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Materi LS

The document covers topics related to engineering materials including types of materials, properties, applications of ferrous and nonferrous metals, ceramics, polymers and alloys. It discusses properties such as tensile strength, ductility, malleability, brittleness, elasticity, plasticity, toughness and hardness. It also covers carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron and alloys.

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Devkriti Sharma
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24 views56 pages

Materi LS

The document covers topics related to engineering materials including types of materials, properties, applications of ferrous and nonferrous metals, ceramics, polymers and alloys. It discusses properties such as tensile strength, ductility, malleability, brittleness, elasticity, plasticity, toughness and hardness. It also covers carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron and alloys.

Uploaded by

Devkriti Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT - III

Engineering Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering


National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.) Presented By:
1 Deepak Sharma
Dr.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 Types of Materials,
 Properties of engineering materials,
 Use of materials under different environmental conditions,
 Applications of Ferrous & Nonferrous metals,
 Ceramics,
 Polymers and alloys.

Books:
 Mikell P. Groover - Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing_ Materials, Processes, and Systems-Wiley (2012)
 Serope Kalpakjian and Steven R. Schmid - Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials-Pearson
Education (2014)
 Ghosh and Mallik, Manufacturing Science.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Introduction

Materials: Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object.


Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the
basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological
function.
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Engineering Materials

 Materials which are preferably used in the Engineering applications for the manufacturing of

machine elements, sub-assembly, assembly, structures, etc.

 Engineering materials refers to the group of materials that are used in the construction of structures

and components.

 The primary function of an engineering material is to withstand applied loading without breaking

and without exhibiting excessive deflection.


Carbon Percentage: 2.1-6.67%
Carbon Percentage: 3-6.67%
Carbon Percentage: 1.7-3%
Carbon Percentage: 3-4%
Carbon Percentage: 1.8-3.6%
Compounds containing metallic (or semi-metallic) and nonmetallic elements. Typical
nonmetallic elements are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. For processing, ceramics divide into:

1. Crystalline ceramics: Traditional ceramics, such as clay, and modern ceramics, such as
alumina (Al2O3).

2. Amorphous: Glasses: mostly based on silica (SiO2)

Properties:

Thermally and electrically insulating

Resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments

Hard, but brittle


Composites
Material consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and then
bonded together to achieve properties superior to its constituents

 Phase - homogeneous mass of material, such as grains of identical unit cell


structure in a solid metal

 Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one phase mixed in a second


phase

 Properties depend on components, physical shapes of components, and the way


they are combined to form the final material.

In two material system, there are two phases : Primary phase & Secondary phase.

 The primary phase forms the matrix within which the secondary phase imbedded

 The imbedded phase is also known as dispersed phase or reinforcing phase


Mechanical Properties of Materials

Mechanical properties of a
material determine its behavior
when subjected to mechanical
stresses.
Mechanical Properties

Tensile strength: Measures the force required to pull something such as rope, wire or a structural

beam to the point where it breaks.

Ductility: A measure of how much strain a material can take before rupturing.

Malleability: The property of a material that can be worked or hammered or shaped without breaking.

Brittleness: Breaking or shattering of a material when subjected to stress (when force is applied to it).

Elasticity: The property of a material that returns to its original shape after stress (e.g., external forces)
that made it deform or distort is removed

Plasticity: The deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to


applied forces
Mechanical Properties

Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without

fracturing.

Machinability: The property of a material that can be shaped by hammering, pressing, rolling

Creep: Deformation of material under constant load for a prolonged duration and at a relatively

higher temperature than room temperature.

The rate of deformation depends on the material’s properties, exposure duration, temperature,

and applied load.


Hardness

• The hardness of a material is defined as its resistance to permanent indentation.

• Good hardness generally means the material is resistant to scratching and wear.

• For many engineering applications, including most of the tooling used in manufacturing,
scratch and wear resistance are important characteristics.

• There is a strong correlation between hardness and strength.

Hardness = CY

where C is a proportionality constant, and Y is the yield strength


Alloys
An alloy is a metal composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is metallic.

 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that contains carbon ranging by weight between 0.02% and 2.11% (most steels
range between 0.05% and 1.1% C).

• It often includes other alloying ingredients, such as manganese, chromium, nickel, and/or molybdenum;

• But it is the carbon content that turns iron into steel.

• Hundreds of compositions of steel are available commercially

 Stainless steels are a group of highly alloyed steels designed to provide high corrosion resistance.

• The principal alloying element in stainless steel is chromium, usually above 15%.

• The chromium in the alloy forms a thin, impervious oxide film in an oxidizing atmosphere, which protects the surface
from corrosion

 Cast iron is an iron alloy containing from 2.1% to about 4% carbon and from 1% to 3% silicon.
THANK YOU

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