PMT

Mark Scheme (Results)

Summer 2022

Pearson Edexcel GCE

In Biology A Salters Nuffiled (8BN0)
Paper 2: Development, Plants and the Environment
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Summer 2022
Question Paper Log Number P69495A
Publications Code 8BN0_02_2206_MS
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Pearson Education Ltd 2022

General Marking Guidance

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• All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate
in exactly the same way as they mark the last.
• Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they
have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions.
• Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception
of where the grade boundaries may lie.
• There is no ceiling on achievement. All marks on the mark scheme should be used
appropriately.
• All the marks on the mark scheme are designed to be awarded. Examiners should always
award full marks if deserved, i.e. if the answer matches the mark scheme. Examiners
should also be prepared to award zero marks if the candidate’s response is not worthy of
credit according to the mark scheme.
• Where some judgement is required, mark schemes will provide the principles by which
marks will be awarded and exemplification may be limited.
• When examiners are in doubt regarding the application of the mark scheme to a
candidate’s response, the team leader must be consulted.
• Crossed out work should be marked UNLESS the candidate has replaced it with an
alternative response.
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Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a)(i) The only correct answer is – C

A is incorrect because A is a chloroplast

B is incorrect because B is the nucleus

D is incorrect because D is the Golgi apparatus (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a)(ii) The only correct answer is – C

A is incorrect because chloroplasts are not reinforced by lignin

B is incorrect because the nucleus is not reinforced by lignin

D is incorrect because the Golgi apparatus is not reinforced by lignin (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
1(a)(iii) The only correct answer is – D

A is incorrect because it is a chloroplast

B is incorrect because it is the nucleus

C is incorrect because the cell wall does not have vesicles (1)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
1(b)(i) A description that makes reference to the following:

• { a group of / many/several} similar cells (1) ALLOW same type of cell or

identical cells
(2)
• that work together for a common function (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
1(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

• to allow time for the dye to travel through and stain the xylem
(1)

• making the { tissue/ xylem } visible (under the microscope) (1)

(2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
2(a)
• correct values for ab and aB AB ab Ab aB

49.5 49.5 0.5 0.5

(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
2(b) An answer that makes reference to the following: ALLOW converse for marking
points 2 and 3 if referring to
reason it cannot be
arrangement 1

• arrangement 2 (1)

• {genes/ loci }are close together (1) IGNORE alleles

• therefore are most likely to be inherited together (1) ALLOW are least likely to be
separated by crossing over
(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
2(c) Example of calculation

• correct calculation for number of eggs produced per year with 1600 × 0.495 = 792
alleles A and B (1)

• correct calculation for number produced in 11 years (1) = 8712 or 8.71 ×103

ALLOW one mark for 17600 as

total number of eggs in 11
years

Correct answer with no

working gains full marks (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to the following:

• acrosome shown as a rounded shape at front of head,

separate from cell membrane, correctly labelled (1)

• nucleus correctly labelled (1)

• location of mitochondria correctly labelled (1)

(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(a)(ii) The only correct answer is – B

A is incorrect because the enzymes do not digest the cell membrane

C is incorrect because the acrosome does not release hormones

D is incorrect because the acrosome does not release hormones

(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(b)(i) Example of calculation

• correct mean for buffer with calcium ions (1) = (25+21+20) ÷ 3 = 22.0

• correct mean for buffer without calcium ions (1) = (70+69+77) ÷ 3 = 72.0

• correct difference calculated (1) =50%

Correct answer with no

working gains full marks (3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
3(b)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following:

• in the presence of calcium ions the acrosome (vesicle) fuses ALLOW in the absence of calcium ions
with the cell membrane (1) the acrosome reaction could not take
place

ALLOW the acrosome releases enzymes

• (therefore) calcium ions cause the acrosome reaction to take
in the presence of calcium
place (1)

(2)
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Question Answer Mark

Number
4(a)(i) The only correct answer is D – S

A is incorrect because DNA is not replicated during G1

B is incorrect because DNA is not replicated during G2

C is incorrect because DNA is not replicated during mitosis (1)

Question Answer Mark

Number
4(a)(ii) The only correct answer is A – G1

B is incorrect because cells only grow slightly during the G2 phase

C is incorrect because cells do not increase in size during mitosis

D is incorrect because cells do not increase in size during S phase

(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
4(b)(i) Example of calculation

• volume of nucleus correctly calculated (1) V= (4÷3) × π × 33 = 113.04

ALLOW 110.27 – 113.1

• volume of cell correctly calculated (1) V of cell = 113.04 ÷ 0.09 =

1256

• correct volume given to two significant figures (1) =1300 (μm3 )

Correct answer with no (3)

working gains full marks
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
4(b)(ii) An answer that makes reference to the following:

• samples from different distances from the tip of the root taken (1)

• measure distance from tip using an eyepiece graticule (1)

ALLOW sensible range of distances stated
that could be measured with a ruler
• details of root tip squash procedure (1)
e.g. correct use of hydrochloric acid,
maceration procedure, squashing to
produce single layer of cells
• use of an appropriate named stain (1)
e.g. toluidine blue, (ethanoic) orcein
• detail of how to assess percentage of cells undergoing mitosis (1)
e.g. count total number of cells and
number of mitotic cells
(5)
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Question Answer Mark

Number
5(a) The only correct answer is – A is double-stranded and found in the cytoplasm

B is incorrect because bacteria do not have a nucleus

C is incorrect because bacterial DNA is not single-stranded

D is incorrect because bacteria do not have a nucleus

(1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(b)(i) A description that makes reference to four of the following:

• (polypeptide is) folded within the { rough endoplasmic ALLOW reference to tertiary / 3D
reticulum /rER } (1) structure

• packaged into vesicles (1) e.g. transport or secretory vesicles

• (transport) vesicles fuse with Golgi apparatus (1)

ALLOW enzymes activated in
• (polypeptide is) modified within the Golgi apparatus (1) Golgi apparatus

• exocytosis / vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane (1)

(4)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
5(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to four of the following:

• the gene (for lysostaphin) is activated in (milk producing) cells ALLOW reference to gene
(1) being switched on

• only these cells have the gene transcribed / mRNA only ALLOW converse for muscle cells
produced from active gene (1)

• mRNA is translated (on ribosomes) to produce {polypeptide / ALLOW converse for muscle cells
lysostaphin} (1)

• lysostaphin is secreted from cells that produce milk (1)

• gene (for lysostaphin) was deactivated in muscle cells (so no

lysostaphin found in tissue) (1) ALLOW gene methylated in muscle cells
(4)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(a)(i) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

• increases population size of species (1)

• {maintains/increases} genetic diversity (1) ALLOW description of genetic diversity

• therefore prevents extinction of species (1) (3)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to the following:

• to prevent related animals from breeding (with each other or a ALLOW so they can be matched with
parent) (1) unrelated partners

• to prevent inbreeding depression (1) ALLOW description of inbreeding

depression or the problems of
inbreeding

• to increase genetic variation within { the offspring /

(3)
populations in other zoos / the species} (1)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(b)(i) A description that makes reference to the following:

• numbers (always) greater in captivity than in the wild (1)

• numbers in the wild and in captivity have decreased (1)

• wild population decreased at a similar rate to the captive

population (1)
(3)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
6(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to two of the following:

• they are needed {to maintain captive population / for ALLOW are needed for captive
breeding programme } (1) breeding programme

• not enough suitable habitat / they would be at risk if released e.g. at risk from poachers
(1)

• they are not prepared for reintroduction (1) ALLOW lack of hunting skills in captive
bred animals
(2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(a) A description that makes reference to four of the following:

• cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose (1) ALLOW polysaccharide for polymer

• (the glucose molecules are) held together by glycosidic bonds

(1)

• β-glucose monomers form (long) straight chains (1)

• (the cellulose molecules are) held together by hydrogen bonds

(1)

• microfibrils are composed of many cellulose molecules (1) (4)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(b) An description that makes reference to the following:

• tensile strength increases with lignin content (1)

• there is no relationship between cellulose content and tensile e.g. hemp has highest percentage
strength (1) cellulose but not the highest
tensile strength. (1)
(2)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
7(c) An answer that makes reference to the following:

• {extract / select} fibres with a range of diameters including

fibres less than 0.09mm (1)

• a relevant variable controlled (1) e.g. length of fibre,

temperature or humidity

• attach fibres to clamp stands and add masses until fibre ALLOW add ‘weights’
breaks (1)

• repeat and calculate a mean (1)

• describe how to calculate tensile strength by dividing force by

cross sectional area (1)

• plot values on graph to establish if there is a correlation (1) ALLOW use a relevant stats test

(6)
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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(a)(i) An answer that makes reference to two of the following:

• asexual reproduction (1)

• mitosis (1)

• cloning (1) (2)

Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(a)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to three of the following:

• more species present in mixed forest / fewer species in pando

(1)

• therefore, species richness is low (in pando) (1) ALLOW low index of diversity
ALLOW converse for mixed forest

• low genetic diversity as all the plants are {clones / genetically

identical } (1)

• fewer animal species because there are fewer {habitats / food (3)
sources / niches} (1) E

Question Answer Mark

Number
8(b)(i) The only correct answer is – C

A is incorrect because production of phenolic glycosides are physiological

B is incorrect because production of phenolic glycosides are physiological

D is incorrect because production of ramets are anatomical (1)

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Question Answer Additional guidance Mark

Number
8(b)(ii) An explanation that makes reference to four of the following:

• (mitosis) produces genetically identical clones (1)

• lack in genetic variation (1) ALLOW same genotype

• do not have characteristics more suitable to the environment

(1)
ALLOW no natural selection takes place
• (leading to) no evolution occurring (1)

(4)
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Question Indicative content

Number
8(c) Answers will be credited according to candidate’s knowledge and understanding of the material in relation to the
qualities and skills outlined in the generic mark scheme.
The indicative content below is not prescriptive and candidates are not required to include all the material which is
indicated as relevant. Additional content included in the response must be scientific and relevant.

Grazing
• Without a fence/control, 299 new saplings are produced but few grow taller than 2m
• Therefore grazing reduces the regeneration of the colony
• With the fence there are 1204 ramets greater than 2m
• Therefore preventing grazing increases the number of ramets and their growth.

Burning
• Burning undergrowth results in fewer competing plants
• Therefore increases the number of ramets produced from 208 in the control to 639 per hectare
• Burning undergrowth increases percentage cover of colony from 18 to 21%

Competition
• Undergrowth could be competing for mineral ions and water
• A conclusion that fencing combined with the burning of undergrowth would have a better effect on
maintaining the colony
• Because the increased number of ramets produced after burning will not be eaten by grazing animals.
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Level Marks Additional Guidance

0 0 No awardable content
1 1-2 An explanation may be attempted but with
limited interpretation or analysis of the Effects of grazing and/or burning described – but
scientific information with a focus on mainly not explained.
just one piece of scientific information.

The explanation will contain basic

information with some attempt made to link
knowledge and understanding to the given
context.
2 3-4 An explanation will be given with occasional
evidence of analysis, interpretation and/or Effects of grazing and burning on number of
evaluation of both pieces of scientific ramets explained e.g. in terms of animals
information. damaging plants or competition from other plant
species
The explanation shows some linkages and
lines of scientific reasoning with some
structure.
3 5-6 An explanation is made which is supported
throughout by sustained application of Effects of burning and grazing described and
relevant evidence of analysis, interpretation explained as well as a conclusion that both
and/or evaluation of both pieces of scientific management strategies will be best – in terms of
information. preventing grazing and then reducing competition
for resources.
The explanation shows a well-developed
and sustained line of scientific reasoning
which is clear and logically structured.

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