Energy Efficiency - Spectral Efficiency Trade-

off: A Multiobjective Optimization Approach

Item Type Article

Authors Amin, Osama;Bedeer, Ebrahim;Saad, Ahmed Mohamed;Dobre,

Octavia

Citation Energy Efficiency - Spectral Efficiency Trade-off: A Multiobjective

Optimization Approach 2015:1 IEEE Transactions on Vehicular
Technology

Eprint version Post-print

DOI 10.1109/TVT.2015.2425934

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 Thisartclebnpdfouj,y.Cmg:DOI10.1109/TV.2015.2425934,IETransctioVehulgy

SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, XXX 2015 1

Energy Efficiency - Spectral Efficiency Trade-off:

A Multiobjective Optimization Approach
Osama Amin, Member, IEEE, Ebrahim Bedeer, Member, IEEE, Mohamed H. Ahmed, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Octavia A. Dobre, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—In this paper, we consider the resource allocation [3]. Although EE is the major design metric for environment-
problem for energy efficiency (EE) - spectral efficiency (SE) friendly future wireless communication systems, it conflicts
trade-off. Unlike traditional research that uses the EE as an with other traditional metrics such as spectral efficiency (SE)
objective function and imposes constraints either on the SE
or achievable rate, we propound a multiobjective optimization in bit/sec/Hz [4]. The trade-off between EE and SE states
approach that can flexibly switch between the EE and SE that the available system’s resources cannot be optimized to
functions or change the priority level of each function using improve both EE and SE simultaneously.
a trade-off parameter. Our dynamic approach is more tractable Considering the trade-off between the EE and SE in al-
than the conventional approaches and more convenient to realistic locating the available resources is a timely and important
communication applications and scenarios. We prove that the
multiobjective optimization of the EE and SE is equivalent problem, attention has recently started to be paid for both
to a simple problem that maximizes the achievable rate/SE single carrier [5], [6] and multicarrier transmission systems
and minimizes the total power consumption. Then we apply [7]. The previously mentioned resource allocation problems
the generalized framework of the resource allocation for the that deal with the EE-SE trade-off are suitable to fixed
EE-SE trade-off to optimally allocate the subcarriers’ power objective scenarios and can not deal with the dynamic changes
for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with
imperfect channel estimation. Finally, we use numerical results of the design objectives. These traditional approaches use
to discuss the choice of the trade-off parameter and study the EE as the objective function and impose constraints on the
effect of the estimation error, transmission power budget and SE, the transmit power and the fairness for multiple access
channel-to-noise ratio on the multiobjective optimization. systems. On the other hand, there are scenarios in wireless
Index Terms—Energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, multiob- communication systems in which we need to change the
jective optimization, OFDM, imperfect CSI, LMMSE. optimization objective function dynamically according to the
surrounding circumstances or application requirements.
A motivating scenario is when renewable energy sources
I. I NTRODUCTION are used in addition to diesel generators in base stations to
The dramatic growth of wireless communication services generate the required electrical energy [8]. In such a scenario,
and applications represents the main driving force to expand when the base station is powered by clean energy sources
the existing wireless infrastructure and to deploy new sys- (i.e., renewable sources), adopting EE as a design metric does
tems. Although the communication networks may be able to not have a green advantage, as the base station is working
support the increasing demand of high data rate and ubiqui- now with zero CO2 emissions. Thus, it is more beneficial to
tous services, the energy consumption increases significantly improve other quality of service (QoS) metrics, such as SE.
especially at the base stations. This accounts for most of the On the other hand, when the surrounding environment varies,
energy consumption of cellular networks, which represents an diesel generators are used to compensate for the shortage of
important contribution of the information and communication the renewable sources or even replace them. Therefore, con-
technology industry to the global CO2 emission [1], [2]. sidering the EE as the objective function becomes inevitable
Therefore, wireless communication systems have to be de- when the diesel generator is the only energy source, while
signed based on green metrics that reduce the energy consump- a multiobjective function taking into account the EE and
tion wisely, along with the associated CO2 emission [1], [2]. SE is used when both sources are employed. In the later
Energy efficiency (EE) is a widely used green communication case, the priority of each function is chosen according to
metric, defined either as the number of successfully delivered the contribution of each energy source in powering the base
bits per unit energy, which we adopt in this paper, or its inverse station.
In this paper, inspired by the green communication trend and
Osama Amin is with King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, considering the variations of the objective functions according
Thuwal, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He is with the Faculty of Engi- to the provided service or surrounding environment, we use
neering, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt, E-mail: [email protected], the multiobjective optimization to solve the resource allocation
[email protected].
Ebrahim Bedeer is with the School of Engineering, University of British problem for the EE-SE trade-off. First, we propose a general
Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada, E-mail: ebrahim.bedeer- framework to solve the multiobjective optimization of EE and
[email protected]. SE for a general communication system and prove that it
Mohamed H. Ahmed and Octavia A. Dobre are with Faculty of Engineering
and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, is equivalent to the multiobjective optimization problem of
A1C 5S7, Canada, E-mail: {mhahmed, odobre}@mun.ca. minimizing the total power consumption and maximizing the

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SE or achievable rate. Then, we apply the derived framework where θEE and θSE are normalization factors used to have
to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with the same range for the objective functions.1 It is well known
estimated CSI. that C(x) is a logarithmic function which is often a strictly-
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, concave function in x. Thus, the multiobjective function in (3)
we introduce the EE-SE multiobjective optimization general can provide a complete PF since objective functions are quasi-
framework. In Section III, we define the model for the OFDM convex with at least one function being strictly quasi-convex,
system with estimated CSI and apply the proposed approach i.e., −qC(x) [9, Ch. 1, pp. 4-11]. The non-convex non-linear
to allocate the power for the OFDM subcarriers considering fractional objective function in (3) can be transformed to the
the EE-SE tradeoff. Then, we present numerical simulation following equivalent convex function using the Dinkelback
results in Section IV and conclude the paper in Section V. approach [10]
Regarding the notation, bold face letters refer to vectors
M
!
(lower case) or matrices (upper case). The superscripts H and X
T represent the conjugate transpose and transpose operation, LEE−SE,1 = βθEE fm (x) + pc + (1 − β) θSE B
m=1
respectively, |.| denotes the absolute value, and .̂ denotes the
estimate value. − qC(x), (4)

where q is a constant parameter that represents the minimum

II. EE-SE T RADE - OFF USING M ULTIOBJECTIVE value of (3) at a specific β [10]. The optimal resource alloca-
O PTIMIZATION tion solution of the objective function in (4) can be computed
Optimizing EE or SE under a given set of constraints is suit- by following the Dinkelback-based iterative approach in [10]
able only for a specific communication scenario/application for a given priority β. At β = 0, we do not need to follow
or under static environmental circumstances. In this section, the iterative approach because the problem translates into
we use a multiobjective optimization problem of EE and the SE maximization, and reduces to the well known water
SE to deal with the dynamic change of design conditions, filling problem. In other words, to draw the PF curve for
where tuning the objective functions becomes indispensable. this multiobjective function, we need to apply the Dinkelback-
Let us consider a communication system that is used to deliver based iterative algorithm for each point (priority value) in the
information with a spectral efficiency η SE bit/sec/Hz. We PF except at the maximum SE solution. In the following,
assume N resources that have to be allocated that may include we prove that the EE-SE PF can be obtained by solving a
power sources, subcarriers, antennas, users, relays, bandwidth, simplified multiobjective problem of total power consumption
etc, and denoted them as x = [x1 , x2 , ..., xN ]T . Among these and achievable rate or SE.
resources, we assume M signal sources that may be obtained Consider the objective function in (4) for a given β, the
from antennas, subcarriers and/or distributed communication term (1 − β) θSE B is considered constant. Thus, omitting this
nodes. The total power consumed to deliver the required data term does not change the problem solution and the following
consists of the transmitted power p = [p1 , p2 , ..., pM ]T , and alternative objective function is used instead,
the power consumption at the power amplifiers, and all circuits
M
!
used in the communication scenario. The EE is expressed as X
LEE−SE,2 = βθEE fm (x) + pc − qC(x). (5)
C(x) m=1
ηEE (x) = PM , (1)
m=1 fm (x) + pc
Dividing the objective function LEE−SE,2 by βθEE gives an-
where fm (x) is the variable power consumption term of the other equivalent objective function that has the same solution
mth power source, pc is the constant power consumption and is expressed as
term due to all circuits in the communication system, and
M
!
C(x) is the achievable rate, which is related to the SE as X q
C(x) = BηSE (x), where B is the transmission bandwidth. LEE−SE,3 = fm (x) + pc − C(x). (6)
m=1
βθEE
We formulate the multiobjective optimization problem as
−1 −1 The quantity q/(βθEE ) is a positive constant and is equiva-
min ηEE (x) and min ηSE (x) . (2)
x x
lently replaced by (1 − α)/α, for 0 < α < αEE < 1, where
We employ the weighted sum method to deal with the trade- (1 − αEE )/αEE = q/θEE ; as such, (6) becomes
off multiobjective using the trade-off parameter, β, with 0 ≤
M
!
β ≤ 1, which describes the priority of each objective function X (1 − α)
as follows, LEE−SE,4 = fm (x) + pc − C(x). (7)
m=1
α
−1 −1
LEE−SE = βθEE ηEE (x) + (1 − β) θSE ηSE (x) 0<β<1
P
M
 Multiplying the objective function in (7) by α yields the
θEE m=1 fm (x) + pc θSE B
=β + (1 − β) ,
C(x) C(x) 1 The normalization factor depends on the system parameters such as the
(3) maximum power budget and average CSI.

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following equivalent objective function exp(j2π/M ), FL is the first L + 1 submatrix of F, and F

M
! is the M × M discrete Fourier transform matrix.
The achievable rate is expressed in terms of the channel
X
LEE−SE,5 = α fm (x) + pc − (1 − α) C(x) (8)
estimate across subcarriers similarly to [11], while considering
m=1
the powers per subcarriers p,
M
!
X
≡ min fm (x) + pc and max C(x). (9) M
!
x x X |Ĥ (W m )|2 Gpm
m=1 C(p) = ∆f log2 1+ 2 , (11)
m=1
σ∆H Gpm + σn2
The objective function written in (8) represents a multiob-
jective function that aims to minimize the total power con-
sumption and maximize the achievable rate using the trade-off where ∆f = B/M is the subcarrier bandwidth, pm is
parameter α, as presented in (9). Thus, the PF curve for the the mth subcarrier power, G is the large scale fading power
2
EE-SE multiobjective optimization can be drawn equivalently coefficient, and σ∆H is the estimation error variance, which

by considering the multiobjective optimization of the total can be expressed as σ∆H 2
= (L + 1) σh2 σn2 / σn2 + σh2 Gpp
power consumption and the achievable rate or SE for a [11], with pp as the pilots’ transmitted power, and σn2 is the
specific weighted factor range of the second problem, i.e.,
0 < α < αEE . Based on this proved fact, the optimization AWGN noise variance.
solution of the EE-SE problem in (2) can be obtained from,
M
!
α X (1 − α) B. Optimal power loading for the OFDM systems with esti-
min fm (x) + pc − C(x), (10)
x θp m=1
θc mated CSI
where θp and θc are the normalization factors1 for the power In this subsection, we consider the multiobjective optimiza-
and the achievable rate objective functions, respectively. The tion problem of EE-SE trade-off for the OFDM system with
multiobjective problem in (10) reduces to achievable rate or imperfect CSI. Since the achievable rate is a strictly concave
SE maximization at α = 0, and to power minimization at function, it is strictly quasi-concave [12] and the proposed
α = 1, while the energy efficient solution is achieved at αEE . framework in Section II provides a complete PF curve. The
Therefore, we can obtain the EE-SE PF by changing α from simplified power loading problem for the EE-SE trade-off is
0 to αEE . It is worth emphasizing that we do not need to use defined as
the Dinkelback-based iterative algorithm except at α = αEE ,
M
!
which reduces the complexity of the original problem. α X (1 − α)
min κ pm + pc − C(p)
p θp m=1
θC
III. EE-SE T RADE - OFF FOR OFDM WITH ESTIMATED CSI M
X
A. System model subject to C1 : p m ≤ PT ,
OFDM is widely utilized in many wireless systems, includ- m=1

ing the IEEE 802.11 family of standards, LTE/LTE-A, and C2 : C (p) ≥ Rmin ,
others. OFDM is chosen over a single carrier solution because C3 : pm ≥ 0, m = 1, 2, . . . , M, (12)
it is well suited for wideband transmission and supports
higher data rates with reduced equalizer complexity. Thus, we where κ is a constant which depends on the power amplifier
consider a single-link OFDM wireless communication system efficiency. The constraints imposed in (12) represent the fol-
with single-antenna equipped nodes. The channel is assumed lowing: C1 reflects the total power budget of the proposed
to change slowly and is modeled as a finite impulse response system (PT ), C2 is related to the minimum rate constraint
T
system with order equal to L, h = [h(0), h(1), · · · , h(L)] , (Rmin ) that is used for rate sensitive applications, and C3
where each channel tap is assumed to be complex Gaussian guarantees positive power. The Lagrangian problem of (12)
distributed with zero-mean and variance σh2 . The noise at is written as,
the receive-side is modeled as additive white Gaussian noise
N
!
(AWGN) with zero-mean and correlation matrix equal to σn2 I. α X (1 − α)
At the transmitter, we assume a serial data sequence LEE−SE,con = κ pm + pc − C(p)
θp m=1
θc
that is divided into blocks, processed by a given pre-
M
!
coded matrix and loaded to M subcarriers. The transmitted X
+ λ1 pm − PT + y12
training pilot symbols xp are inserted in the transmitted
m=1
data with a known pattern. The receiver is assumed to be N
! !
equipped with the
LMMSE channel estimator that gives ĥ =
X |Ĥ (W m )|2 Gpm
−1 + λ2 Rmin − ∆f log2 1+ 2 + y22 ,
σn2 R−1 H
h + Xp Xp XHp xr [11], where xr is the received m=1
σ∆H Gpm + σn2
signal block and Xp is an M × (L + 1) column wise circulant (13)
matrix with the first column equal to xp . The estimated CSI
is assumed to be sent through a reliable feedback channel where we introduce two slack variables y12 and y22 to transform
to the transmitter. The subchannel estimates
√ are computed the inequality constraints to equality constraints. By differen-
as [Ĥ(1), Ĥ(W ), . . . , Ĥ(W M −1 )]T = M FL ĥ [11], where tiating LEE−SE,con with respect to pm , m = 1, 2, ..., M , λ1 ,
Ĥ(W m−1 ) is the mth subcarrier channel estimate, W = λ2 , y1 and y2 , and equating the results to zero, we obtain the

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4 SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, XXX 2015

following equations, Algorithm I

2 2 ! 1: INPUT α.
2
σ∆H Gpm + σn2 |Ĥ (W m )| Gpm 2: Set λ1 and λ2 to zero in (17) and find pEE−SE,m from
2 1+ 2 =
|Ĥ (W m )| Gσn2 σ∆H Gpm + σn2 (18).
  3: if the power constraint is violated and the rate constraint
θc (1 − α + λ2 ) ∆f
, (14) is satisfied then
(θp ακ + λ1 θc ) ln 2 4: Set λ2 to zero in (17) and find non-negative λ1 such
M
X that equality power constraint is satisfied from (18). If the
pm + y12 = PT , (15) rate constraint is violated, then set pEE−SE,m = 0.
m=1 5: else if the power constraint is satisfied and the rate
constraint is violated then
N
!
X |Ĥ (W m )|2 Gpm 6: Set λ1 to zero in (17) and find non-negative λ2 such
Rmin = ∆f log2 1+ 2 + y22 , (16)
m=1
σ∆H Gpm + σn2 that equality rate constraint is satisfied from (18). If the
power constraint is violated, then set pEE−SE,m = 0.
2λ1 y1 = 0, and 2λ2 y2 = 0. (17) 7: else if the power constraint is violated and the rate
constraint is violated then
The mth subcarrier power is computed from (14) as 8: Set pEE−SE,m = 0.
v + 9: end if
2
 2

m )| − σn
u
u 2 µ|Ĥ (W G 10: OUTPUT pEE−SE,m .
pEE−SE,m = ρm t1 + 2 − 1 ,
u   
2
ρm 2σ∆H + |Ĥ (W )| m

(18) and the equality rate constraint (C(x) = Rmin ), respectively,

θ (1−α+λ )∆f
where µ = θcp(ακ+λ1 θp2 ) ln 2 and ρm is expressed as using the bisection method [13].
  The computational complexity of Algorithm I is analyzed
σn2 2σ∆H 2
+ |Ĥ (W m )|2 based on the fact that the bisection method is used to find
ρm =   . (19) λi , with a starting interval of [λi,L , λi,U ], i = 1, 2; as
2
2σ∆H 2
σ∆H + |Ĥ (W m )|2 G such, step 2 is of complexity O(N ). Step 4 is of com-
plexity O(N log2 ( ∆λ1 )) [14], where ∆λ1 is the range be-
1
From (17), the values of λ1 , λ2 , y1 , y2 give four possible
tween the lower and upper bounds of λ1 , expressed as
cases, Case 1: λ1 = 0 and λ2 = 0, Case 2: y1 = 0 and
∆λ1 = λ1,U − λ1,L and 1 is the solution accuracy. Simi-
λ2 = 0, Case 3: λ1 = 0 and y2 = 0, and Case 4: y1 = 0
larly, step 6 is of complexity O(N log2 ( ∆λ 2 )), where ∆λ2
2
and y2 = 0. The cases with λi = 0, i = 1, 2 refer to the
is the range between the lower and upper bounds of λ2 ,
unconstrained problem,Pwhere the solution may satisfy the
M written as ∆λ2 = λ2,U − λ2,L and 2 is the solution
problem constraint(s), m=1 pm ≤ PT and/or C (x) ≥ Rmin
accuracy. Thus, the complexity of Algorithm I is calculated
in (12) or not. On the other hand, the cases with yi = 0 and 
the corresponding λi 6= 0, i = 1, 2 describe the scenarios as O(N ) + max O(N log2 ( ∆λ 1
1 )), O(N log2 ( ∆λ 2
2
)) =

∆λ1 ∆λ2
when
PM the inequality constraints are valid with equality, that is O(N log2 ( ∆λ ∆λ
 )) where  = max 1 , 2 .
m=1 pm = PT and/or C (x) = Rmin . Based on these cases, The EE solution is found at α = αEE and computed
we introduce Algorithm I as described below: by applying the Dinkelbach method [10]; for this case, we
• Steps 1 to 2: for a desired α, we first consider the develop Algorithm II, which iteratively uses Algorithm I to
unconstrained problem (Case 1 above) and find the corre- compute the EE power loading solution pEE and αEE that
sponding solution of the subcarriers power from (18). The satisfy LEE−SE,con (p, αEE ) = 0. Algorithm II starts with an
obtained solution is feasible only if it meets the problem initial value of αEE equal to αinitial and employs an error
constraints. tolerance of δ.
• Steps 3 to 4: if the power constraint is violated and the
rate constraint is satisfied, then the subcarriers power so- Algorithm II
lution is found based on Case 2. This alternative solution 1: INPUT αiinitial , δ.
becomes feasible only if it satisfies the rate constraint. 2: Set αEE = αinitial .
• Steps 5 to 6: if the power constraint is satisfied and
3: while LEE−SE < −δ do
the rate constraint is violated, then we use Case 3 in 4: Find PEE,m (αEE ) from Algorithm I.
θ C(p)
finding the solution and investigate the feasibility of the 5: Calculate αEE = θ κ PM p p +p +θ C(p) and
c( m=1 EE,m c) p
new solution by checking the power constraint. update LEE−SE .
• Steps 7 to 8: when the solution based on Case 1 violates 6: end while
both constraints, a feasible solution does not exist because 7: OUTPUT pEE,m and αEE .
we need more power than the available budget to meet
the rate requirement. From the complexity discussion of Algorithm I, the
The values of λ1 in step 4 and λ2 in step P6 are computed complexity of step 4 in Algorithm II is O(N log2 ( ∆λ
M
  ));
from the total power equality constraint m=1 p m = P T hence, the complexity of Algorithm II is of the order

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O(NαEE N log2 ( ∆λ  )), where NαEE is the number of required

10
iterations to update αEE . 7.5
It is worth noting that the trade-off parameter α is adjusted ηEE
to obtain a required priority of the objective functions. To 8
6
optimize the SE objective function, we impose α = 0,
while to optimize EE, we use αEE that can be found from

ηEE (kb/J)
ηSE (b/s/Hz)
6
LEE−SE,con = 0, which is similar to finding q in solving the 4.5 ηSE
EE problem. On the other hand, for a specific priority to EE
or SE, α can be chosen according to the average performance 3 4
of EE-SE trade-off that is discussed in the next section. PT
= 0.11
θP
1.5 PT
= 0.09 2
θP
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS PT
= 0.04
θP

In this section, we provide a numerical evaluation of the 0 0

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
α
proposed multiobjective optimization problem for an OFDM
system with imperfect channel estimation. The simulation
Fig. 1. EE and SE versus the priority parameter α for different PT /θP
parameters are considered for base stations listed in [15]. values.
Simulation Example 1: In the first simulation example, we
study the EE and SE behavior versus α without imposing the
transmission rate constraint, which is implemented by setting 50
λ2 = 0 in Algorithm I, and assuming different ratios of the 7.5 pc = 300 W
maximum useful transmission power budget ratio to the total pc = 100 W
pc = 20 W 40
power consumption at the base station (PT /θp ) in Fig. 1. We 6
assume a good channel quality with the channel-to-noise ratio
ηSE (b/s/Hz)

ηEE (kb/J)
(CNR) equal to 20 dB and accurate channel estimate with the 30
4.5 ηSE
MMSE of 0.001.
First, we investigate the choice of the trade-off parameter α 20
3
to achieve a given priority level for either EE or SE assuming ηEE
a sufficient power budget with PT /θp = 0.11 in Fig. 1. For
α = 0, the solution reduces to the maximum SE or achievable 1.5 10
rate, and for α = 1, the scenario reduces to the minimum
transmitted power. On the other hand, maximum average EE 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
is achieved at α = αEE = 0.5. As α increases from zero to α
αEE , the EE increases and SE decreases, while both EE and
SE decrease when α changes from αEE to 1; thus, the former Fig. 2. EE and SE versus the priority parameter α for different circuits power
represents the region of interest. The average results depicted consumptions.
in Fig. 1 are used as a guide to choose α in order to achieve
a predetermined average EE or SE performance. For example,
if it is required to design the system for a green perspective 100 W and 20 W in addition to its original value of 300
while satisfying the average SE to 4.5 bit/sec/Hz, then we W, to investigate its effect on the EE-SE trade-off. From the
choose α = 0.35, while if the design targets to maximize the results presented in Fig. 2, it can be seen that EE improves
SE while keeping minimum average EE to 4 kb/J, then we as pc decreases because the total power consumption cost to
choose α = 0.1. transmit data decreases. For α = 0 the optimization problem
Additionally, we aim to study the effect of the useful reduces to SE maximization, and we observe equal maximum
transmission power ratio, i.e., PT /θp . For a large transmitted SE regardless of the value of pc because SE does not depend
power budget (PT /θp = 0.11), we observe the expected trade- on the circuitry power consumption, while for α > 0, the
off between EE and SE versus α. On the other hand, the objective function becomes a linear combination between EE
unavailability of sufficient transmission power budget limits and SE and thus depends on pc . Therefore, both EE and SE
the SE from improving as α decreases and limits the EE curve change with pc for α > 0, where EE improves as pc decreases,
from its expected trend, i.e., having a maximum at αEE and while SE improves as pc increases because both functions are
reducing as α decreases. Accordingly, and as can be noted contradicting. The value of αEE increases as pc decreases,
from Fig. 1, communication systems with low transmission specifically maximum EE is found at αEE = 0.5, 0.6 and
power efficiency, i.e., very small PT /θp values, have a nearly 0.7 for pc = 20 W, 100 W and 300 W. This shows
constant EE and SE performance versus α = 0 → αEE , which that communication systems with large pc are willing to
makes the EE solution equivalent to the SE solution. spend more transmission power to guarantee the successfully
Simulation Example 2: To study the effect of circuitry power delivery of the data and improve EE, while systems with small
consumption, we assume the scenario discussed in the previous pc tend to use less transmission power to improve EE.
simulation example with PT /θp = 0.11, and then let pc equal Simulation Example 3: In this example, we study the effect

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10 10
7.5 2
σΔH =0
ηEE 2
σΔH = 0.001
8 8 2
σΔH = 0.01
6 2
σΔH = 0.1
ηSE (b/s/Hz)

ηEE (kb/J)
6

ηEE (kb/J)
6
4.5 ηSE
4
3 4

2
ηSE,min = 0 2
1.5
ηSE,min = 2.3 b/s/Hz
ηSE,min = 4.6 b/s/Hz 0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 ηSE (b/s/Hz)
α
Fig. 4. EE versus SE for different MMSE values and at PT /θp = 0.11.
Fig. 3. EE and SE versus the priority parameter α for different minimum SE
constraints corresponding to minimum rate constraints.
relationship. The multiobjective optimization of the EE-SE is
equivalent to the multiobjective problem that minimizes the
of rate constraint on the EE-SE multiobjective problem. For
total power consumption and maximizes the SE or achievable
this purpose, we consider the scenario with sufficient power
rate. We applied the proposed framework to the OFDM system
budget, i.e., PT /θp = 0.11, and plot EE and SE versus
with estimated CSI and proposed a power loading algorithm to
α for different rate constraints in Fig. 3, where ηSE,min is
achieve the optimal EE-SE relationship. Through simulation
the SE corresponding to the minimum rate, expressed as
examples, we explained how to select the trade-off parameter
ηSE,min = Rmin /B. Unlike the unconstrained rate case from
to switch between different practical communication scenarios,
which the SE curve decreases as α increases and reaches
with different design requirements.
zero at α = 1, the constrained SE curves do not go below
the floor of the predetermined constraints, which is either
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AMIN et al.: ENERGY EFFICIENCY SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY TRADE-OFF: A MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION APPROACH 7

[15] M. Deruyck, E. Tanghe, W. Joseph, W. Vereecken, M. Pickavet, Octavia A. Dobre received the Dipl. Ing. and Ph.
L. Martens, and B. Dhoedt, “Model for power consumption of wireless D. degrees in ECE from the Polytechnic University
access networks,” IET Science, Measurement and Technology, vol. 5, of Bucharest (formerly the Polytechnic Institute of
no. 4, pp. 155–161, Aug. 2011. Bucharest), Romania, in 1991 and 2000, respec-
tively. In 2000 she was the recipient of a Royal
Society scholarship at Westminster University, UK,
and in 2001 she held a Fulbright fellowship at
Stevens Institute of Technology, USA. Currently, she
Osama Amin received B.Sc. degree in Electrical is an Associate Professor with Memorial Univer-
and Electronics Engineering from Aswan University, sity, Canada.
Aswan, Egypt, in 2000, M.Sc. degree in Electrical Her research interests include blind signal iden-
Engineering from Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt tification and parameter estimation techniques, cognitive radio systems,
in 2004 and Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Com- transceiver optimization algorithms, dynamic spectrum access, cooperative
puter Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada communications, resource allocation, and coherent optical communications.
in 2010. In June 2012, he joined Assiut Univer- She published over 150 journal and conference papers in these areas. Dr.
sity as an Assistant Professor in the Electrical and Dobre’s research has been supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Electronics Engineering department. Currently, he Research Council of Canada, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Research
is with King Abdullah University of Science and and Development Corporation, Defence and Research Development Canada,
Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Makkah, Kingdom Communications Research Centre Canada, Altera Corporation, DTA Systems,
of Saudi Arabia. His general research interests lie in communications systems and ThinkRF among others.
and signal processing for communications with special emphasis on wireless Dr. Dobre is a Senior Editor for the IEEE Communications Letters, as well
applications. Specific research areas include green communications, cognitive as an Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications and IEEE
radio, cooperative communications, and channel estimation. He has served Communications Surveys and Tutorials. She has served as an Editor and Guest
as a Technical Program Committee member for IEEE VTC, ISSPIT and Editor for several other prestigious journals. She is the General Chair of IEEE
CROWNCOM conferences. CWIT 2015, and has served as Technical Program Co-Chair of symposia at
several conferences, including IEEE ICC and GLOBECOM. She is a registered
Professional Engineer (P. Eng.) in the province of Newfoundland, Canada.

Ebrahim Bedeer received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.

degrees from Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt, in 2002
and 2008, respectively and the Ph.D. degree from
Memorial University, St. Johns, NL, Canada in 2014,
all in Electrical Engineering. Currently, he is a post-
doctoral fellow at University of British Columbia,
Okanagan campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada. His cur-
rent research interests are in the area of wireless
communications, with a focus on dynamic resource
allocation, cognitive radio networks, and green com-
munications.

Mohamed Hossam Ahmed received the B.Sc.

and M.Sc. degrees in electronics and communica-
tions engineering from Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt in 1990 and 1994, respectively. He obtained
the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering in 2001
from Carleton University, Ottawa, where he worked
from 2001 to 2003 as a senior research associate. In
2003, he joined the Faculty of Engineering and Ap-
plied Science, Memorial University where he works
! currently as an Associate Professor. Dr. Ahmed
published more than 100 papers in international first-
class journals and conferences. He serves as an Editor for IEEE Communi-
cation Surveys and Tutorials and for EURASIP Journal on Wireless Com-
munications and Networking (JWCN), and as an Associate Editor for Wiley
International Journal of Communication Systems and Wiley Communication
and Mobile Computing (WCMC). He served as a Guest Editor of a special
issue on Fairness of Radio Resource Allocation, EURASIP JWCN in 2009,
and as a Guest Editor of a special issue on Radio Resource Management in
Wireless Internet, Wiley Wireless and Mobile Computing Journal, 2003. Dr.
Ahmed is a Senior Member of the IEEE. He serves as a cochair of the Signal
Processing Track in ISSPIT’14 and served as a cochair of the Transmission
Technologies Track in VTC’10-Fall, and the multimedia and signal processing
symposium in CCECE’09. Dr. Ahmed won the Ontario Graduate Scholarship
for Science and Technology in 1997, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship in
1998, 1999, and 2000, and the Communication and Information Technology
Ontario (CITO) graduate award in 2000. His research interests include radio
resource management in wireless networks, multi-hop relaying, cooperative
communication, vehicular ad-hoc networks, cognitive radio networks, and
wireless sensor networks. Dr. Ahmeds research is sponsored by NSERC, CFI,
Bell/Aliant and other governmental and industrial agencies. Dr. Ahmed is a
registered Professional Engineer (P.Eng.) in the province of Newfoundland,
Canada.

0018-9545(c)2015IE.Personaluipmtd,bc/qSh:wg_xf