Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012

Math 5801
General Topology and Knot Theory

Nathan Broaddus

Ohio State University

September 19, 2012

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Course Info

Reading for Friday, September 21

Review Chapter 2.19

HW 5 for Monday, September 24

I Chapter 2.17: 3, 5, 9, 13
I Chapter 2.18: 2, 5, 8a-b, 10

Midterm 1 Friday, September 28

I Munkres Chapters 1.1-2.19
I ZFC proofs (I’ll supply you with all of the axioms)

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
Proposition 119 (Tools for continuity proofs I)
Let X , Y and Z be spaces.
1. (Constant function) Let y0 ∈ Y and let cy0 : X → Y be the constant
function cy0 (x) = y0 for all x ∈ X then cy0 is continuous.
2. (Inclusion) If A ⊂ X is given the subspace topology then the
inclusion function i : A → X with i(a) = a is continuous.
3. (Composition) If f : X → Y and g : Y → Z are continuous then
g ◦ f : X → Z is continuous.
4. (Restriction of domain) If f : X → Y is continuous and A ⊂ X then
f |A : A → Y is continuous.
5. (Restriction of codomain) If f : X → Y is continuous let
f˜ : X → f (X ) be defined by f˜(x) = f (x). If f (X ) is given the
subspace topology then f˜ is continuous.
6. (Local continuity) If f : X → Y is a function andS
there is a
collection of open sets U ⊂ P(X ) such that X = U and for each
U ∈ U we have f |U : U → Y is continuous then f is continuous.
Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
Proof of Prop. 119.
Let X , Y and Z be spaces.
I Proof of (1) - Constant functions are continuous.
I Let y0 ∈ Y and let cy0 : X → Y be the constant function cy0 (x) = y0
for all x ∈ X then cy0 is continuous.
I Let V ⊂ Y be open.
I If y0 ∈ V then cy−1
0
(V ) = X which is open.
I / V then cy−1
If y0 ∈ 0
(V ) = ∅ which is open.
I Proof of (2) - Inclusion is continuous.
I Let A ⊂ X and let i : A → X be the inclusion function given by
i(a) = a for all a ∈ A.
I Let V ⊂ X be open.
I Then i −1 (V ) = {a ∈ A|i(a) ∈ V }
= {a ∈ A|a ∈ V }
=A∩V
I By def. this set is open in A ⊂ X with subspace top.

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Proof of Prop. 119 (continued).

I Proof of (3) - Composition of continuous functions is continuous
I Let f : X → Y and g : Y → Z be continuous.
I Consider g ◦ f : X → Z .
I Let V ⊂ Z be open.
I g is continuous so g −1 (V ) is open.
I (g ◦ f )−1 (W ) = f −1 (g −1 (V )).
I f is continuous so f −1 (g −1 (V )) is open.
I Proof of (4) - Restricting domain of a continuous function gives a
continuous function.
I Let A ⊂ X . Let f : X → Y be continuous and let i : A → X be
inclusion.
I Then f |A = f ◦ i which is continuous by (3).

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Proof of Prop. 119 (continued).

I Proof of (5) - Restricting codomain of a continuous function gives a
continuous function.
I Let f : X → Y be continuous and let be inclusion and let
f˜ : X → f (X ) be defined by f˜(x) = f (x).
I Let V ⊂ f (X ) be open.
I Then by def. there is open V 0 ⊂ Y with V = V 0 ∩ f (X ).
I Then
f˜−1 (V ) = {x ∈ X |f˜(x) ∈ V }
= {x ∈ X |f (x) ∈ V }
= {x ∈ X |f (x) ∈ V 0 ∩ f (X )}
= {x ∈ X |f (x) ∈ V 0 }
= f −1 (V 0 )
I This is open since f is continuous.

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
Proof of Prop. 119 (continued).
I Proof of (6) - Locally continuous functions are continuous
I Let f : X → Y be a function
S there is a collection of open sets U ⊂ P(X ) such that
Suppose
I

X = U and for each U ∈ U we have f |U : U → Y is continuous.

I Let V ⊂ Y be open.
I Then
f −1 (V ) = {x ∈ X | f (x) ∈ V }
[
= {x ∈ U| f (x) ∈ V }
U∈U
[
= {x ∈ U| f |U (x) ∈ V }
U∈U
[
= f |−1
U (V )
U∈U

I This is union of open sets (hence open)

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
I The next Theorem is indispensible
I You will use it constantly in algebraic topology

Theorem 120 (Pasting Lemma (Continuity tool II))

Let X = A ∪ B where A, B ⊂ X are closed. Let

f :A→Y

and
g :B→Y
be continuous functions with f (x) = g (x) for all x ∈ A ∩ B. Define
h : X → Y to be the function

f (x), x ∈ A
h(x) =
g (x), x ∈ B

Then h is continuous.
Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory
 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
Proof of Thm. 120.
I Let A and B be closed with A ∪ B = X and let f : A → Y and
g : B → Y be continuous functions with f (x) = g (x) for all
x ∈ A ∩ B.
I Define h : X → Y to be the function

f (x), x ∈ A
h(x) =
g (x), x ∈ B

I Let C ⊂ Y be closed.
I Then
h−1 (C ) = {x ∈ X | h(x) ∈ C }
= {x ∈ A| h(x) ∈ C } ∪ {x ∈ B| h(x) ∈ C }
= {x ∈ A| f (x) ∈ C } ∪ {x ∈ B| g (x) ∈ C }
= f −1 (C ) ∪ g −1 (C )
−1
I Thus h (C ) is a union of two closed sets and hence closed.
Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions
Proposition 121 (Projection maps (Continuity tool III))
Let X and Y be spaces. Then then projection maps π1 : X × Y → X
and π2 : X × Y → Y are continuous.

Proof.
Let U ⊂ X be open. Then π1−1 (U) = U × Y is open in X × Y .

Proposition 122 (Maps into products (Continuity tool IV))

Let A, X and Y be spaces. Let f : A → X × Y be given by

f (a) = (f1 (a), f2 (a))

Then f is continuous if and only if

f1 : A → X and f2 : A → Y

are continuous.
Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory
Proof.
Let U ⊂ X be open. Then π1−1 (U) = U × Y is open in X × Y .
 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Proof of Prop. 122.

Let A, X and Y be spaces. Let f : A → X × Y be given by
f (a) = (f1 (a), f2 (a)) where f1 : A → X and f2 : A → Y are functions.
I Claim: f cont. ⇒ f1 and f2 cont.
I Suppose f : A → X × Y is continuous.
I Then f1 = π1 ◦ f and f2 = π2 ◦ f are continuous.
I Claim: f1 and f2 cont. ⇒ f cont.
I Suppose f1 : A → X and f2 : A → Y are continuous.
I Let U be open in X and V be open in Y .
I Then
f −1 (U × V ) = {a ∈ A| f (a) ∈ U × V }
= {a ∈ A| f1 (a) ∈ U and f2 (a) ∈ V }
= {a ∈ A| f1 (a) ∈ U} ∩ {a ∈ A| f2 (a) ∈ V }
= f1−1 (U) ∩ f2−1 (V )
I This is an intersection of open sets hence it’s open.

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Definition 123 (Sum, Product and Quotient of functions to R)

Let X be a set and let f : X → R and g : X → R be functions.
1. f + g : X → R is the function with (f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)
2. f · g : X → R is the function with (f · g )(x) = f (x) · g (x)
f f f (x)
3. g : X → R is the function with g (x) = g (x) if g (x) 6= 0 for all
x ∈ X.

Proposition 124 (Functions to R (Continuity tool V))

Let X be a space and let f : X → R and g : X → R be continuous. Then

1. f + g : X → R is continuous.
2. f · g : X → R is continuous.
f
3. g : X → R is continuous if g is nowhere 0.

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Proof of Prop. 124.

Let X be a space and let f : X → R and g : X → R be continuous.
I Claim: f + g is continuous.
I We will show that h = f + g is cont. at each x0 ∈ X .
I Let x0 ∈ X .
I Let V be an open nbhd of h(x0 ) ∈ R.
I Then there is ε > 0 such that (h(x0 ) − ε, h(x0 ) + ε) ⊂ V .
I f and g are cont. at x0 so there are nbhds U1 and U2 of x0 ∈ X s.t.
 ε ε
f (U1 ) ⊂ f (x0 ) − , f (x0 ) +
2 2
and  ε ε
g (U2 ) ⊂ g (x0 ) − , g (x0 ) +
2 2

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Proof of Prop. 124 (continued).

I Let U = U1 ∩ U2 . Then U is an open nbdh of x0 and for all x ∈ U
we have
|h(x) − h(x0 )| = |f (x) + g (x) − f (x0 ) − g (x0 )|
≤ |f (x) − f (x0 )| + |g (x) − g (x0 )|
ε ε
< +
2 2
=ε

Thus h(U) ⊂ V
We have shown that h = f + g is continuous at x0 for all x0 ∈ X .

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory

 Lecture 12 - 9/19/2012 Continuous Functions

Continuous Functions

Definition 125 (Homeomorphism)

Let X and Y be topological spaces. A function f : X → Y is a
homeomorphism if
I I
I f : X → Y is a bijection.
I f : X → Y is a continuous.
I f −1 : Y → X is continuous.

Nathan Broaddus General Topology and Knot Theory