Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Lanuages

VIT Bhopal University

Fall Semester 2023 - 24
MAT1001-Calculus and Laplace Transform
Practice Set-1
============================================

Domain & Range

1. Find the natural domains of the following functions:

(a) f (x, y) := x ln(y 2 − x) Ans.: {(x, y) ∈ R2 | y 2 > x}

xy
(b) f (x, y) := x2 −y 2
Ans.: {(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ̸= x, y ̸= −x}
(c) f (x, y) := xy ln(x2 + y 2 ). Ans.: R2 \ (0, 0)

2. Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:

p
(a) f (x, y) = 36 − 9x2 − 9y 2 . Ans.: Domain={(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 4} and Range = [0, 6].
(b) f (x, y) = 3x + 5y + 2 Ans.:Domain=R2 and Range = R.
p
(c) g(x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 Ans.: Domain={(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 9} and Range = [0, 3].
p
(d) f (x, y) = y − x2 Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ≥ x2 } and Range = [0, ∞).
1
(e) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0} and Range = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
xy
(f) f (x, y) = sin xy Ans.: Domain=R2 and Range = [−1, 1].
√
(g) f (x, y) = y − x Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ≥ x} and Range = [0, ∞).
(h) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) Ans.: Domain=R2 \ (0, 0) and Range = R.
1
(i) f (x, y) = p Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 < 16} and Range = [ 41 , ∞).
16 − x2 − y 2
!
y π π
(j) f (x, y) = tan−1


x
Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0} and Range = − , .
2 2

3. Find the domain and range of the functions:

1
(a) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= −y} and Range = R \ {0}.
x+y
x2 + y 2
(b) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0} and Range = R \ {0}.
xy

1
 (c) f (x, y, z) = cos xyz Ans.: Domain=R3 and Range = [−1, 1].
1
(d) f (x, y) = 2 Ans.: Domain=R2 \ (0, 0) and Range = (0, ∞).
x + y2
1 + y2
(e) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0}) and Range = R \ {0}.
x
4. Find the domain and its boundary, range, level curves for the function. Also determine whether the
domain is closed or open with justification, bounded or unbounded.
√
(a) f (x, y) = log(x2 + y 2 ) (b) f (x, y) = y/x2 (c) f (x, y) = y−x

5. Find an equation for the level curves/surfaces passing through the point and contours for the function
p √
(a) f (x, y) = x2 − y, (1, 0) (b) f (x, y, z) = x − y − log z, (3, −1, 1).

Limit & Continuity

Compute the following Limits

x2 − 2xy 4x2 − xy − 3y 2
1. lim 7. lim
(x,y)→(2,1) x2 − 4y 2 (x,y)→(−3,4) 12x2 + 17xy + 6y 2

1 Ans.: limit does not exist.

Ans.:
2 10x2 + 11xy + y 2
x − 4y 8. lim
2. lim (x,y)→(−1,10) 10x2 − 39xy − 4y 2
(x,y)→(0,0) 6y + 7x
Ans.: limit does not exist.
Ans.: does not exist.
x2 − y 6 2x2 + 7y 2
3. lim 9. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) 4y 2 + x2
(x,y)→(0,0) xy 3
Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
√
3x3 y 6 3 x − 3y 10
4. lim 10. lim
(x, y)→(0, 0) x4 + y 4 (x,y)→(0,0) 9y 30 + 2x

Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.

2 2
x +y 2x4 y
5. lim p 11. lim
(x, y)→(0, 0) x2 + y 2 + 1 − 1 (x,y)→(0,0) x8 + 6y 2
Ans.: 2. Ans.: 0.
6x − y + xy
6. lim x8 y 3
(x,y)→(3,−7) 2x3 + y 3 12. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x4 + y 3 )3
4
Ans.: − . Ans.: limit does not exist.
289
2
 x(x2 − y 2 ) xy 2
13. lim 17. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x+y (x,y)→(0,0) x3 + 2y − 3x

Ans.: 0. Ans.: limit does not exist.

x2 x3
14. lim 18. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 − y (x,y)→(0,0) x3 + y 3 − x

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
xy 3 x4
15. lim 19. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 6 (x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y 4 − x

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
y + (x + y)2 x2 y 2
16. lim 20. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) y − (x + y)2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 y 2 + (x − y)2

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.

21. Examine whether the following limits exist and find their values if they exist.

x3 y |x| −|x|/y2
(a) lim (d) lim e
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) y 2

Ans.: 0. Ans.: Does not exist.

x3 − y 3 1 − cos(x2 + y 2 )
(b) lim (e) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )2
1
Ans.: 0. Ans.: 2 .
x2 y 2
p
x2 y 2 + 1 − 1
(c) lim (f) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 y 2 + (x2 − y 2 )2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
Ans.: Does not exist. Ans.: 0.

22. Examine the continuity of f : R2 → R at (0, 0), where for all (x, y) ∈ R2 ,
( (
xy
xy cos(1/x) if x ̸= 0, 2 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) := (d) f (x, y) := x +y
0 if x = 0. 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Ans.: Continuous. Ans.: Not Continuous.
( ( 2
x y
1 if x > 0 & 0 < y < x2 , 4 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(b) f (x, y) := (e) f (x, y) := x +y
0 otherwiswe. 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Ans.: Not Continuous. Ans.: Not Continuous.
( 3 ( 3
x x y
2 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), x4 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(c) f (x, y) := x +y (f) f (x, y) :=
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Ans.: Continuous. Ans.: Continuous.

3
 (
sin(x+y) x2

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
|x|+|y| if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

(g) f (x, y) := (j) f (x, y) := x2 + y 4 − x
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

Ans.: Not Continuous.
( Ans.: Not Continuous.
2 2
 2
xy ln(x + y ) if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),  xy
(h) f (x, y) := if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). (k) f (x, y) :=  x3 + y 3
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Ans.: Continuous.
 ! Ans.: Not Continuous.
!
xy


sin if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),  1
(i) f (x, y) := x2 + y 2
 sin x sin if y ̸= (0, 0),
 (l) f (x, y) := y
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 
0 if y = 0.


Ans.: Not Continuous. Ans.: Continuous.

23. For the functions f : R2 → R given below examine continuity at (0, 0) and show that exactly two
of the following limits exist and are equal:

lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y)
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0


xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

(a) x2 + y2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = 0, lim lim f (x, y) = 0, and lim f (x, y) does not exist .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)
(
y + x sin(1/y) if y ̸= 0,
(b)
0 if y = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, lim lim f (x, y) = 0, and lim f (x, y) = 0.
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)
(
x + y sin(1/x) if x ̸= 0,
(c)
0 if x = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = 0, lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

24. For the functions f : R2 → R given below show that exactly one of the following limits exists:

lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y)
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0
(
x sin(1/y) + y sin(1/x) if xy ̸= 0,
(a)
0 if xy = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

4
 (
xy
x2 +y 2
+ x sin(1/y) if y ̸= 0,
(b)
0 if y = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) and lim f (x, y) = 0 does not exist, and lim lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 (x,y)→(0,0) y→0 x→0
(
xy
x2 +y 2
+ y sin(1/x) if x ̸= 0,
(c)
0 if x = 0.
Ans.: lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim lim f (x, y) = 0 .
(x,y)→(0,0) y→0 x→0 x→0 y→0
(
x2 −y 2
2 x2 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
25. Define f : R → R by f (x, y) := Show that the iterated limits lim lim f (x, y)
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). x→0 y→0

and lim lim f (x, y) exist and are unequal.

y→0 x→0

Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = −1 and lim lim f (x, y) = 1 .

y→0 x→0 x→0 y→0

26. Whether the following limits exist or not. Justify your Ans.. Calculate the limit, if it exists.
 2
x + y3
 xy
(a) lim cos (d) lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) |xy|
(x,y)→(0,0) x+y+1
Ans.: 1. √ Ans.: does not exist.
√
x− y+1 x3 − xy 2
(b) lim . (e) lim
(x,y)→(4,3) x−y−1 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
Ans.: 14 . Ans.: 0.
4
x −y 2 2x
(c) lim . (f) lim .
4
(x,y)→(0,0) x + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x + x + y 2
2

Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: does not exist.

1
27. Show that lim y sin = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) x
xy(x2 −y 2 )
28. Define f (0, 0) in a way that extends f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
to be continuous at the origin.
Ans.: f (0, 0) = 0.

29. Find all the points where the functions are continuous.

(a) f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 1
x2 −3x+2 (b) f (x, y) =
x2 −y

30. Evaluate lim (x2 + 3y). Ans.: 4.

(x,y)→(1,1)

31. Evaluate the following limits, whichever exist,

5
 xy 2 Ans.: 0. Ans.: 0.
(a) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (d) lim cos xy
Ans.: 0. (x,y)→(0,0) (g) lim exy
(x,y)→(0,0)
Ans.: 0.
x2 + y 2 + 2xy
(b) lim xy sin(xy) Ans.: 1.
(x,y)→(1,1) x+y (e) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 p
Ans.: 2. Ans.: 0. sin x2 + y 2
(h) lim p
x2 + y 2 − 2xy 1 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
(c) lim (f) lim (x2 + y 2 ) sin Ans.: 1.
(x,y)→(0,0) x−y (x,y)→(0,0) xy
x2 y 2
32. Let f (x, y) = for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). Show that the iterated limits lim (lim f (x, y))
x2 y 2 + (x2 − y 2 )2 y→0 x→0
and lim (lim f (x, y)) exist, but lim f (x, y) does not exist.
x→0 y→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

33. Show that the following functions are continuous at(0, 0)

2 2  2 2
 x −y

 xy
xy 2 if (x, y) ̸
= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x + y2 (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 

x2 y 4
34. If f (x, y) = , then find
(x2 + y 4 )2
√
(a) lim f (x, mx). (b) lim f (x, x)).
x→0 x→0

Does lim f (x, y) exist?

(x,y)→(0,0)

35. Show that the following functions are discontinuous at origin:

  2 2
 1  xy
, (x, y) ̸
= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 (c) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
0, (x, y) = (0, 0) 0if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 
 4 4
x − y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(b) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


36. Show that the following functions are continuous at origin:

 2 2  3 3
 xy  xy
if (x, y) ̸
= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)
 

37. Show that the following functions are discontinuous at (0, 0):

6
 ( (
x2 y xy 3
x3 +y 3
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), x2 +y 6
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = (c) f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
( 3
x +y 3
x−y
if x ̸= y,
(b) f (x, y) =
0 if x = y.

38. Discuss the following functions for continuity at (0, 0) :

( 2 (
x y
x3 +y 3
if x2 + y 2 ̸= 0 0 n o if (x, y) = (2y, y)
(a) f (x, y) = (c) f (x, y) = |x −2y|
0 if x = y = 0 exp (x2 −4xy +4y 2 )
̸ (2y, y).
, if (x, y) =
( 2 −y 2
2xy xx2 +y 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(b) f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

39. Show that f has a removable discontinuity at (2, 3).

(
3xy if (x, y) ̸= (2, 3),
f (x, y) =
6 if (x, y) = (2, 3).

Suitably blueefine the function f to make it continuous.

40. Show that the function f is continuous at the origin, where

 3 3
x − y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)


41. Can the given functions be appropriately defined at (0, 0) in order to be continuous there?

(a) f (x, y) = |x|y , x3 + y 3

(c) f (x, y) = ,
 
x x2 + y 2
(b) f (x, y) = sin , (d) f (x, y) = x2 log(x2 + y 2 ).
y

Partial Derivatives
1. Let f : R2 → R be given by
( 2 −y 2
xy xx2 +y 2 if(x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0 if(x, y)(0, 0)

∂f ∂f
(a) Show that (x, 0) = x for x ∈ R and (0, y) = −y for y ∈ R.
∂y ∂x

7
 ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
(b) Show that (0, 0) ̸= (0, 0).
∂x∂y ∂y∂x

∂ 2f ∂ 2f
Ans.: (0, 0) = −1 and (0, 0) = 1
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
2. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 and f (x, y) = x2xy
+y 2
. Show that f is not continuous at (0, 0)
2
but the partial derivatives of f exist on R . Show that the partial derivatives are not continuous at
(0, 0).

3. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 and

1
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) sin for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 + y2

Show that f is continuous at (0, 0) and the partial derivatives of f exist.

4. Let f, g : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 = g(0, 0) and for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

x2 − y 2 sin2 (x + y)
f (x, y) = xy 2 , g(x, y) = .
x + y2 |x| + |y|

Examine differentiability and the existence of partial and directional derivatives of f and g at (0, 0).

5. Let f : R2 → R. If fx (x, y) = 0 = fy (x, y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 then show that f is a constant function.

6. Verify the mixed derivative theorem for the following functions at the given point.

(a) f (x, y) = sin xy at (0, 0). x+y

(b) f (x, y) = at (1, 1).
x2 + y 2

7. For the function f defined by

x2 − y 2

xy if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Verify whether fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).

8. Show that f (x, y) is continuous and differentiable by definition.

(a) f (x, y) = xy (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 3

9. Show that f (x, y) = |x| is not differentiable at (0, 0.)

10. Show that f (x, y) = |x| (1 + y) is not differentiable at (0, 0.)

8
 p
11. Show that f (x, y) = |xy| is not differentiable at (0, 0.)
∂f
12. Use the limit definition to Find ∂x
(1, 2) of f (x, y) = 1 − x + y − 3x2 y.
∂z
13. Find (1, 1), if xy + z 3 x − 2yz = 0.
∂x
14. Find the second-order partial derivatives for each of the functions defined below:
x ( 2 2
x y
(a) f (x, y) = tan−1 x2 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
y (d) f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
(b) f (x, y) = ex (x cos y − y sin x)
xy
1
(c) f (x, y) = log(x3 + y 3 xy) 3 (e) f (x, y) = log 2 .
x + y2
∂ 2f ∂ 2u
15. Verify whether = for the following functions:
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
(a) f (x, y) = (x + y) tan xy (c) f (x, y) = (x + y) log xy x+y
(e) f (x, y) =
x2 + y 2
√
(b) f (x, y) = log xy (d) f (x, y) = xy (f) f (x, y) = x2 sin(x2 + y 2 )

16. For the function f defined by

2 2
 x −y

xy 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x + y2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Verify whether fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).

df
17. If f (x, y) = x3 y 2 + y sin x, where x = sin 2t and y = log t, find .
df
∂z
18. If z = x log(xy) + y 3 , where y = sin(x2 + 1), find .
∂x
19. If z = f (u, v), where u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y, then show that
 2  2  2  2 !
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
+ = (u2 + v 2 ) + .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

∂ 2f
20. Compute for f (x, y), where x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.
∂x2
21. If y = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct), then show that

∂ 2y 2
2∂ y
= c .
∂f 2 ∂x2
9
22. If u = xf (x + y) + yg(x + y), then show that

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
− 2 + = 0.
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2
x2 + y 2
 
−1
23. If u = tan √ √ , then show that
x+ y
∂u ∂u 3
x +y = sin 2u.
∂x ∂y 4
s
1 1
−1 x3 + y 3
24. If u = sin 1 1 , then show that
x2 + y 2
2
∂ 2u 2
13 tan2 u
 
2∂ u 2∂ u tan u
x 2
+ 2xy + y 2
= + .
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 12 12 12

1
25. If f (x, y, z) = p , show that
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
! !
y y
26. If u = xψ +ψ , then show that
x x
∂u ∂u y
(a) x +y = xψ( ).
∂x ∂y x
(b) x uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = 0.
2

2
27. If f (x, y) = x3 y + exy , find fx and fy .
x2 − y 2
28. If f (x, y) = xy , when x2 + y 2 ̸= 0, and f (0, 0) = 0, show that
x2 + y 2

fx (x, 0) = 0 = fy (0, y), fx (0, y) = −y, fy (x, 0) = x

(
x2 −yx
x+y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
29. If f (x, y) = , find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 3 3
x + y
if x ̸= y,
30. If f (x, y) = x−y , show that the function is discontinuous at the origin but possesses
0 if x = y

partial derivatives fx and fy at every point, including the origin.

10
  !
 x
xy tan if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
31. If f (x, y) = y , show that xfx + yfy = 2f .

0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),


32. Calculate fx , fy , fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0) for the following:

 3 3

x − y  p xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0) if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)

(a) f (x, y) = x + y 2 2
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
 
 0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

33. Show that the function  2

 xy
if x2 + y 2 ̸= 0,
f (x, y) = x4 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0),


possesses first partial derivatives everywhere, including the origin, but the function is discontinuous
at the origin.
p
34. If f (x, y) = |xy|, find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).
35. Verify that fxy = fyx for the following functions:
2x − y (b) x tan xy, (c) cosh(y + cos x), (d) xy .
(a) ,
x+y
indicating possible exceptional points and investigate these points.
∂ 2Z ∂ 2Z
36. Show that z = log{(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 }, satisfies + = 0, except at (a, b).
∂x2 ∂y 2
! !
y y
37. Show that z = x cos + tan , satisfies x2 zxx + 2xyzxy + y 2 zyy = 0, except at points for which
x x
x = 0.
38. Prove that fxy ̸= fyx at the origin for the function:
 ! !
x2 tan−1 y x
− y 2 tan−1

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x y

0, if (x, y) = (0, 0)


1
39. If f (x, y, z) = p , show that
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

11
40. Examine for the change in the order of derivation at the origin for the functions:

(a) f (x, y) = ex (cos y + x sin y).

y
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 sin 2ψ, where f (0, 0) = 0 and ψ = tan−1 .
p
x
2 2
(c) f (x, y) = |x − y |.

41. Examine the equality of fxy (0, 0) and fyx (0, 0) for the function:

y πy 2
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) tan−1 , x ̸= 0, f (0, y) = .
x 2
42. Given u = ex cos y + ey sin z, find all first partial derivatives and verify that

∂ 2U ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= , = , = .
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂z ∂z∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂y

Chain Rule
dz
1. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
z = cos y x2 x = t4 − 2t, y = 1 − t6

dz 
2

2

2

Ans.: = −2 (t4 − 2t) (1 − t6 ) (4t3 − 2) sin (1 − t6 ) (t4 − 2t) + 6t5 (t4 − 2t) sin (1 − t6 ) (t4 − 2t)
dt
dw
2. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
x2 − z
w= x = t3 + 7, y = cos (2t) , z = 4t
y4
 
3 2
2 3
dz 6t (t + 7) 8 sin (2t) (t + 7) − 4t 4
Ans.: = + −
dt cos4 (2t) cos5 (2t) cos4(2t)
∂z ∂z
3. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
z = x−2 y 6 − 4x x = u2 v, y = v − 3u

∂z
= 2uv −2u−6 v −3 (v − 3u)6 − 4 − 18u−4 v −2 (v − 3u)5 , and


Ans.:
∂u
∂z
= u2 −2u−6 v −3 (v − 3u)6 − 4 + 6u−4 v −2 (v − 3u)5


∂v
12
4. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine zt and zp .

z = 4y sin (2x) x = 3u − p, y = p2 u, u = t2 + 1

Ans.: zt = 48ty cos (2x) + 8tp2 sin (2x), zp = −8y cos (2x) + 8pu sin (2x)
∂w ∂w
5. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂t ∂s
p 6z t3
w = x2 + y 2 + x = sin (p) , y = p + 3t − 4s, z = 2 , p = 1 − 2t
y s

∂w −2x cos (p) y 6z 18t2 ∂w −4y 24z 12t3

Ans.: = p +p − 2 + 2 , and =p + 2 − 3
∂t x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 y ys ∂s x2 + y 2 y ys

∂w ∂w
6. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂t ∂v
w = w (x, y) x = x (p, q, s) , y = y (p, u, v) , s = s (u, v) , p = p (t)

∂w ∂w ∂x dp ∂w ∂y dp ∂w ∂w ∂x ∂s ∂w ∂y
Ans.: = + = +
∂t ∂x ∂p dt ∂y ∂p dt ∂v ∂x ∂s ∂v ∂y ∂v
dy
7. Compute for the following equation.
dx
x2 y 4 − 3 = sin (xy)

dy y cos (xy) − 2xy 4

Ans.: dx
=
4x2 y 3 − x cos (xy)
∂z ∂z
8. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

ez y + xz 2 = 6xy 4 z 3

∂z
6y 4 z 3 − z 2 ∂z 24xy 3 z 3 − zez y
Ans.: ∂x
= , =
yez y + 2xz − 18xy 4 z 2 ∂y yez y + 2xz − 18xy 4 z 2
9. Determine fu u for the following situation.

f = f (x, y) x = u2 + 3v, y = uv

∂f 2
∂ 2f ∂2f 2
∂ 2f
Ans.: fuu = 2 + 4u + 4uv ∂x∂y + v
∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2

13
 dz
10. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
2 −y
z = ex x = sin (4t) , y = t3 − 9

dw
11. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
√ 1
w = x4 − 4xy 2 + z 3 x= t, y = e2t , z =
t

dw
12. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
4x
w= x = 7t − 1, y = 1 − 2t, z = t4
y z3

dz
13. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx
z = 2x3 e4y y = cos (6x)

dz
14. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx
 
x 2
z = tan y = ex
y

∂z ∂z
15. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
z = x sin y 2 − x x = 3u − v 2 , y = u6

16. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine wu and wv .

w = x4 y −3 z 2 x = u2 v, y = 3 − uv, z = 7u2 − 10v

∂z ∂z
17. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂t ∂s
z = 6x + y 2 tan (x) x = p2 − 3t, y = s2 − t2 , p = e3s

18. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine wp and wt .

w = x2 y 4 z 6 − 2xy x = 2p, y = 3tq, z = 3tp2 , q = 2t

14
 ∂w ∂w
19. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
√
y
w= x = uv, y = u2 − p3 , z = 4qp, p = 2u − 3v, q = v2
x2 z 3

20. Determine formulas for wu and wt for the following situation.

w = w (x, y) x = x (y, z) , y = y (u, v) , z = z (u, t) , v = v (t)

∂w ∂w
21. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂s ∂t
w = w (x, y, z) x = x (u, v, t) , y = y (p) , z = z (u, t) , v = v (p, t) , p = p (s, t)

∂z ∂z
22. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

z 3 y 4 − x2 cos (2y − 4z) = 4z

∂z ∂z
23. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

sin (x) e4x z + 2z 2 y = cos (z)

24. Determine fu u and fv v for the following situation.

f = f (x, y) x = eu sin (v) , y = eu cos (v)

25. Determine fu u and fv v for the following situation.

u
f = f (x, y) x = u2 − v 2 , y=
v
2
26. Let w = 4x + y 2 + z 3 and x = ers , y = log r+s
t
, z = rst2 . Find ∂w
∂s
.
2
Ans.: ∂w
∂s
= 8rsers + 2
r+s
log r+s
t
+ 3r3 st6

27. Let f : R2 → R be twice continuously differentiable function and x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Show that

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2 f 1 ∂f 1 ∂ 2f
+ = 2+ +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂r r ∂r r2 ∂θ2

15
Directional Derivatives
1. Determine D⃗u f (3, −1, 0) for f (x, y, z) = 4x − y 2 e3x z in the direction of ⃗u = (−1, 4, 2).
Ans.: D⃗u f (3, −1, 0) = − √1421 .
p
2. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y 4 at (−2, 3) and the direction
in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
Ans.: Direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs: − √285 î + √54
85
ĵ and
q
584
maximum rate of change of the function is: 17

3. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = e2x cos (y − 2z) at (4, −2, 0) and the
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
Ans.: Direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs: −2481.03 î+2710.58 ĵ−
5421.15 k̂ and maximum rate of change of the function is: 6549.17
2
4. Determine D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) for f (x, y, z) = ex y + 4zy 3 in the direction of ⃗u = (2, −3, 6).
1920 8
Ans.: D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) = − + 16
7 e
x  
z
5. Determine D⃗u f (8, 1, 2) for f (x, y, z) = ln + ln + y 2 x in the direction of ⃗u = (1, 5, 2).
z y
√
203 30
Ans.: D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) =
80
6. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y) = e4x y at (6, −2) and the direction in
which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√
640 8 24
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= 48 Direction = − 48 î + 48 ĵ
e e e
7. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 y 4 − 3z 2 x at (1, −6, 3) and the
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= 7849045, Direction = 2565î − 864ĵ − 18k̂
 
2x + 3y
8. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = ln at (2, 7, 4) and the
z
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√ !
7 17 2 3 1
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= Direction = î + ĵ − k̂
100 25 25 4

9. Find the directional derivative of the function (f (x, y) = 2xy−3y 2 at (5, 5) in the direction of 4 î+3 ĵ.
Ans.: −4.

16
10. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 at the point P (1, 2, 3) in the
direction of the line P Q where Q has coordinates (5, 0, 4). In what direction , it will be maximum
and what is its value?
28 2 î − 4ĵ + 12 k̂
Ans.: Directional derivative = √ , Direction of maximum directional derivative= √ ,
√ 21 164
Maximum value= 164.

11. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = ln(xy) + ln(yz) + ln(zx) in the direction of 2 î + ĵ − 2k̂
at the point (1, 1, 1). Also, find the direction in which f

(a) increases most rapidly

(b) decreases most rapidly
(c) No change in f

Also find the directional derivatives in these directions.

2
Ans.: Directional Derivative = 3

2 î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂ √
(a) Direction = √ , Value= 2 3.
2 3
− 2 î − 2 ĵ − 2 k̂ √
(b) Direction = √ , Value= −2 3.
2 3
î + ĵ − 2 k̂
(c) Direction = √ , Value= 0.
6

12. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = 4xz 3 − 3x2 yz 2 at (2, −1, 2) along z-axis.
Ans.: 144

13. The temperature at a point (x, y, z) in the space given by T (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z. A mosquito
located at (1, 1, 2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm as soon as possible. In what
direction should it fly?
2 î + 2 ĵ − k̂
Ans.: Direction= , Value= 3
3
14. Consider the surface given by f (x, y) = 20 − x2 − 2y 2 . Water is poured on the surface at (1, 1/4).
What path does it take as it flows downhill?
x2
Ans.: y =
4
15. Let f (x, y) = −x2 + 2x − y 2 + 2y + 1. Find the directional derivative of f in any direction at (1, 1).
Ans.: 0

17
16. Let f (x, y) = sin x cos y and let P = π3 , π3 . Find the directions of maximal/minimal increase, and

find a direction where the instantaneous rate of f change is 0.

1
Ans.: Direction of maximal increase = 4
î − 34 ĵ, direction of minimal increase= − 14 î + 34 ĵ, direction
of no change = 3î + ĵ

17. Let f (x, y) = 14−x2 −y 2 and let P = (1, 2). Find the directional derivative of f at P in the following
directions:

(a) toward the point Q = (3, 4). (c) toward the origin.
(b) in the direction of (2, −1).

Ans.:
√ √
(a) −3 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 5

18. Find Du f (2, 2, 1), where f (x, y, z) = 3x − 5y + 2z and u is the unit vector in the direction of outward
normal to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2, 2, 1).
2
Ans.: Du f (2, 2, 1) = −
3
19. Find the√ directional derivative of f (x, y) = y 3 − 2x2 + 3 at the point (1, 2) in the direction of
u := ( 12 , 22 ). Also, find the directional derivative of g(x, y) = log(x2 + y 2 ) at (1, −3) in the direction
of v := (2, −3).
√ 11
Ans.: Du f (1, 2) = −2 + 6 3, Dv g(1, −3) = √
5 3
y
p
20. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (x, y) = 0 if y = 0 and f (x, y) = |y| x2 + y 2 , if y ̸= 0. Show that f is
continuous at (0, 0), Du f (0, 0) exists for all unit vector u but f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
 
21. Let f : R2 → R be differentiable at (0, 0). Suppose that for u = 53 , 54 and v = √12 , √12 , we have


√
Du f (0, 0) = 12 and Dv f (0, 0) = −4 2. Then determine fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).
Ans.: fx (0, 0) = −92 and fy (0, 0) = 84

Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

1. Find the tangent plane and normal line to x2 y = 4zex+y − 35 at (3, −3, 2).
x−3 y+3 z−2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: −26x + y − 4z = −89 and Normal Line: = = .
−26 1 −4

18
  
x
2. Find the tangent plane and normal line to ln = z 2 (x − 2y) + 3z + 3 at (4, 2, −1).
2y
x−4 y−2 z+1
Ans.: Tangent Plane: − 43 x + 32 y − 3z = 3 and Normal Line: = 3 = .
− 34 2
−3
√
3. Find the tangent plane and normal line to z y + 4x z − x3 y 2 = 221 at (−2, 5, 9).
x+2 y−5 z−9
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 864x − 267y − 11z = −3162 and Normal Line: = = .
864 −267 −11
2 z2
4. Find the tangent plane and normal line to ex y + zy 4 = 61 + at (0, −2, 6).
x+1
x y+2 z−6
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 10x − 48y + z = 102 and Normal Line: = = .
10 −48 1
√
5. Find the tangent plane and normal line to 9yz − x2 − 8z = xy 2 − 26 at (3, 1, −2).
x−3 y−1 z+2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 8x + 120y − 49z = 242 and Normal Line: = = .
8 120 −49
6. Find the point(s) on 6x2 + y 2 − 3z 2 = 4 where the tangent plane to the surface is parallel to the
plane given by 2x + 7y − z = 6.

7. Find the point(s) on x2 − 8y 2 − 2z 2 = −3 where the tangent plane to the surface is parallel to the
plane given by −4x − y + 8z = 1.
6
8. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x2 cos (πy) − at (2, −1).
xy 2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 5x + 12y + 2z = −16.
p
9. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x x2 + y 2 + y 3 at (−4, 3).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 41x + 123y − 5z = 170.

10. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = 4x2 − ye2x+y at (−2, 4).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 24x + 5y + z = −16.
12x
11. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x2 y 4 − at (−1, 6).
y
2591
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = −2594x + y − 6478.
3
√
12. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = ln (x2 y) − x y at (− 12 , 4).
3 7
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = −6x + y − .
8 2

19
 13. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = ex y + y 2 e1−y at (0, 1).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = x + y + 1.

14. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = cos (sin (y) − x) at (−2, 0)
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 5z = 48x + 32y.
10x2
15. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = at (4, −1)
x−y
16. Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2xy − y 2 + z 2 . Find the gradient of f at (1, −1, 3) and the equations of the
tangent plane and the normal line to the surface f (x, y, z) = 7 at (1, −1, 3).
x−1 y+1 z−3
Ans.: grad(f ) = (0, 4, 6), tangent plane 2y + 3z = 7, Normal line = =
0 4 6
17. Find the tangent plane to the graphs of the following functions at given point:
√
(b) f (x, y) = tan−1 xy at 1, 3, π3 .



(a) f (x, y) = x2 − y 4 + exy at (1, 0, 2)

Ans.:
√
(a) z = 2x + y (b) 3 3x − 3y + 12z − 4π = 0

18. Find the equation of tangent plane.

(a) 2(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z − 3)2 = 1 at (3, 3, 5). Ans.: 4x + 8y + 24z = 48

Ans.: 4x + 4y + 4z = 44 (c) x + y + z = exyz at (0, 0, 1).
(b) xy 2 z 3 = 8 at (2, 2, 1). Ans.: x + y + z = 1
√ √ √
19. Show
√ that sum of the x−, y−, and z−intercepts of any tangent plane to the surface x+ y + z =
c is constant.

x2 y 2 z 2
20. Show that the equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 )
a b c
can be written as
xx0 yy0 zz0
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c

Relative Minimums and Maximums

Find and classify all the critical points of the following functions.

1. f (x, y) = (y − 2) x2 − y 2
Ans.: Relative Maximum at (0, 0) and Saddle points at t (−2, 2), (2, 2)

20
 2. f (x, y) = 7x − 8y + 2xy − x2 + y 3 .
5 23 1



Ans.: Relative Maximum at 2
, −1 and Saddle points at t ,
6 3

3. f (x, y) = (3x + 4x3 ) (y 2 + 2y).

Ans.: Saddle points at t (0, −2), (0, 0)

4. f (x, y) = 3y 3 − x2 y 2 + 8y 2 + 4x2 − 20y

√
√
 √
−16− 976

Ans.: Saddle points at (−2, −2) , (2, −2) , −2 3, 2 , 2 3, 2 and Relative maxima at 0, 18
,
 √ 
0, −16+18 976 .

5. f (x, y) = 2y − 9x − xy + 5x2 + y 2 .
!
16 11
Ans.: Relative minima at ,− .
19 19

6. f (x, y) = x3 − y 3 + 8xy.
!
8 8
Ans.: Relative minima at , − , Saddle point at (0, 0).
3 3

7. f (x, y) = (y − x) (1 − 2x − 3y).
!
1 1
Ans.: , Saddle point at , .
5 5

1
8. f (x, y) = x4 − 4xy 2 − 2x2 + 8y 2 .
2
√ √ √ √
Ans.: Relative minima at ( 2, 0), (− 2, 0), Saddle point at (0, 0), (2, 2), (2, − 2).

9. f (x, y) = xy e−8(x ).
2 +y 2

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans.: Relative maxima at − , − , − , − , Relative minima at , − , − , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Saddle point at (0, 0).
p 1
10. f (x, y) = 8x − x y − 1 + x3 + y − 12x2 .
2
!
1 10
Ans.: Relative minima at (8, 65), Saddle point at , .
3 9

11. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the function.

21
 (a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 4 + 2xy
! !
1 1 1 1
Ans.: Saddle points at (0, 0) and Relative minima at √ , −√ , −√ , √ .
2 2 2 2
(b) f (x, y) = xy + e−xy .
Ans.: All the points of the form (x0 , 0) and (0, y0 ) are critical points and they corresponds to
Local minima.

The method of Lagrange multiplier

2 2 2 2
1. Find the maximum and minimum

3
values of f (x, y) = 81x +y subject to the constraint 4x +y = 9.
3
Ans.: Maximum at − 2 , 0 , 2 , 0 and minimum at (0, −3), (0, 3).

2. Find the maximum and

 minimum values of f (x, y) = 8x2 − 2y subject to the constraint x2 + y 2 = 1.
√   √
Ans.: Maximum at − 3 8 7 , − 18 , 3 8 7 , − 18 and minimum at (0, 1).

3. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = y 2 −10z subject to the constraint x2 +y 2 +z 2 =
36. √
√

Ans.: Maximum at 0, − 11, −5 , 0, 11, −5 and minimum at (0, 0, 6).

4. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraint x+9y 2 +z 2 = 4.
Assume that x ≥ 0 for this problem. Why is this assumption needed?
Ans.: Maximum at 2, − 13 , −1 , 2, 31 , 1 and minimum at 2, − 31 , 1 , 2, 13 , −1 .

5. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = 10y 2 −4x2 subject to the constraint x4 +y 4 = 1.
Ans.: Maximum at (0, −1), (0, 1) and minimum at (−1, 0), (1, 0).

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = 3x−6y subject to the constraint 4x2 +2y 2 = 25.
! !
5 10 5 10
Ans.: Maximum at , − and minimum at − , .
6 3 6 3

7. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = xy subject to the constraint x2 − y = 12.
Assume that y ≤ 0 for this problem. Why is this assumption needed?
Ans.: Maximum at (−2, −8) and minimum at (2, −8).

8. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y 2 subject to the constraint x2 + 4y 2 +
z 2 = 36.
Ans.: Maximum at (−6, 0, 0) , (6, 0, 0) and minimum at (0, 0, −6) , (0, 0, 6).

22
 9. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraint x2 +2y 2 +4z 2 =
24.
√ √
√ √
√ √
√ √

Ans.: Maximum at −2 2, −2, 2 , 2 2, 2, 2 , −2 2, 2, − 2 , 2 2, −2, − 2 and mini-
√ √
√ √
√ √
√ √

mum at −2 2, 2, 2 , 2 2, −2, 2 , −2 2, −2, − 2 , 2 2, 2, − 2 .

x2 y 2 z 2
10. Find a point on the ellipsoid + + = 1 that is closest to the point.
a2 b 2 c 2
11. Find the extreme values of the function f (x, y) = 2x+y +2z subject to the constraint x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1.
! !
2 1 2 2 1 2
Ans.: Maximum at , , , minimum at − , − , −
3 3 3 3 3 3

12. Find the closest point(s) on the parabola y = x2 to the point (0, 1).
! !
1 1 1 1
Ans.: Points √ , , −√ , .
2 2 2 2

13. You have 24 square inches of cardboard and want to build a box (in the shape of rectangular prism).
Show that a 2 × 2 × 2 encloses cube encloses largest volume.

14. Find the largest volume of a rectangular prism with edges parallel to the coordinate axes and all
vertices lying on the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+ + =1
a2 b 2 c 2
(where a, b, c > 0.)
8
Ans.: Largest Volume = √ abc
3 3
15. Find the closest point(s) to the origin on the hyperbola xy = 1.
Ans.: Closest points (1, 1), (1, −1).

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