 2.21 0.26 6
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.98 0.25 6 -0.97 0.26 5 -0.99 0.25 5 -0.86 0.24 5 -0.64 0.25 5 -0.73 0.26 4 -0.87 0.26 4 -1.09 0.24 3 -0.99 0.15 3 -0.97 0.48 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.72 0.32 3 0.66 0.33 3 0.69 0.32 3 0.50 0.26 4 0.35 0.29 4 0.25 0.28 3 0.25 0.27 3 0.48 0.26 2 0.58 0.15 2 -0.91 0.48 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.40 0.19 12 -0.47 0.18 13 -0.40 0.16 13 -0.39 0.16 11 -0.56 0.16 11 -0.38 0.16 9 -0.32 0.17 9 -0.18 0.19 5 -0.18 0.14 4 -0.71 0.32 3
ECUADOR ECU -0.97 0.18 12 -0.94 0.18 13 -0.95 0.16 13 -0.95 0.15 12 -0.85 0.16 12 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.81 0.16 11 -0.82 0.17 7 -0.46 0.13 6 -0.77 0.26 6
EGYPT EGY -0.37 0.16 13 -0.43 0.16 14 -0.54 0.15 14 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.31 0.15 12 -0.33 0.15 11 -0.41 0.16 11 -0.25 0.17 8 -0.55 0.13 8 -0.10 0.24 6
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.15 0.19 11 -0.18 0.18 12 -0.20 0.16 12 -0.24 0.16 11 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.19 0.16 10 -0.38 0.16 10 -0.47 0.18 6 -0.57 0.14 5 -0.19 0.26 6
ERITREA ERI -1.41 0.21 7 -1.27 0.21 7 -1.27 0.20 8 -0.96 0.21 7 -1.08 0.22 7 -0.89 0.22 6 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.96 0.24 3 -1.11 0.15 3 -0.39 0.48 1
ESTONIA EST 1.15 0.17 13 1.06 0.17 14 1.16 0.16 13 1.06 0.16 12 1.04 0.16 12 1.07 0.15 12 0.81 0.15 12 0.85 0.17 9 0.70 0.13 6 0.50 0.28 4
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.43 0.18 11 -0.43 0.17 12 -0.63 0.16 12 -0.93 0.16 10 -0.71 0.16 10 -0.88 0.16 9 -0.92 0.18 8 -0.97 0.20 5 -1.12 0.14 5 -0.94 0.32 3
FIJI FJI -0.95 0.32 3 -0.50 0.33 3 -0.11 0.32 3 -0.09 0.27 3 -0.49 0.31 3 -0.11 0.28 3 0.18 0.27 3 -0.40 0.26 2 -0.16 0.15 2 -0.07 0.48 1
FINLAND FIN 1.95 0.20 9 1.99 0.19 10 2.21 0.18 10 2.18 0.17 9 2.15 0.17 9 2.23 0.17 9 2.21 0.17 9 2.02 0.18 7 1.88 0.13 7 2.11 0.26 6
FRANCE FRA 1.54 0.19 10 1.36 0.18 11 1.47 0.17 11 1.57 0.17 9 1.67 0.17 9 1.65 0.17 9 1.61 0.17 9 1.63 0.18 7 1.32 0.13 7 1.79 0.26 6
GABON GAB -0.70 0.19 9 -0.68 0.19 10 -0.71 0.18 10 -0.72 0.19 9 -0.74 0.18 9 -0.51 0.18 8 -0.37 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 6 -0.30 0.14 5 -0.78 0.32 3
GAMBIA GMB -0.77 0.20 8 -0.68 0.20 8 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.69 0.19 7 -0.53 0.20 7 -0.44 0.20 6 -0.72 0.23 5 -0.47 0.23 4 -0.61 0.15 4 -0.38 0.40 2
GEORGIA GEO 0.18 0.19 11 0.01 0.19 12 -0.22 0.18 11 -0.44 0.18 9 -0.43 0.19 9 -0.65 0.22 7 -0.76 0.22 7 -0.62 0.23 4 -0.65 0.14 3 -0.32 0.40 2
86

TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GERMANY DEU 1.65 0.19 9 1.75 0.18 11 1.76 0.17 11 1.60 0.17 9 1.57 0.17 9 1.56 0.17 9 1.81 0.17 9 1.95 0.18 7 1.82 0.13 7 2.09 0.26 6
GHANA GHA -0.08 0.16 14 -0.17 0.16 14 -0.14 0.16 14 -0.21 0.15 13 -0.32 0.14 13 -0.31 0.14 12 -0.26 0.16 11 -0.06 0.18 7 -0.22 0.13 7 -0.43 0.26 5
GREECE GRC 0.56 0.19 10 0.46 0.18 11 0.61 0.17 11 0.68 0.17 9 0.83 0.17 9 0.83 0.17 9 0.84 0.17 9 0.74 0.18 7 0.90 0.13 7 0.67 0.26 6
GRENADA GRD 0.19 0.32 3 0.21 0.33 3 0.08 0.29 4 0.20 0.26 4 0.13 0.29 4 0.18 0.28 3 0.39 0.27 3 0.43 0.26 2 0.62 0.15 2 -0.52 0.48 1
GUAM GUM 0.22 0.38 1 0.21 0.40 1 0.22 0.38 1 0.21 0.29 1 0.26 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.49 0.17 13 -0.53 0.17 14 -0.53 0.15 14 -0.65 0.16 11 -0.62 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 10 -0.49 0.16 10 -0.46 0.18 6 -0.36 0.14 5 -0.54 0.26 6
GUINEA GIN -1.39 0.19 10 -1.43 0.19 10 -1.37 0.18 10 -1.06 0.20 8 -0.91 0.20 8 -0.88 0.21 7 -0.94 0.21 7 -0.91 0.23 4 -1.14 0.15 4 -1.08 0.40 2
GUYANA GUY -0.17 0.22 7 -0.08 0.20 9 -0.18 0.19 8 -0.53 0.19 7 -0.24 0.25 6 -0.24 0.24 5 -0.26 0.24 4 -0.26 0.24 3 -0.38 0.15 3 -0.16 0.40 2
HAITI HTI -1.29 0.22 8 -1.32 0.21 8 -1.38 0.21 8 -1.39 0.21 7 -1.69 0.23 7 -1.41 0.19 7 -1.46 0.20 6 -1.33 0.24 3 -0.96 0.15 3 -1.12 0.40 2
HONDURAS HND -0.57 0.18 12 -0.52 0.18 13 -0.55 0.16 13 -0.59 0.16 11 -0.54 0.16 11 -0.48 0.16 10 -0.58 0.16 10 -0.48 0.18 6 -0.65 0.14 5 -0.72 0.26 6
HONG KONG HKG 1.83 0.19 10 1.76 0.18 11 1.78 0.17 11 1.61 0.17 9 1.60 0.17 9 1.44 0.17 9 1.32 0.17 9 1.16 0.18 7 0.96 0.13 7 1.47 0.26 6
HUNGARY HUN 0.66 0.17 13 0.73 0.17 14 0.89 0.16 14 0.82 0.16 12 0.89 0.16 12 0.91 0.15 12 1.01 0.15 12 0.93 0.17 9 0.94 0.13 8 0.65 0.23 7
ICELAND ISL 1.58 0.24 5 2.06 0.21 7 2.15 0.19 7 2.20 0.20 6 2.19 0.22 6 2.24 0.21 6 2.07 0.22 5 2.05 0.23 4 2.03 0.15 4 1.57 0.41 3
INDIA IND -0.03 0.17 13 0.05 0.16 14 -0.04 0.15 14 -0.12 0.15 12 -0.08 0.16 12 -0.09 0.15 11 -0.17 0.16 11 -0.17 0.17 8 -0.16 0.13 8 -0.15 0.23 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.29 0.17 13 -0.39 0.16 15 -0.37 0.14 15 -0.46 0.14 13 -0.43 0.15 13 -0.56 0.15 12 -0.63 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 9 -0.85 0.13 8 0.06 0.23 7
IRAN IRN -0.75 0.19 10 -0.75 0.18 11 -0.71 0.18 12 -0.76 0.17 10 -0.59 0.18 10 -0.49 0.17 9 -0.53 0.17 9 -0.39 0.20 5 -0.58 0.14 5 -0.72 0.29 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.41 0.23 7 -1.67 0.22 7 -1.84 0.22 7 -1.78 0.19 7 -1.64 0.20 7 -1.61 0.19 7 -1.90 0.19 7 -1.89 0.21 4 -2.17 0.14 4 -1.49 0.35 3
IRELAND IRL 1.61 0.19 10 1.72 0.18 11 1.68 0.17 11 1.69 0.17 9 1.58 0.17 9 1.55 0.17 9 1.68 0.17 8 1.76 0.18 7 1.73 0.13 7 1.81 0.26 6
ISRAEL ISR 1.30 0.19 10 1.18 0.18 11 1.25 0.17 11 1.04 0.17 9 1.17 0.17 9 1.05 0.17 9 0.95 0.17 9 1.07 0.18 7 0.77 0.13 7 1.33 0.26 6
ITALY ITA 0.39 0.19 10 0.32 0.18 11 0.47 0.17 11 0.66 0.17 9 0.79 0.17 9 0.94 0.17 9 0.93 0.17 9 0.91 0.18 7 0.93 0.13 7 0.88 0.26 6
JAMAICA JAM 0.09 0.19 9 0.05 0.19 10 0.13 0.17 11 -0.12 0.16 10 0.08 0.17 10 0.03 0.16 9 -0.10 0.17 9 0.00 0.18 6 0.06 0.14 5 -0.35 0.28 4
JA PAN JPN 1.46 0.19 10 1.38 0.18 11 1.56 0.17 11 1.31 0.17 9 1.29 0.17 9 1.18 0.17 9 1.05 0.17 9 1.12 0.18 7 1.01 0.13 7 1.66 0.26 6
JORDAN JOR 0.27 0.17 13 0.22 0.16 14 0.16 0.15 14 0.06 0.15 12 0.15 0.16 12 0.24 0.15 11 0.13 0.16 10 0.00 0.17 7 0.00 0.13 7 0.11 0.24 6
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.47 0.18 12 -0.54 0.17 13 -0.44 0.16 14 -0.56 0.16 12 -0.67 0.18 11 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.88 0.17 10 -0.65 0.17 8 -0.83 0.13 6 -0.89 0.28 4
KENYA KEN -0.60 0.16 14 -0.60 0.15 15 -0.67 0.14 15 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.71 0.14 13 -0.76 0.14 12 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.67 0.18 7 -0.71 0.13 7 -0.41 0.26 5
KIRIBATI KIR -0.58 0.26 4 -0.68 0.31 4 -0.49 0.24 4 -0.49 0.23 4 -0.60 0.26 4 -0.37 0.36 3 -0.02 0.45 3 -0.06 0.29 2 -0.32 0.56 1 -0.33 0.48 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.12 0.29 4 -2.06 0.29 4 -1.66 0.23 6 -1.78 0.20 6 -1.75 0.21 6 -1.79 0.25 4 -1.93 0.24 4 -1.87 0.27 2 -1.99 0.15 2 -0.95 0.61 1
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 1.26 0.17 12 1.29 0.17 13 1.18 0.16 13 1.03 0.16 11 0.99 0.16 11 0.94 0.15 11 0.96 0.16 11 0.79 0.17 8 0.39 0.13 8 0.90 0.26 6
KOSOVO LWI -0.81 0.42 4 -0.35 0.89 1 -0.36 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.11 0.20 9 0.19 0.19 10 0.36 0.18 9 0.40 0.18 7 0.29 0.21 6 0.28 0.20 6 0.11 0.18 7 0.09 0.21 4 0.15 0.14 4 0.28 0.35 3
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.70 0.18 12 -0.75 0.18 13 -0.76 0.15 13 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.66 0.19 10 -0.61 0.19 9 -0.65 0.20 9 -0.50 0.19 6 -0.35 0.14 4 -0.55 0.33 3
LAOS LAO -0.84 0.20 9 -0.87 0.21 10 -0.79 0.18 10 -1.01 0.19 8 -0.92 0.22 7 -1.03 0.22 6 -0.74 0.23 6 -0.76 0.21 3 -0.65 0.15 2 -0.07 0.48 1
LATVIA LVA 0.56 0.19 11 0.50 0.18 12 0.67 0.17 12 0.62 0.16 11 0.65 0.16 11 0.63 0.15 11 0.59 0.16 11 0.45 0.17 8 0.59 0.13 6 -0.24 0.28 4
LEBANON LBN -0.64 0.18 11 -0.59 0.18 12 -0.49 0.18 12 -0.28 0.17 10 -0.32 0.18 10 -0.25 0.17 9 -0.25 0.16 10 -0.16 0.18 6 -0.11 0.13 6 -0.01 0.26 5
LESOTHO LSO -0.31 0.20 9 -0.41 0.18 10 -0.44 0.17 10 -0.27 0.21 8 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.34 0.20 7 -0.27 0.21 6 -0.16 0.24 3 -0.10 0.15 3 0.12 0.48 1
LIBERIA LBR -1.36 0.22 9 -1.19 0.25 6 -1.25 0.24 5 -1.31 0.22 5 -1.65 0.23 6 -1.65 0.24 5 -1.61 0.24 5 -1.89 0.23 4 -1.83 0.15 4 -1.78 0.40 2
LIBYA LBY -0.84 0.19 9 -0.91 0.19 9 -0.71 0.20 8 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.69 0.19 8 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.94 0.18 8 -0.97 0.20 5 -0.91 0.14 5 -0.72 0.29 4
LITHUANIA LTU 0.64 0.17 13 0.70 0.17 14 0.75 0.17 12 0.83 0.16 11 0.74 0.16 11 0.86 0.15 11 0.61 0.16 11 0.35 0.17 8 0.58 0.13 6 -0.17 0.28 4
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.65 0.22 6 1.74 0.21 7 1.76 0.19 7 1.93 0.20 6 2.04 0.22 6 2.01 0.21 6 2.17 0.25 5 2.09 0.23 4 2.05 0.15 4 2.23 0.41 3
MACAO MAC 1.03 0.38 1 1.00 0.40 1 1.01 0.38 1 1.29 0.29 1 1.09 0.37 1 1.33 0.33 1 0.85 0.31 1 0.64 0.31 1 0.41 0.15 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.14 0.21 10 -0.28 0.20 11 -0.14 0.18 11 -0.31 0.17 10 -0.08 0.17 10 -0.25 0.17 9 -0.46 0.19 7 -0.71 0.22 4 -0.64 0.14 3 -0.29 0.35 2
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.59 0.17 13 -0.36 0.16 14 -0.46 0.15 14 -0.27 0.17 10 -0.36 0.18 9 -0.49 0.18 8 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.57 0.23 4 -0.43 0.15 4 -0.99 0.40 2
MALAWI MWI -0.65 0.18 12 -0.51 0.18 12 -0.84 0.16 13 -0.73 0.16 11 -0.72 0.15 11 -0.65 0.15 10 -0.66 0.17 9 -0.34 0.20 5 -0.17 0.14 5 -0.62 0.32 3
MALAYSIA MYS 1.13 0.17 12 1.11 0.17 13 1.06 0.15 14 0.99 0.15 12 0.99 0.16 12 0.96 0.15 11 0.85 0.16 11 0.89 0.17 8 0.53 0.13 8 0.86 0.23 7
MALDIVES MDV -0.35 0.24 5 -0.01 0.29 5 -0.10 0.23 5 0.13 0.22 5 0.15 0.25 5 0.38 0.25 4 0.78 0.26 4 0.48 0.21 3 0.96 0.15 2 -0.14 0.48 1
MALI MLI -0.78 0.18 12 -0.58 0.17 13 -0.63 0.16 13 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.58 0.17 10 -0.43 0.17 9 -0.53 0.19 8 -0.78 0.23 4 -0.90 0.15 4 -0.81 0.40 2
MALTA MLT 1.26 0.24 5 1.29 0.22 6 1.16 0.20 6 0.99 0.20 5 1.02 0.23 5 1.05 0.22 5 1.10 0.27 3 1.13 0.27 2 0.95 0.15 2 -0.26 0.61 1
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -1.22 0.33 3 -1.51 0.43 3 -0.82 0.30 3 -0.84 0.34 3 -0.92 0.34 3 -1.03 0.36 3 -0.46 0.45 3 -0.93 0.29 2 -0.53 0.56 1 .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.76 0.38 1 0.74 0.40 1 0.75 0.38 1 0.75 0.29 1 0.75 0.37 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.31 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.15 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.97 0.20 10 -0.70 0.19 11 -0.84 0.18 10 -0.24 0.23 6 -0.26 0.24 6 0.02 0.25 5 -0.10 0.26 4 -0.19 0.24 3 -0.14 0.15 3 0.18 0.48 1
MAURITIUS MUS 0.60 0.17 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.52 0.16 11 0.51 0.16 9 0.54 0.17 9 0.57 0.18 7 0.39 0.18 7 0.38 0.23 5 0.31 0.30 4 0.27 0.30 3
MEXICO MEX 0.18 0.17 14 0.12 0.16 15 0.10 0.15 15 -0.01 0.15 13 0.10 0.16 13 0.14 0.15 12 0.26 0.15 12 0.29 0.17 8 0.34 0.13 8 -0.03 0.23 8
MICRONESIA FSM -0.63 0.26 4 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.31 0.24 4 -0.13 0.23 4 -0.61 0.26 4 -0.58 0.36 3 -0.44 0.45 3 -0.70 0.29 2 -0.53 0.56 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.76 0.19 11 -0.82 0.19 12 -0.81 0.17 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.63 0.18 8 -0.63 0.19 6 -0.25 0.14 5 -0.44 0.32 3
MONACO MCO 0.80 0.88 1 0.13 0.86 1 0.38 0.86 1 -0.12 0.90 1 1.38 0.87 1 -0.65 0.87 1 -0.63 0.88 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG -0.68 0.19 11 -0.69 0.20 11 -0.49 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.27 0.20 7 -0.16 0.22 6 -0.35 0.20 4 -0.35 0.15 3 -0.52 0.40 2
MONTENEGRO MNP 0.01 0.24 8 -0.19 0.27 7 -0.29 0.31 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.09 0.16 13 -0.12 0.16 14 -0.09 0.15 14 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.08 0.15 12 -0.15 0.15 11 -0.15 0.16 11 -0.06 0.18 7 -0.10 0.13 7 -0.20 0.26 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.38 0.17 13 -0.41 0.16 14 -0.43 0.15 14 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.56 0.15 11 -0.41 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.08 0.14 5 -0.35 0.32 3
MYANMAR MMR -1.68 0.23 7 -1.64 0.22 8 -1.53 0.21 9 -1.61 0.19 8 -1.60 0.20 8 -1.30 0.19 7 -1.37 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 4 -1.19 0.14 4 -1.22 0.35 3
NAMIBIA NAM 0.31 0.19 11 0.18 0.17 12 0.14 0.16 11 0.07 0.15 12 0.13 0.15 12 0.17 0.15 11 0.10 0.15 11 0.30 0.20 5 0.39 0.14 5 0.52 0.32 3
NAURU NRU -0.42 0.39 2 -0.75 0.61 2 -1.31 0.86 1 -0.45 0.90 1 -1.34 0.87 1 -1.75 0.87 1 -1.19 0.88 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.75 0.19 10 -0.77 0.20 11 -0.79 0.16 11 -0.86 0.17 10 -0.72 0.18 9 -0.49 0.20 7 -0.41 0.22 7 -0.38 0.20 4 -0.43 0.15 3 -0.25 0.36 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.86 0.20 9 1.82 0.19 10 1.87 0.18 10 1.96 0.17 9 2.10 0.17 9 2.07 0.17 9 2.09 0.17 9 2.12 0.18 7 2.10 0.13 7 2.29 0.26 6
NEW CALEDONIA NCL 0.01 0.61 1 0.07 0.65 1 -0.36 0.62 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.43 0.61 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.76 0.19 10 1.88 0.18 11 1.86 0.17 11 1.91 0.17 9 2.10 0.17 9 1.98 0.17 9 1.81 0.17 8 1.66 0.18 7 1.77 0.13 7 2.16 0.26 6
NICARAGUA NIC -0.96 0.20 11 -0.89 0.19 12 -0.89 0.17 12 -0.78 0.16 10 -0.66 0.17 10 -0.69 0.17 9 -0.75 0.17 9 -0.62 0.19 5 -0.42 0.14 4 -0.81 0.29 5
NIGER NER -0.79 0.20 10 -0.86 0.19 11 -0.89 0.19 11 -0.79 0.20 8 -0.70 0.20 8 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.88 0.22 6 -1.13 0.23 4 -1.21 0.15 4 -1.08 0.40 2
87

TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGERIA NGA -0.98 0.16 14 -0.98 0.15 15 -0.94 0.14 15 -0.92 0.15 13 -0.97 0.14 13 -0.94 0.14 12 -1.07 0.15 12 -1.06 0.17 8 -1.06 0.13 7 -1.35 0.26 5
NIUE NIU -0.49 0.88 1 -0.18 0.86 1 -0.64 0.86 1 -0.45 0.90 1 0.27 0.87 1 -0.19 0.87 1 -0.77 0.88 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORWAY NOR 1.95 0.19 10 2.14 0.18 11 2.13 0.17 11 1.99 0.17 9 2.16 0.17 9 2.02 0.17 9 2.02 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 7 2.04 0.13 7 2.25 0.26 6
OMAN OMN 0.42 0.20 8 0.29 0.19 9 0.33 0.22 7 0.38 0.19 7 0.41 0.20 7 0.48 0.19 7 0.44 0.17 8 0.43 0.20 5 0.46 0.14 5 0.54 0.29 4
PAKISTAN PAK -0.73 0.16 13 -0.60 0.17 14 -0.53 0.14 14 -0.55 0.15 12 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.55 0.15 11 -0.59 0.17 10 -0.66 0.16 7 -0.65 0.13 6 -0.54 0.26 5
PALAU PCI -0.56 0.39 2 -0.49 0.86 1 -0.64 0.86 1 -0.77 0.90 1 0.38 0.87 1 0.33 0.87 1 -0.35 0.88 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN 0.16 0.18 12 0.14 0.18 13 0.08 0.16 13 0.05 0.15 12 0.02 0.16 12 -0.04 0.16 10 -0.06 0.16 10 0.15 0.17 7 0.27 0.13 6 -0.40 0.26 6
PARAGUAY PRY -0.78 0.19 11 -0.78 0.18 12 -0.79 0.16 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.82 0.16 10 -0.98 0.16 10 -1.01 0.18 6 -0.93 0.14 5 -0.49 0.27 5
PERU PER -0.30 0.17 14 -0.45 0.17 14 -0.51 0.15 14 -0.62 0.15 12 -0.52 0.16 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.16 0.17 7 0.09 0.13 7 -0.35 0.24 7
PHILIPPINES PHL 0.00 0.17 13 -0.04 0.16 14 -0.09 0.15 14 -0.11 0.15 12 -0.28 0.16 12 -0.15 0.15 11 -0.17 0.16 11 -0.19 0.17 8 -0.26 0.13 8 -0.13 0.23 7
POLAND POL 0.48 0.17 13 0.38 0.17 14 0.54 0.16 14 0.56 0.16 12 0.45 0.16 12 0.54 0.15 12 0.56 0.15 12 0.62 0.17 9 0.69 0.13 8 0.63 0.23 7
PORTUGAL PRT 1.05 0.19 10 0.87 0.18 11 0.81 0.17 11 1.06 0.17 9 1.08 0.17 9 1.23 0.17 9 1.20 0.17 8 1.14 0.18 7 1.40 0.13 7 1.00 0.26 6
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.66 0.28 4 0.64 0.27 5 0.70 0.31 4 1.01 0.25 3 1.09 0.29 3 1.16 0.27 3 1.18 0.27 2 1.36 0.26 2 1.27 0.15 2 1.46 0.62 1
QATAR QAT 0.68 0.21 7 0.05 0.20 8 0.38 0.18 8 0.36 0.17 8 0.50 0.20 7 0.47 0.19 7 0.57 0.18 7 0.49 0.20 5 0.64 0.14 5 0.27 0.29 4
REUNION REU 1.03 0.38 1 1.00 0.40 1 1.01 0.38 1 1.02 0.29 1 1.07 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.14 0.18 12 -0.15 0.18 13 0.00 0.16 13 -0.05 0.16 12 0.01 0.16 12 -0.09 0.16 11 -0.14 0.16 10 -0.35 0.18 7 -0.25 0.14 5 -0.64 0.29 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.32 0.17 13 -0.41 0.17 14 -0.45 0.16 14 -0.36 0.16 12 -0.28 0.16 12 -0.21 0.15 12 -0.32 0.15 12 -0.58 0.17 9 -0.41 0.13 8 -0.51 0.23 7
RWANDA RWA -0.20 0.21 8 -0.35 0.21 8 -0.37 0.21 8 -1.00 0.22 6 -0.65 0.23 6 -0.85 0.23 5 -0.96 0.23 5 -0.85 0.24 3 -1.17 0.15 3 -1.23 0.48 1
SAMOA SAM -0.07 0.26 4 0.11 0.31 4 -0.08 0.24 4 0.30 0.23 4 0.00 0.26 4 0.36 0.25 4 0.26 0.26 4 0.41 0.21 3 0.38 0.15 2 -0.39 0.48 1
SAN MARINO SMR -0.42 0.88 1 -0.08 0.86 1 -0.27 0.86 1 -0.51 0.90 1 -0.23 0.87 1 -0.68 0.87 1 -0.35 0.88 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.74 0.24 5 -0.79 0.24 5 -0.89 0.23 6 -0.78 0.24 5 -0.78 0.25 5 -0.59 0.26 4 -0.67 0.26 4 -0.60 0.24 3 -0.48 0.15 3 -0.65 0.48 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.01 0.19 10 -0.17 0.18 11 -0.21 0.19 10 -0.40 0.18 8 -0.31 0.19 8 -0.29 0.18 8 -0.28 0.17 9 -0.12 0.20 5 -0.15 0.14 5 -0.19 0.29 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.12 0.17 13 -0.34 0.16 14 -0.21 0.17 13 -0.12 0.18 10 -0.17 0.17 10 -0.26 0.15 10 0.03 0.17 9 -0.05 0.20 5 0.13 0.14 5 -0.21 0.32 3
SERBIA YUG -0.28 0.20 10 -0.33 0.19 11 -0.21 0.18 11 -0.34 0.16 10 -0.21 0.17 10 -0.54 0.16 10 -0.61 0.18 9 -0.86 0.22 4 -1.19 0.15 3 -0.42 0.40 2
SEYCHELLES SYC -0.01 0.24 5 -0.04 0.23 6 -0.07 0.23 6 -0.02 0.20 7 -0.10 0.20 7 -0.09 0.25 5 0.00 0.26 4 0.02 0.24 3 0.56 0.15 3 -0.59 0.48 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.13 0.21 9 -1.08 0.21 9 -1.10 0.20 9 -1.23 0.21 7 -1.14 0.21 7 -1.41 0.22 6 -1.54 0.22 6 -1.47 0.23 4 -1.41 0.15 4 -0.72 0.40 2
SINGAPORE SGP 2.53 0.18 11 2.45 0.17 12 2.29 0.16 12 2.13 0.16 10 2.23 0.17 10 2.19 0.16 10 2.11 0.16 10 2.26 0.18 7 2.13 0.13 7 2.60 0.26 6
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.76 0.18 12 0.64 0.17 13 0.84 0.16 13 0.90 0.16 12 0.72 0.16 12 0.62 0.15 12 0.47 0.16 11 0.43 0.17 9 0.37 0.13 7 0.54 0.24 6
SLOVENIA SVN 1.09 0.18 12 0.98 0.17 13 1.05 0.17 12 1.00 0.16 11 0.98 0.17 11 1.05 0.15 12 0.88 0.15 12 0.78 0.17 9 0.94 0.13 6 0.70 0.28 4
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.79 0.24 5 -1.07 0.29 5 -0.83 0.24 4 -0.69 0.23 4 -1.45 0.26 4 -2.51 0.36 3 -1.74 0.45 3 -1.05 0.29 2 -0.94 0.56 1 -1.03 0.48 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.51 0.25 5 -2.33 0.25 5 -2.21 0.24 5 -2.16 0.22 6 -2.16 0.23 6 -1.90 0.24 5 -1.60 0.24 4 -2.25 0.24 3 -2.06 0.15 3 -1.78 0.40 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.75 0.16 14 0.72 0.15 15 0.71 0.15 15 0.83 0.15 14 0.78 0.14 14 0.75 0.14 13 0.71 0.15 13 0.70 0.16 9 0.95 0.13 9 0.60 0.23 7
SPAIN ESP 0.99 0.19 10 1.00 0.18 11 0.99 0.17 11 1.41 0.17 9 1.34 0.17 9 1.76 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 9 1.73 0.18 7 1.72 0.13 7 1.38 0.26 6
SRI LANKA LKA -0.29 0.16 13 -0.23 0.17 14 -0.27 0.14 14 -0.37 0.15 12 -0.37 0.15 12 -0.17 0.15 11 -0.08 0.16 11 -0.25 0.16 8 -0.21 0.13 6 -0.38 0.26 5
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.66 0.32 3 0.63 0.33 3 0.69 0.32 3 0.90 0.26 4 -0.06 0.29 4 -0.56 0.45 2 -0.43 0.47 2 -0.11 0.45 1 -0.32 0.56 1 -0.20 0.48 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.88 0.32 3 0.79 0.33 3 0.90 0.32 3 1.03 0.26 4 0.21 0.29 4 0.04 0.45 2 -0.12 0.47 2 0.00 0.45 1 -0.22 0.56 1 0.25 0.48 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.74 0.32 3 0.78 0.33 3 0.80 0.32 3 0.97 0.26 4 0.26 0.29 4 -0.30 0.45 2 -0.34 0.47 2 -0.11 0.45 1 -0.22 0.56 1 -0.39 0.48 1
SUDAN SDN -1.41 0.19 10 -1.15 0.19 11 -1.11 0.18 10 -1.45 0.18 10 -1.20 0.17 10 -1.21 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -1.16 0.19 6 -1.08 0.14 5 -1.50 0.32 3
SURINAME SUR 0.00 0.27 4 -0.05 0.25 5 -0.08 0.21 6 -0.03 0.24 5 -0.04 0.27 5 -0.18 0.27 4 -0.28 0.27 3 -0.16 0.27 2 -0.65 0.15 2 -0.95 0.61 1
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.66 0.22 7 -0.72 0.21 8 -0.70 0.21 8 -0.92 0.22 7 -0.85 0.22 7 -0.79 0.23 6 -0.42 0.23 5 -0.71 0.24 3 -0.67 0.15 3 -0.33 0.48 1
SWEDEN SWE 1.99 0.19 10 2.11 0.18 11 2.06 0.17 11 2.01 0.17 9 2.13 0.17 9 2.12 0.17 9 2.07 0.17 8 2.04 0.18 7 2.05 0.13 7 2.19 0.26 6
SWITZERLAND CHE 2.06 0.20 9 2.27 0.19 10 2.24 0.18 10 2.11 0.17 9 2.34 0.17 9 2.16 0.17 9 2.25 0.17 8 2.21 0.18 7 1.95 0.13 7 2.64 0.26 6
SYRIA SYR -0.67 0.18 11 -0.81 0.17 12 -0.94 0.18 11 -1.11 0.18 9 -0.99 0.18 9 -0.94 0.18 8 -0.83 0.18 8 -0.93 0.20 5 -0.90 0.14 5 -0.40 0.29 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.88 0.18 11 1.06 0.17 12 1.17 0.16 12 1.16 0.16 10 1.25 0.17 10 1.17 0.16 10 1.08 0.16 10 0.91 0.18 7 0.68 0.13 7 1.57 0.26 6
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -0.88 0.18 12 -0.98 0.18 13 -0.91 0.15 13 -0.99 0.16 11 -1.00 0.19 10 -1.06 0.19 9 -1.18 0.20 9 -1.15 0.19 5 -1.44 0.14 4 -1.21 0.33 3
TANZANIA TZA -0.45 0.17 13 -0.46 0.16 14 -0.45 0.15 14 -0.45 0.15 13 -0.42 0.14 13 -0.36 0.14 12 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.50 0.18 7 -0.61 0.13 7 -0.98 0.26 5
THAILAND THA 0.11 0.17 12 0.17 0.17 13 0.25 0.15 14 0.36 0.15 12 0.22 0.16 12 0.29 0.15 11 0.17 0.16 11 0.07 0.17 8 0.10 0.13 8 0.48 0.23 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.00 0.23 5 -1.12 0.27 5 -0.97 0.22 5 -1.06 0.22 4 -0.65 0.28 4 -0.94 0.29 3 -0.92 0.30 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.43 0.20 9 -1.48 0.19 10 -1.61 0.18 11 -1.47 0.20 8 -1.44 0.20 8 -1.33 0.21 7 -1.25 0.22 6 -1.15 0.23 4 -0.68 0.15 4 -0.73 0.40 2
TONGA TON -0.41 0.26 4 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.63 0.24 4 -0.48 0.23 4 -0.66 0.26 4 -0.60 0.36 3 -0.66 0.45 3 -0.53 0.29 2 -0.43 0.56 1 -0.20 0.48 1
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.30 0.21 8 0.36 0.20 9 0.28 0.19 9 0.29 0.17 9 0.42 0.18 8 0.51 0.18 7 0.33 0.18 6 0.43 0.19 5 -0.04 0.14 4 0.00 0.32 3
TUNISIA TUN 0.35 0.16 13 0.39 0.16 14 0.49 0.15 13 0.38 0.15 12 0.44 0.15 12 0.51 0.15 11 0.58 0.16 11 0.47 0.18 7 0.47 0.13 7 0.29 0.26 5
TURKEY TUR 0.20 0.17 14 0.23 0.16 15 0.17 0.15 15 0.20 0.15 13 0.07 0.16 13 0.13 0.15 12 0.05 0.15 12 -0.04 0.17 9 -0.17 0.13 8 0.02 0.23 7
TUVALU TUV -0.66 0.28 3 -0.51 0.36 3 -0.29 0.26 3 -0.07 0.24 3 -0.97 0.29 3 -0.96 0.49 2 0.19 0.79 2 0.53 0.35 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.51 0.17 13 -0.43 0.16 14 -0.49 0.15 14 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 11 -0.55 0.16 10 -0.43 0.19 6 -0.56 0.14 6 -0.62 0.29 4
UKRAINE UKR -0.60 0.17 13 -0.60 0.17 14 -0.46 0.16 13 -0.36 0.16 11 -0.60 0.16 11 -0.50 0.15 11 -0.71 0.16 11 -0.64 0.17 8 -0.72 0.13 7 -0.69 0.26 5
URUGUAY URY 0.48 0.19 11 0.45 0.18 12 0.40 0.16 12 0.49 0.15 12 0.35 0.16 12 0.48 0.15 11 0.57 0.16 11 0.50 0.17 7 0.63 0.13 6 -0.21 0.26 6
UZBEKISTAN UZB -0.68 0.18 11 -0.76 0.18 12 -0.94 0.17 11 -1.10 0.17 10 -0.99 0.18 10 -0.98 0.17 10 -1.12 0.17 10 -0.86 0.20 6 -0.77 0.27 4 -0.76 0.28 4
VANUATU VUT -0.36 0.26 4 -0.31 0.31 4 -0.41 0.24 4 -0.35 0.23 4 -0.63 0.26 4 -0.89 0.36 3 -0.37 0.45 3 -0.61 0.29 2 -0.43 0.56 1 -0.20 0.48 1
VENEZUELA VEN -0.85 0.17 14 -0.87 0.16 15 -0.79 0.15 15 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.90 0.16 13 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.93 0.15 12 -0.67 0.17 8 -0.46 0.13 8 -0.76 0.23 8
VIETNAM VNM -0.31 0.16 13 -0.35 0.17 14 -0.34 0.14 14 -0.30 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.46 0.16 11 -0.47 0.16 8 -0.62 0.13 7 -0.34 0.24 6
YEMEN YEM -0.99 0.20 10 -1.00 0.19 11 -1.01 0.19 11 -0.93 0.19 8 -0.93 0.20 8 -0.73 0.19 7 -0.76 0.18 7 -0.71 0.21 4 -0.64 0.14 4 -0.56 0.32 3
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.66 0.17 13 -0.62 0.16 14 -0.73 0.15 14 -0.92 0.16 12 -0.82 0.14 13 -0.85 0.14 12 -0.81 0.16 11 -0.96 0.18 7 -1.06 0.13 7 -0.70 0.26 5
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.56 0.16 13 -1.35 0.15 15 -1.30 0.14 15 -1.36 0.15 13 -1.05 0.15 12 -1.02 0.15 11 -0.96 0.16 11 -0.89 0.17 8 -0.47 0.13 8 -0.34 0.24 6
88

TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.58 0.19 7 -1.75 0.24 5 -1.68 0.22 6 -1.64 0.22 5 -1.63 0.22 5 -1.79 0.24 3 -1.94 0.29 3 -2.67 0.38 2 -2.16 0.46 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB 0.16 0.16 12 0.10 0.18 11 -0.11 0.18 11 -0.25 0.18 10 -0.17 0.19 9 -0.44 0.19 8 -0.25 0.22 8 -0.25 0.26 7 -0.28 0.28 6 0.02 0.35 5
ALGERIA DZA -0.79 0.16 11 -0.66 0.16 11 -0.66 0.16 11 -0.56 0.16 11 -0.59 0.16 11 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.67 0.20 9 -0.76 0.23 7 -1.01 0.24 7 -0.94 0.33 5
ANDORRA ADO 1.35 0.43 1 1.35 0.39 1 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.31 1 1.37 0.33 1 1.39 0.30 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.23 0.43 1 1.26 0.46 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -0.94 0.16 10 -1.00 0.17 10 -1.08 0.16 11 -1.31 0.17 10 -1.18 0.17 10 -1.30 0.18 9 -1.46 0.21 8 -1.86 0.24 6 -1.66 0.24 7 -1.42 0.33 5
ANGUILLA AIA 1.35 0.43 1 1.35 0.39 1 1.33 0.35 1 1.09 0.31 1 0.87 0.33 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.65 0.17 11 -0.77 0.18 11 -0.71 0.18 11 -0.64 0.17 11 -0.71 0.17 11 -0.71 0.17 10 -1.04 0.19 10 0.31 0.20 8 0.64 0.23 8 0.79 0.23 7
ARMENIA ARM 0.32 0.16 13 0.25 0.17 13 0.23 0.17 13 0.11 0.18 11 0.03 0.18 10 0.06 0.19 9 -0.08 0.21 9 -0.28 0.26 7 -0.38 0.28 6 -1.33 0.40 3
ARUBA ABW 0.85 0.43 1 0.85 0.39 1 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.31 1 0.73 0.33 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.78 0.21 8 1.71 0.21 8 1.66 0.21 8 1.62 0.20 8 1.73 0.20 8 1.60 0.19 8 1.44 0.22 7 1.62 0.22 7 1.49 0.25 7 1.04 0.24 6
AUSTRIA AUT 1.64 0.21 8 1.62 0.21 8 1.61 0.21 8 1.56 0.20 8 1.51 0.20 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.58 0.22 7 1.59 0.22 7 1.39 0.25 7 1.16 0.24 6
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.32 0.16 12 -0.50 0.17 13 -0.51 0.17 13 -0.53 0.17 13 -0.61 0.17 12 -0.55 0.17 11 -0.69 0.20 11 -0.81 0.23 9 -0.94 0.25 7 -0.98 0.34 5
BAHAMAS BHS 0.99 0.31 3 1.01 0.29 3 1.03 0.28 3 1.09 0.26 3 1.11 0.27 3 1.13 0.25 3 1.30 0.29 3 1.15 0.36 3 1.01 0.38 3 0.45 0.53 2
BAHRAIN BHR 0.88 0.20 8 0.89 0.21 8 0.76 0.20 8 0.75 0.19 8 0.85 0.19 8 0.77 0.19 7 1.00 0.21 8 0.91 0.28 5 0.80 0.30 5 0.51 0.34 4
BANGLADESH BGD -0.82 0.16 12 -0.86 0.18 12 -0.87 0.18 12 -0.95 0.18 11 -1.05 0.17 11 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.94 0.20 10 -0.70 0.23 8 -0.59 0.27 6 -0.22 0.33 5
BARBADOS BRB 0.77 0.32 3 0.97 0.28 4 0.83 0.26 4 1.16 0.27 4 1.04 0.27 4 1.08 0.27 3 1.06 0.34 2 1.26 0.37 2 1.29 0.40 2 0.87 0.66 1
BELARUS BLR -1.24 0.17 10 -1.56 0.18 10 -1.67 0.18 10 -1.51 0.19 9 -1.43 0.19 9 -1.63 0.19 9 -1.73 0.22 8 -1.94 0.26 7 -2.01 0.28 6 -1.53 0.38 4
BELGIUM BEL 1.48 0.21 8 1.48 0.21 8 1.41 0.21 8 1.29 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.36 0.19 8 1.39 0.21 8 1.18 0.22 7 1.07 0.25 7 0.97 0.24 6
BELIZE BLZ -0.40 0.21 6 -0.28 0.23 6 -0.25 0.23 6 -0.02 0.25 5 -0.06 0.25 5 0.15 0.25 4 -0.04 0.30 3 -0.02 0.32 3 0.11 0.35 3 0.14 0.57 2
BENIN BEN -0.46 0.16 10 -0.47 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 11 -0.50 0.18 9 -0.50 0.19 7 -0.54 0.21 6 -0.40 0.25 5 -0.13 0.27 4 -0.11 0.29 4 0.17 0.57 2
BERMUDA BMU 1.35 0.43 1 1.35 0.39 1 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.31 1 1.39 0.33 1 1.39 0.30 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.48 0.43 1 1.51 0.46 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN -0.86 0.20 6 -0.68 0.23 5 -0.17 0.25 5 -0.13 0.25 5 -0.71 0.25 5 -0.01 0.24 4 -0.48 0.32 3 -0.39 0.34 3 -0.43 0.38 2 0.27 0.81 1
BOLIVIA BOL -1.02 0.17 11 -1.18 0.18 11 -0.98 0.18 11 -0.60 0.18 10 -0.15 0.18 10 -0.06 0.18 9 -0.03 0.20 9 0.15 0.23 7 0.30 0.27 6 0.81 0.33 5
BOTSWANA BWA 0.52 0.15 12 0.45 0.16 13 0.49 0.16 13 0.59 0.16 12 0.60 0.16 12 0.79 0.17 11 0.84 0.19 11 0.65 0.23 7 0.75 0.24 7 0.74 0.33 5
BRAZIL BRA 0.19 0.16 12 -0.04 0.17 12 -0.04 0.17 12 0.05 0.17 11 0.07 0.17 11 0.31 0.17 10 0.20 0.19 10 0.35 0.20 8 0.30 0.23 8 0.31 0.23 7
BRUNEI BRN 0.83 0.33 3 1.00 0.32 2 0.96 0.30 2 0.95 0.27 2 1.19 0.28 2 1.00 0.26 2 1.07 0.31 2 0.92 0.40 2 0.88 0.43 2 3.41 0.70 1
BULGARIA BGR 0.75 0.16 13 0.61 0.17 13 0.53 0.16 13 0.64 0.17 11 0.67 0.17 11 0.59 0.17 11 0.57 0.19 11 0.20 0.21 9 0.11 0.25 7 0.20 0.32 6
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.32 0.15 12 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.44 0.16 12 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.35 0.18 8 -0.27 0.20 7 -0.11 0.22 6 -0.08 0.27 5 -0.32 0.29 5 -0.08 0.48 3
BURUNDI BDI -1.18 0.16 10 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.17 0.17 10 -1.24 0.19 7 -1.18 0.20 6 -1.26 0.22 5 -1.33 0.26 4 -1.19 0.29 3 -1.62 0.29 4 -1.55 0.57 2
CAMBODIA KHM -0.47 0.17 11 -0.51 0.19 10 -0.61 0.19 10 -0.50 0.19 9 -0.52 0.19 8 -0.37 0.19 7 -0.35 0.23 7 -0.17 0.27 5 -0.21 0.31 4 0.04 0.46 3
CAMEROON CMR -0.66 0.15 12 -0.71 0.16 12 -0.73 0.16 12 -0.72 0.16 11 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.80 0.17 10 -0.80 0.20 9 -0.47 0.23 7 -0.55 0.24 7 -0.79 0.33 5
CANADA CAN 1.66 0.20 9 1.61 0.21 9 1.56 0.20 9 1.54 0.20 8 1.65 0.20 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.59 0.21 8 1.49 0.22 7 1.49 0.25 7 0.92 0.24 6
CAPE VERDE CPV -0.02 0.19 6 -0.17 0.19 7 -0.15 0.19 7 -0.20 0.21 6 -0.30 0.22 6 -0.21 0.24 5 -0.23 0.27 5 0.12 0.34 3 -0.26 0.36 3 -0.75 0.57 2
CHAD TCD -1.26 0.16 10 -1.16 0.17 10 -1.09 0.17 10 -1.06 0.18 8 -0.78 0.19 8 -0.94 0.20 7 -0.86 0.24 6 -0.80 0.27 4 -0.94 0.29 4 -0.86 0.57 2
CHILE CHL 1.58 0.17 11 1.45 0.18 11 1.43 0.18 11 1.43 0.17 11 1.40 0.17 11 1.48 0.17 10 1.45 0.19 10 1.39 0.20 8 1.34 0.23 8 1.29 0.23 7
CHINA CHN -0.22 0.16 12 -0.24 0.17 12 -0.33 0.17 12 -0.26 0.17 11 -0.29 0.17 11 -0.39 0.17 10 -0.52 0.19 10 -0.28 0.20 8 -0.26 0.23 8 0.15 0.23 7
COLOMBIA COL 0.24 0.16 12 0.21 0.17 12 0.12 0.17 12 0.04 0.17 11 -0.06 0.17 11 -0.05 0.17 10 0.04 0.19 10 0.11 0.20 8 0.09 0.23 8 0.52 0.23 7
COMOROS COM -1.51 0.20 5 -1.43 0.22 4 -1.46 0.22 4 -1.58 0.22 4 -1.51 0.23 4 -1.45 0.25 3 -1.19 0.29 3 -1.36 0.29 3 -1.29 0.31 3 -0.82 0.81 1
CONGO COG -1.19 0.16 10 -1.20 0.17 10 -1.07 0.18 9 -1.23 0.18 9 -0.98 0.20 7 -1.11 0.22 6 -1.07 0.24 6 -1.29 0.27 5 -1.25 0.29 5 -0.90 0.48 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.43 0.17 9 -1.35 0.18 8 -1.40 0.18 8 -1.62 0.17 9 -1.70 0.17 9 -1.67 0.20 7 -1.71 0.22 7 -2.34 0.27 5 -2.43 0.27 6 -2.56 0.36 4
COOK ISLANDS COK .. .. .. 0.09 0.61 1 0.57 0.71 1 0.61 0.80 1 0.18 0.62 1 0.28 0.57 1 0.35 0.92 1 0.36 0.94 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.47 0.18 10 0.49 0.19 10 0.41 0.18 10 0.59 0.18 10 0.62 0.18 10 0.52 0.18 9 0.43 0.20 9 0.66 0.23 7 0.88 0.27 6 0.62 0.29 6
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -0.93 0.15 12 -0.98 0.17 10 -0.94 0.17 10 -0.99 0.17 9 -0.99 0.17 10 -0.72 0.18 9 -0.48 0.20 9 -0.42 0.23 7 -0.07 0.24 7 -0.04 0.33 5
CROATIA HRV 0.50 0.16 12 0.42 0.17 12 0.38 0.17 12 0.49 0.17 12 0.50 0.17 12 0.40 0.17 11 0.33 0.19 11 0.00 0.23 8 -0.01 0.25 7 0.16 0.34 5
CUBA CUB -1.59 0.20 8 -1.63 0.21 8 -1.59 0.20 8 -1.68 0.19 8 -1.62 0.19 8 -1.32 0.19 7 -1.30 0.22 7 -1.22 0.28 5 -1.08 0.30 5 -0.87 0.34 4
CYPRUS CYP 1.25 0.23 7 1.30 0.24 6 1.28 0.23 6 1.29 0.21 6 1.23 0.22 6 1.20 0.21 5 1.23 0.25 5 1.10 0.28 5 1.20 0.30 5 1.20 0.34 4
DENMARK DNK 1.86 0.21 8 1.93 0.21 8 1.86 0.21 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.80 0.20 8 1.79 0.19 8 1.71 0.22 7 1.66 0.22 7 1.65 0.25 7 1.22 0.24 6
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.75 0.19 6 -0.80 0.21 5 -0.85 0.21 5 -0.83 0.22 5 -0.76 0.22 5 -0.75 0.24 4 -0.59 0.27 4 -0.70 0.27 4 -1.10 0.29 4 0.17 0.57 2
DOMINICA DMA 0.16 0.24 4 0.77 0.31 2 0.89 0.30 2 0.66 0.27 3 0.60 0.27 3 0.78 0.27 2 0.69 0.32 2 0.47 0.35 2 0.45 0.38 2 0.00 0.81 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.24 0.17 11 -0.15 0.18 11 -0.17 0.18 11 -0.31 0.18 10 -0.31 0.18 10 -0.20 0.18 9 -0.13 0.20 9 -0.01 0.26 6 -0.14 0.30 5 0.00 0.41 4
ECUADOR ECU -1.14 0.18 10 -1.09 0.19 10 -1.05 0.18 10 -0.84 0.18 10 -0.65 0.18 10 -0.56 0.18 9 -0.60 0.20 9 -0.45 0.23 7 -0.05 0.27 6 0.16 0.33 5
EGYPT EGY -0.17 0.15 12 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.46 0.16 11 -0.48 0.16 11 -0.51 0.17 10 -0.50 0.19 10 -0.30 0.21 8 -0.28 0.23 8 0.24 0.29 6
EL SALVADOR SLV 0.31 0.18 9 0.20 0.19 9 0.14 0.19 9 0.09 0.18 9 0.13 0.18 9 -0.09 0.18 8 0.02 0.21 8 0.17 0.24 6 0.30 0.30 5 0.52 0.33 5
ERITREA ERI -2.13 0.17 8 -1.95 0.19 6 -1.89 0.19 7 -1.73 0.20 6 -1.65 0.20 6 -1.33 0.22 5 -1.10 0.26 4 -0.87 0.29 3 -0.63 0.31 3 0.00 0.81 1
ESTONIA EST 1.47 0.16 13 1.49 0.17 13 1.41 0.17 12 1.41 0.16 12 1.39 0.17 12 1.40 0.16 12 1.41 0.18 12 1.27 0.19 10 1.24 0.25 7 1.30 0.34 5
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.86 0.16 11 -0.90 0.16 11 -0.87 0.16 11 -1.00 0.16 10 -0.93 0.17 10 -1.12 0.18 9 -1.15 0.20 8 -1.23 0.24 6 -1.10 0.26 6 -1.82 0.41 4
FIJI FJI -0.68 0.24 4 -0.46 0.28 3 -0.44 0.28 3 -0.41 0.26 3 -0.65 0.27 3 -0.32 0.26 3 0.02 0.30 3 -0.56 0.32 3 -0.21 0.35 3 -0.37 0.57 2
FINLAND FIN 1.58 0.21 8 1.67 0.21 8 1.76 0.21 8 1.76 0.20 8 1.83 0.20 8 1.90 0.19 8 1.88 0.21 8 1.85 0.22 7 1.74 0.25 7 1.09 0.24 6
FRANCE FRA 1.25 0.20 9 1.15 0.21 9 1.12 0.20 9 1.10 0.20 8 1.17 0.20 8 1.18 0.19 8 1.02 0.21 8 0.98 0.22 7 0.94 0.25 7 0.76 0.24 6
GABON GAB -0.65 0.17 10 -0.49 0.18 10 -0.49 0.18 10 -0.34 0.18 9 -0.49 0.18 9 -0.16 0.19 8 -0.18 0.21 8 -0.05 0.23 7 0.21 0.26 6 0.04 0.41 4
GAMBIA GMB -0.44 0.17 9 -0.39 0.18 8 -0.40 0.18 8 -0.48 0.19 7 -0.37 0.20 7 -0.44 0.21 6 -0.55 0.25 5 -0.23 0.27 5 -0.36 0.29 5 -1.77 0.48 3
89

TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GEORGIA GEO 0.59 0.16 12 0.20 0.18 12 -0.26 0.18 11 -0.56 0.19 10 -0.53 0.19 10 -0.76 0.20 8 -0.84 0.23 8 -0.51 0.26 6 -0.77 0.28 5 -1.23 0.38 4
GERMANY DEU 1.46 0.20 9 1.50 0.21 9 1.48 0.20 9 1.42 0.20 8 1.44 0.20 8 1.51 0.19 8 1.54 0.21 8 1.59 0.22 7 1.30 0.25 7 1.08 0.24 6
GHANA GHA 0.08 0.15 12 -0.01 0.16 12 -0.02 0.16 12 -0.11 0.16 12 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.32 0.17 11 -0.40 0.20 10 0.00 0.23 7 -0.10 0.24 7 0.11 0.33 5
GREECE GRC 0.81 0.20 9 0.83 0.21 9 0.79 0.20 9 0.88 0.20 8 0.86 0.20 8 1.01 0.19 8 0.99 0.21 8 0.88 0.22 7 0.72 0.25 7 0.74 0.24 6
GRENADA GRD 0.31 0.26 3 0.46 0.31 2 0.43 0.28 3 0.31 0.27 3 0.19 0.27 3 0.38 0.27 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.43 0.35 2 0.42 0.38 2 0.00 0.81 1
GUAM GUM 0.61 0.43 1 0.60 0.39 1 0.60 0.35 1 0.60 0.31 1 0.68 0.33 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.12 0.17 11 -0.15 0.18 11 -0.15 0.18 11 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.18 0.18 9 -0.29 0.18 8 -0.15 0.21 8 -0.11 0.24 6 0.08 0.30 5 0.16 0.33 5
GUINEA GIN -1.15 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 10 -1.03 0.17 10 -0.90 0.18 8 -0.91 0.18 8 -1.15 0.20 7 -0.95 0.22 7 -0.54 0.27 5 -0.56 0.29 5 0.19 0.48 3
GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.22 0.18 7 -1.10 0.20 6 -1.00 0.20 6 -1.12 0.20 6 -1.14 0.20 6 -0.89 0.22 5 -0.97 0.25 5 -1.28 0.27 5 -1.34 0.29 5 0.13 0.60 2
GUYANA GUY -0.55 0.20 7 -0.46 0.20 8 -0.44 0.20 8 -0.42 0.21 7 -0.26 0.22 6 -0.23 0.23 5 -0.41 0.27 4 -0.17 0.31 4 -0.01 0.34 4 0.21 0.48 3
HAITI HTI -0.89 0.18 8 -0.86 0.20 7 -0.87 0.20 7 -1.24 0.20 7 -1.31 0.20 7 -1.08 0.20 7 -1.03 0.23 6 -0.97 0.31 4 -0.88 0.34 4 -1.10 0.48 3
HONDURAS HND -0.27 0.18 10 -0.22 0.19 10 -0.40 0.18 10 -0.47 0.18 9 -0.34 0.18 9 -0.51 0.18 8 -0.40 0.21 8 -0.30 0.24 6 -0.12 0.30 5 -0.36 0.33 5
HONG KONG HKG 2.00 0.22 8 1.89 0.21 9 1.91 0.20 9 1.84 0.20 8 1.82 0.20 8 1.76 0.19 8 1.58 0.21 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.71 0.25 7 1.54 0.24 6
HUNGARY HUN 1.26 0.16 13 1.15 0.17 13 1.16 0.16 13 1.12 0.16 12 1.15 0.17 12 1.08 0.16 12 1.25 0.18 12 0.96 0.19 10 0.99 0.22 9 0.67 0.23 8
ICELAND ISL 1.12 0.23 6 1.57 0.22 7 1.62 0.21 7 1.66 0.22 6 1.69 0.23 6 1.67 0.21 6 1.47 0.24 5 1.50 0.25 5 1.25 0.29 5 0.35 0.28 4
INDIA IND -0.21 0.16 12 -0.22 0.17 12 -0.19 0.17 12 -0.21 0.17 11 -0.35 0.17 11 -0.33 0.17 10 -0.36 0.19 10 -0.11 0.20 8 -0.39 0.23 8 -0.01 0.23 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.27 0.16 12 -0.30 0.17 13 -0.31 0.17 13 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.63 0.17 12 -0.65 0.16 11 -0.71 0.19 11 -0.31 0.20 9 -0.27 0.23 8 0.35 0.23 7
IRAN IRN -1.63 0.18 9 -1.61 0.19 9 -1.55 0.19 10 -1.46 0.18 9 -1.26 0.18 9 -1.11 0.18 8 -1.28 0.21 8 -1.54 0.28 5 -1.54 0.30 5 -1.72 0.34 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.09 0.23 6 -1.35 0.23 6 -1.47 0.22 6 -1.59 0.20 6 -1.73 0.21 6 -1.42 0.20 6 -2.21 0.23 6 -2.41 0.28 5 -2.76 0.30 5 -2.95 0.34 4
IRELAND IRL 1.91 0.20 9 1.84 0.21 9 1.87 0.20 9 1.59 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.66 0.19 8 1.72 0.22 7 1.77 0.22 7 1.62 0.25 7 1.23 0.24 6
ISRAEL ISR 1.20 0.20 9 1.04 0.21 9 0.98 0.20 9 0.85 0.20 8 0.83 0.20 8 0.91 0.19 8 0.93 0.21 8 1.14 0.22 7 1.02 0.25 7 1.01 0.24 6
ITALY ITA 0.95 0.20 9 0.81 0.21 9 0.85 0.20 9 0.89 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.02 0.19 8 0.94 0.21 8 0.92 0.22 7 0.84 0.25 7 0.64 0.24 6
JAMAICA JAM 0.36 0.20 7 0.31 0.19 8 0.27 0.19 9 0.25 0.18 9 0.20 0.18 9 0.19 0.18 8 0.22 0.21 8 0.20 0.24 6 0.20 0.30 5 0.61 0.41 4
JA PAN JPN 1.23 0.20 9 1.05 0.21 9 1.19 0.20 9 1.17 0.20 8 1.11 0.20 8 0.99 0.19 8 0.57 0.21 8 0.83 0.22 7 0.65 0.25 7 0.50 0.24 6
JORDAN JOR 0.34 0.16 12 0.35 0.17 12 0.39 0.17 12 0.25 0.17 11 0.36 0.17 11 0.22 0.17 10 0.09 0.20 9 0.32 0.23 7 0.47 0.25 7 0.29 0.29 6
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.37 0.17 12 -0.45 0.17 12 -0.49 0.17 13 -0.46 0.17 12 -0.59 0.17 11 -0.68 0.17 10 -0.82 0.20 10 -0.66 0.21 9 -0.41 0.25 7 -0.43 0.38 4
KENYA KEN -0.07 0.15 12 -0.27 0.16 13 -0.31 0.16 13 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.30 0.20 10 -0.32 0.23 7 -0.37 0.24 7 -0.36 0.33 5
KIRIBATI KIR -1.22 0.24 4 -1.10 0.28 3 -1.01 0.28 3 -0.99 0.27 3 -0.53 0.27 3 -0.86 0.42 2 -1.04 0.54 2 -1.01 0.51 2 -1.03 0.60 1 -0.27 0.81 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.28 0.26 4 -2.26 0.25 4 -2.29 0.22 6 -2.24 0.20 6 -2.26 0.20 6 -2.02 0.22 4 -1.93 0.26 4 -2.15 0.36 3 -2.18 0.38 3 -2.23 0.53 2
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.73 0.17 11 0.88 0.18 11 0.70 0.18 11 0.79 0.17 10 0.79 0.18 10 0.67 0.17 10 0.77 0.19 10 0.58 0.20 8 0.33 0.23 8 0.46 0.24 6
KUWAIT KWT 0.04 0.20 9 0.29 0.20 9 0.43 0.21 8 0.53 0.21 7 0.60 0.22 6 0.38 0.21 6 0.41 0.23 7 -0.05 0.28 5 -0.02 0.30 5 -0.04 0.34 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.32 0.16 12 -0.40 0.18 12 -0.59 0.18 12 -0.72 0.19 11 -0.33 0.19 10 -0.21 0.19 9 -0.17 0.23 9 -0.22 0.26 7 -0.33 0.28 5 -0.52 0.43 3
LAOS LAO -1.25 0.18 9 -1.08 0.20 9 -1.15 0.20 9 -1.20 0.21 8 -1.23 0.21 7 -1.37 0.21 6 -1.31 0.26 6 -1.48 0.31 4 -1.03 0.35 3 -1.62 0.57 2
LATVIA LVA 1.07 0.17 11 1.06 0.18 11 1.07 0.17 11 1.01 0.17 11 1.01 0.17 11 1.03 0.17 11 0.92 0.19 11 0.68 0.21 9 0.87 0.25 7 0.86 0.34 5
LEBANON LBN -0.20 0.18 10 -0.21 0.19 10 -0.20 0.19 10 -0.19 0.18 9 -0.12 0.18 9 -0.19 0.18 8 -0.33 0.20 9 -0.28 0.26 6 -0.12 0.27 6 0.02 0.33 5
LESOTHO LSO -0.63 0.18 8 -0.64 0.18 10 -0.55 0.18 10 -0.57 0.20 8 -0.57 0.21 8 -0.58 0.22 7 -0.37 0.26 6 -0.37 0.27 4 -0.41 0.29 4 -0.62 0.57 2
LIBERIA LBR -1.32 0.17 8 -1.24 0.22 4 -1.40 0.21 4 -1.62 0.20 4 -1.86 0.20 5 -1.75 0.22 4 -1.79 0.25 4 -1.86 0.29 4 -2.06 0.30 4 -3.13 0.60 2
LIBYA LBY -0.93 0.18 9 -0.98 0.21 8 -1.28 0.21 7 -1.29 0.20 7 -1.23 0.20 7 -1.60 0.19 7 -1.66 0.22 7 -1.82 0.28 5 -2.20 0.30 5 -2.10 0.34 4
LITHUANIA LTU 1.14 0.16 13 1.12 0.17 13 1.05 0.18 11 1.11 0.17 11 1.16 0.17 11 1.10 0.17 11 1.08 0.19 11 0.72 0.21 9 0.79 0.25 7 0.74 0.34 5
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.71 0.22 7 1.89 0.22 7 1.84 0.21 7 1.79 0.22 6 1.93 0.23 6 1.94 0.21 6 2.00 0.25 5 1.94 0.25 5 1.51 0.29 5 1.20 0.28 4
MACAO MAC 1.00 0.35 2 0.85 0.39 1 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.31 1 1.54 0.33 1 1.14 0.30 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.50 0.43 1 0.53 0.46 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD 0.21 0.17 11 0.08 0.18 11 -0.05 0.18 11 -0.17 0.18 11 -0.07 0.18 11 -0.26 0.18 10 -0.20 0.22 8 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.17 0.29 4 -0.29 0.51 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.33 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 13 -0.26 0.16 13 -0.34 0.17 10 -0.34 0.18 9 -0.24 0.19 8 -0.29 0.22 6 -0.56 0.27 5 -0.80 0.29 5 -0.52 0.48 3
MALAWI MWI -0.39 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 11 -0.60 0.16 12 -0.50 0.16 11 -0.53 0.17 11 -0.42 0.18 10 -0.50 0.20 9 -0.20 0.24 6 -0.14 0.26 6 -0.21 0.41 4
MALAYSIA MYS 0.27 0.17 11 0.53 0.18 11 0.51 0.17 12 0.52 0.17 11 0.48 0.17 11 0.66 0.17 10 0.47 0.19 10 0.38 0.20 8 0.58 0.23 8 0.68 0.23 7
MALDIVES MDV -0.42 0.21 6 -0.04 0.27 4 0.25 0.27 4 0.36 0.26 4 -0.12 0.26 4 0.57 0.25 3 0.76 0.32 3 0.69 0.34 3 0.85 0.38 2 0.27 0.81 1
MALI MLI -0.33 0.16 11 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.39 0.16 12 -0.42 0.17 10 -0.46 0.18 10 -0.43 0.19 9 -0.37 0.22 8 -0.17 0.27 5 -0.28 0.29 5 -0.01 0.48 3
MALTA MLT 1.17 0.26 5 1.29 0.23 6 1.25 0.22 6 1.15 0.23 5 1.26 0.24 5 1.27 0.23 5 1.06 0.29 3 1.09 0.36 3 1.01 0.38 3 0.80 0.53 2
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.85 0.43 1 0.85 0.39 1 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.31 1 0.77 0.33 1 0.90 0.30 1 0.93 0.37 1 0.99 0.43 1 1.02 0.46 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.59 0.16 10 -0.36 0.18 10 -0.29 0.18 9 -0.17 0.21 6 -0.05 0.21 6 -0.08 0.23 5 0.25 0.27 4 -0.41 0.27 4 -0.55 0.29 4 -0.86 0.57 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.95 0.16 11 0.57 0.17 10 0.54 0.17 10 0.38 0.18 8 0.37 0.18 8 0.68 0.21 6 0.60 0.23 6 0.60 0.25 5 0.33 0.31 4 0.12 0.56 2
MEXICO MEX 0.45 0.16 12 0.39 0.17 12 0.38 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.44 0.17 11 0.37 0.17 10 0.47 0.19 10 0.37 0.20 8 0.37 0.23 8 0.64 0.23 7
MICRONESIA FSM -0.63 0.24 4 -0.39 0.28 3 0.13 0.28 3 0.16 0.27 3 0.00 0.27 3 -0.47 0.42 2 -0.62 0.54 2 -0.90 0.51 2 -0.84 0.60 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.20 0.16 12 -0.30 0.17 12 -0.39 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.57 0.17 11 -0.61 0.17 10 -0.47 0.20 9 -0.43 0.23 8 -0.23 0.25 7 0.14 0.34 5
MONGOLIA MNG -0.29 0.16 12 -0.34 0.18 11 -0.29 0.18 11 -0.37 0.19 9 -0.47 0.20 8 -0.37 0.20 7 -0.10 0.24 6 -0.11 0.30 5 -0.11 0.34 4 -0.76 0.48 3
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.05 0.19 9 -0.26 0.24 6 -0.52 0.24 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.03 0.15 12 -0.11 0.16 12 -0.15 0.16 12 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.22 0.16 11 -0.18 0.17 10 -0.11 0.19 10 0.00 0.23 7 0.01 0.24 7 0.15 0.33 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.47 0.15 12 -0.44 0.16 13 -0.49 0.16 13 -0.55 0.16 12 -0.45 0.16 12 -0.39 0.17 11 -0.25 0.20 9 -0.19 0.24 6 -0.32 0.26 6 -1.00 0.41 4
MYANMAR MMR -2.24 0.21 7 -2.23 0.22 7 -2.25 0.20 8 -2.24 0.19 8 -2.32 0.19 8 -2.02 0.19 7 -2.07 0.22 7 -1.90 0.28 5 -1.54 0.30 5 -1.09 0.34 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.13 0.16 10 0.01 0.16 11 0.08 0.16 11 0.05 0.16 12 0.10 0.16 12 0.30 0.17 11 0.41 0.19 11 0.25 0.24 6 0.18 0.26 6 0.06 0.41 4
NAURU NRU -0.91 0.46 1 -0.72 0.61 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.66 0.18 9 -0.65 0.20 9 -0.62 0.20 9 -0.61 0.19 9 -0.55 0.19 8 -0.52 0.21 6 -0.55 0.26 6 -0.55 0.31 4 -0.42 0.35 3 -0.72 0.57 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.75 0.21 8 1.81 0.21 8 1.72 0.21 8 1.70 0.20 8 1.80 0.20 8 1.76 0.19 8 1.88 0.21 8 2.01 0.22 7 1.83 0.25 7 1.30 0.24 6
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.06 0.71 1 0.29 0.70 1 0.03 0.70 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.37 0.70 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.72 0.20 9 1.74 0.21 9 1.73 0.20 9 1.68 0.20 8 1.80 0.20 8 1.71 0.19 8 1.62 0.22 7 1.56 0.22 7 1.88 0.25 7 1.58 0.24 6
NICARAGUA NIC -0.36 0.18 10 -0.40 0.19 10 -0.45 0.18 10 -0.38 0.18 9 -0.30 0.18 9 -0.36 0.18 8 -0.41 0.21 8 -0.13 0.24 6 0.01 0.30 5 -0.17 0.33 5
90

TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGER NER -0.52 0.16 10 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.60 0.17 10 -0.48 0.18 8 -0.56 0.18 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.66 0.22 6 -0.61 0.27 5 -0.68 0.29 5 -1.19 0.48 3
NIGERIA NGA -0.62 0.15 12 -0.93 0.16 13 -0.99 0.16 13 -0.92 0.16 12 -1.33 0.16 12 -1.19 0.17 11 -1.23 0.19 11 -0.67 0.21 8 -0.93 0.24 7 -1.13 0.33 5
NORWAY NOR 1.34 0.20 9 1.44 0.21 9 1.35 0.20 9 1.47 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.39 0.19 8 1.27 0.22 7 1.04 0.22 7 1.42 0.25 7 1.07 0.24 6
OMAN OMN 0.65 0.20 8 0.63 0.21 8 0.74 0.23 6 0.66 0.22 6 0.66 0.22 6 0.67 0.21 6 0.75 0.23 7 0.20 0.28 5 0.14 0.30 5 0.10 0.34 4
PAKISTAN PAK -0.47 0.16 12 -0.56 0.18 12 -0.44 0.18 12 -0.59 0.18 11 -0.89 0.17 11 -0.73 0.17 10 -0.80 0.21 9 -0.70 0.25 7 -0.47 0.27 6 -0.38 0.33 5
PANAMA PAN 0.63 0.18 10 0.39 0.19 10 0.33 0.18 10 0.25 0.18 10 0.31 0.18 10 0.35 0.19 8 0.50 0.22 8 0.65 0.23 7 0.91 0.27 6 0.61 0.33 5
PARAGUAY PRY -0.49 0.18 9 -0.57 0.19 9 -0.64 0.19 9 -0.80 0.18 9 -0.72 0.18 9 -0.66 0.18 8 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.81 0.24 6 -0.67 0.30 5 0.83 0.41 4
PERU PER 0.33 0.16 12 0.20 0.18 11 0.10 0.18 11 0.08 0.18 10 0.21 0.18 10 0.08 0.18 9 0.08 0.20 9 0.45 0.23 7 0.57 0.25 7 0.57 0.29 6
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.05 0.16 12 -0.13 0.17 12 -0.12 0.17 12 -0.05 0.17 11 -0.25 0.17 11 -0.06 0.17 10 -0.10 0.19 10 0.15 0.20 8 0.30 0.23 8 0.53 0.23 7
POLAND POL 0.77 0.16 13 0.72 0.17 13 0.68 0.16 13 0.79 0.16 12 0.74 0.17 12 0.61 0.16 12 0.67 0.18 12 0.65 0.19 10 0.69 0.22 9 0.62 0.23 8
PORTUGAL PRT 1.12 0.20 9 1.05 0.21 9 1.05 0.20 9 1.20 0.20 8 1.18 0.20 8 1.21 0.19 8 1.30 0.22 7 0.98 0.22 7 1.17 0.25 7 1.03 0.24 6
PUERTO RICO PRI 1.02 0.35 3 0.85 0.29 4 0.94 0.30 3 1.01 0.28 3 0.84 0.29 3 1.10 0.27 3 1.22 0.34 2 1.28 0.38 2 1.28 0.39 2 0.93 0.50 1
QATAR QAT 0.66 0.23 7 0.55 0.23 7 0.38 0.22 7 0.33 0.21 7 0.31 0.22 6 0.28 0.21 6 0.31 0.24 6 0.10 0.28 5 0.21 0.30 5 0.34 0.38 3
REUNION REU 1.10 0.43 1 1.10 0.39 1 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.31 1 1.16 0.33 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.53 0.16 13 0.49 0.17 13 0.41 0.16 13 0.18 0.16 13 0.16 0.16 13 -0.12 0.16 12 0.02 0.19 11 -0.10 0.21 9 0.20 0.25 7 -0.24 0.32 6
RUSSIA RUS -0.56 0.16 13 -0.44 0.17 13 -0.57 0.16 13 -0.33 0.16 12 -0.24 0.17 12 -0.37 0.16 12 -0.44 0.18 12 -0.78 0.19 10 -0.51 0.22 9 -0.39 0.23 8
RWANDA RWA -0.49 0.17 8 -0.63 0.19 7 -0.54 0.18 7 -0.81 0.19 6 -0.57 0.20 6 -0.73 0.22 5 -0.75 0.25 5 -1.05 0.27 4 -1.08 0.29 4 -1.79 0.57 2
SAMOA SAM -0.43 0.22 5 -0.08 0.28 3 -0.04 0.28 3 0.01 0.27 3 -0.04 0.27 3 0.03 0.25 3 -0.02 0.32 3 0.03 0.31 4 -0.21 0.35 3 -0.10 0.57 2
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.72 0.20 5 -0.76 0.21 4 -0.73 0.21 5 -0.85 0.22 4 -0.84 0.23 4 -0.63 0.25 3 -0.49 0.29 3 -0.89 0.29 3 -1.17 0.31 3 -0.27 0.81 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.17 0.20 9 -0.10 0.20 9 -0.18 0.20 8 0.02 0.20 7 -0.02 0.20 7 -0.01 0.19 7 -0.09 0.21 8 -0.09 0.28 5 -0.18 0.30 5 -0.38 0.34 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.29 0.15 12 -0.31 0.16 13 -0.28 0.16 12 -0.28 0.17 10 -0.26 0.17 10 -0.21 0.18 10 -0.20 0.20 9 -0.07 0.24 6 -0.19 0.26 6 -0.36 0.41 4
SERBIA YUG -0.21 0.17 11 -0.33 0.18 10 -0.38 0.18 10 -0.53 0.17 10 -0.49 0.18 10 -0.63 0.17 10 -0.63 0.20 10 -0.71 0.33 4 -0.82 0.36 3 -1.28 0.48 3
SEYCHELLES SYC -0.65 0.20 5 -0.63 0.21 5 -0.59 0.21 5 -0.61 0.20 6 -0.69 0.20 6 -0.26 0.24 4 -0.65 0.29 3 -0.70 0.29 3 -0.48 0.31 3 -1.36 0.81 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.86 0.17 9 -1.01 0.18 8 -1.07 0.18 8 -1.04 0.18 7 -1.02 0.19 7 -1.27 0.20 6 -1.29 0.22 6 -1.37 0.29 4 -1.29 0.29 5 -0.92 0.48 3
SINGAPORE SGP 1.92 0.19 10 1.87 0.19 10 1.76 0.18 10 1.80 0.18 9 1.82 0.19 9 1.84 0.17 9 1.90 0.20 9 1.96 0.22 7 2.03 0.25 7 1.66 0.24 6
SLOVAKIA SVK 1.14 0.16 12 0.98 0.17 12 1.10 0.17 12 1.15 0.16 12 1.11 0.17 12 0.95 0.16 12 0.90 0.18 12 0.48 0.19 10 0.46 0.24 8 0.39 0.28 7
SLOVENIA SVN 0.81 0.16 12 0.81 0.17 12 0.80 0.18 11 0.81 0.17 11 0.87 0.17 11 0.88 0.16 12 0.87 0.18 12 0.70 0.19 10 1.07 0.25 7 0.84 0.34 5
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -1.31 0.21 6 -1.14 0.27 4 -1.13 0.28 3 -1.06 0.27 3 -1.39 0.27 3 -2.66 0.42 2 -1.73 0.54 2 -1.44 0.51 2 -1.22 0.60 1 -1.09 0.81 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.77 0.22 4 -2.72 0.22 4 -2.70 0.21 4 -2.34 0.20 5 -2.32 0.20 5 -2.14 0.22 4 -2.15 0.27 3 -2.50 0.34 3 -2.45 0.34 4 -2.91 0.48 3
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.63 0.15 12 0.42 0.15 13 0.55 0.15 13 0.48 0.15 13 0.55 0.16 13 0.58 0.16 12 0.53 0.18 12 0.43 0.19 9 0.24 0.21 9 0.04 0.23 7
SPAIN ESP 1.27 0.20 9 1.15 0.21 9 1.11 0.20 9 1.23 0.20 8 1.29 0.20 8 1.29 0.19 8 1.34 0.21 8 1.30 0.22 7 1.26 0.25 7 0.88 0.24 6
SRI LANKA LKA -0.28 0.16 12 -0.11 0.18 12 -0.10 0.18 12 -0.21 0.18 11 0.02 0.17 11 0.13 0.17 10 0.21 0.20 10 0.25 0.23 8 0.29 0.27 6 0.46 0.33 5
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.50 0.30 2 0.67 0.31 2 0.98 0.30 2 1.05 0.27 3 0.06 0.27 3 0.21 0.52 1 0.17 0.56 1 0.23 0.53 1 0.30 0.60 1 0.00 0.81 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.40 0.27 3 0.77 0.31 2 1.07 0.30 2 1.05 0.27 3 0.15 0.27 3 0.21 0.52 1 0.17 0.56 1 0.23 0.53 1 0.30 0.60 1 0.00 0.81 1
SUDAN SDN -1.36 0.17 9 -1.25 0.17 9 -1.16 0.17 9 -1.25 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -1.20 0.18 8 -1.18 0.21 8 -1.32 0.24 6 -1.35 0.26 6 -1.88 0.41 4
SURINAME SUR -0.67 0.25 5 -0.40 0.25 5 -0.40 0.23 6 -0.50 0.24 5 -0.52 0.24 5 -0.48 0.24 4 -0.72 0.29 3 -0.64 0.36 3 -0.57 0.38 3 -0.55 0.53 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.57 0.18 8 -0.66 0.19 8 -0.57 0.19 8 -0.60 0.20 7 -0.63 0.21 7 -0.53 0.22 6 -0.23 0.26 5 -0.44 0.27 4 -0.42 0.29 4 0.14 0.57 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.68 0.20 9 1.64 0.21 9 1.53 0.20 9 1.53 0.20 8 1.73 0.20 8 1.69 0.19 8 1.64 0.22 7 1.45 0.22 7 1.25 0.25 7 1.08 0.24 6
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.66 0.21 8 1.56 0.21 8 1.44 0.21 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.59 0.20 8 1.63 0.19 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.75 0.22 7 1.58 0.25 7 1.09 0.24 6
SYRIA SYR -1.17 0.17 11 -1.22 0.18 11 -1.32 0.19 10 -1.12 0.19 8 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.76 0.19 7 -0.94 0.22 7 -1.12 0.28 5 -1.17 0.30 5 -0.91 0.34 4
TAIWAN TWN 1.07 0.20 9 0.94 0.19 10 0.92 0.18 10 1.08 0.18 9 1.15 0.19 9 0.94 0.17 9 0.99 0.20 9 1.13 0.22 7 1.04 0.25 7 0.85 0.24 6
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -0.97 0.16 12 -1.03 0.18 12 -1.05 0.18 12 -1.04 0.19 11 -1.08 0.19 10 -1.09 0.19 9 -1.30 0.23 9 -1.26 0.26 6 -1.73 0.28 5 -2.28 0.43 3
TANZANIA TZA -0.39 0.16 11 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.39 0.16 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.43 0.17 11 -0.56 0.20 10 -0.23 0.23 7 -0.31 0.24 7 -0.06 0.33 5
THAILAND THA 0.26 0.17 11 0.11 0.18 11 0.23 0.17 12 0.41 0.17 11 0.24 0.17 11 0.24 0.17 10 0.15 0.19 10 0.46 0.20 8 0.16 0.23 8 0.45 0.23 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.40 0.21 6 -1.59 0.26 4 -1.49 0.26 4 -1.12 0.27 3 -1.09 0.29 3 -1.29 0.27 2 -1.29 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.05 0.17 9 -0.98 0.17 9 -0.99 0.17 10 -0.86 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 8 -0.74 0.20 7 -0.72 0.22 6 -0.67 0.27 5 -0.52 0.29 5 0.58 0.60 2
TONGA TON -0.75 0.22 5 -0.75 0.28 3 -0.77 0.28 3 -0.69 0.27 3 -0.78 0.27 3 -1.19 0.42 2 -1.13 0.54 2 -0.67 0.51 2 -1.22 0.60 1 0.00 0.81 1
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.62 0.21 7 0.68 0.21 8 0.70 0.20 8 0.64 0.19 9 0.68 0.20 8 0.73 0.20 7 0.73 0.23 6 0.67 0.24 6 0.69 0.30 5 0.73 0.41 4
TUNISIA TUN 0.11 0.15 12 0.15 0.16 12 0.14 0.16 12 -0.07 0.16 11 0.09 0.16 11 0.08 0.17 10 -0.05 0.19 10 0.07 0.23 7 0.08 0.24 7 0.56 0.33 5
TURKEY TUR 0.22 0.16 13 0.23 0.17 13 0.20 0.17 13 0.18 0.17 12 0.05 0.17 12 0.08 0.17 11 0.04 0.19 11 0.23 0.20 9 0.49 0.23 8 0.54 0.23 7
TUVALU TUV -1.16 0.33 2 -0.87 0.34 2 -0.78 0.33 2 -0.49 0.30 2 -0.06 0.31 2 0.23 0.57 1 0.26 0.92 1 0.36 0.94 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.08 0.15 12 -0.20 0.16 13 -0.16 0.16 13 0.03 0.16 12 -0.06 0.16 12 -0.10 0.17 11 -0.11 0.20 10 -0.02 0.23 7 0.08 0.24 7 0.28 0.33 5
UKRAINE UKR -0.39 0.16 13 -0.42 0.17 13 -0.49 0.17 12 -0.30 0.17 11 -0.47 0.17 11 -0.66 0.17 11 -0.65 0.19 11 -0.61 0.21 9 -0.82 0.24 8 -0.50 0.29 6
URUGUAY URY 0.08 0.18 9 0.16 0.19 9 0.25 0.19 9 0.27 0.18 10 0.29 0.18 10 0.31 0.18 9 0.52 0.20 9 0.75 0.23 7 0.88 0.27 6 0.86 0.33 5
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.41 0.17 11 -1.45 0.18 12 -1.71 0.18 11 -1.71 0.18 10 -1.68 0.18 10 -1.47 0.18 10 -1.55 0.21 10 -2.00 0.27 7 -2.10 0.30 5 -1.74 0.38 4
VANUATU VUT -0.76 0.24 4 -0.48 0.28 3 -0.11 0.28 3 0.05 0.27 3 -0.44 0.27 3 -1.31 0.42 2 -1.14 0.54 2 -0.44 0.51 2 -0.46 0.60 1 0.00 0.81 1
VENEZUELA VEN -1.44 0.16 12 -1.56 0.17 12 -1.25 0.17 12 -1.20 0.17 11 -1.12 0.17 11 -1.11 0.17 10 -0.57 0.19 10 -0.42 0.20 8 -0.15 0.23 8 -0.10 0.23 7
VIETNAM VNM -0.53 0.16 12 -0.43 0.18 12 -0.58 0.18 12 -0.58 0.18 11 -0.49 0.17 11 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.71 0.20 10 -0.68 0.23 8 -0.61 0.25 7 -0.32 0.29 6
YEMEN YEM -0.70 0.18 10 -0.71 0.19 10 -0.75 0.19 10 -0.79 0.19 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.91 0.19 7 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.65 0.27 5 -0.52 0.30 5 -0.44 0.41 4
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.33 0.16 11 -0.52 0.16 12 -0.59 0.16 12 -0.63 0.16 11 -0.56 0.16 12 -0.58 0.17 11 -0.62 0.20 10 -0.16 0.23 7 -0.01 0.24 7 0.34 0.33 5
ZIMBABWE ZWE -2.18 0.15 12 -2.27 0.16 13 -2.14 0.16 13 -2.37 0.16 12 -2.14 0.16 11 -2.17 0.17 10 -2.05 0.19 10 -1.44 0.21 8 -0.68 0.23 8 -0.81 0.29 6
91

TABLE C5: Rule of Law
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.01 0.21 11 -2.02 0.24 9 -2.07 0.20 10 -1.90 0.21 8 -1.81 0.19 8 -1.76 0.22 6 -1.74 0.24 4 -2.03 0.24 3 -1.71 0.33 2 -1.33 0.78 1
ALBANIA ALB -0.60 0.14 15 -0.69 0.15 14 -0.73 0.15 14 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.88 0.16 11 -1.02 0.17 10 -0.94 0.18 10 -1.09 0.18 9 -1.21 0.21 7 -0.14 0.26 5
ALGERIA DZA -0.70 0.14 17 -0.68 0.14 17 -0.61 0.13 16 -0.70 0.14 15 -0.66 0.14 15 -0.67 0.15 12 -0.72 0.15 11 -1.09 0.15 9 -1.19 0.18 9 -1.24 0.24 6
ANDORRA ADO 1.22 0.33 2 1.21 0.34 2 1.21 0.35 2 1.17 0.33 2 1.28 0.30 2 1.23 0.29 2 1.49 0.32 1 1.51 0.29 1 1.52 0.35 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.28 0.15 16 -1.28 0.15 15 -1.25 0.14 16 -1.37 0.15 14 -1.34 0.14 14 -1.43 0.15 12 -1.46 0.16 11 -1.62 0.16 9 -1.57 0.18 9 -1.51 0.24 6
ANGUILLA AIA 1.72 0.34 1 1.70 0.36 1 1.66 0.37 1 1.66 0.34 1 1.16 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.61 0.13 18 -0.52 0.13 17 -0.53 0.13 17 -0.57 0.14 15 -0.75 0.14 15 -0.67 0.14 14 -0.95 0.14 13 -0.03 0.14 11 0.08 0.16 11 0.15 0.20 9
ARMENIA ARM -0.36 0.13 19 -0.54 0.13 19 -0.57 0.13 19 -0.50 0.15 15 -0.61 0.15 14 -0.48 0.16 13 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.53 0.17 9 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.50 0.25 5
ARUBA ABW 0.89 0.34 1 0.89 0.36 1 0.87 0.37 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.93 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.76 0.15 12 1.78 0.15 12 1.79 0.15 12 1.74 0.15 11 1.81 0.14 11 1.82 0.15 11 1.75 0.15 9 1.74 0.14 9 1.78 0.17 9 1.81 0.21 8
AUSTRIA AUT 1.92 0.15 12 1.89 0.15 12 1.85 0.15 12 1.81 0.15 11 1.79 0.14 11 1.79 0.15 11 1.84 0.15 10 1.84 0.14 10 1.86 0.17 9 1.90 0.21 8
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.76 0.13 18 -0.81 0.13 19 -0.86 0.13 19 -0.79 0.13 17 -0.82 0.13 16 -0.82 0.14 15 -0.87 0.14 13 -1.05 0.14 11 -1.01 0.17 9 -0.91 0.20 6
BAHAMAS BHS 1.20 0.26 4 1.25 0.26 4 1.11 0.27 4 1.32 0.26 4 1.33 0.25 4 1.33 0.24 4 1.32 0.26 3 1.24 0.25 3 1.21 0.29 3 0.76 0.50 2
BAHRAIN BHR 0.66 0.16 12 0.67 0.16 12 0.59 0.15 12 0.71 0.15 12 0.85 0.15 12 0.72 0.16 11 0.76 0.15 11 0.56 0.16 8 0.63 0.19 7 0.22 0.24 6
BANGLADESH BGD -0.70 0.14 18 -0.77 0.14 18 -0.79 0.14 17 -0.83 0.14 15 -0.92 0.14 15 -0.87 0.15 13 -0.77 0.14 13 -0.78 0.14 11 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.76 0.24 6
BARBADOS BRB 1.28 0.24 4 1.17 0.21 5 1.03 0.21 5 1.11 0.25 5 1.21 0.24 5 1.31 0.24 4 1.40 0.27 2 1.35 0.26 2 1.17 0.31 2 -0.25 0.61 1
BELARUS BLR -1.00 0.15 14 -1.10 0.15 13 -1.22 0.16 13 -1.06 0.17 11 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.30 0.17 11 -1.25 0.18 10 -1.04 0.18 9 -0.76 0.21 7 -0.88 0.27 4
BELGIUM BEL 1.38 0.15 12 1.48 0.15 12 1.39 0.15 12 1.39 0.15 11 1.46 0.14 11 1.47 0.15 11 1.45 0.15 11 1.37 0.14 10 1.30 0.17 9 1.49 0.21 8
BELIZE BLZ -0.20 0.18 10 0.02 0.18 9 0.02 0.19 8 -0.02 0.22 7 0.06 0.22 7 0.20 0.22 6 -0.16 0.24 5 0.07 0.23 4 -0.08 0.27 4 0.79 0.54 2
BENIN BEN -0.54 0.14 15 -0.56 0.15 15 -0.54 0.14 14 -0.56 0.18 10 -0.62 0.20 9 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.35 0.22 7 -0.27 0.23 6 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2
BERMUDA BMU 0.89 0.34 1 0.89 0.36 1 0.87 0.37 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.11 0.31 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.22 0.32 1 1.25 0.29 1 1.26 0.35 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.37 0.21 8 0.58 0.23 7 0.60 0.24 7 0.59 0.23 7 0.43 0.22 7 0.44 0.24 5 0.17 0.25 4 0.21 0.24 4 0.27 0.30 3 -1.33 0.78 1
BOLIVIA BOL -1.12 0.14 18 -0.97 0.14 18 -0.94 0.14 18 -0.90 0.14 16 -0.61 0.14 16 -0.48 0.14 13 -0.43 0.15 13 -0.38 0.14 10 -0.28 0.18 9 -0.29 0.23 7
BOTSWANA BWA 0.64 0.14 15 0.66 0.14 15 0.62 0.14 14 0.66 0.15 12 0.63 0.15 13 0.64 0.15 11 0.56 0.15 11 0.57 0.16 8 0.56 0.19 8 0.63 0.26 5
BRAZIL BRA -0.30 0.13 19 -0.43 0.13 19 -0.43 0.13 19 -0.44 0.14 15 -0.32 0.14 15 -0.32 0.14 14 -0.33 0.14 14 -0.26 0.14 12 -0.27 0.16 11 -0.18 0.20 9
BRUNEI BRN 0.51 0.25 4 0.45 0.31 3 0.29 0.32 3 0.32 0.30 3 0.39 0.28 3 0.65 0.28 3 0.51 0.29 4 0.56 0.27 3 0.59 0.31 3 0.62 0.58 2
BULGARIA BGR -0.12 0.12 18 -0.14 0.12 18 -0.19 0.12 18 -0.18 0.14 14 -0.05 0.13 14 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.02 0.14 14 -0.14 0.14 12 -0.25 0.17 9 -0.15 0.20 7
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.37 0.14 17 -0.45 0.14 16 -0.51 0.14 16 -0.58 0.19 11 -0.59 0.20 11 -0.58 0.20 9 -0.59 0.21 8 -0.54 0.22 7 -0.68 0.25 6 -0.31 0.46 3
BURUNDI BDI -1.07 0.15 14 -1.17 0.15 14 -1.04 0.15 13 -1.19 0.20 9 -1.50 0.22 8 -1.41 0.23 7 -1.41 0.24 6 -1.44 0.25 4 -1.40 0.26 5 -0.89 0.54 2
CAMBODIA KHM -1.08 0.14 17 -1.10 0.15 15 -1.18 0.14 15 -1.18 0.15 13 -1.25 0.16 12 -1.22 0.16 11 -1.15 0.16 10 -0.97 0.16 8 -1.08 0.20 6 -1.19 0.27 4
CAMEROON CMR -0.99 0.14 17 -1.03 0.13 17 -1.01 0.13 16 -1.05 0.14 14 -1.14 0.15 13 -1.03 0.14 13 -1.16 0.15 12 -1.16 0.15 10 -1.15 0.18 9 -1.42 0.24 6
CANADA CAN 1.81 0.14 15 1.86 0.14 15 1.82 0.14 14 1.74 0.15 11 1.78 0.14 11 1.75 0.15 11 1.72 0.15 11 1.71 0.14 10 1.78 0.17 9 1.75 0.21 8
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.51 0.17 8 0.63 0.18 8 0.62 0.19 7 0.37 0.22 6 0.44 0.21 7 0.22 0.23 5 0.22 0.23 4 0.78 0.35 3 0.83 0.40 3 0.52 0.61 1
CHAD TCD -1.57 0.15 13 -1.40 0.15 13 -1.38 0.15 13 -1.33 0.18 10 -1.13 0.19 10 -1.06 0.20 8 -0.80 0.21 7 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.98 0.26 5 -0.89 0.54 2
CHILE CHL 1.25 0.13 18 1.21 0.13 17 1.19 0.13 17 1.20 0.14 15 1.20 0.14 15 1.19 0.14 14 1.23 0.14 13 1.26 0.14 11 1.15 0.16 11 1.28 0.20 9
CHINA CHN -0.33 0.13 17 -0.45 0.13 17 -0.48 0.13 16 -0.41 0.14 15 -0.36 0.14 15 -0.44 0.14 13 -0.36 0.14 13 -0.43 0.14 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.22 0.21 8
COLOMBIA COL -0.50 0.13 20 -0.55 0.13 20 -0.58 0.13 19 -0.72 0.13 17 -0.82 0.13 17 -0.92 0.14 14 -0.92 0.14 14 -0.89 0.14 12 -0.76 0.16 11 -0.70 0.20 9
COMOROS COM -1.03 0.20 6 -0.96 0.24 5 -0.90 0.25 5 -0.95 0.24 5 -0.97 0.24 5 -0.87 0.25 4 -1.05 0.26 3 -1.29 0.25 3 -1.28 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CONGO COG -1.16 0.15 13 -1.23 0.15 13 -1.25 0.16 11 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.24 0.18 9 -1.17 0.19 8 -1.27 0.20 8 -1.41 0.20 7 -1.51 0.22 7 -1.41 0.36 4
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.68 0.17 14 -1.76 0.17 13 -1.79 0.17 12 -1.77 0.16 12 -1.82 0.15 12 -1.90 0.18 10 -1.87 0.18 10 -2.01 0.19 8 -2.11 0.21 8 -2.02 0.31 5
COSTA RICA CRI 0.44 0.14 17 0.43 0.14 17 0.50 0.14 16 0.55 0.14 15 0.60 0.14 15 0.65 0.14 13 0.66 0.15 13 0.62 0.14 11 0.68 0.18 9 0.51 0.22 8
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.52 0.14 14 -1.54 0.15 12 -1.51 0.16 12 -1.59 0.16 11 -1.48 0.16 12 -1.49 0.16 11 -1.31 0.16 11 -1.00 0.16 9 -0.90 0.19 8 -0.70 0.26 5
CROATIA HRV 0.08 0.13 16 0.03 0.13 16 -0.05 0.13 16 0.06 0.14 15 0.10 0.13 15 0.06 0.14 14 0.02 0.14 14 0.10 0.15 10 -0.20 0.17 9 -0.56 0.20 6
CUBA CUB -0.85 0.16 12 -0.82 0.16 12 -0.85 0.16 12 -1.19 0.16 11 -1.16 0.16 11 -1.22 0.16 10 -1.06 0.16 10 -0.92 0.16 7 -0.83 0.19 7 -1.06 0.24 6
CYPRUS CYP 1.03 0.17 11 0.95 0.17 10 0.92 0.16 10 0.84 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 8 0.86 0.17 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.83 0.19 7 0.72 0.24 6
DENMARK DNK 1.92 0.15 12 2.04 0.15 12 1.95 0.15 12 1.97 0.15 11 1.95 0.14 11 1.91 0.15 11 1.85 0.15 10 1.79 0.14 9 1.86 0.17 9 1.88 0.21 8
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.54 0.20 9 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.64 0.22 7 -0.90 0.22 7 -0.76 0.22 6 -0.82 0.23 5 -0.77 0.23 4 -0.78 0.23 4 -0.70 0.27 4 -0.25 0.61 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.63 0.22 5 0.67 0.28 3 0.70 0.29 3 0.62 0.27 4 0.62 0.25 4 0.69 0.26 3 0.62 0.28 2 0.47 0.26 2 0.50 0.31 2 .. .. ..
ECUADOR ECU -1.23 0.14 18 -1.01 0.14 18 -1.02 0.14 17 -0.88 0.14 16 -0.73 0.14 16 -0.66 0.14 13 -0.68 0.15 12 -0.68 0.14 10 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.40 0.23 7
EGYPT EGY -0.09 0.13 18 -0.13 0.13 17 -0.15 0.13 17 0.05 0.14 15 0.05 0.14 15 -0.02 0.14 13 -0.02 0.15 12 -0.03 0.14 10 -0.06 0.17 10 0.11 0.22 7
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.63 0.15 15 -0.58 0.15 15 -0.54 0.15 15 -0.40 0.14 14 -0.36 0.15 14 -0.44 0.16 12 -0.48 0.16 12 -0.68 0.15 10 -0.55 0.19 8 -0.77 0.23 7
ERITREA ERI -1.24 0.17 10 -1.10 0.18 8 -0.98 0.18 9 -0.73 0.22 8 -0.64 0.22 8 -0.40 0.23 6 -0.39 0.24 5 -0.42 0.25 4 -0.21 0.28 4 -0.28 0.78 1
ESTONIA EST 1.05 0.12 17 1.00 0.13 17 0.94 0.13 16 0.81 0.13 15 0.85 0.13 15 0.73 0.13 15 0.73 0.14 15 0.59 0.13 12 0.52 0.17 9 0.51 0.20 6
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.60 0.14 16 -0.53 0.14 16 -0.56 0.14 16 -0.80 0.16 13 -0.69 0.16 13 -0.71 0.17 11 -0.79 0.17 10 -0.82 0.17 8 -0.72 0.20 7 -0.93 0.29 4
FIJI FJI -0.52 0.22 6 -0.58 0.24 5 -0.08 0.25 5 -0.06 0.24 4 -0.07 0.23 4 -0.08 0.24 4 -0.39 0.24 4 -0.57 0.23 4 0.05 0.27 4 0.20 0.54 2
FINLAND FIN 1.87 0.15 12 1.89 0.15 12 1.96 0.15 12 1.94 0.15 11 1.92 0.14 11 1.90 0.15 11 1.87 0.15 11 1.91 0.14 9 1.95 0.17 9 1.93 0.21 8
FRANCE FRA 1.40 0.14 14 1.35 0.14 14 1.38 0.14 13 1.37 0.15 11 1.43 0.14 11 1.38 0.15 11 1.28 0.15 11 1.38 0.14 10 1.37 0.17 9 1.51 0.21 8
GABON GAB -0.62 0.14 13 -0.60 0.14 13 -0.68 0.15 13 -0.56 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 12 -0.56 0.15 11 -0.37 0.16 11 -0.35 0.15 10 -0.47 0.19 8 -1.01 0.26 5
GAMBIA GMB -0.25 0.16 11 -0.21 0.17 10 -0.27 0.16 10 -0.26 0.19 9 -0.25 0.19 9 0.17 0.20 8 -0.28 0.22 7 -0.12 0.22 6 0.03 0.25 6 0.41 0.46 3
GEORGIA GEO -0.34 0.13 18 -0.50 0.14 18 -0.59 0.13 17 -0.78 0.15 14 -0.79 0.14 14 -1.24 0.16 12 -1.27 0.17 11 -1.12 0.17 9 -1.21 0.20 7 -0.86 0.25 5
GERMANY DEU 1.72 0.15 12 1.74 0.14 13 1.73 0.14 13 1.68 0.15 11 1.66 0.14 11 1.65 0.15 11 1.67 0.15 11 1.65 0.14 10 1.69 0.17 9 1.75 0.21 8
92

TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GHANA GHA -0.10 0.13 18 -0.03 0.14 17 -0.02 0.14 16 -0.15 0.14 14 -0.24 0.14 15 -0.13 0.14 13 -0.11 0.15 12 -0.03 0.15 10 -0.44 0.18 9 -0.43 0.24 6
GREECE GRC 0.75 0.15 13 0.69 0.14 13 0.74 0.14 13 0.70 0.15 11 0.88 0.14 11 0.82 0.15 11 0.77 0.15 11 0.86 0.14 10 0.72 0.17 9 1.01 0.21 8
GRENADA GRD 0.16 0.25 4 0.17 0.28 3 0.18 0.28 4 0.29 0.27 4 0.26 0.25 4 0.28 0.26 3 0.21 0.28 2 0.27 0.26 2 0.28 0.31 2 .. .. ..
GUAM GUM 1.17 0.34 1 1.16 0.36 1 1.13 0.37 1 1.14 0.34 1 1.01 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -1.10 0.14 19 -1.09 0.14 19 -1.04 0.13 19 -1.03 0.14 15 -0.99 0.15 15 -1.08 0.15 13 -0.85 0.16 12 -0.81 0.15 10 -0.93 0.19 8 -0.88 0.23 7
GUINEA GIN -1.60 0.16 13 -1.46 0.16 12 -1.42 0.16 12 -1.27 0.19 10 -1.11 0.20 10 -1.00 0.20 9 -0.88 0.21 8 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.22 0.25 6 -1.39 0.46 3
GUYANA GUY -0.70 0.17 11 -0.53 0.16 13 -0.65 0.16 12 -0.75 0.19 10 -0.54 0.21 8 -0.52 0.22 7 -0.46 0.24 5 -0.46 0.22 5 -0.27 0.26 5 0.06 0.46 3
HAITI HTI -1.35 0.17 12 -1.43 0.17 11 -1.53 0.17 11 -1.70 0.21 9 -1.72 0.20 10 -1.70 0.20 9 -1.87 0.21 8 -1.56 0.22 6 -1.40 0.26 5 -1.46 0.46 3
HONDURAS HND -0.89 0.14 17 -0.83 0.14 17 -0.90 0.14 17 -0.73 0.14 15 -0.73 0.15 15 -0.82 0.16 12 -0.83 0.16 12 -0.91 0.15 10 -0.84 0.19 8 -0.71 0.23 7
HONG KONG HKG 1.56 0.15 11 1.44 0.14 12 1.50 0.14 12 1.50 0.15 10 1.40 0.15 10 1.32 0.15 10 1.13 0.15 10 0.92 0.14 9 1.07 0.17 8 1.20 0.21 7
HUNGARY HUN 0.82 0.12 18 0.77 0.13 17 0.80 0.12 17 0.75 0.13 15 0.86 0.13 15 0.87 0.13 15 0.89 0.14 15 0.87 0.13 13 0.78 0.16 11 0.87 0.18 9
ICELAND ISL 1.91 0.17 8 2.03 0.15 9 2.06 0.15 9 2.12 0.17 8 2.09 0.18 8 2.06 0.18 8 1.99 0.19 7 1.92 0.18 7 1.83 0.21 7 1.73 0.27 6
INDIA IND 0.12 0.13 17 0.13 0.13 17 0.21 0.13 17 0.18 0.14 14 0.08 0.14 14 0.07 0.14 13 0.03 0.14 13 0.23 0.14 11 0.23 0.17 10 0.34 0.21 8
INDONESIA IDN -0.66 0.13 18 -0.70 0.13 19 -0.74 0.13 19 -0.84 0.14 16 -0.78 0.13 16 -0.95 0.14 15 -1.01 0.14 14 -0.81 0.14 12 -0.72 0.17 10 -0.31 0.21 8
IRAN IRN -0.80 0.15 14 -0.86 0.15 14 -0.81 0.15 15 -0.76 0.16 13 -0.54 0.15 13 -0.53 0.15 11 -0.55 0.16 10 -0.37 0.16 7 -0.45 0.19 7 -1.03 0.24 6
IRAQ IRQ -1.87 0.18 10 -2.04 0.18 8 -1.94 0.18 8 -1.95 0.18 8 -2.01 0.17 8 -1.78 0.16 8 -1.59 0.17 8 -1.43 0.16 7 -1.60 0.19 7 -1.70 0.24 6
IRELAND IRL 1.74 0.15 13 1.75 0.14 13 1.65 0.14 12 1.56 0.15 11 1.54 0.15 10 1.51 0.15 10 1.61 0.15 9 1.57 0.14 9 1.67 0.17 9 1.68 0.21 8
ISRAEL ISR 0.88 0.14 14 0.78 0.14 14 0.81 0.14 14 0.75 0.15 11 0.77 0.14 11 0.77 0.15 11 0.92 0.15 11 1.01 0.14 10 1.03 0.17 9 1.31 0.21 8
ITALY ITA 0.43 0.14 14 0.41 0.14 14 0.34 0.14 13 0.50 0.15 11 0.66 0.14 11 0.76 0.15 11 0.80 0.15 11 0.88 0.14 10 0.83 0.17 9 1.01 0.21 8
JAMAICA JAM -0.49 0.15 12 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.56 0.15 14 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.61 0.16 11 -0.49 0.16 11 -0.48 0.15 8 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.31 0.26 5
JA PAN JPN 1.40 0.14 14 1.35 0.14 14 1.38 0.14 13 1.29 0.15 11 1.27 0.14 11 1.26 0.15 11 1.25 0.15 11 1.40 0.14 10 1.47 0.17 9 1.48 0.21 8
JORDAN JOR 0.49 0.13 18 0.51 0.13 18 0.47 0.13 17 0.44 0.14 15 0.39 0.14 14 0.32 0.14 13 0.21 0.15 11 0.37 0.14 9 0.39 0.17 9 0.46 0.22 7
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.78 0.13 18 -0.81 0.13 18 -0.90 0.13 18 -0.78 0.13 16 -1.01 0.13 15 -1.00 0.14 14 -1.00 0.15 13 -0.90 0.14 12 -0.85 0.17 9 -0.83 0.21 5
KENYA KEN -0.98 0.13 19 -0.94 0.13 19 -0.89 0.13 18 -0.93 0.14 15 -0.89 0.14 16 -1.00 0.14 14 -1.00 0.15 12 -0.96 0.15 9 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.01 0.24 6
KIRIBATI KIR 0.39 0.22 5 0.81 0.28 4 0.88 0.28 4 0.75 0.26 4 0.26 0.24 4 0.33 0.43 3 0.61 0.38 2 0.40 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.06 0.25 6 -1.06 0.25 6 -1.22 0.20 8 -0.99 0.19 8 -1.11 0.19 8 -0.86 0.23 6 -1.04 0.24 6 -0.80 0.25 4 -0.94 0.28 4 -1.25 0.46 3
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.79 0.14 15 0.90 0.14 15 0.74 0.13 15 0.85 0.14 13 0.75 0.14 13 0.70 0.14 13 0.84 0.14 13 0.80 0.14 11 0.74 0.17 10 0.78 0.21 8
KOSOVO LWI -0.63 0.22 5 -0.81 0.31 2 -0.90 0.32 2 -0.96 0.32 1 -0.98 0.30 1 -1.13 0.40 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.70 0.15 13 0.70 0.15 13 0.72 0.15 12 0.75 0.16 10 0.72 0.16 9 0.70 0.16 9 0.75 0.16 10 0.78 0.16 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.79 0.24 6
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.26 0.13 18 -1.12 0.14 18 -1.20 0.13 18 -1.05 0.15 15 -0.80 0.14 14 -0.79 0.16 13 -0.75 0.16 12 -0.83 0.17 10 -0.67 0.20 7 -0.56 0.26 4
LAOS LAO -0.90 0.16 14 -0.98 0.16 14 -0.99 0.16 14 -1.10 0.18 12 -1.07 0.18 11 -1.18 0.19 9 -1.08 0.19 9 -1.00 0.20 7 -0.99 0.24 5 -1.85 0.39 3
LATVIA LVA 0.73 0.13 16 0.59 0.14 16 0.52 0.14 15 0.48 0.14 14 0.53 0.13 14 0.53 0.14 14 0.35 0.14 14 0.23 0.14 11 0.20 0.17 9 0.15 0.20 6
LEBANON LBN -0.73 0.15 15 -0.74 0.15 15 -0.67 0.15 15 -0.35 0.16 12 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.42 0.15 11 -0.29 0.15 12 -0.12 0.15 9 -0.21 0.18 8 -0.22 0.24 6
LESOTHO LSO -0.30 0.15 10 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.26 0.16 10 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.06 0.18 9 -0.19 0.19 7 0.00 0.20 6 -0.05 0.23 5 0.09 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2
LIBERIA LBR -1.23 0.18 13 -1.06 0.24 8 -0.97 0.24 7 -1.46 0.25 5 -1.66 0.25 6 -1.66 0.25 5 -1.79 0.25 6 -2.00 0.24 5 -2.07 0.27 5 -2.28 0.58 2
LIBYA LBY -0.65 0.16 13 -0.59 0.16 12 -0.70 0.17 11 -0.69 0.17 11 -0.51 0.16 11 -0.72 0.16 9 -0.85 0.16 9 -0.84 0.16 7 -0.96 0.19 7 -1.29 0.24 6
LITHUANIA LTU 0.58 0.12 18 0.49 0.13 17 0.45 0.13 15 0.48 0.14 14 0.57 0.13 14 0.50 0.14 14 0.40 0.14 14 0.29 0.14 12 0.42 0.17 9 0.30 0.20 6
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.82 0.17 9 1.86 0.16 9 1.81 0.16 9 1.90 0.19 8 1.97 0.19 8 1.91 0.20 7 1.97 0.22 6 1.88 0.20 6 1.82 0.23 6 1.62 0.31 5
MACAO MAC 0.45 0.28 3 0.35 0.35 2 0.53 0.36 2 0.78 0.33 2 1.39 0.31 1 1.20 0.30 1 0.69 0.32 1 0.18 0.29 1 0.21 0.35 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.32 0.14 15 -0.43 0.15 14 -0.49 0.15 14 -0.34 0.15 13 -0.24 0.14 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.58 0.16 10 -0.63 0.17 7 -0.50 0.21 5 -0.15 0.24 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.46 0.14 16 -0.34 0.14 16 -0.41 0.14 15 -0.25 0.18 11 -0.14 0.18 11 -0.20 0.19 10 -0.23 0.21 7 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.96 0.46 3
MALAWI MWI -0.29 0.14 18 -0.48 0.15 17 -0.53 0.14 16 -0.37 0.15 14 -0.42 0.15 14 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.66 0.16 11 -0.57 0.16 8 -0.56 0.19 8 -0.64 0.26 5
MALAYSIA MYS 0.49 0.13 16 0.52 0.13 16 0.56 0.13 17 0.58 0.14 15 0.55 0.14 15 0.46 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 13 0.35 0.14 11 0.47 0.17 10 0.80 0.21 8
MALDIVES MDV -0.24 0.21 7 0.02 0.27 5 0.18 0.27 5 0.24 0.25 5 0.08 0.23 5 0.30 0.25 4 0.27 0.25 3 0.27 0.24 3 0.40 0.31 2 .. .. ..
MALI MLI -0.35 0.15 15 -0.38 0.15 15 -0.40 0.15 14 -0.16 0.18 11 -0.28 0.18 12 -0.05 0.19 10 -0.38 0.21 9 -0.47 0.22 7 -0.51 0.25 6 -0.59 0.46 3
MALTA MLT 1.59 0.19 7 1.54 0.18 8 1.46 0.18 8 1.39 0.21 7 1.38 0.21 6 1.54 0.22 6 1.39 0.26 3 1.33 0.25 3 1.26 0.29 3 0.41 0.50 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 0.14 0.33 3 -0.04 0.42 3 -0.10 0.39 3 -0.08 0.37 3 -0.42 0.35 3 0.08 0.43 3 -0.09 0.38 2 -0.48 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.89 0.34 1 0.89 0.36 1 0.87 0.37 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.98 0.31 1 0.94 0.30 1 1.22 0.32 1 1.25 0.29 1 1.26 0.35 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -1.01 0.16 14 -0.56 0.16 14 -0.59 0.16 13 -0.54 0.21 9 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.42 0.21 7 -0.42 0.23 5 -0.34 0.23 5 -0.38 0.26 5 -0.89 0.54 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.88 0.14 14 0.79 0.14 13 0.73 0.14 13 0.86 0.15 11 0.88 0.16 11 0.94 0.17 9 0.90 0.17 9 0.83 0.18 7 0.82 0.23 6 0.72 0.29 3
MEXICO MEX -0.64 0.13 19 -0.56 0.13 19 -0.51 0.13 19 -0.48 0.13 16 -0.37 0.13 16 -0.34 0.14 14 -0.33 0.14 14 -0.36 0.14 12 -0.51 0.16 11 -0.47 0.20 9
MICRONESIA FSM 0.42 0.22 5 0.69 0.28 4 0.74 0.28 4 0.72 0.26 4 0.50 0.24 4 -0.08 0.43 3 -0.26 0.38 2 -0.39 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.46 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 17 -0.67 0.14 16 -0.60 0.14 15 -0.64 0.13 14 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.74 0.15 12 -0.60 0.14 11 -0.27 0.17 9 -0.17 0.20 6
MONACO MCO 0.82 0.75 1 0.84 0.74 1 0.90 0.71 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG -0.54 0.17 14 -0.43 0.18 13 -0.31 0.17 12 -0.21 0.18 11 0.07 0.19 10 0.06 0.21 8 0.22 0.21 7 -0.03 0.21 6 -0.04 0.26 5 0.06 0.46 3
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.09 0.16 13 -0.31 0.19 10 -0.55 0.19 9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.11 0.13 18 -0.11 0.14 17 -0.11 0.13 17 -0.06 0.14 15 0.06 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 14 -0.01 0.15 13 0.12 0.15 10 0.19 0.18 9 0.17 0.24 6
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.66 0.13 19 -0.68 0.13 19 -0.70 0.13 18 -0.75 0.14 15 -0.75 0.14 16 -0.86 0.14 13 -0.75 0.16 11 -0.81 0.16 8 -0.91 0.19 8 -1.02 0.26 5
MYANMAR MMR -1.48 0.19 10 -1.42 0.18 10 -1.42 0.18 11 -1.61 0.18 10 -1.63 0.17 10 -1.62 0.17 9 -1.59 0.17 9 -1.26 0.17 7 -1.34 0.21 6 -1.29 0.26 5
NAMIBIA NAM 0.36 0.15 13 0.11 0.15 13 0.17 0.15 11 -0.02 0.15 12 0.00 0.15 13 0.18 0.15 11 0.26 0.15 11 0.26 0.17 7 0.29 0.20 7 0.35 0.29 4
NAURU NRU 0.14 0.65 2 0.34 0.68 2 0.90 0.71 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.76 0.16 15 -0.66 0.16 15 -0.67 0.16 15 -0.87 0.16 13 -0.69 0.16 12 -0.57 0.19 10 -0.40 0.19 9 -0.33 0.20 7 -0.14 0.24 5 -0.20 0.39 3
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.76 0.15 12 1.74 0.15 12 1.72 0.15 12 1.70 0.15 11 1.74 0.14 11 1.71 0.15 11 1.73 0.15 11 1.74 0.14 10 1.80 0.17 9 1.80 0.21 8
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.15 0.56 1 -0.31 0.58 1 -0.64 0.59 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.86 0.68 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.85 0.15 13 1.90 0.14 13 1.86 0.14 13 1.88 0.15 11 1.88 0.14 11 1.83 0.15 11 1.76 0.15 9 1.76 0.14 9 1.88 0.17 9 1.95 0.21 8
NICARAGUA NIC -0.86 0.15 17 -0.84 0.15 17 -0.81 0.15 17 -0.66 0.15 14 -0.82 0.16 14 -0.63 0.17 12 -0.76 0.17 11 -0.91 0.16 8 -0.72 0.21 7 -0.33 0.25 6
NIGER NER -0.80 0.17 13 -0.90 0.17 13 -0.81 0.17 13 -0.85 0.19 10 -0.75 0.20 10 -0.74 0.20 9 -0.76 0.21 8 -0.89 0.22 6 -0.72 0.25 6 -0.88 0.46 3
93

TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGERIA NGA -1.12 0.13 19 -1.17 0.13 19 -1.14 0.13 18 -1.36 0.14 15 -1.50 0.14 16 -1.61 0.14 14 -1.45 0.15 13 -1.14 0.14 11 -1.30 0.18 9 -1.42 0.24 6
NORWAY NOR 1.96 0.15 13 1.98 0.14 13 2.00 0.14 13 1.92 0.15 11 1.98 0.14 11 1.91 0.15 11 1.85 0.15 10 1.82 0.14 9 2.00 0.17 9 2.00 0.21 8
OMAN OMN 0.82 0.16 11 0.69 0.16 11 0.69 0.17 9 0.65 0.17 9 0.81 0.16 9 0.70 0.16 8 0.70 0.16 9 0.74 0.16 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.82 0.24 6
PAKISTAN PAK -0.92 0.14 18 -0.95 0.14 18 -0.85 0.13 18 -0.89 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 15 -0.83 0.14 14 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.81 0.15 10 -0.73 0.18 8 -0.55 0.24 6
PALAU PCI 0.68 0.65 2 0.84 0.74 1 0.90 0.71 1 0.70 0.78 1 -0.08 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN -0.20 0.15 16 -0.19 0.14 16 -0.16 0.14 16 -0.15 0.14 15 -0.10 0.14 15 -0.13 0.15 12 -0.12 0.15 11 -0.14 0.14 10 -0.17 0.18 9 -0.18 0.23 7
PARAGUAY PRY -1.03 0.15 16 -0.96 0.15 16 -0.98 0.15 16 -0.99 0.15 14 -1.02 0.15 14 -1.13 0.16 12 -1.14 0.16 11 -0.97 0.15 9 -0.93 0.19 8 -0.38 0.25 6
PERU PER -0.74 0.13 20 -0.72 0.14 19 -0.74 0.14 18 -0.78 0.15 15 -0.60 0.14 15 -0.58 0.14 13 -0.52 0.15 12 -0.63 0.14 10 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.56 0.22 8
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.49 0.13 18 -0.54 0.13 18 -0.44 0.13 18 -0.42 0.14 15 -0.62 0.14 15 -0.58 0.14 13 -0.52 0.14 13 -0.49 0.14 11 -0.09 0.17 10 0.05 0.21 8
POLAND POL 0.49 0.12 18 0.31 0.13 17 0.28 0.12 17 0.36 0.13 15 0.44 0.13 15 0.56 0.13 15 0.61 0.14 15 0.65 0.13 13 0.74 0.16 11 0.70 0.18 9
PORTUGAL PRT 1.02 0.15 13 0.95 0.14 13 0.94 0.14 13 1.09 0.15 11 1.19 0.14 11 1.26 0.15 11 1.27 0.15 10 1.17 0.14 9 1.23 0.17 9 1.22 0.21 8
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.66 0.25 4 0.58 0.23 5 0.57 0.28 4 0.62 0.27 3 0.75 0.23 3 0.72 0.23 3 1.06 0.25 2 1.02 0.24 2 1.00 0.30 2 0.74 0.57 1
QATAR QAT 0.86 0.16 11 0.86 0.16 11 0.85 0.16 11 0.81 0.16 11 0.66 0.16 10 0.58 0.16 10 0.70 0.16 8 0.63 0.16 7 0.41 0.19 6 0.12 0.26 4
REUNION REU 0.89 0.34 1 1.16 0.36 1 1.13 0.37 1 1.14 0.34 1 1.08 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.05 0.12 18 -0.17 0.12 18 -0.20 0.12 18 -0.23 0.13 16 -0.19 0.13 16 -0.23 0.13 15 -0.26 0.14 14 -0.21 0.14 12 -0.14 0.17 9 -0.21 0.20 7
RUSSIA RUS -0.91 0.12 19 -0.95 0.12 19 -0.95 0.12 19 -0.87 0.13 16 -0.82 0.13 16 -0.92 0.13 15 -0.89 0.14 15 -1.06 0.13 13 -0.85 0.16 11 -0.67 0.18 9
RWANDA RWA -0.50 0.17 12 -0.60 0.18 11 -0.66 0.18 11 -0.89 0.21 9 -0.81 0.21 9 -0.89 0.22 7 -0.98 0.22 7 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.48 0.26 5 -1.49 0.54 2
SAMOA SAM 0.74 0.22 6 0.92 0.28 4 0.95 0.28 4 1.09 0.26 4 0.86 0.24 4 1.07 0.25 4 1.03 0.25 3 0.69 0.22 4 0.56 0.28 3 -0.25 0.61 1
SAN MARINO SMR 0.82 0.75 1 0.84 0.74 1 0.90 0.71 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.50 0.18 6 -0.43 0.21 5 -0.54 0.20 6 -0.61 0.24 5 -0.49 0.24 5 -0.51 0.25 4 -0.55 0.26 3 -0.12 0.25 3 -0.34 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.33 0.15 13 0.19 0.15 13 0.15 0.16 12 0.14 0.17 10 0.20 0.16 10 0.22 0.16 10 0.16 0.15 11 0.11 0.16 8 0.32 0.19 7 0.46 0.24 6
SENEGAL SEN -0.31 0.13 18 -0.39 0.13 18 -0.37 0.14 16 -0.21 0.16 12 -0.31 0.15 13 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 8 -0.18 0.19 8 -0.45 0.26 5
SERBIA YUG -0.46 0.14 15 -0.53 0.15 14 -0.58 0.15 14 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.71 0.14 12 -0.98 0.15 12 -0.92 0.15 12 -1.20 0.18 7 -1.27 0.21 5 -0.97 0.31 3
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.24 0.18 6 0.26 0.19 6 0.18 0.19 6 0.12 0.19 7 0.16 0.19 7 0.22 0.24 5 0.48 0.26 3 0.57 0.25 3 0.53 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.03 0.18 14 -1.14 0.19 13 -1.16 0.19 13 -1.20 0.20 10 -1.10 0.20 10 -1.27 0.21 9 -1.33 0.21 8 -1.38 0.23 6 -1.18 0.25 6 -1.31 0.46 3
SINGAPORE SGP 1.73 0.14 14 1.74 0.14 14 1.73 0.14 14 1.79 0.15 12 1.78 0.14 12 1.66 0.14 12 1.50 0.15 11 1.37 0.14 10 1.47 0.17 9 1.71 0.21 8
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.52 0.13 16 0.35 0.13 16 0.41 0.13 16 0.44 0.13 15 0.48 0.13 15 0.36 0.13 15 0.29 0.14 15 0.33 0.13 12 0.23 0.16 10 0.20 0.19 8
SLOVENIA SVN 0.91 0.13 16 0.83 0.13 16 0.79 0.13 15 0.78 0.13 14 0.88 0.13 14 0.94 0.13 15 0.99 0.14 15 1.00 0.13 13 1.11 0.17 9 0.83 0.20 6
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.78 0.21 7 -0.85 0.27 5 -0.82 0.28 4 -0.93 0.26 4 -1.09 0.24 4 -0.72 0.43 3 -1.61 0.38 2 -1.69 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
SOMALIA SOM -2.69 0.25 5 -2.65 0.27 4 -2.57 0.26 4 -2.22 0.25 6 -2.31 0.25 6 -1.93 0.25 5 -1.95 0.27 4 -2.27 0.24 4 -2.25 0.26 5 -2.11 0.46 3
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.12 0.13 18 0.13 0.13 18 0.24 0.13 17 0.16 0.13 15 0.15 0.13 16 0.02 0.14 14 0.06 0.14 14 0.08 0.14 12 0.14 0.16 11 0.16 0.21 8
SPAIN ESP 1.16 0.14 14 1.09 0.14 14 1.04 0.14 13 1.07 0.15 11 1.18 0.14 11 1.29 0.15 11 1.24 0.15 11 1.38 0.14 10 1.31 0.17 9 1.35 0.21 8
SRI LANKA LKA -0.01 0.14 18 0.04 0.14 18 0.07 0.14 17 0.03 0.14 15 -0.01 0.14 15 0.03 0.14 14 0.15 0.14 13 0.00 0.14 11 -0.11 0.18 8 -0.16 0.24 6
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.75 0.25 3 0.84 0.28 3 0.86 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.73 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.45 0.49 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.83 0.22 4 0.84 0.28 3 0.86 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.68 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.45 0.49 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.87 0.22 4 0.71 0.28 3 0.86 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.73 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.59 0.52 1 0.45 0.49 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
SUDAN SDN -1.50 0.16 13 -1.47 0.17 13 -1.35 0.17 12 -1.62 0.17 11 -1.52 0.16 11 -1.53 0.17 10 -1.24 0.17 10 -1.46 0.17 8 -1.57 0.20 7 -1.64 0.29 4
SURINAME SUR -0.33 0.22 7 -0.24 0.20 7 -0.25 0.20 8 -0.21 0.23 7 -0.23 0.23 7 -0.15 0.23 6 -0.23 0.26 4 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.21 0.29 3 -0.61 0.50 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.51 0.17 10 -0.71 0.17 10 -0.67 0.17 10 -0.77 0.20 9 -0.89 0.19 9 -0.88 0.19 7 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.63 0.23 5 -0.58 0.26 5 0.79 0.54 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.90 0.15 13 1.93 0.14 13 1.88 0.14 13 1.81 0.15 11 1.88 0.14 11 1.89 0.15 11 1.83 0.15 10 1.79 0.14 10 1.80 0.17 9 1.81 0.21 8
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.86 0.15 12 1.98 0.15 12 1.91 0.15 12 1.93 0.15 11 1.95 0.14 11 1.94 0.15 11 1.90 0.15 10 1.92 0.14 10 2.00 0.17 9 2.04 0.21 8
SYRIA SYR -0.54 0.14 15 -0.55 0.14 15 -0.68 0.15 14 -0.45 0.16 12 -0.32 0.16 12 -0.43 0.16 9 -0.38 0.16 9 -0.36 0.16 7 -0.35 0.19 7 -0.56 0.24 6
TAIWAN TWN 0.77 0.15 13 0.69 0.14 14 0.71 0.14 14 0.89 0.15 12 0.86 0.14 12 0.88 0.14 12 0.85 0.15 12 0.90 0.14 10 0.86 0.17 9 0.90 0.21 8
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -1.12 0.13 18 -1.03 0.14 18 -0.99 0.13 18 -0.93 0.15 15 -1.06 0.14 14 -1.01 0.16 12 -1.22 0.16 12 -1.40 0.17 8 -1.53 0.20 7 -1.23 0.26 4
TANZANIA TZA -0.28 0.14 17 -0.33 0.14 17 -0.46 0.14 16 -0.37 0.14 14 -0.40 0.14 15 -0.38 0.14 13 -0.46 0.15 12 -0.42 0.15 9 -0.37 0.18 9 -0.38 0.24 6
THAILAND THA -0.03 0.13 17 -0.07 0.13 17 0.00 0.13 17 0.11 0.14 15 0.05 0.14 15 0.07 0.14 13 0.25 0.14 13 0.49 0.14 11 0.48 0.17 10 0.63 0.21 8
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.15 0.19 10 -1.30 0.23 8 -1.18 0.22 7 -0.58 0.25 6 -0.83 0.26 6 -0.74 0.27 4 -1.17 0.32 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -0.80 0.16 12 -0.94 0.16 12 -1.01 0.16 13 -1.09 0.19 10 -1.04 0.20 10 -0.98 0.20 9 -0.73 0.21 8 -0.66 0.22 7 -0.69 0.25 6 -1.35 0.58 2
TONGA TON 0.13 0.22 6 0.48 0.28 4 0.59 0.28 4 0.55 0.26 4 0.20 0.24 4 0.08 0.43 3 0.01 0.38 2 -0.06 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.25 0.15 10 -0.20 0.15 11 -0.29 0.15 11 -0.12 0.15 11 -0.08 0.16 10 0.13 0.16 9 0.29 0.17 8 0.36 0.15 8 0.37 0.19 7 0.52 0.26 5
TUNISIA TUN 0.24 0.14 16 0.35 0.14 16 0.36 0.13 15 0.24 0.14 15 0.29 0.14 14 0.04 0.15 12 0.11 0.15 12 -0.01 0.15 9 -0.02 0.18 9 -0.18 0.24 6
TURKEY TUR 0.09 0.13 19 -0.01 0.13 18 0.01 0.13 18 0.11 0.14 16 0.13 0.14 16 0.04 0.14 14 -0.13 0.14 14 -0.06 0.14 12 -0.08 0.17 10 0.00 0.21 8
TUVALU TUV 0.99 0.32 3 1.02 0.33 3 1.09 0.33 3 1.27 0.30 3 0.84 0.27 3 1.30 0.58 2 1.75 0.48 1 1.66 0.56 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.51 0.13 19 -0.61 0.13 19 -0.53 0.13 18 -0.72 0.14 15 -0.80 0.14 16 -0.69 0.14 14 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.86 0.15 10 -0.67 0.18 9 -0.70 0.24 6
UKRAINE UKR -0.62 0.12 19 -0.71 0.12 19 -0.79 0.13 17 -0.61 0.14 15 -0.75 0.13 15 -0.90 0.14 15 -0.86 0.14 14 -1.01 0.14 12 -0.92 0.16 10 -0.50 0.20 7
URUGUAY URY 0.50 0.15 15 0.49 0.15 15 0.41 0.15 14 0.39 0.15 14 0.41 0.14 14 0.56 0.15 12 0.57 0.15 12 0.56 0.14 10 0.53 0.18 9 0.54 0.23 7
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.18 0.14 16 -1.05 0.13 17 -1.36 0.14 16 -1.39 0.14 14 -1.34 0.13 14 -1.28 0.14 14 -1.40 0.14 13 -1.04 0.16 9 -0.97 0.20 7 -0.94 0.21 5
VANUATU VUT 0.46 0.22 6 0.59 0.27 5 0.52 0.28 4 0.52 0.26 4 0.01 0.24 4 -0.05 0.43 3 -0.25 0.38 2 -0.22 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
VENEZUELA VEN -1.59 0.13 19 -1.50 0.13 19 -1.38 0.13 18 -1.27 0.14 16 -1.21 0.14 16 -1.23 0.14 15 -1.12 0.14 14 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.71 0.16 11 -0.64 0.20 9
VIETNAM VNM -0.43 0.14 18 -0.46 0.14 18 -0.44 0.13 18 -0.33 0.14 15 -0.46 0.14 15 -0.48 0.14 14 -0.54 0.14 13 -0.43 0.14 11 -0.46 0.17 9 -0.59 0.22 7
YEMEN YEM -0.93 0.14 16 -0.94 0.15 16 -1.03 0.15 16 -1.13 0.16 12 -1.10 0.16 12 -1.15 0.17 10 -1.32 0.17 9 -1.24 0.16 7 -1.08 0.19 7 -1.18 0.26 5
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.50 0.14 17 -0.59 0.14 17 -0.63 0.14 16 -0.57 0.15 14 -0.58 0.14 16 -0.63 0.14 13 -0.49 0.15 12 -0.55 0.15 9 -0.58 0.18 9 -0.60 0.24 6
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.81 0.13 18 -1.72 0.13 19 -1.60 0.13 18 -1.65 0.14 15 -1.68 0.14 15 -1.67 0.14 14 -1.47 0.15 13 -1.25 0.14 10 -0.53 0.17 10 -0.67 0.22 7
94

TABLE C6: Control of Corruption
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.64 0.21 9 -1.53 0.23 7 -1.46 0.20 9 -1.50 0.20 7 -1.51 0.19 7 -1.62 0.29 3 -1.55 0.31 2 -1.91 0.30 2 -1.91 0.38 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB -0.45 0.13 13 -0.59 0.14 12 -0.69 0.13 12 -0.73 0.14 10 -0.75 0.15 9 -0.79 0.16 6 -0.85 0.19 6 -0.82 0.19 6 -1.07 0.20 5 0.03 0.48 2
ALGERIA DZA -0.44 0.15 14 -0.43 0.13 13 -0.43 0.14 12 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.60 0.15 12 -0.56 0.17 9 -0.73 0.19 8 -0.75 0.20 7 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.39 0.27 4
ANDORRA ADO 1.32 0.38 1 1.28 0.41 1 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.33 1 1.08 0.36 1 1.29 0.36 1 1.33 0.39 1 1.38 0.40 1 1.43 0.38 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.22 0.17 13 -1.12 0.15 12 -1.19 0.15 13 -1.26 0.16 11 -1.31 0.15 12 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.21 0.19 8 -1.55 0.20 7 -1.39 0.21 7 -1.03 0.27 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.32 0.38 1 1.28 0.41 1 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.33 1 0.81 0.36 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.44 0.14 16 -0.43 0.13 15 -0.38 0.13 15 -0.39 0.14 13 -0.38 0.14 13 -0.40 0.16 10 -0.73 0.17 10 -0.27 0.18 9 -0.11 0.18 8 -0.15 0.21 6
ARMENIA ARM -0.54 0.13 17 -0.71 0.12 17 -0.57 0.13 16 -0.61 0.14 12 -0.70 0.15 11 -0.62 0.15 9 -0.70 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 7 -0.81 0.19 6 -0.80 0.44 2
ARUBA ABW 1.32 0.38 1 1.28 0.41 1 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.33 1 1.13 0.36 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 2.03 0.17 9 2.00 0.15 9 1.93 0.16 9 1.91 0.16 8 2.03 0.16 8 1.98 0.17 8 1.85 0.18 7 1.90 0.19 7 1.91 0.19 7 1.82 0.21 6
AUSTRIA AUT 1.82 0.17 10 1.97 0.15 10 1.93 0.16 10 1.91 0.15 9 2.04 0.15 9 2.03 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 7 1.85 0.19 7 1.88 0.19 7 1.95 0.21 6
AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.00 0.13 16 -1.01 0.12 16 -0.94 0.13 16 -0.97 0.13 14 -1.11 0.14 13 -0.99 0.13 11 -0.99 0.15 10 -1.10 0.16 9 -1.08 0.18 7 -1.07 0.28 3
BAHAMAS BHS 1.38 0.34 2 1.36 0.36 2 1.37 0.33 2 1.32 0.29 2 1.36 0.32 2 1.37 0.33 2 1.44 0.34 2 1.39 0.37 2 1.41 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
BAHRAIN BHR 0.44 0.18 9 0.60 0.16 9 0.47 0.17 9 0.54 0.17 9 0.63 0.17 9 0.75 0.19 7 0.95 0.19 7 0.64 0.23 5 0.60 0.23 5 -0.01 0.27 4
BANGLADESH BGD -1.10 0.15 15 -1.08 0.14 15 -1.32 0.14 14 -1.31 0.16 12 -1.42 0.16 12 -1.27 0.16 9 -1.08 0.16 9 -1.00 0.17 8 -0.73 0.21 6 -0.51 0.27 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.30 0.29 2 1.33 0.21 3 1.20 0.24 3 1.21 0.29 3 1.17 0.30 3 1.22 0.32 2 1.33 0.39 1 1.38 0.40 1 1.43 0.38 1 .. .. ..
BELARUS BLR -0.79 0.14 12 -0.86 0.13 10 -0.75 0.15 10 -0.87 0.15 8 -1.02 0.15 8 -0.96 0.16 7 -0.91 0.19 6 -0.56 0.19 6 -0.71 0.20 5 -1.00 0.57 1
BELGIUM BEL 1.35 0.17 9 1.39 0.15 9 1.33 0.16 9 1.42 0.16 8 1.47 0.16 8 1.52 0.17 8 1.60 0.17 8 1.52 0.19 7 1.38 0.19 7 1.36 0.21 6
BELIZE BLZ -0.28 0.22 7 -0.27 0.19 6 -0.30 0.23 5 -0.23 0.26 4 -0.29 0.27 4 -0.07 0.26 3 -0.21 0.32 2 -0.14 0.31 2 -0.09 0.32 2 .. .. ..
BENIN BEN -0.42 0.15 12 -0.43 0.14 11 -0.61 0.15 12 -0.89 0.19 8 -0.56 0.22 6 -0.64 0.26 4 -0.84 0.31 3 -0.61 0.30 3 -0.74 0.30 3 .. .. ..
BERMUDA BMU 1.32 0.38 1 1.28 0.41 1 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.33 1 1.26 0.36 1 1.29 0.36 1 1.33 0.39 1 1.38 0.40 1 1.43 0.38 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.72 0.24 6 0.92 0.19 6 0.91 0.25 6 0.88 0.25 6 0.82 0.26 6 0.93 0.24 4 0.59 0.24 3 0.60 0.26 3 0.67 0.32 2 .. .. ..
BOLIVIA BOL -0.47 0.15 16 -0.49 0.13 16 -0.53 0.14 16 -0.79 0.15 14 -0.79 0.15 14 -0.84 0.17 9 -0.89 0.18 9 -0.56 0.19 8 -0.39 0.21 6 -0.96 0.27 4
BOTSWANA BWA 1.00 0.15 13 0.92 0.14 12 0.86 0.14 13 1.06 0.16 11 0.94 0.16 10 1.07 0.17 9 0.70 0.18 9 0.74 0.22 6 0.74 0.22 6 0.36 0.29 3
BRAZIL BRA -0.03 0.14 16 -0.21 0.13 16 -0.17 0.13 17 -0.19 0.14 13 0.06 0.14 13 0.13 0.16 10 -0.10 0.17 10 0.12 0.18 9 0.10 0.18 8 -0.15 0.21 6
BRUNEI BRN 0.51 0.26 4 0.24 0.36 2 0.24 0.33 2 0.25 0.29 2 0.40 0.32 2 0.29 0.33 2 0.33 0.34 2 0.33 0.37 2 0.43 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
BULGARIA BGR -0.17 0.12 16 -0.19 0.11 16 -0.04 0.11 16 0.08 0.13 12 0.19 0.13 12 0.02 0.13 10 -0.03 0.15 10 -0.14 0.16 9 -0.29 0.18 7 -0.80 0.27 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.36 0.15 14 -0.40 0.14 13 -0.40 0.14 13 -0.18 0.20 8 -0.17 0.21 8 0.08 0.25 5 0.04 0.28 4 -0.01 0.28 4 -0.06 0.29 4 -0.34 0.69 1
BURUNDI BDI -0.97 0.17 11 -1.07 0.15 11 -1.14 0.16 10 -0.94 0.22 6 -0.97 0.22 6 -0.96 0.26 4 -0.98 0.31 3 -1.15 0.30 3 -1.29 0.30 3 .. .. ..
CAMBODIA KHM -1.14 0.14 16 -1.11 0.14 13 -1.21 0.15 13 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.05 0.19 9 -0.93 0.19 7 -0.98 0.18 6 -0.93 0.21 5 -1.11 0.23 4 -1.17 0.31 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.90 0.14 15 -0.95 0.13 15 -1.03 0.14 14 -1.16 0.15 12 -1.08 0.15 11 -0.85 0.17 9 -1.10 0.19 8 -1.03 0.20 7 -1.22 0.21 7 -1.18 0.27 4
CANADA CAN 2.03 0.15 13 2.05 0.14 13 1.89 0.14 12 1.84 0.15 9 1.87 0.15 9 2.01 0.17 8 2.02 0.17 8 1.98 0.19 7 2.04 0.19 7 2.20 0.21 6
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.75 0.21 6 0.75 0.22 5 0.60 0.22 6 0.36 0.25 5 0.25 0.26 4 0.32 0.27 4 0.36 0.29 4 0.20 0.42 2 -0.32 0.45 2 .. .. ..
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -0.90 0.22 6 -0.91 0.18 6 -1.01 0.21 5 -1.18 0.22 6 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.16 0.26 4 -1.10 0.31 3 -1.30 0.30 3 -1.17 0.30 3 .. .. ..
CHAD TCD -1.45 0.16 10 -1.23 0.14 10 -1.22 0.15 10 -1.34 0.19 7 -1.18 0.20 7 -1.15 0.23 5 -0.94 0.29 4 -0.88 0.30 3 -0.99 0.30 3 .. .. ..
CHILE CHL 1.31 0.14 16 1.34 0.13 15 1.35 0.13 15 1.35 0.14 13 1.42 0.14 12 1.20 0.16 10 1.51 0.17 10 1.48 0.18 9 1.28 0.18 8 1.30 0.21 6
CHINA CHN -0.44 0.13 15 -0.61 0.12 15 -0.53 0.12 14 -0.67 0.13 13 -0.58 0.13 13 -0.37 0.14 10 -0.41 0.15 10 -0.22 0.15 9 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.08 0.18 7
COLOMBIA COL -0.25 0.14 18 -0.24 0.13 18 -0.16 0.13 17 -0.17 0.14 15 -0.19 0.14 14 -0.41 0.16 10 -0.45 0.17 10 -0.55 0.18 9 -0.70 0.18 8 -0.49 0.21 6
COMOROS COM -0.75 0.26 4 -0.68 0.25 4 -0.64 0.25 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.82 0.26 4 -0.83 0.28 3 -0.81 0.31 3 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.25 0.30 3 .. .. ..
CONGO COG -1.16 0.17 11 -1.06 0.15 11 -1.10 0.17 10 -1.07 0.18 9 -0.96 0.21 7 -0.99 0.22 6 -0.99 0.24 6 -1.03 0.25 5 -1.21 0.26 5 -0.72 0.50 2
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.31 0.18 11 -1.31 0.16 11 -1.51 0.17 10 -1.48 0.16 10 -1.44 0.16 10 -1.51 0.20 7 -1.53 0.22 7 -1.71 0.22 6 -1.81 0.24 6 -2.22 0.40 3
COSTA RICA CRI 0.48 0.16 14 0.34 0.14 15 0.34 0.15 14 0.37 0.15 13 0.42 0.15 13 0.76 0.17 9 0.79 0.18 9 0.86 0.19 8 0.90 0.21 6 0.69 0.25 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.17 0.15 11 -1.10 0.15 9 -1.23 0.16 9 -1.29 0.18 8 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.01 0.19 7 -0.84 0.20 7 -0.51 0.22 6 -0.38 0.22 6 0.37 0.29 3
CROATIA HRV 0.12 0.12 14 0.06 0.12 14 0.09 0.12 14 0.21 0.13 13 0.21 0.13 13 0.09 0.13 10 0.27 0.15 10 0.07 0.17 8 -0.28 0.18 7 -0.57 0.28 3
CUBA CUB -0.06 0.17 8 -0.18 0.15 8 -0.25 0.17 8 -0.25 0.18 8 -0.28 0.18 8 -0.28 0.19 6 -0.12 0.20 6 -0.19 0.23 5 0.04 0.23 5 0.01 0.27 4
CYPRUS CYP 1.04 0.20 8 0.89 0.20 7 0.88 0.19 7 0.77 0.18 6 0.82 0.19 6 1.03 0.20 5 0.96 0.21 5 0.86 0.23 5 0.89 0.23 5 1.63 0.27 4
DENMARK DNK 2.32 0.17 10 2.39 0.15 10 2.35 0.16 10 2.19 0.15 9 2.32 0.15 9 2.27 0.17 8 2.21 0.18 7 2.12 0.19 7 2.18 0.19 7 2.29 0.21 6
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.33 0.24 6 -0.48 0.25 4 -0.62 0.25 4 -0.69 0.26 4 -0.48 0.26 4 -0.83 0.28 3 -0.69 0.31 3 -0.89 0.30 3 -0.70 0.30 3 .. .. ..
DOMINICA DMA 0.67 0.28 3 0.65 0.32 2 0.66 0.31 2 0.68 0.28 3 0.64 0.29 3 0.48 0.29 2 0.57 0.32 2 0.45 0.31 2 0.58 0.32 2 .. .. ..
ECUADOR ECU -0.79 0.16 15 -0.91 0.14 16 -0.83 0.15 15 -0.84 0.15 14 -0.78 0.15 14 -0.81 0.17 9 -1.03 0.18 9 -0.90 0.19 8 -0.88 0.21 6 -0.85 0.27 4
EGYPT EGY -0.67 0.15 14 -0.57 0.13 14 -0.52 0.14 14 -0.45 0.15 12 -0.46 0.15 12 -0.44 0.17 9 -0.33 0.17 9 -0.40 0.19 8 -0.28 0.18 8 0.11 0.25 5
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.22 0.17 13 -0.11 0.15 12 -0.09 0.16 12 -0.24 0.16 11 -0.21 0.17 11 -0.24 0.18 8 -0.44 0.19 8 -0.33 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 5 -0.69 0.27 4
ERITREA ERI -0.38 0.19 8 -0.59 0.17 7 -0.31 0.19 8 -0.29 0.22 7 -0.25 0.21 7 -0.06 0.26 4 0.18 0.31 3 0.67 0.30 3 0.78 0.30 3 .. .. ..
ESTONIA EST 0.94 0.12 14 0.98 0.11 14 0.95 0.12 14 0.98 0.12 13 1.00 0.12 13 0.85 0.13 11 0.73 0.14 11 0.66 0.15 10 0.45 0.18 7 -0.03 0.28 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.66 0.15 12 -0.70 0.14 14 -0.65 0.14 14 -0.79 0.16 11 -0.72 0.17 10 -0.67 0.19 7 -0.50 0.21 6 -0.45 0.25 5 -0.55 0.24 5 -1.14 0.32 2
FIJI FJI -0.31 0.27 4 -0.42 0.30 3 -0.33 0.29 3 -0.61 0.28 2 -0.08 0.30 2 -0.28 0.29 2 0.10 0.32 2 0.15 0.31 2 0.24 0.32 2 .. .. ..
FINLAND FIN 2.34 0.17 10 2.58 0.15 10 2.56 0.16 10 2.38 0.15 9 2.43 0.15 9 2.41 0.17 8 2.45 0.17 8 2.32 0.19 7 2.24 0.19 7 2.29 0.21 6
FRANCE FRA 1.43 0.15 12 1.31 0.14 12 1.46 0.14 11 1.39 0.15 9 1.42 0.15 9 1.43 0.17 8 1.30 0.17 8 1.43 0.19 7 1.47 0.19 7 1.41 0.21 6
GABON GAB -1.07 0.16 11 -0.88 0.14 11 -0.91 0.16 11 -0.66 0.18 9 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.47 0.18 8 -0.49 0.19 8 -0.56 0.20 7 -0.76 0.22 6 -1.35 0.29 3
GAMBIA GMB -0.78 0.19 8 -0.77 0.19 7 -0.70 0.18 7 -0.70 0.21 6 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.34 0.23 5 -0.49 0.28 4 -0.39 0.28 4 -0.54 0.29 4 0.37 0.69 1
GEORGIA GEO -0.23 0.13 16 -0.32 0.12 16 -0.24 0.13 15 -0.40 0.14 12 -0.62 0.14 12 -0.96 0.15 8 -1.16 0.18 7 -0.93 0.19 6 -0.86 0.20 5 -1.26 0.44 2
95

TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GERMANY DEU 1.77 0.15 11 1.78 0.14 11 1.79 0.14 11 1.85 0.15 9 1.88 0.15 9 1.97 0.17 8 1.96 0.17 8 1.97 0.19 7 2.09 0.19 7 2.06 0.21 6
GHANA GHA -0.06 0.14 16 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.03 0.14 15 -0.33 0.15 13 -0.27 0.15 12 -0.27 0.17 10 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.16 0.20 7 -0.31 0.21 7 -0.49 0.27 4
GREECE GRC 0.10 0.15 11 0.21 0.14 11 0.33 0.14 11 0.32 0.15 9 0.52 0.15 9 0.51 0.17 8 0.49 0.17 8 0.68 0.19 7 0.69 0.19 7 0.36 0.21 6
GRENADA GRD 0.37 0.28 3 0.37 0.32 2 0.60 0.29 3 0.68 0.28 3 0.64 0.29 3 0.64 0.29 2 0.72 0.32 2 0.62 0.31 2 0.72 0.32 2 .. .. ..
GUAM GUM 0.84 0.38 1 0.81 0.41 1 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.33 1 0.36 0.36 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.72 0.15 17 -0.74 0.13 17 -0.76 0.14 17 -0.70 0.16 13 -0.55 0.16 13 -0.70 0.18 9 -0.63 0.19 8 -0.56 0.21 7 -0.66 0.23 5 -1.06 0.27 4
GUINEA GIN -1.35 0.18 10 -1.34 0.16 9 -1.02 0.18 9 -0.88 0.20 7 -0.93 0.21 7 -0.81 0.25 5 -0.67 0.27 5 -0.78 0.28 4 -0.82 0.29 4 0.37 0.69 1
GUYANA GUY -0.47 0.20 8 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.59 0.21 7 -0.50 0.25 5 -0.41 0.25 4 -0.44 0.29 3 -0.37 0.30 3 -0.40 0.31 3 -0.34 0.69 1
HAITI HTI -1.21 0.19 10 -1.28 0.17 9 -1.44 0.20 9 -1.52 0.21 7 -1.46 0.22 7 -1.74 0.22 6 -1.70 0.25 4 -1.45 0.30 3 -1.38 0.31 3 -1.05 0.69 1
HONDURAS HND -0.82 0.16 14 -0.68 0.15 14 -0.76 0.16 14 -0.69 0.16 12 -0.70 0.17 12 -0.72 0.18 8 -0.81 0.19 8 -0.72 0.21 7 -0.63 0.23 5 -1.01 0.27 4
HONG KONG HKG 1.88 0.15 11 1.62 0.13 12 1.77 0.13 12 1.70 0.14 10 1.57 0.14 10 1.45 0.15 9 1.39 0.15 9 1.12 0.16 8 1.16 0.17 8 1.48 0.18 7
HUNGARY HUN 0.55 0.12 16 0.49 0.11 14 0.62 0.11 14 0.67 0.12 12 0.75 0.12 12 0.68 0.13 11 0.64 0.14 11 0.77 0.15 10 0.72 0.15 9 0.66 0.21 6
ICELAND ISL 2.32 0.20 7 2.62 0.15 8 2.49 0.16 8 2.53 0.17 7 2.36 0.18 7 2.44 0.20 6 2.24 0.22 5 2.27 0.23 5 1.94 0.22 5 1.79 0.27 4
INDIA IND -0.37 0.13 16 -0.39 0.12 16 -0.23 0.12 16 -0.34 0.13 13 -0.34 0.13 13 -0.35 0.14 10 -0.44 0.15 10 -0.40 0.15 9 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.38 0.18 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.64 0.13 17 -0.69 0.12 18 -0.77 0.12 18 -0.87 0.13 15 -0.91 0.13 15 -0.97 0.14 12 -1.13 0.14 11 -0.98 0.14 10 -1.16 0.17 9 -0.51 0.18 7
IRAN IRN -0.71 0.16 11 -0.53 0.14 11 -0.50 0.16 12 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.30 0.18 7 -0.25 0.19 7 -0.52 0.23 5 -0.51 0.23 5 -0.95 0.27 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.48 0.19 10 -1.45 0.17 7 -1.59 0.19 7 -1.48 0.18 7 -1.63 0.18 7 -1.17 0.19 6 -1.58 0.20 6 -1.63 0.23 5 -1.66 0.23 5 -1.48 0.27 4
IRELAND IRL 1.76 0.15 11 1.68 0.14 11 1.61 0.14 11 1.57 0.15 9 1.40 0.15 9 1.54 0.17 8 1.50 0.18 7 1.46 0.19 7 1.68 0.19 7 1.82 0.21 6
ISRAEL ISR 0.87 0.15 12 0.82 0.14 12 0.97 0.14 12 0.82 0.15 9 0.87 0.15 9 1.03 0.17 8 1.09 0.17 8 1.07 0.19 7 1.12 0.19 7 1.54 0.21 6
ITALY ITA 0.13 0.15 12 0.32 0.14 12 0.33 0.14 11 0.25 0.15 9 0.49 0.15 9 0.62 0.17 8 0.67 0.17 8 0.89 0.19 7 0.59 0.19 7 0.42 0.21 6
JAMAICA JAM -0.53 0.18 9 -0.50 0.15 10 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.45 0.16 9 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.51 0.18 7 -0.45 0.19 7 -0.19 0.21 6 -0.22 0.23 5 -0.37 0.29 3
JA PAN JPN 1.25 0.14 13 1.17 0.13 13 1.34 0.13 12 1.23 0.14 10 1.16 0.14 10 1.15 0.15 9 0.99 0.15 9 1.31 0.16 8 1.27 0.17 8 1.14 0.18 7
JORDAN JOR 0.41 0.14 15 0.38 0.13 15 0.35 0.13 14 0.34 0.14 12 0.44 0.14 12 0.39 0.16 10 0.06 0.18 8 0.10 0.19 7 0.10 0.18 7 -0.15 0.25 5
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.95 0.12 15 -0.88 0.12 15 -0.85 0.12 15 -0.89 0.13 13 -1.13 0.14 12 -1.10 0.14 10 -1.08 0.16 9 -0.96 0.16 9 -0.90 0.18 7 -0.91 0.28 3
KENYA KEN -1.01 0.14 17 -0.96 0.13 16 -0.89 0.13 17 -0.99 0.15 14 -0.87 0.15 13 -0.86 0.16 11 -1.02 0.18 9 -1.00 0.20 7 -1.13 0.21 7 -1.10 0.27 4
KIRIBATI KIR 0.01 0.30 3 0.12 0.31 3 0.10 0.30 3 0.23 0.27 3 0.38 0.29 3 0.14 0.33 2 -0.01 0.30 2 -0.22 0.32 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.74 0.28 3 -1.69 0.29 3 -1.53 0.22 5 -1.32 0.21 5 -1.50 0.22 5 -1.98 0.33 2 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.94 0.37 2 -1.86 0.36 2 -0.34 0.69 1
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.45 0.13 14 0.46 0.12 14 0.39 0.12 14 0.63 0.13 12 0.38 0.13 12 0.40 0.14 10 0.47 0.15 10 0.27 0.15 9 0.21 0.17 9 0.43 0.18 7
KOSOVO LWI -0.66 0.19 6 -0.77 0.23 3 -0.58 0.22 3 -0.61 0.22 2 -0.96 0.23 1 -0.88 0.22 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.50 0.16 10 0.46 0.14 9 0.71 0.16 8 0.79 0.18 7 0.86 0.19 6 0.90 0.19 6 1.08 0.19 7 1.04 0.23 5 1.09 0.23 5 0.57 0.27 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.06 0.13 15 -1.10 0.13 15 -1.14 0.13 15 -1.10 0.14 12 -0.99 0.15 11 -0.82 0.15 9 -0.81 0.16 8 -0.79 0.17 7 -0.64 0.20 5 -0.72 0.44 2
LAOS LAO -1.23 0.18 11 -1.04 0.16 10 -1.12 0.18 10 -1.16 0.19 9 -1.10 0.21 8 -1.01 0.21 5 -0.92 0.21 5 -0.92 0.23 4 -0.69 0.28 3 -1.18 0.60 1
LATVIA LVA 0.29 0.13 13 0.34 0.13 13 0.38 0.13 13 0.38 0.13 12 0.27 0.13 12 0.30 0.13 10 0.11 0.15 10 0.11 0.16 9 0.14 0.18 7 -0.63 0.28 3
LEBANON LBN -0.83 0.16 13 -0.69 0.14 12 -0.82 0.16 12 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.57 0.17 9 -0.48 0.18 7 -0.40 0.18 8 -0.35 0.21 6 -0.27 0.21 6 -0.24 0.27 4
LESOTHO LSO 0.04 0.19 8 -0.23 0.16 8 -0.06 0.17 9 -0.12 0.22 7 -0.23 0.21 6 -0.34 0.22 6 -0.32 0.26 5 -0.18 0.30 3 -0.19 0.30 3 .. .. ..
LIBERIA LBR -0.60 0.19 11 -0.42 0.24 6 -0.67 0.23 5 -1.16 0.24 4 -1.26 0.24 5 -1.18 0.32 3 -1.12 0.32 3 -1.67 0.28 4 -1.73 0.29 4 -1.76 0.69 1
LIBYA LBY -0.81 0.17 10 -0.78 0.16 9 -0.79 0.19 8 -0.78 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 8 -0.78 0.19 6 -0.79 0.20 6 -0.82 0.23 5 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.97 0.27 4
LITHUANIA LTU 0.18 0.12 16 0.18 0.11 15 0.20 0.12 13 0.32 0.13 12 0.39 0.13 12 0.33 0.13 10 0.31 0.15 10 0.42 0.16 9 0.27 0.18 7 -0.15 0.28 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 2.02 0.19 7 2.24 0.16 7 2.00 0.17 7 1.82 0.19 6 1.98 0.19 6 1.87 0.22 5 2.21 0.26 4 2.04 0.25 4 1.97 0.24 4 1.94 0.29 3
MACAO MAC -0.03 0.28 2 0.47 0.29 2 0.40 0.27 2 0.53 0.23 2 1.35 0.36 1 0.82 0.36 1 -0.07 0.39 1 0.44 0.40 1 0.48 0.38 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.11 0.14 13 -0.28 0.13 12 -0.32 0.13 12 -0.38 0.13 11 -0.44 0.13 11 -0.57 0.14 8 -0.73 0.17 6 -0.54 0.20 5 -0.44 0.20 4 -1.06 0.35 1
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.10 0.15 13 -0.17 0.14 12 -0.25 0.14 13 -0.02 0.18 9 -0.12 0.19 8 0.11 0.22 6 0.13 0.28 4 -0.05 0.28 4 -0.42 0.29 4 0.37 0.69 1
MALAWI MWI -0.59 0.15 15 -0.77 0.15 13 -0.73 0.15 14 -0.83 0.16 12 -0.76 0.16 10 -0.82 0.18 9 -0.97 0.20 8 -0.37 0.23 6 -0.36 0.22 6 -0.52 0.29 3
MALAYSIA MYS 0.14 0.13 15 0.23 0.12 15 0.36 0.12 16 0.32 0.13 14 0.42 0.13 14 0.32 0.14 11 0.36 0.15 10 0.40 0.15 9 0.61 0.17 9 0.54 0.18 7
MALDIVES MDV -0.60 0.26 5 -0.83 0.29 4 -0.51 0.28 4 -0.31 0.27 4 -0.13 0.28 4 0.09 0.25 3 -0.08 0.24 3 -0.12 0.26 3 0.10 0.32 2 .. .. ..
MALI MLI -0.47 0.16 12 -0.40 0.14 11 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.38 0.18 9 -0.37 0.19 8 -0.50 0.22 7 -0.38 0.26 6 -0.64 0.28 4 -0.62 0.29 4 -0.34 0.69 1
MALTA MLT 1.01 0.23 4 1.19 0.18 5 1.18 0.21 5 1.03 0.23 4 1.18 0.25 4 1.22 0.25 4 0.82 0.34 2 0.82 0.37 2 0.55 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.84 0.38 1 0.81 0.41 1 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.33 1 0.86 0.36 1 0.82 0.36 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.91 0.40 1 0.96 0.38 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.80 0.16 11 -0.50 0.15 11 -0.61 0.17 10 -0.18 0.24 6 -0.14 0.24 6 0.32 0.26 4 0.27 0.31 3 -0.19 0.30 3 -0.15 0.30 3 .. .. ..
MAURITIUS MUS 0.53 0.15 11 0.43 0.15 10 0.38 0.15 10 0.34 0.17 8 0.31 0.17 8 0.39 0.19 6 0.50 0.20 6 0.48 0.24 5 0.48 0.27 4 0.45 0.31 2
MEXICO MEX -0.26 0.14 17 -0.34 0.13 17 -0.32 0.13 17 -0.38 0.14 14 -0.33 0.14 14 -0.14 0.16 10 -0.23 0.17 10 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.51 0.18 8 -0.33 0.21 6
MICRONESIA FSM -0.43 0.43 2 -0.45 0.42 2 -0.28 0.43 2 -0.28 0.44 2 0.04 0.29 3 -0.35 0.33 2 -0.36 0.30 2 -0.29 0.32 2 -0.24 0.51 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.64 0.13 15 -0.67 0.12 15 -0.67 0.13 14 -0.74 0.13 13 -1.01 0.13 12 -0.90 0.14 9 -0.93 0.16 8 -0.70 0.17 8 -0.33 0.18 7 -0.26 0.28 3
MONGOLIA MNG -0.62 0.18 12 -0.61 0.16 10 -0.49 0.17 9 -0.51 0.19 8 -0.38 0.22 7 -0.20 0.23 5 0.08 0.23 4 -0.31 0.25 4 -0.32 0.31 3 0.37 0.69 1
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.28 0.15 10 -0.43 0.15 8 -0.45 0.16 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.26 0.14 16 -0.26 0.13 15 -0.26 0.14 15 -0.19 0.15 12 -0.08 0.15 12 -0.11 0.17 10 -0.08 0.17 9 0.07 0.20 7 0.15 0.21 7 0.25 0.27 4
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.55 0.14 16 -0.62 0.13 15 -0.66 0.14 16 -0.67 0.15 13 -0.74 0.15 12 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.72 0.20 8 -0.68 0.23 6 -0.71 0.22 6 -0.40 0.29 3
MYANMAR MMR -1.69 0.21 6 -1.47 0.18 6 -1.72 0.20 7 -1.62 0.19 7 -1.69 0.19 7 -1.38 0.21 5 -1.36 0.22 5 -1.39 0.25 4 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.23 0.29 3
NAMIBIA NAM 0.59 0.17 11 0.21 0.15 10 0.14 0.16 10 0.07 0.16 11 -0.02 0.16 10 0.08 0.17 9 0.04 0.18 9 0.55 0.25 5 0.66 0.24 5 0.70 0.32 2
NAURU NRU -0.30 0.85 1 -0.29 0.80 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.68 0.18 12 -0.64 0.16 12 -0.68 0.17 12 -0.75 0.17 10 -0.62 0.19 9 -0.17 0.21 6 -0.28 0.21 5 -0.37 0.23 4 -0.18 0.28 3 0.35 0.60 1
NETHERLANDS NLD 2.19 0.17 10 2.28 0.15 10 2.07 0.16 10 1.98 0.15 9 2.02 0.15 9 2.10 0.17 8 2.17 0.17 8 2.21 0.19 7 2.20 0.19 7 2.21 0.21 6
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.93 0.60 1 -0.95 0.59 1 -1.33 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.05 0.69 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.32 0.15 10 2.37 0.14 10 2.34 0.15 10 2.23 0.16 8 2.39 0.16 8 2.34 0.17 8 2.29 0.18 7 2.17 0.19 7 2.21 0.19 7 2.28 0.21 6
NICARAGUA NIC -0.81 0.17 14 -0.78 0.15 15 -0.73 0.16 15 -0.61 0.17 12 -0.39 0.18 11 -0.46 0.19 8 -0.52 0.20 7 -0.92 0.22 6 -0.78 0.25 4 -0.21 0.29 3
96

TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGER NER -0.82 0.17 10 -0.89 0.15 10 -0.96 0.16 10 -0.80 0.20 7 -0.86 0.21 7 -1.03 0.25 5 -1.08 0.28 4 -0.98 0.28 4 -1.05 0.29 4 -0.34 0.69 1
NIGERIA NGA -0.92 0.14 17 -1.02 0.13 16 -1.19 0.13 17 -1.28 0.15 14 -1.36 0.15 13 -1.34 0.16 11 -1.47 0.17 10 -1.25 0.19 8 -1.17 0.21 7 -1.26 0.27 4
NORWAY NOR 1.88 0.15 11 2.05 0.14 11 2.07 0.14 11 1.96 0.15 9 1.95 0.15 9 2.04 0.17 8 2.09 0.18 7 2.05 0.19 7 2.18 0.19 7 2.28 0.21 6
OMAN OMN 0.59 0.18 8 0.57 0.16 8 0.67 0.21 6 0.64 0.19 6 0.76 0.19 6 0.56 0.19 6 0.96 0.19 7 0.78 0.23 5 0.81 0.23 5 0.03 0.27 4
PAKISTAN PAK -0.77 0.15 16 -0.82 0.13 16 -0.76 0.14 16 -0.99 0.15 13 -1.05 0.15 13 -0.73 0.16 10 -0.81 0.17 8 -0.72 0.19 7 -0.83 0.21 6 -1.04 0.27 4
PANAMA PAN -0.15 0.16 14 -0.40 0.14 14 -0.40 0.15 14 -0.42 0.15 13 -0.25 0.16 12 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.36 0.18 9 -0.49 0.19 8 -0.31 0.21 6 -0.62 0.27 4
PARAGUAY PRY -0.93 0.17 14 -0.98 0.15 14 -1.13 0.16 14 -1.31 0.16 12 -1.26 0.17 11 -1.27 0.18 8 -1.28 0.19 8 -1.34 0.21 7 -1.32 0.23 5 -0.46 0.29 3
PERU PER -0.26 0.14 18 -0.31 0.13 17 -0.24 0.14 16 -0.38 0.15 13 -0.30 0.15 13 -0.03 0.17 9 -0.20 0.18 9 -0.21 0.19 8 -0.28 0.18 7 -0.08 0.25 5
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.75 0.13 17 -0.79 0.12 17 -0.79 0.12 17 -0.64 0.13 14 -0.62 0.13 14 -0.51 0.14 10 -0.52 0.15 10 -0.55 0.15 9 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.31 0.18 7
POLAND POL 0.38 0.12 16 0.18 0.11 15 0.21 0.11 15 0.21 0.12 13 0.21 0.12 13 0.41 0.13 11 0.36 0.14 11 0.56 0.15 10 0.67 0.15 9 0.44 0.21 6
PORTUGAL PRT 1.08 0.15 11 1.10 0.14 11 1.06 0.14 11 1.12 0.15 9 1.19 0.15 9 1.25 0.17 8 1.31 0.18 7 1.19 0.19 7 1.30 0.19 7 1.56 0.21 6
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.50 0.27 4 0.47 0.20 5 0.68 0.29 4 1.11 0.27 3 0.96 0.26 3 1.00 0.26 3 1.21 0.31 2 1.19 0.30 2 0.85 0.31 2 1.22 0.57 1
QATAR QAT 1.24 0.20 8 1.07 0.17 8 0.94 0.18 8 0.93 0.18 8 0.82 0.19 7 0.81 0.19 7 0.97 0.19 6 0.84 0.23 5 0.82 0.23 5 0.02 0.27 4
REUNION REU 0.84 0.38 1 0.81 0.41 1 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.33 1 0.95 0.36 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.06 0.12 16 -0.17 0.11 16 -0.14 0.11 16 -0.21 0.12 14 -0.25 0.12 14 -0.31 0.13 11 -0.36 0.15 10 -0.29 0.16 9 -0.36 0.18 7 -0.25 0.27 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.98 0.12 17 -0.91 0.11 17 -0.77 0.11 17 -0.74 0.12 14 -0.75 0.12 14 -0.76 0.13 11 -0.91 0.14 11 -0.99 0.15 10 -0.83 0.15 9 -0.80 0.21 6
RWANDA RWA 0.03 0.19 8 -0.10 0.20 8 -0.12 0.20 8 -0.58 0.23 6 -0.50 0.23 6 -0.72 0.28 3 -0.61 0.31 3 -0.72 0.30 3 -0.87 0.30 3 .. .. ..
SAMOA SAM 0.24 0.28 4 0.24 0.31 3 0.22 0.30 3 0.16 0.27 3 0.08 0.29 3 0.10 0.25 3 0.05 0.24 3 0.00 0.26 3 -0.09 0.32 2 .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.44 0.23 4 -0.48 0.23 4 -0.54 0.23 5 -0.83 0.26 4 -0.77 0.26 4 -0.60 0.28 3 -0.27 0.31 3 -0.03 0.30 3 -0.40 0.30 3 .. .. ..
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.11 0.16 10 -0.16 0.14 9 -0.11 0.17 8 -0.02 0.18 7 -0.06 0.18 7 0.23 0.19 6 0.45 0.19 7 0.38 0.23 5 0.29 0.23 5 -0.57 0.27 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.45 0.14 16 -0.51 0.13 15 -0.45 0.14 15 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.18 0.17 9 -0.34 0.18 9 -0.09 0.20 8 -0.22 0.23 6 -0.30 0.22 6 -0.45 0.29 3
SERBIA YUG -0.16 0.14 13 -0.39 0.13 13 -0.31 0.13 13 -0.42 0.13 11 -0.45 0.14 10 -0.50 0.14 9 -0.75 0.17 8 -1.10 0.21 5 -1.08 0.21 4 -0.99 0.32 2
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.23 0.23 4 0.04 0.18 5 0.08 0.22 5 0.11 0.21 6 0.21 0.21 6 0.30 0.26 4 0.44 0.31 3 0.62 0.30 3 0.45 0.30 3 .. .. ..
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.07 0.19 12 -1.03 0.20 10 -1.12 0.19 10 -1.04 0.21 7 -0.88 0.22 7 -0.90 0.26 5 -0.80 0.28 4 -0.93 0.28 4 -0.94 0.29 4 -1.76 0.69 1
SINGAPORE SGP 2.34 0.14 13 2.22 0.13 13 2.19 0.13 13 2.17 0.13 11 2.31 0.13 11 2.31 0.15 9 2.37 0.15 9 2.18 0.16 8 2.19 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 7
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.43 0.13 13 0.31 0.12 13 0.41 0.12 13 0.49 0.12 12 0.49 0.12 12 0.36 0.13 11 0.13 0.14 11 0.31 0.15 10 -0.02 0.16 8 0.39 0.25 5
SLOVENIA SVN 0.95 0.13 13 0.95 0.12 13 1.01 0.12 12 0.93 0.12 11 1.07 0.13 11 0.91 0.13 11 0.87 0.14 11 0.85 0.15 10 1.02 0.18 7 1.10 0.28 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.41 0.26 5 -0.61 0.29 4 -0.28 0.30 3 0.04 0.27 3 -0.51 0.29 3 -1.27 0.33 2 -1.35 0.30 2 -0.94 0.32 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..
SOMALIA SOM -1.90 0.25 5 -1.88 0.25 4 -1.83 0.23 4 -1.67 0.23 5 -1.79 0.24 5 -1.72 0.32 3 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.77 0.30 3 -1.73 0.31 3 -1.76 0.69 1
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.30 0.13 16 0.33 0.12 15 0.46 0.13 16 0.55 0.14 14 0.44 0.14 13 0.32 0.15 11 0.31 0.16 11 0.52 0.17 9 0.60 0.17 9 0.59 0.21 6
SPAIN ESP 1.18 0.15 12 1.13 0.14 12 1.14 0.14 11 1.31 0.15 9 1.38 0.15 9 1.43 0.17 8 1.39 0.17 8 1.40 0.19 7 1.38 0.19 7 1.04 0.21 6
SRI LANKA LKA -0.15 0.15 15 -0.10 0.14 15 -0.13 0.14 14 -0.27 0.16 12 -0.13 0.16 12 -0.17 0.16 10 -0.16 0.16 9 -0.13 0.17 8 -0.12 0.21 6 -0.28 0.27 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.00 0.30 2 0.93 0.32 2 0.96 0.31 2 1.00 0.28 3 0.23 0.29 3 0.28 0.44 1 0.32 0.50 1 0.11 0.46 1 0.13 0.51 1 .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.17 0.30 2 1.11 0.32 2 1.14 0.31 2 1.13 0.28 3 0.29 0.29 3 0.28 0.44 1 0.32 0.50 1 0.50 0.46 1 0.13 0.51 1 .. .. ..
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.00 0.30 2 0.93 0.32 2 0.96 0.31 2 1.00 0.28 3 0.29 0.29 3 0.28 0.44 1 0.32 0.50 1 0.11 0.46 1 0.13 0.51 1 .. .. ..
SUDAN SDN -1.49 0.18 11 -1.26 0.16 11 -1.17 0.17 10 -1.39 0.17 9 -1.31 0.17 9 -1.27 0.19 7 -1.02 0.20 7 -0.93 0.22 6 -1.00 0.24 5 -1.14 0.32 2
SURINAME SUR -0.09 0.26 4 -0.25 0.20 4 -0.21 0.22 5 0.07 0.26 4 0.33 0.28 4 0.35 0.30 3 0.20 0.34 2 0.41 0.37 2 -0.01 0.36 2 -0.34 0.69 1
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.38 0.20 8 -0.46 0.17 8 -0.41 0.20 8 -0.60 0.23 7 -0.62 0.21 7 -0.49 0.23 5 -0.28 0.26 4 -0.19 0.30 3 -0.02 0.30 3 .. .. ..
SWEDEN SWE 2.24 0.15 11 2.36 0.14 11 2.20 0.14 11 2.07 0.16 8 2.14 0.16 8 2.20 0.17 8 2.24 0.18 7 2.23 0.19 7 2.22 0.19 7 2.26 0.21 6
SWITZERLAND CHE 2.15 0.17 10 2.28 0.15 10 2.18 0.16 10 2.09 0.15 9 2.06 0.15 9 2.15 0.17 8 2.14 0.18 7 2.10 0.19 7 2.17 0.19 7 2.18 0.21 6
SYRIA SYR -1.07 0.15 12 -0.93 0.14 12 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.66 0.18 9 -0.66 0.18 9 -0.51 0.19 6 -0.30 0.20 6 -0.67 0.23 5 -0.66 0.23 5 -0.83 0.27 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.55 0.14 12 0.48 0.13 13 0.67 0.13 13 0.85 0.13 11 0.84 0.13 11 0.80 0.15 9 0.78 0.15 9 0.90 0.16 8 0.86 0.17 8 0.71 0.18 7
TAJ IKISTAN TJK -0.99 0.13 15 -0.86 0.13 15 -0.93 0.13 15 -1.09 0.14 12 -1.18 0.15 11 -1.04 0.15 8 -1.06 0.16 8 -1.23 0.17 6 -1.33 0.20 5 -1.30 0.44 2
TANZANIA TZA -0.51 0.16 14 -0.45 0.14 13 -0.40 0.15 14 -0.73 0.15 12 -0.67 0.15 11 -0.87 0.17 10 -1.01 0.18 9 -1.11 0.20 7 -1.12 0.21 7 -1.12 0.27 4
THAILAND THA -0.38 0.13 16 -0.41 0.12 16 -0.24 0.12 16 -0.13 0.13 14 -0.21 0.13 13 -0.26 0.14 10 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.19 0.15 9 0.02 0.17 9 -0.34 0.18 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.89 0.23 7 -0.93 0.25 6 -0.88 0.23 5 -0.79 0.26 4 -0.53 0.32 4 -0.52 0.29 3 -0.53 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -0.98 0.19 9 -0.99 0.16 10 -1.09 0.17 11 -0.84 0.20 8 -0.90 0.21 7 -0.76 0.25 5 -0.65 0.28 4 -0.64 0.28 4 -0.62 0.29 4 -1.05 0.69 1
TONGA TON -0.73 0.28 4 -1.01 0.31 3 -1.29 0.30 3 -1.28 0.27 3 -0.47 0.29 3 -0.61 0.33 2 -0.70 0.30 2 -0.55 0.32 2 -0.24 0.51 1 .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.17 0.19 8 -0.21 0.16 9 -0.18 0.17 9 0.00 0.17 9 0.02 0.18 8 0.05 0.18 7 -0.08 0.19 6 0.14 0.21 6 0.31 0.23 5 0.87 0.29 3
TUNISIA TUN -0.04 0.14 14 0.12 0.13 13 0.08 0.14 13 0.03 0.15 12 0.34 0.15 12 0.48 0.17 9 0.53 0.17 9 0.22 0.20 7 0.16 0.21 7 -0.10 0.27 4
TURKEY TUR 0.10 0.14 17 0.09 0.12 16 0.08 0.13 16 0.01 0.14 14 -0.13 0.14 14 -0.21 0.15 10 -0.46 0.16 10 -0.24 0.18 9 -0.22 0.18 8 0.00 0.21 6
TUVALU TUV -0.17 0.37 2 -0.19 0.39 2 -0.07 0.37 2 -0.10 0.31 2 0.59 0.34 2 -0.71 0.46 1 0.18 0.35 1 0.16 0.41 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.79 0.14 17 -0.78 0.13 15 -0.76 0.14 16 -0.84 0.15 13 -0.74 0.15 12 -0.80 0.16 11 -1.03 0.18 9 -1.05 0.20 7 -0.92 0.21 7 -0.58 0.27 4
UKRAINE UKR -0.72 0.12 17 -0.71 0.11 17 -0.62 0.12 15 -0.52 0.13 13 -0.89 0.13 13 -0.89 0.13 11 -0.96 0.15 10 -1.01 0.16 9 -1.15 0.16 8 -0.78 0.26 4
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 1.02 0.18 8 0.93 0.16 8 0.88 0.17 8 0.89 0.17 8 1.11 0.17 8 1.05 0.19 6 1.04 0.19 7 0.61 0.23 5 0.54 0.23 5 -0.03 0.27 4
URUGUAY URY 1.12 0.17 12 1.05 0.15 13 0.93 0.16 12 0.93 0.15 12 0.77 0.15 12 0.83 0.17 9 0.84 0.18 9 0.75 0.19 8 0.88 0.21 6 0.41 0.27 4
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.08 0.13 12 -0.93 0.12 14 -0.97 0.13 13 -1.17 0.14 11 -1.15 0.14 11 -1.05 0.14 10 -1.00 0.15 9 -0.92 0.17 7 -0.99 0.20 5 -1.02 0.28 3
VANUATU VUT 0.33 0.29 4 0.24 0.31 4 0.21 0.30 3 0.30 0.27 3 -0.60 0.29 3 -0.64 0.33 2 -0.77 0.30 2 -0.81 0.32 2 -0.24 0.51 1 .. .. ..
VENEZUELA VEN -1.13 0.14 17 -1.07 0.13 17 -1.01 0.13 16 -1.06 0.14 14 -1.02 0.14 14 -1.13 0.16 11 -1.11 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 9 -0.87 0.18 8 -0.80 0.21 6
VIETNAM VNM -0.76 0.14 17 -0.68 0.13 17 -0.76 0.13 16 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.62 0.14 11 -0.70 0.14 10 -0.77 0.15 9 -0.68 0.17 8 -0.55 0.21 6
YEMEN YEM -0.73 0.16 13 -0.66 0.14 13 -0.74 0.16 13 -0.78 0.17 9 -0.96 0.18 9 -0.76 0.19 7 -0.78 0.20 6 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.68 0.23 5 -0.33 0.29 3
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.48 0.15 15 -0.59 0.14 13 -0.74 0.15 14 -0.77 0.16 12 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.88 0.17 10 -0.98 0.18 9 -0.94 0.20 7 -0.92 0.21 7 -1.09 0.27 4
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.37 0.14 15 -1.32 0.13 15 -1.36 0.14 16 -1.34 0.15 13 -1.34 0.15 12 -1.27 0.17 10 -1.28 0.17 9 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.43 0.18 8 -0.19 0.25 5
97

Appendix D: Technical Details on the Construction of the WGI
This appendix summarizes all of the relevant technical information regarding the
construction of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI). All of the technical details
provided here can be found in various papers in the "Governance Matters" series
(Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobatón (1999a, 1999b and 2002) and Kaufmann, Kraay
and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007). The first section explains the Unobserved
Components Model that provides the statistical basis for the WGI. The second section
explains in detail two types of rescaling applied to the aggregate WGI.
D1. The Unobserved Components Model (UCM)
This section deals with the specification and estimation of the unobserved
components model on which the WGI are based. The basic premise of the UCM is
simple: each of our observed underlying data sources provides a noisy or imperfect
signal of the true, but unobserved, level of governance in a country. The UCM provides
a framework for extracting a minimum-variance estimate of governance from the
observed data.
Specification of the UCM
Let gj denote the unobserved true level of a particular dimension of governance

in country j, for example, Control of Corruption. The observed data on corruption
consists of a cluster of k=1,...,K indicators, each one providing a numerical rating of
some aspect of corruption in each of the j=1,..,Jk countries covered by that indicator.
Note that each indicator might cover a different number of countries, hence Jk depends
on the indicator k. Note also that each country j might appear in a different set of
indicators, and let Kj denote the set of indicator in which country j appears. To conserve
on notation we will also let Kj denote the number of indicators available for country j.
Finally note that we are suppressing time subscripts here to keep notation simple.
Let yjk denote the score of country j on indicator k. We assume that we can write
the observed score as a linear function of unobserved governance, gj, and an error term,
εjk, as follows:
(1) y jk = α k + βk ⋅ (g j + ε jk )
where αk and βk are unknown parameters which map unobserved governance gj into the
observed data yjk. As a choice of units, we assume that g(j) is a normal random variable
with mean zero and variance one. We assume that the error term is also normally
distributed with mean zero and standard deviation σk which varies across data sources
k. We also assume that the error term is uncorrelated across data sources. 16
The parameters of the unobserved components model, αk, βk and σk have very
straightforward interpretations. Since the mean of unobserved governance and the error
term are by assumption both zero, the parameter αk simply captures the mean of the
16
This is a strong assumption, but one that is necessary for identification. See Kaufmann, Kraay,
and Zoido-Lobaton (1999a) and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2006) for detailed discussion
of the validity of this assumption and the consequences of relaxing it.
98

observed data from indicator k. The parameter βk captures the slope of the relationship
between true but unobserved governance and the observed data in indicator k. Since
unobserved governance has a standard deviation of one, βk is the increase in the
observed data associated with a one standard deviation improvement in unobserved
true governance. Finally, the standard deviation of the error term, σk captures how
informative the observed indicator of governance is about true governance. If σk is large
(small), the observed data provides a very imprecise (precise) signal of true governance.
The Conditional Distribution of Governance
The assumptions of the UCM detailed above allow us to summarize our

knowledge about the unobserved level of governance in each country by calculating the
distribution of unobserved governance conditional on the observed data for each
( )
country. Let y j = y j1,..., y jK j denote the observed data for country j from each of the Kj
data sources in which it appears. Since we have assumed that unobserved governance
gj and the error terms εjk are jointly normally distributed, this implies that the joint
distribution of the observed data, yj, and unobserved governance, gj, is also normal.
This in turn means that the distribution of governance conditional on the observed data
for each country will also be normal. Our estimate of governance for each country will
simply be the mean of this conditional distribution, and the precision of this estimate will
be the standard deviation of this conditional distribution.
Applying standard results for the multivariate normal distribution, the conditional
distribution of gj given the observed data yj is normal, with the following mean and
variance:
 y jk − α k 
(2) [ ]
E g j | y j = ∑ w jk ⋅  
k∈K j  βk 
−1
 
(3) [ ]
V g j | y j = 1 + ∑ σk−2 
 k∈K 
 j 
In particular, the mean of governance conditional on the data available for country j, that
we use as our estimate of governance, is just a weighted average of the standardized
scores from each data source. The weights applied to each data source are inversely
−1
 
proportional to the precision of each data source, i.e. w k = σ ⋅ 1 + ∑ σ k−'2  . In other
−2
 k '∈K
k

 j 
words, data sources that provide a more precise signal of governance receive a greater
weight in the conditional mean, and hence in our estimate of governance. The variance
of the conditional distribution summarizes how reliable or precise is this estimate of
governance. This variance is smaller the larger is the number of data sources available
for each country, and the more precise are each of those data sources.
We refer to the expression in Equation (2) as the "governance estimate" for each
country, and the square root of the variance in Equation (3) as the "standard error" of the
99

estimate of governance for each country. We can also use these expressions to form
confidence intervals for governance, that we sometimes also informally refer to as
"margins of error". In particular, given our assumptions there is a 90 percent probability
that the true level of governance falls in a range of +/- 1.64 x SD(gj|yj) around the
estimate of governance. 17
Estimating the Parameters of the UCM
In order to implement (2) and (3), we need to first estimate the unknown
parameters αk, βk and σk for every indicator k. This in turn requires us to distinguish
between "representative" and "non-representative" indicators, which we treat differently
in the estimation process. Representative indicators are indicators that cover a set of
countries in which the distribution of governance is likely to be similar to that in the world
as a whole. Practically these include all of our indicators with large cross-country
coverage of developed and developing indicators. In contrast non-representative
indicators cover either specific regions (for example the BEEPS survey of transition
economies or the Latinobarometer survey of Latin American countries), or particular
income levels (for example the World Bank CPIA ratings that cover only developing
countries). Our classification of "representative" and "non-representative" indicators is
given in Table 1 of this paper.
For the set of representative indicators, we use the assumption of normality of gj

and εjk to write down the likelihood function of the observed data. The assumption of
representativeness is crucial here because it justifies our assumption of a common
distribution of governance across these different sources. As useful notation, let
( ′
) ( ′
) ( ′
)
α = α1,..., α K j , β = β1,..., βK j , σ 2 = σ12 ,..., σK2 j and let B and Σ be diagonal matrices
with β and σ2 on the diagonal. Using this notation, the mean of yj is α and the variance
of yj is Ω ≡ ββ' + BΣB' . The contribution to the log-likelihood of country j therefore given
by:
(4) ln L(α, β, σ; y j ) ∝ ln | Ω | +( y j − α )' Ω −1( y j − α )
Summing these over all countries j and then maximizing over the unknown parameters
delivers our maximum-likelihood estimates of αk, βk and σk for every representative
indicator k. Identification requires that we have a minimum of three representative
indicators. Note that the number of data sources available for each country varies, and
so the dimension of yj and α is Kjx1, and conformably Ω is KjxKj. This way we are able
to compile the likelihood function even though there potentially are missing observations
for each country even among the representative indicators.
We cannot apply this method to non-representative indicators. To see why,

consider the maximum-likelihood estimate of αk, which unsurprisingly is the mean score
across countries on indicator k. It is straightforward to see from Equation (1) that the
expected value of the sample mean of scores on indicator k is α k +βk ⋅gk , where gk
denotes the average level of governance in the sample of countries covered by indicator
17
See Kaufmann, Kraay and Zoido-Lobatón (1999a) for the Bayesian interpretation of these
expressions.
100

k. For representative indicators, our choice of units for governance normalizes gk = 0 ,
and so the sample mean delivers a consistent estimate of αk. However, for a non-
representative indicator where the average level of governance is different from the
world as a whole, gk ≠ 0 and the sample mean does not provide a consistent estimate
of αk.
We can nevertheless obtain consistent estimates of the unknown parameters of

the non-representative indicators by using the following simple argument. If gj were
observable, we could estimate αk, βk and σk for any indicator by regressing the observed
scores yjk on gj. Although gj is itself not observable, we do have an estimate of gj based
on the representative indicators. In particular, let g*j denote this preliminary estimate of
gj based on only on the data from the representative indicators. We can decompose this
conditional mean into observed governance plus its deviation from the mean, i.e.
g*j=gj+uj. Since uj is independent of gj, we can view g*j as measuring gj with classical
measurement error. It is well-known that OLS estimates of βk from a regression of yjk on
g*j will produce downward-biased estimates due to the usual attenuation bias. In
 V[u j ] 
particular, the probability limit of the OLS slope coefficient is βk ⋅ 1 −  . Since
 V[g * j ] 

the variance of uj is simply the variance of the conditional mean of gj given in Equation
(3), and since V[g*j] is observable, we can correct the OLS coefficients for this
attenuation bias to arrive at consistent estimates of the parameters of the non-
representative indicators.
Finally, we collect all of the parameter estimates from the representative and
non-representative surveys, and insert them into the expressions in Equations (2) and
(3) to arrive at estimates of governance and standard errors for each country. As
discussed in the next section, there are two further rescaling steps before we arrive at
the final estimates that we report.
D2. Rescaling the Aggregate Governance Indicators
We next perform two rescalings of the aggregate indicators obtained using the
procedure described above. We first rescale the data to set the mean of the governance
estimates to zero, and their standard deviation to one. The estimates of governance
obtained from the UCM theoretically have a mean of zero, and a standard deviation
slighly less than one. In any particular sample, however, the mean could be different.
To avoid confusion in interpreting the data, we begin by setting the mean of the
governance estimates for each indicator and year to zero, and the standard deviation to
one. In particular, for each indicator and year, we subtract the sample mean (across
countries) from each country, and divide by the sample standard deviation (across
countries). We then also divide the standard errors of the governance estimates for
each country by the sample standard deviation of the governance estimates.
This first rescaling is just a renormalization of the scores, and of course has no
impact on countries' relative positions on the governance indicators. It is also consistent
with our choice of units for governance noted above, and notably that it has a mean of
zero and a standard deviation of one in each period. If there were trends in global
averages of governance over time, this choice of units would not be appropriate.
101

However, as we have documented in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, and 2008) and in this paper, we do not find strong evidence of significant
trends in world averages of governance in our underlying indicators. We therefore think
this choice of units is appropriate. Moreover, absent any changes in global averages of
governance, changes over time in countries' relative positions on the WGI can also be
interpreted as changes in their absolute governance scores.
The second rescaling is substantively more interesting, and addresses the fact
that the sample of countries covered by our governance indicators has expanded since
1996, and quite considerably for some of our indicators. If the new countries added
each year were broadly representative of the worldwide distribution of governance, this
too would pose no special difficulties. However, for some of our indicators, we find that
countries added in later years score on average somewhat higher than countries that
were continuously in the sample. This in turn means that it would be inappropriate to
impose a global average governance score of zero in earlier periods for the smaller set
of countries for which data is available in the earlier periods, since our earlier estimates
did not include the better-than-average performers added later. It also means that some
countries in our aggregate indicators in the earlier years would have showed small
declines in some dimensions of governance over time that were driven by the addition of
better-performing countries in later years.
We address this issue with a second simple re-scaling of the aggregate

governance indicators. We take the most recent year of our indicators as a benchmark.
In particular, the 2006 indicators cover between 206 and 212 countries, which we can
think of as representative of the world as a whole. Consistent with our choice of units for
governance, the estimates for 2006 have zero mean and standard deviation of one
across countries due to the first standardization noted above. We next consider the
countries that were added in 2006 relative to 2005. We then adjust the world-wide
average score in 2005 so that it would have a mean of zero had we included the 2006
scores for those countries added in 2006 relative to 2005. 18 We then continue
backwards in time in the same way to adjust the data for each previous year back to
1996. In particular, to arrive at the final score reported for each country, we need to
subtract the adjusted mean and divide by the adjusted standard deviation. The standard
error of the governance estimate also needs to be divided by the indicated adjusted
standard deviation.
The adjustment factor for the mean is simply − y T ⋅ (NT − NT −1 ) / NT −1 where NT is the number of
18
countries with data in period T and y T is the average score of the additional countries in period
T. The higher is the average score of the new entrants and/or the more new entrants there are,
the more we lower the mean in the previous period. This ensures that a hypothetical sample
consisting of our year T-1 adjusted scores for all countries combined with the year T scores for
the countries added in year T relative to T-1 would have a mean of zero and standard deviation of
one. We also adjust the standard deviation of the year T scores to ensure that the standard
deviation of this hypothetical sample would be one. We do this by multiplying the scores (and the
standard errors) for each country in year T-1 by a factor of
NT / NT −1 − ((NT − NT − ) / NT −1 ) VT + y T  − y T −1 , where VT is the variance across countries in our
2 2
 
estimates of governance in year T for the new entrants to the sample in period T. The greater is
the dispersion in the scores of new entrants, the more we need to reduce the dispersion of scores
in the previous years.
102

Four points are worth noting about this adjustment.
• Since we adjust the scores for all countries in a given year and indicator by the
same amount, this adjustment also has no effect on the relative positions of
countries on that indicator in that year. It does however make countries' scores
more comparable over time, since the adjustment is designed to remove the
effect of adding new countries on the scores of countries already in the sample.
• As a consequence of this adjustment, global averages of the adjusted data show
moderate trends over-time, mostly improvements as the countries added over
time typically have slightly better scores than those countries continuously in the
sample. It is important to remember though that this improvement does not
reflect an average improvement for all countries in the world. Rather it reflects
the changing composition of our sample since the new entrants during this period
have had above-average performance in this dimension of governance. As
noted above there is no evidence of any significant improvement in the world
average for the country sample that has been consistently covered over time.
• This rescaling of the aggregate indicators is perfectly consistent with the
unobserved components model that we use to construct the aggregate indicators
in each period. In particular, rescaling the mean and standard deviation of the
aggregate indicators in the way that we do is equivalent to imposing slightly
different means and standard deviations of governance as a choice of units in
each of the periods. And as we have argued this changing choice of units is an
appropriate way to correct for changes in the composition of countries covered
by the indicators over time.
• Finally, for some purposes it is useful to look just at countries' percentile ranks
rather than their scores on our governance indicators. Without similar
adjustments these percentile ranks too would not be fully comparable over-time
as they too would be influenced by new entrants. Thus, we also perform such
adjustment to the percentile ranks, and when we report countries' scores in the
form of percentile ranks on our website, we compute the percentile ranks based
on a sample consisting of the actual data we have for that indicator and year,
combined with imputed data from the nearest year as described above.
103

SSRN Id1424591

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SSRN Id1424591

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SSRN Id1424591

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WPS4978

Policy Research Working Paper 4978

Governance Matters VIII

The World Bank

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Produced by the Research Support Team

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Daniel Kaufmann, Brookings Institution

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

We complement our estimates of governance for each country with margins of

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

As in past years, the WGI are based exclusively on subjective or perceptions-

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

2. Methodology and Data Sources for 2008

We define governance broadly as the traditions and institutions by which

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

We first organize the many individual sources of data on governance perceptions

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

2.2 Revisions to Underlying Data Sources

Beginning in 2006, we have included the new Index of Democracy produced by

A second data revision applies to two sources produced by Business

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Readers interested in any further details of these changes in individual indicators

2.3 Aggregation Methodology

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting

3. Estimates of Governance 1996-2008

In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries,

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In

An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

3.1 Cross-Country Comparisons of Governance Using the WGI

We use Figure 1 and Figure 2 to emphasize the importance of taking these

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

The benefit of improved precision of aggregate indicators with increased data

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

3.2 Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI

We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in

Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show significant changes in

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

3.3 Trends in Global Averages of Governance

We conclude by reviewing the available evidence on trends in global averages of

In Table 7 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1424591

A similar picture of mostly small changes in world averages persists when we

While we do not want to over-interpret the limited information on trends in world

[Balanced Samples]* *