LITERATURES REVIEW

Screw type mechanical jacks were very common for cars and tracks of World War II vintage.
For example, the World War II jeeps were issued the jack, automobile, screw type capacity of 1
and ½ ton.

The concept of using a screw as a machine was firs demonstrated by Archimedes in 200BC with
his device used for pumping water. There is also evidence that screws were preferred in the
Ancient Roman world. But, in the late 1400s, the Leonardo da Vinci, who first displayed the
method of use of a screw jack for lifting the loads. Its design used a threaded worm gear,
supported on bearings, which is rotated by the turning of a worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to
move the load instantly recognizable as the principle used today.

Thomas J. Prather (2009): In this, there was an introduction about vehicle lift system. A drive
assembly was mechanically coupled to the piston. The drive assembly was operated in first
direction to raise an upper end of the piston with respect to the housing. The drive assembly was
operated in a second direction to lower the upper end of the piston with respect to the housing.
The drive assembly was coupled to the power supply port which is removable to supply
electrical power to the drive assembly.

Farhad Razzaghi (2007): In this, electrically powered jack shown for normally raising and
lowering of automobile from ground surface. The mechanism may be used in joining with a
typical portable car jack, during which the mechanism constitutes a power drill, a rod, and a
numerous jack adapter.

Manoj Patil (2014): In this general article, screw jack is to developed to overcome the human
effort. It is actually difficult job to operate for pregnant women and old person. Changing the tire
is not a pleasant experience. Especially women can’t apply more force to operate. For that,
electric operated car jack is introduced
Lokhande Tarachand (2012): This paper referred to Optimize the efficiency of square threaded
mechanical screw jack by varying different helix angle. [1]

With the industrial revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries came the first use of screws in
machine tools, via English inventors such as john Wilkinson and hennery Maudsley. During the
early 1880s in coati cook, a small town near Quebec, a 24-year-old inventor named frank henry
sleeper designed a lifting jack. Like da Vinci’s jack it was a technological innovation because it
was based on the principle of the ball bearing for supporting a load and transferred rotary motion
through gearing and screw, into linear motion for moving the load. The device was efficient,
reliable and easy to operate. It was used in the construction of brides, but mostly by the railroad
industry, where it was able to lift locomotives and railway cars. The idea was based on the
familiar lever and fulcrum principle and he needed someone to manufacture it. [2]

Meanwhile, in Alleghany County near Pittsburgh in 1883, an enterprising Mississippi river boat
captain named Josiah Barrett had an idea for a ratchet jack that would pull barges together to
form a „tow‟. The idea was based on the familiar lever and fulcrum principle and he needed
someone to manufacture it. That person was Samuel Duff, proprietor of a local machine shop,
together, they created the Duff Manufacturing Company, which by 1890 had developed new
applications for the original “Barrett Jack” and extended the product line to seven models in
varying capacities.

Over the next 30 years the Duff Manufacturing Company became the largest manufacturer of
lifting jacks in the world, developing many new types of jack for various applications including
its own version of the ball bearing screw jack. It was only natural that in 1928, The Duff
Manufacturing Company Inc. merged with A.O. Norton to create the Duff-Norton
Manufacturing Company.

Both companies had offered manually operated screw jacks but the first new product
manufactured under the joint venture was the air motor-operated power jack that appeared in
1929. With the aid of the relatively new portable compressor technology, users now could move
and position loads without manual effort. The jack, used predominantly in the railway industry,
incorporated an air motor manufactured by The Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company.

There was clearly potential for using this technology for other application and only 10 years later
in 1940, the first worm gear screw jack that is instantly recognizable today, was offered by Duff
Norton for adjusting the heights of the truck loading platforms and mill tables. [3]
French philosopher and mathmagician Blaise pascal first described the principle of the hydraulic
jack in the 17th century. In 1795, British engineer Joseph Brahma received a patent for “certain
new methods of producing and applying more power to all machinery requiring motion and
force.” It covered the first hydraulic press.

During his time working as an apprentice and with Allaire iron works, Richard Dudgeon had
recognized the need for portable and powerful lifting device. To that point, heavy objects were
lifted with great effort using inefficient screw jacks. On July 1851, the U.S patent office granted
patent to Richard Dudgeon for a “portable hydraulic press.” the press used “water or other fluid,”
stored in a reservoir was in the device’s head to operate. The other fluid was sometimes whale oil
and sometimes whiskey. The whiskey was used principally in winter when other liquids would
thicken or freeze. Dudgeon’s jack had its share of problems, the most of which was its tendency
to be top heavy due to the storage reservoir being located on the top of the device. Although
Dudgeon did improve the design of the jack 14 years later. [4]
In local garages, technicians traditionally use manual methods such as levers, wood, and stones
for heavy-duty tire wheel assembly and disassembly. These methods, while effective in some
cases, pose risks to both human health and the equipment being worked on. Potential damage to
axles, bolts, and other components can occur due to the force required in these manual methods.
Additionally, the lack of proper safety measures in place raises concerns about workplace
accidents and injuries.

Figure 2.1: Traditional of Heavy duty tire wheel assembly and disassembly.
In addition, mechanical type of machine uses only to pull the wheel.
 Figure 2.2: Mechanical type of machine pull the wheel.
Previous machines designed for moving tire wheels only relied on pneumatic systems for
assembly and disassembly. While these machines were effective, they were often expensive and
less accessible to local garages with limited budgets. The need for a more cost-effective solution
that operates mechanically and integrates functions like pulling, lifting, and moving tires
efficiently has become increasingly apparent in the industry.

Figure 2.3: pneumatic machine tire wheel assembly and disassembly

The current project aims to address these challenges by offering a machine that provides a cost-effective
and efficient solution for tire wheel assembly and disassembly in local garages. By incorporating
mechanical operations, this machine not only saves on labor costs but also minimizes the risk of damage
to critical components such as spindles, axles, and bolts during the process. The streamlined operation of
this machine ensures a safer and more efficient workflow in the garage setting, ultimately improving
overall productivity and reducing the potential for workplace accidents.

Finally, using this machine practically, it will be an easy task to remove and tag tire, wheel and
drum assembly with less energy and within a short time. This is an important machine for the
company.