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Functions and Relations

The document defines and explains the concept of a relation between two sets using examples. It defines what it means for an element in one set to be related to an element in another set. It also discusses arrow diagrams and functions as special types of relations.

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Bromo, Shalom M.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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12 views

Functions and Relations

The document defines and explains the concept of a relation between two sets using examples. It defines what it means for an element in one set to be related to an element in another set. It also discusses arrow diagrams and functions as special types of relations.

Uploaded by

Bromo, Shalom M.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relation

Let A = {0,1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and let us say that an element x in A


is related to an element y in B if, and only if, x is less than y. Let us
use the notation x R y as a shorthand for the sentence “x is related
to y”. Then:
0 R 1 since 0 < 1
0 R 2 since 0 < 2
0R3 since 0< 3
1R 2 since 1 < 2
1R 3 since 1 < 3
2R 3 since 2 < 3
Relation
Let A = {0,1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and let us say that an element x
in A is related to an element y in B if, and only if, x is less than y.
Let us use the notation x R y as a shorthand for the sentence “x
is related to y”. Then:

On the other hand, if the notation x R y represents the sentence


“x is not related to y”, then

1R 1 since 1 < 1
2R 1 since 2 < 1
2R2 since 2 < 2
Relation
Let A = {0,1,2} and B = {1,2,3}. Using Cartesian
product:

A x B = { (x,y) l x ∈ A and y ∈ B}

A x B = {(0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2),


(2,3)}

R={(0,1), (0,2), (0,3), (1,2), (1,3), (2,3)}


Relation
With the given example, knowing which ordered pairs
lie in this set is equivalent to knowing which elements
are related to which. The relation itself can therefore be
thought of as the totality of ordered pairs whose
elements are related by the given condition.

The mathematical definition of relation, based on this


idea, was introduced by the American mathematician
and logician C.S. Peirce in the 19th century.
Relation
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a
subset of A x B. Given an ordered pair (x,y) in A x B, x
is related to y by R, written x R y, if and only if (x,y) is
in R. The set A is called the domain of R and the set B
is called its co-domain.
Notations for relation:
x R y means that (x,y) ∈ R
x R y means that (x,y) ∉ R
PRACTICE PROBLEM
A relation as a subset
Let A = {1,2} and B = {1,2,3} and define the relation R from A toB
x− y
2

as follows:
Given any (x,y) ∈ A x B,
x− y
(x,y) ∈ R means that is an integer
2
a. State explicitly which ordered pairs are in AxB and
which are in R
b. Is 1 R 3? Is 2 R 3? Is 2 R 2?
c. What are the domain and co-domain of R?
Relation

Arrow Diagram of Relation


Suppose R is a relation from a set A to a set B. The arrow
diagram for R is obtained as follows:
1. Represent the elements of A as points in one region and the
elements
of B as points in another region.
2. For each x in A and y in B, dram an arrow from x and y, if and
only if, x is related to y by R. Symbollicaly:
Draw an arrow from x
to y if, and only if, x R y
if, and only if, (x,y) ∈ R
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Arrow Diagram of Relations
Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {1,3,5} and define relations S and T from A to Bas
follows:
For all (x,y) ∈ A x B,
(x,y) ∈ S means that x < y.
T = {(2,1), (2,5)}
Draw arrow diagram for S and T.
1 1 1 1

2 3 2 3

3 5 3 5
Arrow diagram for S Arrow diagram for T
Functions

A function F from a set A to a set B is a relation with domain A and co-


domain B that satisfies the following 2 properties:
1. For every element x in A, there is an element y in B such that (x,y) ∈ F.
2. For all elements x in A and y and z in B, if (x,y) ∈ F and (x,z) ∈ F, then y =
z

Properties (1) and (2) can be restated as follows:


A relation F from A to B is a function if, and only if:
1. Every element of A is the 1st element of an ordered pair of F.
2. No two distinct ordered pairs in F have the same 1st
element.
Functions

Notation
If A and B are sets and F is a function from A
and B, then given any element x in A, the
unique element in B that is related to x by F is
denoted F(x), which is read as “F of x”
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Functions and Relations on Finite Sets
Let A= {2,4,6} and B = {1,3,5}. Which of the relations R, S, T defined below
are functions from A to B?

a. R = {(2,5), (4,1), (4,3), (6,5)}


b. For all (x,y) ∈ A x B, (x,y) ∈ S means that y = x+1
c. T is defined by the arrow diagram
Functions
Function Machines
Suppose f is a function from X and Y and an input x of Y is
given. Image f to be a machine that processes x in a certain way
to produce the output f(x).
INPUT X

Function machine

f(x) Output
Functions Defined by Formulas
The Squaring Function f from R to R is defined by the formula
f(x) = 𝑥 2 for all real numbers of x. This idea can be represented
by writing f(_) = 2 .

Squaring function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2
Functions Defined by Formulas
The Successor function g from Z to Z is defined by the formula
g(n) = n + 1. This idea can be represented by writing g(_) =_ + 1.

Successor function

g(n)=n+1
Thank You!!!!

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