7.

8 Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

and g refer to saturated liquid and saturated vapour respectively. Steam table is nothing but a complete
data book that contains various properties of water in different phases for a given pressure or tem-
perature. It is given in the Appendix I. The properties of steam are given in three different tables:
saturated steam table-temperature base (Appendix I, Table A.1), saturated steam table-pressure base
(Appendix I, Table A.2), and superheated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.3),. In the saturated steam
tables, the properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapour are presented. It is known that the
pressure and temperature both remain constant during the phase transition. That means both are not
independent variables. One is independent and the other is dependent. When the temperature is chosen
as independent variable and the properties of steam are tabulated, the steam table is referred to as the
saturated steam table-temperature base. For saturated steam table-pressure base, pressure is the
independent variable. There is a separate table for superheated steam for different amount of degree of
superheat.

Example 7.1 Using the steam tables, estimate the saturation temperature and specific volume,
specific enthalpy and specific entropy of saturated liquid and vapour at 3 MPa.

Solution From the saturated steam table based on pressure (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found
that saturation temperature of water corresponds to 3 MPa is tsat = 233.9 C
Specific volume of saturated liquid is v f = 0.001216 m3 /kg
Specific volume of saturated vapour is vg = 0.06668 m3 /kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid is h f = 1008.4 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour hg = 2804.1 kJ/kg
Specific entropy of saturated liquid is s f = 2.6462 kJ/kg-K
Specific entropy of saturated vapour is sg = 6.1878 kJ/kg-K

Example 7.2 Using the steam tables, estimate saturation pressure and the specific volume, specific
enthalpy and specific entropy of saturated liquid and vapour at 200°C.

Solution From the saturated steam table based on temperature (Appendix I, Table A.1), it is
found that saturation pressure of water corresponds to 200°C is Psat = 1.554 MPa .

Specific volume of saturated liquid is v f = 0.001156 m3 /kg

Specific volume of saturated vapour is vg = 0.1274 m3 /kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid is h f = 852.4 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour hg = 2793.2 kJ/kg
Specific entropy of saturated liquid is s f = 2.3313 kJ/kg-K
Specific entropy of saturated vapour is sg = 6.4331 kJ/kg-K
 Properties of Pure Substances 7.9

Example 7.3 Calculate the specific volume, specific enthalpy and specific entropy of wet steam of
dryness fraction or quality of 0.9 at 2 MPa pressure.

Solution From the saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), at 2 MPa

Specific volume of saturated liquid is v f = 0.001177 m3 /kg

Specific volume of saturated vapour is vg = 0.09963 m3 /kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid is h f = 908.8 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour hg = 2799.5 kJ/kg
Specific entropy of saturated liquid is s f = 2.4478 kJ/kg-K
Specific entropy of saturated vapour is sg = 6.3417 kJ/kg-K
Dryness fraction of the mixture is given as x = 0.9
The specific volume of the wet steam is
v = v f + x( vg - v f )

= 0.001177 + 0.9(0.09963 - 0.001177) = 0.08978 m3 /kg

The specific enthalpy of the wet steam is
h = h f + x( hg - h f )
= 908.8 + 0.9(2799.5 - 908.8) = 2610.43 kJ/kg
The specific entropy of the wet steam is
s = s f + x( s g - s f )
= 2.4478 + 0.9(6.3417 - 2.4478) = 5.9523 kJ/kg-K

Example 7.4 If the specific entropy of steam at 1 MPa is 5.82 kJ/kg-K , determine its state.

Solution From the saturated steam table based on pressure (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found
that at 1 MPa the specific entropy of saturated liquid and saturated vapour are
s f = 2.1391 kJ/kg-K and sg = 6.5873 kJ/kg-K respectively
Since the given specific entropy lies between sf and sg, the state will be within the
vapour dome. Thus, temperature of the steam is same as the saturation temperature
corresponds to 1 MPa pressure. From Appendix I, Table A.2, we get tsat = 179.9 C
Let x be the quality of the steam.
s = s f + x( s g - s f )
5.82 = 2.1391 + x(6.5873 - 2.1391)
or, x = 0.8275
7.10 Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Example 7.5 Find the specific volume, specific enthalpy and specific entropy of steam at 5 bar and
400°C.

Solution From the saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found that saturation
temperature of water corresponds to 5 bar is tsat = 151.86 C
Since the temperature is greater than that of saturation temperature, the state would
be in the superheated region.
From the superheated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.3),
Specific volume of steam is v = 0.6173 m3 /kg
Specific enthalpy of steam is h = 3271.9 kJ/kg
Specific entropy of steam is s = 7.7938 kJ/kg-K

Example 7.6 A rigid vessel of volume 0.2 m3 contains 1 kg of steam at a pressure of 0.8 MPa.
Evaluate the specific volume, temperature, dryness fraction, enthalpy and entropy of
steam.

V 0.2
Solution Specific volume of the steam v = = = 0.2 m3 /kg
m 1
From the saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found that at 0.8 MPa
the specific volume of saturated liquid and saturated vapour are
v f = 0.001115 m3 /kg and vg = 0.2404 m3 /kg respectively.
Since the given specific volume lies between vf and vg, the state will be within the
vapour dome. From the saturated steam table, it is found that saturation temperature
of water corresponds to 0.8 MPa is tsat = 170.4 C
Let x be the quality of the steam. Thus,
v = v f + x( vg - v f )
0.2 = 0.001115 + x (0.2404 - 0.001115)
or, x = 0.8312
The specific enthalpy of the wet steam is
h = h f + x( hg - h f )
= 721.1 + 0.8312(2769.1 - 721.1) = 2423.4 kJ/kg
The total enthalpy of the wet steam is then
H = mh = (1kg )( 2423.4 kJ/kg ) = 2423.4 kJ
 Properties of Pure Substances 7.11

The specific entropy of the wet steam is

s = s f + x( s g - s f )
= 2.0466 + 0.8312(6.6636 - 2.0466) = 5.8843 kJ/kg-K
The total entropy of the wet steam is
S = ms = (1kg )(5.8843 kJ/kg-K ) = 5.8843 kJ/K

Example 7.7 10 kg of wet steam at a pressure of 0.2 MPa is contained in a rigid tank of volume
6.058 m3. The tank is heated until the steam becomes dry saturated. Determine the
final pressure and the heat transfer to the tank.

V 6.058
Solution Specific volume of the steam v = = = 0.6058m3 /kg
m 10
From the saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found that at 0.2 MPa
the specific volume of saturated liquid and saturated vapour are v f = 0.001061 m 3 /kg
and vg = 0.8857 m3 /kg respectively.
Since the given specific volume lies between vf and vg, the state will be within the
vapour dome. From the saturated steam table, it is found that saturation temperature
of water corresponds to 0.2 MPa is tsat = 120.2 C
v = v f + x( vg - v f )
0.6058 = 0.001061 + x (0.8857 - 0.001061)
or, x = 0.6836
The specific enthalpy of the wet steam is
h = h f + x( hg - h f )
= 504.7 + 0.6836(2706.6 - 504.7) = 2009.92 kJ/kg

From the saturated steam table, it is found that for vg = 0.6058m /kg , the corre-
3

sponding pressure is 0.3 MPa

At 0.3 MPa, the specific enthalpy of saturated vapour hg = 2725.3 kJ/kg

Specific heat transfer to the tank is q = hg - h = 2725.3 - 2009.92 = 715.38 kJ/kg

Total heat transfer is then Q = mq = (10kg )(715.38 kJ/kg ) = 7153.8 kJ

Example 7.8 One kg of water at 75ºC is heated at a constant pressure of 0.8 MPa until it becomes
superheated vapor at 200ºC. Find the change in volume, enthalpy, entropy and inter-
nal energy.
7.12 Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Solution From the steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), it is found that saturation temperature
of water corresponds to 0.8 MPa is tsat = 170.4 C
The conversion of water at 75ºC to superheated steam at 200ºC can be divided into
the following distinct steps
(i) Conversion of water at 75ºC to saturated water at 170.4ºC
The increase in enthalpy for this change is DH1 = m ¥ C pw ¥ (Tsat - Ti )

= 1 ¥ 4.18 ¥ (170.4 - 75) = 398.72 kJ

(ii) Conversion of saturated water to saturated steam without change in temperature.
The increase in enthalpy for this process is DH 2 = m( hg - h f )

From the saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.2), at 0.8 MPa
h f = 721.1 kJ/kg and hg = 2769.1 kJ/kg

Hence, DH2 = (1kg ) (2769.1 - 721.1)kJ/kg = 2048 kJ

(iii) Conversion of saturated steam into superheated steam of 200ºC
From superheated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.3), it is found that at 0.8 MPa
and 200ºC, h = 2839.3 kJ/kg
The increase in enthalpy associated with this change is
DH3 = m( h - hg )
= (1kg ) (2839.3 - 2769.1) kJ/kg = 70.2 kJ
Therefore total change in enthalpy becomes
DH = DH1 + DH 2 + DH 3

= 398.72 + 2048 + 70.2 = 2516.92 kJ

From the superheated steam table it is found that v = 0.2608 m3/kg and vf = 0.001115 m3/kg
Therefore change in volume becomes

DV = m(v - v f ) = (1kg )(0.2608 - 0.001115) m3 /kg = 0.2597m 3

From the relationship h = u + Pv we have h1 = u1 + Pv1 and h2 = u 2 + Pv2

Hence, change in internal energy is
U 2 - U 1 = ( H 2 - H1 ) - P ¥ D V
( )
= 2516.92 - (800 kPa ) 0.2597 m3 = 2309.16 kJ
 Properties of Pure Substances 7.13

Following the logic followed for enthalpy computations,

Change of entropy of water during conversion from 75ºC to saturated water at
170.4ºC is

Tsat 170.4 + 273

DS1 = mC p ln = 1 ¥ 4.18ln = 1.0127 kJ/K
Ti 75 + 273
Change of entropy of water Conversion of saturated water to saturated steam is
DS2 = m ¥ ( sg - s f ) = 1 ¥ (6.6636 - 2.0466) = 4.617 kJ/K

Change of entropy of water during conversion of saturated steam into superheated

steam of 200ºC is
DS3 = m ¥ ( s - sg ) = 1 ¥ (6.8158 - 6.6636) = 0.1522 kJ/K

Hence total change in entropy becomes

DS = DS1 + DS2 + DS3 = 1.0127 + 4.167 + 0.1522 = 5.7819 kJ/K

Example 7.9 A vessel of volume 0.08 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated
steam at a temperature of 200°C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the
pressure, the mass, the specific volume, the enthalpy, the entropy and the internal
energy.

Solution From temperature based saturated steam table (Appendix I, Table A.1), at 200°C,
saturation pressure is Psat = 1.554 MPa

Specific volume of saturated liquid is v f = 0.001156 m3 /kg

Specific volume of saturated vapour is vg = 0.1274 m3 /kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid is h f = 852.4 kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour is hg = 2793.2 kJ/kg
Specific entropy of saturated liquid is s f = 2.3313 kJ/kg-K
Specific enthalpy of saturated vapour is sg = 6.4331 kJ/kg-K
Specific internal energy of saturated liquid is u f = 850.6 kJ/kg
Specific internal energy of saturated vapour is u g = 2595.3 kJ/kg
Total Volume of liquid is V f = m f v f

(
= (10kg ) 0.001156m3 /kg ) = 0.01156 m3

Total Volume of vapour is Vg = V - V f = 0.08 - 0.01156 = 0.06844 m3

7.14 Engineering Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Mass of vapour is found to be

Vg 0.06844
mg = = = 0.5372 kg
vg 0.1274

Total mass of liquid-vapour mixture is m = m f + mg = 10 + 0.5372 = 10.5372 kg

mg 0.5372
Quality (or dryness fraction) of the mixture is x = = = 0.05
m 10.5372
Specific volume of the mixture is

v = v f + x( vg - v f )

= 0.001156 + 0.05(0.1274 - 0.001156) = 0.00747 m3 /kg

Specific enthalpy of the mixture is
h = h f + x( hg - h f )
= 852.4 + 0.05(2793.2 - 852.4) = 949.44 kJ/kg
Total enthalpy of the mixture is then
H = mh = (10.5372kg )(949.44 kJ/kg ) = 10004.44 kJ
Specific entropy of the mixture is
s = s f + x( s g - s f )

= 2.3313 + 0.05(6.4331 - 2.3313) = 2.5364 kJ/kg-K

Total entropy of the mixture is then found to be
S = ms = (10.5372kg )( 2.5364 kJ/kg-K ) = 26.7266 kJ/K
Specific internal energy of the mixture is
u = u f + x (u g - u f )
= 850.6 + 0.05(2595.3 - 850.6) = 937.835 kJ/kg
Total internal energy of the mixture is
U = mu = (10.5372kg )(937.835 kJ/kg ) = 9882.15 kJ

SUMMARY
A pure substance is defined as one that is homogeneous and invariable in a chemical
composition throughout its mass.
A phase is a physically distinct, chemically homogeneous and mechanically separable
portion of a substance.