Process 01

PROCESS
1. Natural Process – Quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên:

Với dạng bài này, người viết thường phải miêu tả vòng đời (life cycle)
của động vật/thực vật hoặc 1 chu kz, hiện tượng thời tiết diễn ra trong tự
nhiên (vòng tuần hoàn của nước, quá trình hình thành
một cơn bão, v.v.). Do tính chất trên nên các giai đoạn của một Natural
Process sẽ được miêu tả bằng ngôn ngữ CHỦ ĐỘNG.
2. Manufacturing Process - Quá trình sản xuất:
Dạng bài này thường yêu cầu người viết miêu tả quá trình sản xuất của
một thứ nguyên liệu hoặc một sản phẩm cụ thể nào đó. Vì vậy, các giai đoạn
của một Manufacturing Process thường sẽ được miêu tả bằng ngôn ngữ BỊ
ĐỘNG.
• Thì HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN là thì sẽ được sử dụng chủ yếu cho cả hai dạng bài
trên.
A. Ngôn ngữ miêu tả Process:
Một trong những điểm đặc trưng nhất của dạng bài Process là sự đa dạng về từ
vựng. Mỗi một Process sẽ yêu cầu một nhóm từ vựng riêng biệt và thường thì
những khái niệm cụ thể, quan trọng và
‘lạ’ nhất sẽ được ưu tiên ghi vào biểu đồ.
Ngoài ra, việc sử dụng thành thạo các SEQUENCING LANGUAGES – ngôn
ngữ mô tả trình tự - cũng cực kz quan trọng. Khả năng vận dụng tốt các công cụ
này sẽ có tác dụng lớn trong việc cải thiện không chỉ tiêu chí COHERENCE &
COHESION mà còn với tiêu chí LEXICAL RESOURCES.
Các SEQUENCING LANGUAGES sử dụng với dạng Process được chia thành
2 loại chủ yếu:
1. Loại 1: Mô tả mối quan hệ Trước – Sau:

• First(ly) – Then – Next -....- Final(ly)
ü At the first stage of the paper-recycling process, recycled paper is collected.
ü Then, some water is added and the mixture is left for an hour.
...............
ü Finally, the new paper is left to dry in a warm place for at least 24 hours.
• After/Before
ü Some water is added and the mixture is soaked for an hour. After that, the
mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds until a pulp is formed.
ü After being soaked for an hour, the mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds
until a pulp is formed.
ü Before being beaten for about 45 seconds to form a pulp, the mixture is left for
an hour.
ü The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
Lưu ý: afterwards (adv) chỉ được dùng ở cuối câu và có nghĩa tương tự
‘after that’.
• Following/Followed by:
ü The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards. At the
following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is also
added. It is then mixed by hand.
ü At the following stage, the pulp is poured into a shallow tray and some water is
also added. This is followed by a hand-mixing process.
Lưu ý: ‘followed by’ chỉ được sử dụng cùng một danh từ ở sau. Cần cân
nhắc cẩn thận trước
khi dùng.
• Once:
ü The mixture is beaten for about 45 seconds and a pulp is formed afterwards.
Once it is ready,
the pulp is poured into a shallow tray.
• Subsequent/Subsequently:
ü The mixture is soaked for an hour. Subsequently, the mixture is beaten for about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed.
ü The mixture is soaked for an hour and is subsequently beaten for about 45
seconds until a pulp is formed.
ü At the subsequent stage of the process, the mixture is soaked for an hour.
• ‘Having + Verb participle’:
ü Having mixed the pulp by hand, he uses a rolling pin to flatten the pulp. (chủ
động)
ü Having been poured into a shallow tray with some water, the pulp is then
mixed by hand. (bị động)
2. Loại 2: Mô tả mối quan hệ xảy ra đồng thời:
• During:
ü During its entire life cycle, salmon have lived in both freshwater and saltwater.
• Thereby:
ü The rolling pin is used to flatten the pulp, thereby forcing out any excessive
water.
• While/at the same time:
ü While the mixture of sand and soda is being heated, some other chemicals are
added to create various colors.
ü The mixture of sand and soda is heated. At the same time, some other chemicals
are added to create various colors.
ü Sand and soda are mixed and heated at the same time.
Bài 01
The diagram shows how chocolate is produced. Summarize the information by
selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.
Sample
The diagram provides a breakdown of how chocolate is produced. Overall, the
production of chocolate involves ripe red cacao seeds undergoing various
physical, chemical and biological processes under different temperature
conditions to become liquid chocolate.
The process commences when ripe cocoa beans, which are recognisable by its red
pods, are harvested on cacao trees indigenous to South America, Africa and
Indonesia. Upon being harvested, the oval-shaped pods have their skins removed,
and are broken into halves so that the white cocoa beans can be collected. The
beans are thereafter sent to a rectangular receptacle where they are fermented.
After the fermentation process, the fermented beans are dehydrated by being
spread under a prolonged exposure to the sun and then packaged in large sacks.
The process continues when these sacks are transported by train or lorry to a factory.
In the factory, the beans undergo a roasting phase at 350 degree centigrade, after
which they are sent to a relatively flat, cylindrical grinder to be crushed, with
outer shells being taken away. The inner part goes through a press with two rollers
where it is pressed and liquid chocolate is made as a result of this pressing phase.
Bài 02
The diagram below shows how ethanol fuel is produced from corn
The diagram provides a breakdown of how ethanol is produced from corn.

From an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the making of maize-
based ethanol includes corn undergoing various physical and biological
processes under different conditions, the product of which is later stored and
eventually delivered to gas stations.
The process commences when corn is harvested and stored in warehouses,
before being ground by the use of a turbine-driven mill. Thereafter the ground
corn, with the addition of an unspecified amount of water, is cooked within 4
hours in a cylindrical device before being fermented in another set of cylinders.
The mixture is left for fermentation for 2 days (48 hours) and subsequently
liquidised, with solid wastes being released as by-products. The liquidized
substance, now called ethanol, is further purified under laboratory conditions for
another 5 hours, after which it is stored in large containers and eventually
transported to gas stations.
Bài 03
The given process provides a breakdown of how ceramic pots are produced.
Overall, the making of ceramic pots involves raw materials undergoing various
physical processes, the products of which are later coloured and heated two times
to become finished pots.
The process commences when raw materials are collected by the use of a digger,
and then they are delivered to a factory. At the factory, the raw clay is crushed
twice to become finer clay, after which it is sent to a cylindrical tank where it is
mixed with water. The moistened clay is thereafter pumped into moulds, and is left
in those moulds for 4 to 6 hours. Once dried, the clay pots begin to take shape.
The process continues when the assembled clay pots are heated in a kiln under 1000
degrees Celsius. At this stage of the process, colours are added, and the pots are
then fired for the second time in another kiln to become fully shaped, coloured
ceramic pots.
The diagrams illustrate the formation of sand dunes from sand particles.
Overall, it is clear that the process consists of 3 stages, beginning with the action
of wind blowing the sand particles, and ending with the formation of the sand dunes
on the wet areas of ground.
In the first diagram, sand is blown by the wind over dry and wet ground. In the
second diagram, sand particles continue to be carried by the wind, but now more
sand particles collect over the wet ground, forming small separate piles.
Finally, the third diagram shows how particles of sand continue to gather over
areas of wet ground, with the piles of sand increasing in size. When the piles are big
enough, they form sand dunes. These sand dunes change the direction of the wind
by forcing it up one side of the dune and down the other side. The process is then
repeated on the next area of wet ground, to form a series of sand dunes.
The diagram illustrates how the cutting instruments used during the Stone Age
evolved between 1.4 million and 0.8 million years ago.
Overall, it is clear that Tool B is sharper and more regularly shaped than the
earlier Tool A. Over a period of 0.6 million years, the cutting tool also increased in
size and effectiveness.
The front view shows that the edges of Tool A are rough, revealing its earlier stage
of development. Whereas Tool A is comparatively primitive, therefore, the
smooth edges of Tool B are clearly more effective as a cutting instrument.
One of the main differences between the tools is shown in the side view diagram.
While Tool A is irregular, in contrast Tool B has a regular, flattened shape. The
sharp edge of Tool B is designed for cutting objects cleanly and easily. Finally, the
back view shows most clearly that Tool A is not only rougher, but is also smaller
than Tool B.
The diagram illustrates the working of a hot air balloon.

Overall, it is clear that the envelope is the largest part of the total area. In addition,
the diagram indicates that propane is the fuel that is used to produce the hot air.
At the base of the hot air balloon, a propane cylinder is located in the basket. The
propane then mixes with air in the burner, producing a flame to heat the air. Next,
the hot air rises inside the envelope, causing the balloon to rise from the ground,
because the hot air is lighter than the cool air in the surrounding atmosphere. Ropes
are shown securing the basket section to the skirt of the envelope.
In addition to the skirt at the base of the envelope, gores and panels also form part
of the envelope section. A parachute valve at the top of the envelope is a self-sealing
flap. This allows the pilot of the balloon to control the rate at which the hot air can
escape.

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PROCESS

1. Natural Process – Quá trình diễn ra trong tự nhiên:

1. Loại 1: Mô tả mối quan hệ Trước – Sau:

The diagram provides a breakdown of how ethanol is produced from corn.

The diagram illustrates the working of a hot air balloon.

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