SIFICATION @ 81 INSECT CLA ELEMENTS OF CLASSIFICATION The classification of organisms is based on a hierarchy of categories, with the most inclusive occurring at the top and the least inclusive at the bottom. The major categories used in animal classification are phylum, ¢lass, order, family, genus, and species. But for added distinction in large, diverse groups, many other categories fall between these major ones. For example, a subclass category is commonly present below the class category and a perfamily category above the family category ‘An example of the major categories for the European corn borer shows the following classification Phylum—Arthropoda Class—Insecta Order—Lepidopter Family—Pyralidae Genus—Ostrinia Species—Ostrinia nubilalis Note that each category consists of only one word except the species category. The scientific name of a species is binomial; it is composed of two names, a genus name and a specific name, also called a specific epithet. Unlike all the higher categories, the specific name cannot stand alone; it must be used with the genus name. In zoology, it is conventional, but not required, for the species name to have the name of the person who first described the species as a suf- fix. Therefore, we might see the species name written as Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). The parentheses around the author name indicates that when Hub- ner originally described the species, he placed it in another genus. An author name without parentheses means that the species remains in the genus origi- nally used by the describing author. Author names are used often in technical .ystematic literature; they are omitted in this book The system of binomial nomenclature we use today for classification was ad- vanced by Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus, who first used it consistently in 1758. Strict rules and conventions apply for name assignment, and these are stated for zoology in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Al- though they may be based in any language, scientific names are Latinized and usually refer to some characteristic of the animal or group named. The binomial of « species is always printed in italics or, if handwritten, is underlined to indi- cate italics The names of genera and higher categories begin with a capital let ter, but the specific name of the species and subspeeific names always begin with a lowercase letter, as in the subspecies Diabrotica undecimpunctata un- decimpunctata Mannerheim. In this example, the third name indicates a sub- species, a group of individuals of the same species that have differences in body form or color and geographical distribution, A frequently used naine for the species, the common name, is not covered by the formal rules of nomenclature. ‘The name “European corn borer” is a common ame, somewhat similar to a nickname. Such names are often used in insect pest management because they are easily pronounced compared with the Latin name. However, because no formal rules govern these names, we may find different names or versions used in different localities for the same species, and confusion82 @ CHAPTER 3 i it is always the safest, may arse, Because there is only oe sient ATT States, list of com to use to avoid problems of semantics. Im the | T presented in Com fiames approved by the Entomological Society are merely ecommenia ‘Names of Insects and Related Organisms. "scientific community, and are not necessarily followed by the interna’ systoms of classification, 1 The species category plays the central 71@ 10 A natural group, the only category that is real; in other words, ft iS bi te a widely a species is a complex unit that is sometimes ane op pau 7 f interbre, br definition applied to the species concept is a ee ee tnt individuals that are similar in body structure and that Bue ite ttle of Spring; moreover, these groups are aoe isolat er such ‘oups. This is the biological species definition. : ol other faiograien ofthe hierarchy ‘are based on the species oe be ae abstractions, Bven though they are derived from suspected pathways of ine, evolution, these other categories are human contrivances used for convening Because this is so, we find many differences of opinion as to where to ‘lum and where to “split” categories; therefore, many different schemes of insect clas sification result. . Consequently, there are no “correct” and “incorrect” systems. Rather, We have “successful” and “unsuccessful” systems based on their usefulness. In this book, we mostly use the widely adopted scheme of D. J. Borrer and associates (1989, with the exception of their class name and arrangement of the order Oy. thoptera, which they divide into five separate orders, and the orders Mal lophaga and Anoplura, which they combine into one order. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS Clearly, no one person can know all the kinds of insects in our environment. Not even trained entomologists instantly recognize every insect specimen pre- sented to them. However, a good working knowledge of the major insect groups is possible with a modicum of reading and laboratory study. The usual level of insect identification for communication with specialists is the order category. ‘There are 29 orders in the scheme we will use, and discussions will focus oa identifying characteristics and biological properties of each order. Seven of the 29 orders are the most diverse and account for the greatest share of our pet problems. Major families will be named and discussed in these orders. An over: all scheme of insect ordinal classification follows, with major orders indicated by an asterisk (*), In general, this list proceeds from the most primitive insec!s to the most highly evolved. P a Class Insecta Subclass Apterygota—wingless insects 1, Protura—proturans Collembola—springtails . Diplura—diplurans . Thysanura—bristletails . Mierocoryphia—jumping bristletailsINSECT CLASSIFICATION 83 Subclass Pterygota —winged and some wingless insects Division Exopterygota—simple body change during growth 6. Ephemeroptera—mayflies 7. Odonata—dragonflies and damselflies *8. Orthoptera—grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, mantis, and walkingsticks 9, Mantophasmatodea—gladiators 10. Dermaptera—earwigs 11, Isoptera—termites 12, Embioptera—webspinners 13, Plecoptera—stoneflies 14, Zoraptera—zorapterans 15. Psocoptera—psocids 16. Mallophaga—chewing lice 17, Anoplura—sucking lice 18. Thysanoptera—thrips *19, Hemiptera—bugs *20, Homoptera—aphids, scale insects, hoppers, cicadas, psyllids, and whiteflies Division Endopterygota—complex body change during growth 21. Neuroptera—alderflies, antlions, dobsonflies, fishflies, lacewings, snakeflies, and owlflies 22. Coleoptera—beetles 23, Strepsiptera—twisted-winged parasites 24, Mecoptera—scorpionflies 25. Trichoptera—caddisflies *26, Lepidoptera—butterflies and moths +27. Diptera—tlies and mosquitoes jonaptera—fleas +29, Hymenoptera—ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies ‘A ssummary of characteristics of pest and beneficial insect orders is given in ‘Table 3.2, and a key for identification of specimens to order is provided in ‘Appendix 1. ‘Subclass Apterygota The Apterygota are an assemblage of the most primitive insects, consisting of the orders Protura, Collembola, Diplura, Thysanura, and Microcoryphia. In- sects in all these orders are wingless. Moreover, internal structures that strengthen the thorax for flight in winged insects are absent in these orders. ‘Al members of this subclass grow with very little change in form during de- velopment, a pattern called no metamorphosis. Entomologists differ considerably on the classification of this group. Many systematists feel that the orders Protura, Collembola, and Diplura are suffi Gently different from the rest of the insects to be excluded from the class In- ssecta, In particular, insects in these orders have mouthparts housed within a cavity, and only the tips protrude when the insects are feeding. 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