DCC Chapter 1

Define computer Network. 2M

Ans:

Computer Network:

→ A Computer Network is a group of interconnected devices that can exchange information

and communicate with each other.
→ They are used to share resources and information between devices and can be classified
based on their geographical scope (LAN, WAN, and MAN).
→ For example, two computers connected with an Ethernet cable form a Computer Network,
allowing them to communicate and share data.

List advantages of Computer Networks. (any two) 2M

Ans:

→ Resource Pooling.
→ Collaboration and Synchronization.

State any two needs of computer Network. 2M

Ans:

Data Sharing: Computer Networks are needed to facilitate the sharing of data and information
between users and devices.

Collaboration: Computer Networks are needed to enable collaboration between users and teams,
particularly in remote or distributed work environments.

Describe data Communication. 2M

Ans:

Data Communication:

→ Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information between two devices

(a sender and a receiver) through some kind of transmission medium such as Co-Axial
Cable or Fiber Optic Cable (Wired Communication) and/or Air (Wireless Communication).
Draw process of data communication. 2M

Ans:

Name the components of data communication. 2M

Ans:

1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Transmission Media
5. Set Of Rule (Protocol)

Explain modes of communication i)Simplex ii)Half-Duplex ÎIÎ)Full-Duplex. 4M

Ans:

Simplex Communication Mode:

→ In simplex mode, a terminal can only send data and cannot receive it, or it can receive data
but cannot send it. It means that in this mode communication is uni-directional.
→ Simplex mode of communication is used in business field at certain point-of-sale terminals
in which sales data is entered without a corresponding reply.
→ The other examples of simplex communication modes are Radio, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer
etc.

Advantages of Simplex Communication Mode:

→ Cheaper in cost.
→ Very simple and easy communication method.

Disadvantages of Simplex Communication Mode:

→ Only allows for communication in one direction.

→ The communication is unidirectional. So, it has no inter-communication between devices.
Half Duplex Communication Mode:

→ In half duplex communication mode, the communication can take place in both directions,
but only in one direction at a time.
→ In this communication mode, data is sent and received alternatively. It is like a one-lane
bridge where two-way traffic must give way in order to cross the other.
→ In addition, it is possible to perform error detection and request the sender to re-transmit
information.

Advantages of Half Duplex Communication Mode:

→ Enables two-way communication.

→ Low cost than full duplex communication mode.

Disadvantages of Half Duplex Communication Mode:

→ Only one device can transmit at a time.

→ High cost than simplex mode.

Full Duplex Communication Mode:

→ In full duplex communication mode, communication can take place in both in both
directions simultaneously, i.e. at the same time on the same channel.
→ Full duplex communication mode is the fastest directional mode of communication.
→ The telephone communication system is an example of a full duplex communication mode.

Advantages of Full Duplex Communication Mode:

→ Enables two-way communication simultaneously.

→ Fastest method of data communication.

Disadvantages of Full Duplex Communication Mode:

→ More expensive and complex method.

→ Two bandwidth channels are required for data transmission.

Explain the components of Data Communication. 4M

Ans:

A Communication System consists of the following components:

1. Message: A message is the information being transmitted, such as a text file, audio file, or video
file.

For example, an email message, an instant message, or a video call.

2. Sender: The sender is the device that transmits the message, such as a computer, mobile
device, or telephone.

For example, a laptop sending an email, a smartphone sending a text message, or a telephone
making a voice call.

3. Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message, such as a computer, mobile
device, or telephone.

For example, a desktop computer receiving an email, a tablet receiving a text message, or a landline
telephone receiving a voice call.

4. Transmission Medium: The transmission medium is the physical connection between the
sender and receiver, such as a wired or wireless connection.

For example, a network cable, Wi-Fi connection, or cellular network.

5. Protocol: A set of rules that ensures the message is transmitted and received in a way that is
understandable by both the sender and receiver.

For example, SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for email messages, HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) for web pages, or Bluetooth for wireless headphones.

Differentiate any six points between LAN, WAN and MAN. 6M

Ans:

Sr. Parameter LAN WAN MAN

No.
1. Stands for Local Area Network Wide Area Network Metropolitan Area
Network
2. Bandwidth High bandwidth for Low bandwidth for Bandwidth is moderate
data transfer. data transfer. for data transfer.
3. Error rates Lowest Highest Moderate
4. Easier to design and Difficult and Difficult and complicated
Design maintain. complicated to to design and maintain.
design and maintain.
5. Equipment Uses inexpensive Uses most expensive Use moderately
Cost equipment. equipment. expensive equipment.
6. Set-up Lower setup cost Higher setup cost Moderate installation
Cost due to inexpensive than LAN and MAN. costs.
devices.
 7. Example Offices, Cyber Internet ATM, FDDI, etc
Café.

Explain Wide Area Networks (WAN) along with its advantages and disadvantages. 6M

Ans:

Wide Area Networks:

→ A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that spans large geographic
areas, such as cities, countries, or continents, to facilitate computer networking.
→ WANs connect smaller networks, like Local Area Networks (LANs) and Metropolitan Area
Networks (MANs), enabling communication and resource sharing across vast distances.
→ The Internet is the largest example of a WAN, linking millions of networks worldwide.
→ WANs are essential for businesses, educational institutions, and government agencies,
supporting operations, data exchange, and communication over long distances using
various transmission technologies, including leased lines and satellite links.

Advantages of WAN:

→ Long-Distance Connectivity: Connects geographically dispersed locations.

→ Centralized Resources: Centralizes data and applications for easier management.
→ Disaster Recovery: Supports remote data backup and recovery.
→ Scalability: Easily accommodates network growth.
→ Remote Access: Enables telecommuting and mobile work.
→ Security: Incorporates robust security measures like VPNs and encryption.

Disadvantages of WAN:

→ High Cost: Expensive to set up and maintain.

→ Slower Speed: Generally slower data transfer rates than LANs and MANs.
→ Complexity: Requires specialized knowledge and management.
→ Security Risks: More vulnerable to cyber attacks.
→ Reliability Issues: Prone to latency and connectivity problems.
→ Maintenance Challenges: Difficult to maintain over large distances.
Explain with diagram the process of client server and peer to peer network architecture. 6M

Ans:

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network:

In a peer-to-peer network, each computer (peer) has equal capabilities to share and access
resources without a central server. These networks are typically used for small to medium-sized
local area networks (LANs).

Key Features:

- Decentralized: No central file server or management.

- Equal Roles: All computers have equal status and abilities.

- Examples: AppleShare, Windows for Workgroups.

Advantages:

1. No need for a network administrator.

2. Fast and inexpensive to set up and maintain.

3. Each PC can back up data to other PCs.

Diagram:
Client-Server Network:

In a client-server network, one or more dedicated servers provide centralized functions and
applications. Clients (individual workstations) access resources from these servers, which manage
security and data.

Key Features:

- Centralized: Functions and applications are centralized in servers.

- Server-Client Roles: Servers manage resources; clients access them.

- Examples: Novell NetWare, Windows NT Server.

Advantages:

1. Centralized resource management and security.

2. Supports multiple users accessing resources simultaneously.

3. Suitable for larger networks.

Diagram:

Summary:

- Peer-to-Peer: Decentralized, equal roles, suitable for small networks, easy to set up.

- Client-Server: Centralized, distinct server-client roles, suitable for larger networks, better
management and security.