6th STD Term III Science EM - V22

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
STANDARD SIX
TERM - III
VOLUME - 3
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu
Department of School Education

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime
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6th Science_IIIrd Term English Book_Unit_1.indd 1 26-10-2022 19:04:11
Government of Tamil Nadu
First Edition - 2018

Revised Edition - 2019, 2022
(Published under New Syllabus

in Trimester Pattern)
NOT FOR SALE
Content Creation
The wise
possess all
State Council of Educational Research

and Training
© SCERT 2018
Printing & Publishing
Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

Services Corporation
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in
II
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The Science textbook for standard six has been prepared following
the guidelines given in the National Curriculum Framework
2005. The book is designed to maintain the
paradigm shift from the primary General
PREFACE Science to branches as Physics, Chemistry,
Botany and Zoology.
The book enables the reader to read the text,
comprehend and perform the learning experiences with the help
of teacher. The Students explore the concepts through activities and
by the teacher demonstration. Thus the book is learner centric with simple
activities that can be performed by the students under the supervision of teachers.
 The Third term VI science book has six

units. HOW
 Two units planned for every month TO USE
including computer science chapter THE BOOK?
has been introduced.
 Each unit comprises of simple activities and experiments
that can be done by the teacher through demonstration if
necessary student’s can perform them.
 Colorful info-graphics and info-bits enhance the visual learning.
 Glossary has been introduced to learn scientific terms.
 The “Do you know?” box can be used to enrich the knowledge of general
science around the world.
 ICT Corner and QR code has been introduced in each unit for the first time to
enhance digital science skills.
Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ?

 Download the QR code scanner from the Google play store/ Apple
App Store into your Smart phone.
 Open the QR code scanner application
 Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens
and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text book.
 Once the camera detects the QR code, a URL appears in the screen.
 Click the URL and go to the content page.
III
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Table of Contents
Page
Unit Titles Month
No.
1. Magnetism 1 January
January
2. Water 14 February
3. Chemistry in Everyday Life 32 March
4. Our Environment 46 February
5. Plants in Daily Life 66 March
6. Hardware and Software 79 April
E - book Assessment
IV
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Unit
1 Magnetism
Learning Objectives
 To know about the discovery of magnets
 To identify Magnetic and Non Magnetic Materials
 To distinguish between north and south poles
 To list out the properties of magnets
 To explain the principle of Maglev Train
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Introduction
What happens?
You might have
seen magnets. Have
you ever enjoyed Observe the same activity performed by
playing with them? your teacher and note it.
Take a steel glass
with a small magnet
in it. Take a needle
through which thread Does the needle stand vertically up without
is passed. Press the thread with a finger touching the glass? Why does this happen?
near the hole of the needle as shown in the
figure and raise the glass upward slowly.
1.1 Discovery of Magnets
People wondered about this incident. Each and everyone expressed their views. What might
be the reason for the stick, to get stuck on the rock?
Yes, you are right. That is a magnetic rock. People found it attracting not only for the stick
of Magnus, but also for all the materials made of iron. The more rocks of these kinds were
found worldwide. These magnetic rocks were named 'Magnets' and the ore is called as
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'Magnetite' after the name of the boy Magnus. The name is also supposed to come after
the name of the place (Magnesia) in which it was found.
Magnetite, the ore with attracting property was found in that region. Magnetites are
natural magnets. They are called magnetic stones.
Natural magnets do not have a definite shape. Since, they are

used for finding direction, they are also called 'leading stones' or
'lode stones'.
1.2 Magnet of different shapes

After learning the method of changing the piece of iron into
magnet (magnetization) we have been making and using several Magnetite
kinds of magnets. Such man-made magnets are called artificial magnets.
Bar-magnet, Horseshoe magnet, Ring magnet and Needle magnet are generally used
artificial magnets.
Bar-magnet Horseshoe magnet Ring magnet Needle magnet
Oval-shape, Disc shape, Cylindrical magnets are also available.
Oval-shape Disc shape Cylindrical shape
Activity 1: Take a magnet. Take the magnet closer to the objects surrounding you.
What happens? Observe and note.
The objects attracted by the magnet :
The objects, not attracted by the magnet :
Which substances are used to make the objects attracted by the magnet?
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1.3 Magnetic and Non
Magnetic Materials
Substances which are attracted by
magnet are called magnetic substances.
Iron, cobalt, nickel are magnetic substances.
Substances which are not attracted

by magnet are called non-magnetic In experiments with magnets you will
substances. Paper, plastic are called non- need to use iron filings again and again.
magnetic substances. You can do this by placing a magnet in a
1.4 Magnetic Poles pile of sand and turning it around in the
sand. The small pieces of iron present in
Place some iron filings on a paper. Place the sand will stick to the magnet. If you
a bar magnet horizontally in the filings cannot find sand you can look for iron
and turn it over a few times. Now lift the pieces in clayey soil as well.
magnet. What do you see? Which part of the
magnet has more iron filings sticking to it? If you don’t have iron filings, you can
collect small pieces of iron and they will
serve the purpose as well.
If you have a horseshoe magnet, or any

other type of magnet at home, find the
position of its poles by this experiment.
1.5 Finding directions with a

magnet
Tie a piece of thread to the centre of a
bar magnet and suspend it. Note, in which
direction the magnet stops. Draw a line on
a sheet of cardboard or the table along the
Which part of the magnet has direction in which the bar magnet stops
almost no filings sticking to it?
The parts of the magnet those attract the

largest amount of iron filings are called as
its poles. The attractive force of the
magnet is very large near the two
ends. These two ends are called its
poles.
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(i.e) a line parallel to the bar magnet). Turn 1.6 Magnetic compass
the magnet gently and let it come to stop
A compass is an instrument which
again. Repeat it three or four times.
is used to find directions. It is mostly
Does the bar magnet stop in used in ships and airplanes. As a rule,
the same direction each time? mountaineers also carry a compass with
them so that they do not lose their way in
unknown places.
In which direction does the magnet stop
every time?
This is roughly the north-south

direction. The end of the magnet that points
to the north is called the North Pole. The
end that points to the south is called the
South Pole.
A freely suspended magnet The compass has a magnetic needle

always comes to rest in north-south that can rotate easily. The marked end of
direction. the needle is the North Pole of the magnet.
Can you use magnetic compass to find
The directive property
west direction? Ask your teacher to help
of magnets has been
you in using magnetic compass.
used for centuries to
find directions. Around 1.7 Properties of Magnets
800 years ago, the Chinese discovered
Attraction or Repulsion
that a suspended lode stone stops in
the north-south direction. Chinese used Take two similar magnets, place them
these lode stones to find directions. in four different ways as shown in Figure.
The navigators of that country used to

1 6 1 6
keep a piece of lode stone suspended
in their boats and during a storm or $WWUDFWLRQ
mist, they used the lode stone to locate

6 1 6 1
directions.
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What do you observe? When do the properties if they are heated or dropped
magnets attract each other? from a height or hit with a hammer.
When do the magnets repel each other?
Unlike poles (S-N, N-S) attract each

other. Like Poles (N-N, S-S) repel
each other. When heated
Activity 2: LET US MAKE MAGNETS
Take a nail / a piece of Iron and place

it on a table. Now take a bar magnet and
place one of its poles near one edge of
the nail / piece of Iron and rub from one
end to another end without changing
the direction of the pole of the magnet.
Repeat the process for 30 to 40 times.
When dropped
Bring a pin or some iron filings near

the nail / piece of Iron to check whether
it has become a magnet. Does the nail/
piece of iron attract the pin / iron filings?
If not, continue the same process for
some more time. When hammered
Magnets lose their

1.8 Do magnets properties when
lose their they are placed near
properties ? Cellphone, Computer,
When? DVDs. These objects
Magnets lose their will also get affected by magnetic field.
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Activity 3: Make your own magnetic compass
Insert the magnetized needle, that you made in the activity 2, in
to two styrofoam balls (Thermocol balls) and place the needle in
bowl of water. Test whether the floating needle is always turned in
rest on north - south direction.
Note: If you don't have styrofoam

balls you can use dry leaf or a cork
piece.
1.9 Storage of Magnets

Improper storage can also cause magnets to lose
their properties. To keep them safe, bar magnets Wooden piece
should be kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the

same side. They must be separated by a piece of Soft iron
wood and two pieces of soft iron should be placed

across their ends.
For a horse-shoe magnet a single piece of soft iron can be used as a magnetic keeper
across the poles.
1.10 Usage of Magnets

We use various equipment with magnets in day to day life.
Discuss with your friends about the usage of the magnets in the following instances.
In speakers In small electric motors In some door locks Bags
In some toys In compasses In pencil boxes Stickers on refrigerators
Phone covers Pin holders Magnetic crane
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1.11 Science Today – Bullet Trains
We Know that Like poles of the magnet repel each
other. Keep two Bar magnets as shown in the Figure.
What do you observe?
By using repulsion we can levitate a magnetic

object. Let us make a toy and enjoy magnetic levitation.
Have you enjoyed with this toy?

Electromagnetic train is working in the
same principle. Have you heard about it?
Electromagnetic train is called as

suspension train and also called as flying
train. It does not require diesel or petrol.
This technology uses the property of
magnetic attraction and repulsion to run
these super fast electromagnetic trains.
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Maglev
Train
Passenger Seats
Driver cabin Maglev = Magnetic Levitation
Levitation By using attraction and repulsion at the same time the train move
forward. The magnets are controlled by electricity. Propulsion
attraction S repulsion N
displacement
N S
up to Unlike poles attracts Like poles repel

each other each other
10 cm N N
Like poles repel
Key features
each other
N N
High
Which Countries? No friction
speed
No noise
China Japan South Korea

These three countries are current-
How much
ly using Maglev Trains for public
transport. Many countries explore Maximum Operating Speed (km/h) Speed?
possibilites to use it. Speed Record (km/h)
In India
320 km/h
Japan
SCMaglev 603 km/h
350 km/h
Mumbai-Delhi, Mumbai-Nagpur, China
Chennai-Bengaluru-Mysuru routes Shanghai Maglev Train 501 km/h
are considered for proposal.
300 km/h
South Korea
KTX 421 km/h
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How does the electromagnetic train Write the differences between a
work? normal train and an electromagnetic
train.
Electromagnets are
used in Electromagnetic
train. Electromagnets are
magnetised only when
current flows through
them. When the direction of current is
Points to remember
changed the poles of the electromagnets
are also changed. Like poles of the magnets  Magnetites are natural magnets. They
which are attached at the bottom of the are called magnetic stones.
train and rail track repel each other. So, the
 Man-made magnets are called artificial
train is lifted from the track up to a height
magnets.
of 10 cm.
 Substances which are attracted
We know that we can move any by magnet are called as magnetic
magnetic object with the force of attraction substances.
or repulsion properties of magnets. This
train also moves with the help of the  Substances which are not attracted
magnets attached on the sides of track and by magnet are called non-magnetic
the magnets fitted at the bottom sideway substances.
of the train. By controlling the current we  A freely suspended magnet always
can control the magnets and movement of comes to rest in north-south direction.
the train.
 The end of the magnet that points to
As there are no moving parts, there is the north is called the North Pole. The
no friction. So, the train can easily attain end that points to the south is called
a speed of 300 km per hour. These trains the South Pole.
are capable of running up to 600 km/hour.
 A compass is an instrument which is
They do not make any noise. They require
used to find directions.
less energy and they are eco-friendly.
 Like Poles (N-N, S-S) repel each other
Many countries have taken effort to
and unlike poles (N-S, S-N) attract
use these trains. Such trains are used for
each other.
public transport only in China, Japan and
South Korea. In India the possibilities  Magnets lose their properties if they
of introducing these trains are under are heated or dropped from a height
consideration. or hit with a hammer.
10
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ICT Corner
Magnet
Through this activity you'll

be able to understand the
properties of magnetic poles
and magnetic field lines.
Step 1: Type the URL given or scan the QR code to launch the activity page.
Step 2: A diagram of a bar magnet and a magnetic needle are there. Click and
drag the magnetic needle with the use of mouse, around the bar magnet.
Observe the position of the magnetic field lines and how the needle rotates
according the poles.
Step 3: Click the 'Next navigation icon'. A grid of magnetic needles around a bar
magnet will appear. Click and drag the bar magnet. Observe the changes of
the needles.
Step 4: Click the 'field lines' check box at the bottom of the activity window to see
the magnetic field lines.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Magnet URL:
http://www.physics-chemistry-interactive-flash-animation.com/
electricity_electromagnetism_interactive/bar_magnet_magnetic_
field_lines.htm
*Pictures are indicative only
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3. Paper is not a ______ material.
Evaluation
4. In olden days, sailors used to find
direction by suspending a piece of
___________.
5. A magnet always has __________

I. Choose the appropriate answer
poles.
1. An object that is attracted by magnet.
III. True or False. If False, give the
a. wooden piece b. plain pins correct statement
c. eraser d. a piece of paper 1. A cylindrical magnet has only one pole.

2. People who made mariner’s compass 2. Similar poles of a magnet repel each
for the first time. other.
a. Indians b. Europeans 3. Maximum iron filings stick in the middle
c. Chinese d. Egyptians of a bar magnet when it is brought
near them.
3. A freely suspended magnet always
comes to rest in the _____________ 4. A compass can be used to find East-
direction West direction at any place.
a. North - East b. South - West 5. Rubber is a magnetic material.
c. East - West d. North - South IV. Match the following

4. Magnets lose their properties when 1. Compass - Maximum
they are magnetic
strength
a. used b. stored
2. Attraction - Like poles
c. hit with a hammer d. cleaned
3. Repulsion - Opposite poles
5. Mariner’s compass is used to find the
4. Magnetic poles - Magnetic
a. speed b. displacement needle
c. direction d. motion V. Circle the odd ones and give

II. Fill in the Blanks reasons
1. Artificial magnets are made in 1. Iron nail, pins, rubber tube, needle.
different shapes such as __________, 2. Lift, escalator, electromagnetic train,
__________ and ____________. electric bulb.
2. The Materials which are attracted
3. Attraction, repulsion, pointing direction,
towards the magnet are
illumination.
called________.
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VI. The following diagrams show two IX. Answer in detail
magnets near one another. Use
1. You are provided with an iron needle.
the words, 'Attract, Repel, Turn
How will you magnetize it ?
around' to describe what happens
in each case. 2. How does the electromagnetic train
work?
N S N S N S S N X. Questions based on Higher Order

Thinking Skills
(a) (b)
S S 1. You are provided with iron filings and a
bar magnet without labelling the poles
N
N N of the magnet. Using this...
S N
S N
S a. How will you identify the poles of
the magnet?
N (d) S
(c) (e)
b. Which part of the bar magnet
N S attracts more iron filings? Why?
N
2. Two bar magnets are given in the figure
A and B. By the property of attraction,
S
identify the North pole and the South
(f)
pole in the bar magnet (B)
Fig-A Fig-B
VII. Write down the names of
substances.
3. Take a glass of water with a few pins

Substances
Substances
attracted by not attracted inside. How will you take out the pins
magnets by magnets
without dipping your hands into water?
Plain pins Chalk piece
VIII. Give short answer
1. Explain the attraction and repulsion

between magnetic poles.
2. A student who checked some magnets

in the school laboratory found out that
their magnetic force is worn out. Give
three reasons for that?
13
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Unit
2 Water
Water in The Human Body

(Average)
Kidneys
Lymph
83%
Joints 94% Heart
83% 79%
Lungs Brain
80% 75%
Muscles Liver
75% 68%
22% 64%
Bones 83% Skin
Blood
Learning Objectives
 To recognize the sources and availability of water
 To clarify the composition of water and the process of water cycle
 To develop skills in suggesting ways to conserve water
 To realize the importance of water for life on earth
 To appreciate the efforts made to conserve water
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Introduction in ice bergs and ice caps on top of tall
mountains, galaciers and polar regions.
Water is one of the basic substance
present in the earth. It plays a vital role  Liquid form of water – Water – It
in the evolution and survival of life. It is is present in oceans, seas, lakes, rivers
impossible to imagine life on the earth and even underground.
without water. Water helps to regulate the  Gaseous form of water – Vapour –
temperature of our planet. It also helps to It is present in the
maintain the temperature in organisms. air around us.
2.1 Where do we get water 2.3 Availability

from? of water
We know that nearly
We need water to perform several day th
¾ of the surface of
to day activities like cooking food, washing
the earth is covered by water. Most of the
clothes, cleaning utensils etc.
water, that is 97% of the total amount of
We get water from different water water that exits on earth is found in seas
sources in our surroundings. In villages / and oceans.
towns wells, canals, tanks, ponds, rivers, Can we drink the water available in the
water tanks, hand pipes are the main sea?
sources of water.
Sea water is salty. But water used for
List out the sources from where you our daily purposes is not salty. It is known
get water in your village/town. as fresh water. Water obtained from ponds,
puddles, river, tube-wells and taps at home
For example Ramu says he and his family
is usually fresh water.
get water from the pipes in washrooms
and kitchens. Sankar says he has to use If the total water on earth be 100%, let’s
handpump daily both in the morning and see what percent would be the availability
evening to collect the water. Raja says his of fresh water.
mother used to get up early and walks to Look at the pie chart given below.
pond to get water.
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Water is available in nature in three
forms – Solid, Liquid , Vapour. /DNHV
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15
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From the pie chart, it can also be noted
that 97% water is saline water. Only 3% Activity 1: Relative amount of
found is the freshwater and that too in water at various sources
polar ice caps and glaciers. So this portion
of water is not readily available for drinking.
The distribution of the totally
available freshwater is as follows:
Polar ice caps and glaciers 68.7%
Ground water 30.1% Take 20 litres of water in a bucket, a
Other sources of water 0.9% 500 ml mug, a 150 ml tumbler and a 1 ml
Surface water 0.3 % spoon. If the capacity of the bucket is 20
litre, then it represents the total amount
The distribution of total surface
of water present on the Earth. Now,
water is as follows:
transfer a mug of water from the bucket
Lakes 87% and it is 500 ml and then it represents
Rivers 2% the total amount of fresh water present
Swamps 11% in the Earth. The water left in the bucket
represents seas and oceans. This water
Thus the above pie chart explains
is not fit for human use.
that we have a very small amount of fresh
water available for human usage and The water present in the mug
so maintaining the water table and the represents the freshwater which is
conservation of water is very essential. present in frozen form on snow-covered
Isn’t it? mountains, glaciers and polar ice caps.
This water is also not readily available
for human use. Next, transfer 150 ml
Water while passing of water to the tumbler from the 500ml
through layers of soil mug, then it represents the total amount
dissolves salts and of ground water. Finally, take one-fourth
minerals to a maximum spoonful of water while the capacity of
extent. These salts and minerals have the spoon is 1 ml, then it represents the
been deposited in seas and oceans total amount of surface water (i.e) water
for millions of years and are still being in all the rivers, lakes and ponds of the
deposited. In addition, the oceanic world. It can be taken as potable water.
volcanoes which are present inside, also
When such a small amount of
add salts to the sea. Water with large
potable water is available, then we
amounts of dissolved solids is not potable
should be more economic in using
or suitable for drinking. Such water is
water. Is it not?
called saline water.
16
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Water
(Sources, Usage & Water Cycle)
6th Science_IIIrd Term English Book_Unit_2.indd 17

RAIN CLOUDS
OUDS
WASHING CLOUDS
CL
CLO
OUD
OUD
HAND PUMP
WATER TAP BRUSHING

PRECIPITATION CONDENSATION
TEETH
RAIN EVAPORATION
RAIN
COLLECTING
17
WATER BATHING
OVERHEAD
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TANK
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in Panchayat
Board
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AT E R VAP
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POND
LAKE
RIVER
SURFACE WATER
26-10-2022 19:04:44
Activity 2: Conduct the activity with common salt,sand, chalk powder, charcoal powder
and copper sulphate.
Fill up the following table.
Substance Dissolves in water Does not dissolve in water

common salt
sand
chalk powder
charcoal powder
copper sulphate
From the above activity we could observe that common salt and copper sulphate dissolve
in water and contribute their properties like colour and other properties to water but
sand, chalk powder and charcoal powder do not dissolve in water.
2.4 Composition of water Water freeze at 0o

Water is a transparent, tasteless, Celsius at normal
odourless and nearly colourless chemical pressure.
substance. It is composed of two atoms
Every year march 22nd
of hydrogen combined with one atom of
is observed as the world water day.
oxygen. The molecular formula of water is
H2O.
Activity 3: Water contains
However, the physical
dissolved salts
composition of water
Take some tap water in a china dish
changes from place to place.
and heat it. Continue heating till all the
It can be clear or cloudy,
water gets dried up. Stop the heating
oxygenated or not very oxygenated and it
and look at the china dish. What do you
can be fresh or salty. The amount of salt
observe inside the china
in water is termed as salinity. Based on its
dish?
salinity water is classified into three main
Deposits of some solid
categories such as freshwater, brackish
particles on the surface
water and sea water. Fresh water contains
of china dish can be
0.05% to 1% of salt. Brackish water contains
observed. The deposit is
upto 3% of salt and seawater contains more
of salts that are dissolved in water. This
than 3% of salt. Ocean water is composed
shows that water has dissolved salts in
of many substances. The salts include
it.
sodium chloride, magnesium chloride and
Note: Do not use distilled water or water
calcium chloride.
from purifier or R.O. (Reverse Osmosis)
unit and the like for this activity.
18
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2.5 Water cycle changes into tiny water droplets that form
clouds in the sky.
The water on the
earth evaporates into the Precipitation : The millions of tiny
atmosphere due to the droplets collide with one another to form
heat of the sun. The water larger droplets. When the air around the
vapour in the atmosphere forms clouds. clouds is cool these drops of water fall in
From the clouds water falls on the earth in the form of snow or rain.
the form of rain or snow. By this natural
Activity 4: Spread a piece of wet cloth
process, water gets renewed. This is called
in the sunlight. Observe after some
water cycle.
time. Where has the water in the wet
Water cycle is a continuous process. cloth gone?
It involves three stages - evaporation,
condensation and precipitation. It is
also called the hydrological cycle.
Evaporation : Water from oceans,

lakes,ponds and rivers evaporates due to
the heat of the sun.
Condensation : Water vapour which
enters into the atmosphere by evaporation The water evaporates into the
moves upward with air, gets cooled and atmosphere due to the heat of the sun.
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Have you heard of transpiration? 2.6 Natural Sources of fresh
water
It is the process of loss of water from
the aerial parts of a plant in vapour form. Three types of natural sources of
fresh water are available on the earth.
There is a continuous cycling of water
and it exists in three forms in nature. Surface water
Water evaporating from lakes, rivers

and oceans forms the gaseous state. Rain
water forms the liquid state. Snow on
mountains and polar ice caps forms the
solid state.
These three states occur in nature,

keep the total amount of water on the
earth constant even when the whole
world is using it!
How do you know that atmosphere has

Water present on the surface of the
water vapour?
earth such as river,lake,ponds, streams or
Let us do the following activity... fresh water wetland is called surface water.
Frozen water
Activity 5: Condensation of water

vapour.
Take a glass half filled with water. Wipe
the outer surface of the glass with a
clean piece of cloth. Add some ice into
the water. Wait for one or two minutes.
Observe the changes that take place on
the outer surface of the glass.
Water that is present in the frozen form
From where do water drops appear on
as polar ice-caps and glaciers are called
the outer side of the glass?
frozen water. A larger portion of water is
The cold surface of the glass containing 68.7% of the total available fresh water is
icy water cools the air around it and the in frozen state.
water vapour of the air condenses on Ground water
the surface of the glass. This process is
Ground water is the water present
also the result of condensation of water
beneath Earth's surface in soil. This water is
vapour.
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Groundwater
Soil
Loam Water
Sand and gravel

Water
Loam
Clay
Water
Impermeable rock (limestone)
obtained through springs, open wells, tube More to know: Water, is measured
wells, or hand pumps etc., in litre and millilitre. Gallon is also a
measure of volume of liquids.
The Himalayas 1 Gallon = 3.785 litre. Water level in
The Himalayas, the reservoirs is measured in TMC (One
contain ice caps, ice thousand million cubic feet). Water
bergs and glaciers. released from dams is measured in
Ten of Asia’s largest rivers flow from cusec (cubic feet/sec).
the Himalayas and more than a billion Aquatic animals
people’s livelihoods depend on those
rivers. During winter, water in
lakes and ponds in the
cold countries will be
frozen and a solid layer of ice is formed
on the surface of water. Still aquatic
animals living under the ice do not die.
This is because the floating layer of ice
acts as a protective coat, and doesn’t
permit heat to escape from water. So as
the water at the surface alone turns to
ice, lets the existence of aquatic animals.
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2.7 Conservation of water c. Minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers
in agriculture. It reduces the pollution
There is no change in the total quantity
of underground water.
of water available on the earth. It remains
d. Controlling deforestation
the same. But the water useful for plants,
e. Adopting drip irrigation and sprinkler
animals and man is decreasing day by day.
irrigation in agriculture. By this way
It is called scarcity of water.
lesser amount of water can be used for
What are the reasons for scarcity of the irrigation
water?
2. Rainwater harvesting
The main reasons for water scarcity Direct collection and use of rain water
is called rainwater harvesting.
1. Population explosion
There are two types of rainwater
2. Uneven distribution of rainfall harvesting.
3. Decline of ground watertable a.
Collecting water from where it
4. Pollution of water falls.
(e.g): Collecting water from the roof tops
5. Careless use of water
of the houses or buildings (Roof water
We should take care to prevent scarcity harvesting).
of water. Otherwise,it is impossible for b. Collecting flowing rain water
organisms to live on the earth. The only (e.g): Collecting rainwater by constructing
method of preventing scarcity of water is ponds with bund.
conservation of water. Saving water for the
future generations by using water carefully
Coovam is an
and in a limited way is conservation of
estuary!
water.
Estuaries are wetlands
Methods of water conservation:
where water bodies
Mainly, two methods can be followed meet the sea. It is a combination of
for the conservation of water. fresh water from land meeting the
1. Water management salty seawater. Estuaries are home
to unique plants and animal species.
Water management consists of the
following factors:
a. Bringing awareness about the bad

effects of throwing wastes into the
water bodies
b. Recycling of water by separating

pollutants.
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2.8 Importance of water Agriculture: Water is also essential
for the healthy growth of farm crops and
In human body: Water in all cells,
farm stock and is used in the manufacture
organs and tissues helps to regulate
of many products.
body temperature and maintain other
functions. On an average, the human Industry: Industry depends on water
body requires 2 – 3 litres of water per at all levels of production. It is used as a
day for proper functioning. Water helps material, a solvent and for generating
in digestion of food and removal of toxins electricity.
from the body.
Domestic uses: Apart from drinking, Activity 6: Estimation of water
people use water for many other purposes. consumed by a family on a day
These include: cooking, bathing, washing
Activity Amount of water
clothes, washing utensils, keeping houses
used (in litres)
and common places clean, watering plants,
etc. Brushing
Bathing
Washing clothes
Swamps are wetlands Toilets
that are forested. Cooking
They occur along large
Washing utensils
rivers or on the shores
of large lakes. The water of a swamp Cleaning floor
may be freshwater, brackish water Any other purpose
or seawater. Swamps are important Total amount of
for providing fresh water and oxygen water used by a
to all life. Pichavaram Mangroves in family in a day
Chidambaram, Muthupet mangrove
wetland. Pallikkaranai wetland in
Chennai, Chembarambakkam in 2.9 Water distribution and
Kancheepuram are a few examples of treatment system
swamps in Tamilnadu.
We know that water is distributed by
local bodies. In some areas which water is
obtained from river, lake and ground water
is treated and distributed. Model of water
distribution and treatment plant is shown in
figures.
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The Water distribution and water treatment system
/DNHRU &RDO
ULYHU 5DZZDWHU &KHPLFDOWUHDWPHQW
LQWDNH 3XPS VDQG
6OXGJH
*UDYHO
6DQG )LOWUDWLRQ
'LVLQIHFWLRQZLWK
FKORULQHDQG
DPPRQLD
&OHDU
3XPS ZHOOV
6WRUDJHWDQN
:DWHUGLVWULEXWLRQ
Let us avoid wasting water

When you happen to see any leaking
tap in your school or home, keep a bucket to
collect the water that is leaking and measure
the amount of water and the time taken to fill
the bucket. After noting the time taken to fill a
bucket, you can estimate the amount of water
getting wasted on a day.
Can you please think over the amount of
water getting wasted all around the world from
the leaking taps?
Points to remember  Lakes, rivers, swamps constitute only

0.3% of the surface water.
 Water is one of the most important
components that all animals including  The moisture in the soil indicates the
human beings and plants depend on presence of underground water.
for their livelihood.
 The continuous circulation of water in
 To an extent of 97% of the total water nature is called the water cycle. It is
that exists on Earth is found in seas effected by evaporation, condensation,
and oceans. precipitation and transpiration.
 Only 3% of the freshwater is available  Ground water is the water present

in polar ice caps and glaciers. beneath Earth's surface in soil.
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ICT Corner
Water
Through this activity you will

be able to know what happens
to water when it is taken out
of nature, into our house and
once it leaves our houses.
Step 1: Type the URL or scan the QR code to launch the activity.
Step 2 : A page of 3 games will open, click on the first game 'Melbourne water cycle',
and click the "Play the Melbourne water game" button to start the game.
Step 3: Play the game by following the instructions and using the navigation keys.
Observe the steps of water usage and the process of recycling the used
water.
Step 4: Play the other two games to know about the Natural water cycle and Sources
of water.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Simple Circuit’s URL:

https://www.educationsoutheastwater.com.au/resources?audience=&
keywords=&topic=&yearLevel=&type=online-game
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The Revolution in Chemistry
Lavoisier studied chemistry, Botany, Astronomy In 1771, he married
and Mathematics in Mazarin College. He also Mary Anne.
studied Law as per his father’s wish.
But, I am most
interested in
Chemistry!
Lavoisier
1743-1794
Lavoisier couldn’t do his research Lavoisier decided to redo Boyle’s
Boyle
without the precise instruments experiment precisely. Lavoisier
designed by burned the iron plate in an air-
Mary Anne. tight Jar.
Mary Anne’s role is as important as After burning an iron plate,

Lavoisier in all these discoveries. there is a raise in its mass.
Yeah! As I expected the final

When weighing the iron plate
mass of the total system is
same as initial. individually, it shown the gain in
mass.
Oxygen in the air should be the

reason for this increment in mass.
The air pressure should have been
When lifting the lid of the jar decreased, after oxygen is converted
slightly, the air rushed into the into a solid substance during
jar. chemical reaction.
We should
In a chemical reaction, the initial and final mass accurately measure
should be same. so matter can never be created the mass
nor destroyed. With a chemical reaction, chemical
compound may be changed. We can change the
chemical composition of substances
by chemical reaction
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There was an another surprise Yes! This should be the quantity
Lavoisier repeated his experiment
for him of the oxygen in this jar.
so many times, and concluded
that the quantity of the oxygen in
the air should be 20%.
After exhausting oxygen the

What is this! The Large and
chemical reaction is stopped;
small plates shows the same
increasing of mass is also
2gm weight gain in this jar.
interrupted.
While respiration, we inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon dioxide. Even when rusting,
burning of substances, the same oxidation is occurred. So he told that our respiration
is equivalent to slow burning.
Experiments of Lavoisier showed Lavoisier proved that water is In consequence of proving water
that air is a mixture. made up of oxygen and hydro- and air is not basic elements
Oh! Is air not a gen. the concept ‘Panchaputha’ was
basic element? obsolete. Objects are made up of
different kind of atoms.
A new era of modern chemistry

Water is not a basic element too. started.
The book,
‘ Elements
of Chemistry’
published by him in 1789
laid the foundation of
modern chemistry.
Lavoisier remembered
as the pioneer of the
revolution in
Chemistry.
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b. use it for watering plants
Evaluation
c. to drink the expelled water after
boiling and cooling
d. to use for cooking as the water is

full of many nutrients
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Around 97% of water available on earth
is water. 1. Only percent of natural water
is available for human consumption.
a. fresh b. pure
2. The process of changing water into its
c. salty d. polluted
vapour is called .
2. Which of the following is not a part of
3. is built on rivers to regulate
water cycle?
water flow and distribute water.
a. evaporation b. condensation
4. Water levels in rivers increase greatly
c. rain d. distillation during .
3. Which of the following processes add 5. Water cycle is also called as .
water vapour to the atmosphere?
i. Transpiration ii. Precipitation correct statement
iii. Condensation iv. Evaporation 1. Water present in rivers, lakes and
a. ii and iii b. ii and iv ponds is unfit for use by human beings.
c. i and iv d. i and ii 2. Seas are formed when the water table

meets the land surface.
4. About 30% of the fresh water is found
in? 3. The evaporation of water takes place
only in sunlight.
a. glaciers
b. ground water 4. Condensation results in the formation
c. other sources of water of dew on grass.
d. Surface water 5. Sea water can be used for irrigation as
5. Using R.O. (Reverse Osmosis) plant such.
at home eliminates lot of non-potable IV. Match the following
water. The best way to effectively
1. Flood - Lake
use the expelled water of R.O. plant is
2. Surface water - Evaporation
.
3. Sun light - Water vapour
a. make the expelled water go and 4. Cloud - Pole
seep near the bore well 5. Frozen water - Increased rain fall
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V. Arrange the following statements refrigerator and keep it on a table. After
in correct sequence some time you notice a puddle of water
around it. Why?
1. These vapours condense to form tiny
droplets of water. 4. We could see clouds almost every day.
Why doesn’t it rain daily?
2. The water droplets come together to
form large water droplets. 5. Name the places where water is found
as ice.
3. The heat of the sun causes evaporation
of water from the surface of the earth, 6. How do aquatic animals manage to live
oceans, lakes, rivers and other water in Arctic and Antarctic Circle?
bodies.
7. What are the types of rain water
4. The large water droplets become harvesting?
heavy and the air cannot hold them,
VIII. Give short answer
therefore, they fall as rains.
1. Differentiate between surface water
5. Water vapour is also continuously
and ground water.
added to the atmosphere through
transpiration from the surface of the 2. Write a few slogans of your own on the
leaves of trees. topic “Save Water”.
6. Warm air carrying clouds rises up. 3. About 71% of earth’s surface is covered
with water, then why do we face scarcity
7. Higher up in the atmosphere, the air is
of water?
cool.
4. Give reason for the following statement
8. These droplets floating in the air along
– Sewage should not be disposed of in
with the dust particles form clouds.
rivers or oceans before treatment.
VI. Analogy
5. Give the reasons, why water scarcity is
1. Population explosion : Water scarcity :: in India? Explain.
Recycle :
IX . Answer in detail
2. Ground water : :: Surface
1. What is potable water? List down its
water : lakes characteristics.
VII. Give very short answer 2. Who is known as waterman of India?
Browse the net and find the details
1. Name four different sources of water
about the award, the waterman
2. How do people in cities and rural areas received for water management. State
get water for various purposes? the findings by drafting a report.
3. Take out of cooled bottle of water from
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3. What is rainwater harvesting? Explain in a few sentences how it can be used in houses.
X. Question based on Higher Order Thinking Skills
1. When there is no pond or lake in an area, will there be formation of clouds possible in
that area?
2. To clean the spectacles, people often breathe out on glasses to make them wet. Explain
why do the glasses become wet.
XI. CROSSWORD
DOWN
1. A method of water conservation.
2. Process of getting water vapour from sea water.
6. Water stored in dams is used for generation of .
ACROSS
3. is a large body of non-potable water found in nature.
4. In summer, the body loses water as .
5. Plants undergo and contribute to water cycle.
1
R
3 2 4 6
O C E S E T
5
T I O N
N Y
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XII. (1). Observe the given graph carefully and answer the questions.
Percentage of water 100

80
60
40
20
0
Tomato Chicken Fish Human Water Pine
body melon apple
a. What percentage of water is seen in fish?
b. Name the food item that has maximum amount of water in its content.
c. Name the food item that has minimum amount of water in its content.
d. Human body consists of about percentage of water.
e. Specify the food item that can be consumed by a person when he / she is suffering from
dehydration.
(2) Look at the map of Tamilnadu showing annual rainfall and answer
the questions given
below West
North
East
South Thiruvallur
Chennai
Ranipet
a. Identify the districts that get only

Vellore Kanchipuram
Chengalpattu
Krishnagiri Tirupattur Thiruvannamalai
low annual rainfall in Tamilnadu.

Villupuram
Dharmapuri
b. Identify the districts that get a Salem

kallakurichi
The Cuddalore
medium annual rainfall in

Erode
Nilgiris
Namakkal
Perambalur Ariyalur Mayiladuthurai
Tamilnadu. Coimbatore Tiruppur Karur

Tiruchirappalli
Thanjavur
Thiruvarur
Nagapattinam
c. State the districts that enjoy high

Pudukkottai
Dindigul
annual rainfall in Tamilnadu.

Madurai Sivagangai
Theni
Virudhunagar
Ramnathapuram
Tenkasi
Thoothukudi
SRILANKA
Tirunelveli
High Rain Fall
Medium Rain Fall
Low Rain Fall
Kanyakumari
Map not to Scale
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Unit
3 Chemistry in Everyday life
e
ast
hp
ot
To
a
Masal
Perfume Chemistry in
every day
life
Soap
Handwash
er
liz
rti
Fe
Mosquito coil
Medicine
Learning Objectives
 To understand the importance of science in everyday life
 To understand the preparation of soaps and detergents
 To know about kinds of fertilizers and its uses
 To know about uses of cement, gypsum, Epsom, and plaster of
paris
 To know about uses of phenols and adhesives in day to day life
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Introduction
We have studied earlier about the
physical changes and chemical changes.
Can you identify, from the following list
which are physical changes and which are
chemical changes?
 breaking of a stick into two pieces

 burning of a paper
 tearing paper into small pieces Try adding turmeric powder to various
household liquids and observe the result.
 dissolving sugar in water
Try it on, say, tamarind extract. Try it on
 burning of petrol or LPG gas with cleaning liquids in the house. Does it
 Preparation of tea change the colour?
 water boiling into water vapour Chemists identify turmeric powder as a
 coconut oil becoming solid during ‘natural indicator’. The change in colour
winter indicates that the material is either acid or
base medium.
Can you see the important difference
between the chemical change and physical Find answer for the following
change? When you cut a paper into two, questions with the help of your
both are still paper pieces, but once you teacher. This will help you to
burn it, there is no longer the paper, only understand how chemistry plays vital
some ash and the smoke are left. role in our life.
Chemical change results in the  How does milk change into curd?
change of the substance; In physical
change only the shape, size or volume  How can you remove stain on the
changes; the state of the matter may also copper vessels?
change, from liquid to gas or from liquid  Idli is a little bit hard while we cook by
to solid, however the substance remains, using newly grinded idli dough but it is
chemically as it is. soft with old dough. Why?
Let us do the following experiment.
 How does rusting of iron happen?
Add a pinch of turmeric powder to water;
water turns yellow. Take a small quantity  Why does white sugar change into
of soap water in a beaker and add a black when heating?
pinch of turmeric powder to it. Now, What
We can understand the chemical changes
happens? Is there any change in colour of
that happen around us by knowing the
the solution? Is it also turning to yellow or
answers for the above questions.
to some other colour?
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We use chemical changes in various chlorine. Even our body is made up of a lot
forms in our daily life. Chemistry is the of chemical particles.
branch of science which deals with the
We could prepare soft idly as a result
study of particles around us. The beauty of
of a chemical change named fermentation
chemistry is that, it explains the properties
takes place in the idly batter. During
of the basic components of particles such
fermentation the idly batter undergoes
as atoms and molecules and the effects of
a chemical change by bacteria. While
their combination.
cooking, the food products undergo so
We can consider all the particles around many chemical changes. As a result there
us as chemicals. The water (H2O) we drink are favourable changes in colour, flavour
is the combination of hydrogen and oxygen. and taste in the food.
The salt (NaCl) we use in our kitchen is a
We can use chemical changes to
combination of the chemicals, sodium and
produce certain materials. For example,
some of the objects such as soaps,
fertilizers, plastics and cement which we
When we cut onion, use in our daily life can be prepared by
we get tears in the making chemical changes in some naturally
eyes with irritation, occurring objects.
because of the presence of a chemical,
propanethial s-oxide in onion. This Activity 1: Discuss with your group
is easily volatile. When we cut onion and list out few chemicals which we
some of the cells are damaged and use in our home and school.
this chemical comes out. It becomes
vapour and reach our eyes result in
irritation and tears in eyes. When we
crush the onion, more cells will be
We can study about the manufacturing
damaged and more chemicals come
processes and usages of certain materials
out. Why the tears are less produced
we use in our daily life such as soaps,
when onion is cut after soaking in
fertilizers, cement, gypsum, Epsom,
water?
plaster of paris, phenol and adhesives
in this lesson.
3.1 Soaps and Detergents

Bathing soap and
washing detergents are
kinds of soaps which we
use in our daily life. In
addition to this, we are
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using washing powder to remove strong
stains on the clothes. Activity 2: Preparation of Soap
Materials Required: 35 ml of water
10 g. of Lye (Sodium hydroxide) 60 ml

of coconut oil.
Process : Cover your work area with

The detergent molecules have two old newspaper. Take 35 ml of water
sides, one side water loving, other water in a jar. Add 10 gram of concentrated
hating. Water hating goes and joins with sodium hydroxide and allow it to cool.
dirt and oil in the cloth while the water Then add 60 ml of coconut oil drop by
loving joins with the water molecules. drop and stir it well. Pour that solution
When you agitate the cloth the dirt into an empty match box, soap can be
is surrounded by many molecules and obtained after getting dried.
is taken away from the cloth. The cloth
Try this soap to wash your handkerchief.
becomes clean, and the dirt surrounded by
the detergent molecules float in the water
making it dirty. Different soaps for different purposes
are prepared with various raw materials.
+RZVRDSVFOHDQFORWKHV" We can understand this by doing the
following activity.
'LUW
Activity 3: Collect various kinds of
)DEULF
soap’s wrapper. Complete the following
$ table based on the information provided
in the wrapper.
6RDS
S. Name of the Soap Ingredients
PROHFXOH No
1. Bathing soap
%
2. Washing soap
3. Bathing soap for

kids
4. Toilet cleaners
5. House floor cleaner

& liquid
Inference: Nature of the soaps varies

We can prepare our own soap by the
according to its constituents.
following activity.
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CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE
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3.2 Fertilizers
Apart from water, sunlight and air, certain nutrients are also needed for the growth of
plants. We know that the plants get their nutrients from the soil.
Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P) and Potassium (K) are the three important
nutrients among the various nutrients needed for the growth of plants. These three are
called as Principal Nutrients.
The table given below depicts the quantity of elements absorbed by certain common
plants.
Crop Yield per hectare Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium

(kg) (Approxi- (kg) (kg) (kg)
mate)
Rice 2,240 34 22 67
Corn 2,016 36 20 39
Sugarcane 67,200 90 17 202
Groundnut 1,904 78 22 45
 What would happen to the nutrient content of the soil, if the field is farmed continuously?
 How could we resend these nutrients back to the soil?
Fertilizers are organic or inorganic materials that we add to the soil to provide one
or more nutrients to the soil.
Fertilizers given to plants can be classified into two. They are organic and inorganic
fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers
Fertilizers containing only plant or animal-

based materials or those synthesized by micro-
organisms are called organic fertilizers.
These fertilizers can be prepared easily.

This type of fertilizers are economical.
(e.g) Vermi compost, compost.
Inorganic fertilizers
The fertilizers prepared by using natural elements by making them undergo chemical changes
in the factories are called inorganic fertilizers. (e.g) Urea, Ammonium sulphate, Super
phosphate and Potassium nitrate
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The table given below lists the nutrients in inorganic fertilizers
Name of fertilizer Nitrogen(%) Phosphorus(%) Potassium (%)
Urea 46 0 0
Super phosphate 0 8-9 0
Ammonium sulphate 21 0 0
Potassium nitrate 13 0 44
If we use 50 kg of urea, then according to the table, 23 kg of nitrogen (46 percent) will
be added to the soil.
 The percentage of nitrogen in ammonium

sulphate is
 If 50 kg of potassium nitrate is added to

soil, how much potassium would the soil
get?
Earthworms take Activity 4: Make a visit to agriculture

organic wastes as field in your area. List out the various
food and produce crops and type of fertilizers used there.
compost castings. So
earthworms are known as Farmer's S. Name of Name of the
friends No. the Crop Fertilizer
because of 1.
the multitude
of services 2.
they provide
3.
to improve soil health and consequently
plant health.
3.3 Cement
In ancient period, the houses were constructed by using the mixture of lime, sand
and wood. At present, the people are widely use the cement for construction of houses,
dams and bridges. The cement is manufactured by crushing of naturally occurring
minerals such as lime, clay and gypsum through milling process.
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Cement becomes Reinforced Cement Concrete
Cement
hardened when it is Reinforced cement concrete is a
mixed with water. composite material by mixing iron mesh
Gypsum plays a with cement. This is very strong and firm.
very important role Cement
It is used in the construction of dams,
in controlling the bridges, centering works in houses and
rate of hardening construction of pillars. Huge water tanks,
of the cement. water pipes and drainages are built with
During the cement this.
manufacturing process, a small amount
of gypsum is added at the final grinding
process. Gypsum is added to control the
“setting of cement”.
In 1824, Joseph Aspdin

invented Portland
cement by burning
finely ground chalk and
clay in a kiln. It was named “Portland”
cement because it resembled the
high-quality building stones found in Activity 5: Take three empty tumblers
Portland, England. of same size and name them as A, B
and C. Add two tea spoonful of cement
Uses of cement in each of the container. Then pour
one tea spoonful of water in container
Cement is used as mortar, concrete
A and two spoonful of water in B and
and reinforced cement concrete. three spoonful of water in C.
Mortar After an hour, observe which container
Mortar is a paste of cement and sand of the cement set fast? Touch the
mixed with water. In houses, mortar is used containers and see if they are warm
to bind building blocks for constructing or cool. From this experiment, we
walls, to apply coating over them and to understand that water and cement
lay floor. should be mixed in a certain ratio for
fast setting.
Concrete
3.4 Gypsum
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand
and gravel. It is used in the construction of Gypsum is a soft white or grey, naturally
buildings, bridges and dams. available mineral. The chemical name of
gypsum is calcium sulphate dihydrate.
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Plaster of Paris is CaSO4 . 1/2H2O. Known
since ancient times, plaster of paris is so
called because of its preparation from the
abundant gypsum found near Paris, capital
of France. Plaster of paris is prepared by
heating gypsum, where it gets partially
dehydrated.
The molecular formula of gypsum is

CaSO4· 2H2O.
Uses
 Used as fertilizers.
 Used in the process of making cement. Uses

 In the process of making Plaster of  In making black board chalks.
Paris.
 In surgery for setting fractured bones.
3.5 Epsom  For making casts for statues and toys
Epsom salt etc.
is magnesium  In construction industry.
sulphate hepta
3.7 Phenol
hydrate.
The molecular formula of Epsom is Have you ever observed the oily
MgSO4 . 7H2O. It offers a wide range of uses. material which is used to clean your house?
Uses Do you know what it is? It is a chemical,
named as Phenol.
 Eases stress and relaxes the body.
 Helps muscles and nerves function

properly.
 Medicine for skin problems.
 Improving plant growth in agriculture.
3.6 Plaster of Paris

Phenol is a carbolic acid of an organic
Plaster of Paris
compound. It is a necessary ingredient
consists of fine white
for preparing variety of phenol products.
powder (calcium
The molecular formula of phenol is
sulphate hemihydrate)
C6H5 OH, it is a weak acid. It is a volatile,
The molecular formula of
white crystalline powder.
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It is a colorless solution, but changes A practical experience
into red in the presence of dust.
Do you notice how puncture of your
It irritates when exposed on human bicycle is repaired by the shop keeper? He
skin. It is widely used for industrial ensures the punctured surfaces are clean,
purposes. dry and free of dust, and roughens the
area around the hole using a metal scraper.
Phenol itself is used (in low
He takes an appropriate patch of tyre-tube
concentrations) in mouthwash and as a
and applies a suitable adhesive to both the
disinfectant in household cleaners. Phenol
roughened area and to the underside of
used as surgical antiseptic since it kills
the patch, apply firm pressure and allows
micro organisms.
drying completely. Why does he apply
3.8 Adhesives pressure? This increases the adhesive
capacity at both the surfaces and ensures
What will you do
proper binding.
when a page of your book
is torn accidentally? It
can be fixed by using a
cello tape. How cello tape works? There is
a paste like material in one surface of the
cello tape. Have you ever discussed about
this material? The paste like substance is
called adhesive. It is commonly known as
glue, mucilage, or paste. The substances
applied to one surface, or both the surfaces Types of adhesives
of two separate items that binds them
There are two kinds of adhesives, one
together and resists their separation are
is natural made from starch and another
called adhesives.
one is artificial made from chemicals. The
one used in puncture shop is an artificial
adhesive.
Artificial adhesives may be classified

in a variety of ways depending on their
utilities. Their forms are paste, liquid, film,
Adhesives are substances that are used
pellets, tape.
to join two or more components together
through attractive forces acting across the It is used in various conditions such as
interfaces. hot melt, reactive hot melt, thermo setting,
pressure sensitive, and contact.
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Points to Remember
 Soaps are prepared by heating the mixture of olive oil, animal fat and concentrated
sodium hydroxide solutions.
 Fertilizer facilitates growth of plants.
 Vermi compost has high nutrient benefits and it is useful for sustaining the land fertility.
 Cement is manufactured by using lime, clay and gypsum.
 Plaster of Paris is used to fix bone fractures.
 Diluted phenol is used as a cleaner, disinfectant and mouthwash.
 Adhesives are substances that are used to join two or more components together.
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ICT Corner
Nutrients for life
Through this activity you will be

able to learn about the 4Rs of crop
nutrients and their importance.
Step 1: Type the following URL in the browser. 'NUTRIENTS FOR LIFE' activity page
will open.
Step 2: Click the ' X ' icon on the top left of the activity window to close the welcome
note and start the activity or click on 'Next' on the bottom to read the
instructions.
Step 3: A corn field , 4 cubes and 4 dials are shown, Using the mouse grab the
cubes at the bottom which are labelled WATER , N, P, K and drop them over
the crop.
Step 4: Each time you apply water or nutrients on the crop it will rise the dial.
Keep all the dials in the green. Repeat the same process till the crop is fully
grown.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Nutrients for life URL:

http://seedsurvivor.com/agrium-games/Feeding%20the%20Future/
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II. Fill in the Blanks
Evaluation
1. ______________ gas causes tears in
our eyes while cutting onions.
2. Water, coconut oil and __________ are

I. Choose the appropriate answer necessary for soap preparation.
1. Soaps were originally made from 3. ____________ is called as farmer’s

___________ . best friend.
a. proteins 4. ___________ fertilizer is ecofriendly.
b. animal fats and vegetable oils 5. _____________ is an example for

natural adhesive.
c. chemicals extracted from the soil
d. foam booster correct statement
2. The saponification of a fat or oil is 1. Concentrated phenol is used as a
done using _______________ solution disinfectant.
for hot process.
2. Gypsum is largely used in medical
a. Ammonium hydroxide industries.
b. Sodium hydroxide
c. Hydrochloric acid 3. Plaster of Paris is obtained from heating
d. Sodium chloride gypsum.
3. Gypsum is added to the cement for 4. Adhesives are the substances used to
______________________. separate the components.
a. fast setting b. delayed setting 5. NPK are the primary nutrients for
plants.
c. hardening d. making paste
IV. Match the following
4. Phenol is ________________.
1. Soap - C6H5 OH
a. carbolic acid b. acetic acid
2. Cement - CaSO4.2H2O
c. benzoic acid d. hydrochloric acid 3. Fertilizers - NaOH
5. Natural adhesives are made from 4. Gypsum - RCC
___________. 5. Phenol - NPK
a. Protein b. fat
V. Arrange the following statements
c. starch d. vitamins in correct sequence
1. Pour that solution into an empty match

box, soap can be obtained after drying.
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2. Take necessary quantity of water in a VIII. Give short answer
jar.
1. Why earthworm is called as farmer’s
3. Then add coconut oil drop by drop and friend?
stir it well.
2. Explain the process of manufacturing
4. Add concentrated sodium hydroxide in
cement.
the jar and allow it to cool.
3. What are uses of Gypsum?
5. Try this soap to wash your hand
kerchief.
IX. Answer in detail
6. Cover your work area with old
newspaper. 1. Explain what is RCC and give its uses?
VI. Analogy 2. How are detergents manufactured?
1. Urea : Inorganic fertilizer: X. Questions based on Higher Order

Vermi compost: ____________. Thinking Skills
2. _____________: Natural adhesives: 1. Ravi is a farmer; he rears many cattle

Cello tape: Artificial adhesives. in his farm. His field has many bio
wastes. Advise Ravi how to change this
VII. Give very short answer
bio waste to compost by using vermi
1. What are the three main constituents -composting techniques. Explain the
of soap? benefits of vermi castings.
2. What are the two different types of
molecules found in the soap? XI. Project
3. Give an example for inorganic fertilizer.  Take 100 ml of hot water in a glass jar.
4. Mention any three physical properties
 Add 50 gram of maida in the hot water
of phenol.
and stir it well.
5. Explain the uses of plaster of paris.
 A paste like substances are formed.
6. What are the ingredients of the
Add a small quantity of copper sulphate
cement?
for a long use.
7. Why gypsum is used in cement
production?  Now you test this paste by binding
your damaged book.
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Unit
4 Our Environment
Learning Objectives
 To acquire knowledge about ecosystems and their components
 To understand food chains and their role in ecosystems
 To learn about waste, their management and recycling
 To find out the difference between biodegradable and non-

biodegradable wastes
 To study different types of pollution and their impact on environment
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Introduction
The surroundings or space in which a person, animal, or plant lives, is known as an
environment. Environment is everything that surrounds us. It can have both living (biotic)
and non-living things (abiotic). Abiotic factors are non-living things such as sunlight, air,
water and minerals in soil. Biotic factors are living things of our environment such as
plants, animals, bacteria and more. Organisms live, constantly interact with one another and
adapt themselves to conditions of their environment.
4.1 The Ecosystem

Ecosystem is a community of living and non-living things that work together. Each
part of an ecosystem has a role to play. Any changes in the environment such as increased
temperature or heavy rains, can have a big impact on an ecosystem.
Ecosystems can be either natural or artificial.
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Activity 1: Think of the objects in your home. Just keep in mind, the books, toys,
furniture, food materials and even pets of your home. These living and non-living
things together make your home. Look at the following picture and list out the living
and non-living things, in the pond.
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Natural ecosystem Forests, Mountain regions, Deserts etc., are
Ecosystem originated without human examples of natural terrestrial ecosystems.
intervention is called a natural ecosystem. Artificial ecosystem
This can be an aquatic ecosystem or a Artificial ecosystem is created and
terrestrial ecosystem. maintained by human. They have some of
The ecosystem in water is called the characteristics of natural ecosystems.
aquatic ecosystem. Sea, river, lake, pond They are much simpler than the natural
and puddle are some examples of natural ecosystems.
aquatic ecosystem. These can be the terrestrial ecosystems
Ecosystems outside the water body and such as paddy fields, gardens etc. or the
on land are called terrestrial ecosystems. aquatic ecosystem such as fish tank.
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4.2 Food Chain and Food Web
Aquarium:
Living organisms
Aquarium is a place in
need food to perform their
which fish and other physiological activities.
water creatures and Some organisms can
plants are maintained. An aquarium produce their own food,
can be a small tank, or a large building such as plants, while other organisms
with one or more large tanks. cannot do this and depends on other
organisms to obtain their food.
We can therefore identify different

feeding types of mechanisms in an
ecosystem, based on how the organism
obtain (gets) their food. They are
producers and consumers.
Producers
Producers are organisms that are

able to produce their own food. They
do not need to eat other organisms.
Producers are also called autotrophs.
Terrarium: Can you name an organism that prepare
it’s own food?
Terrarium is a place in which live
Plants are producers because they
terrestrial animals as well as plants are
make their own food by photosynthesis.
maintained. With controlled conditions
that copy their natural environment What do plants require for
photosynthesis?
Consumers
Organisms which cannot produce

their own food, has to eat other
organisms as food. These organisms
are called consumers. All animals are
Aquariums and Terrariums are
consumers as they cannot produce their
used to observe animals and plants own food. Consumers are also called
more closely. They are also used for heterotrophs.
decorations.
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There are many types of consumers E.g. Food chain in a terrestrial
and we can classify them into specific (Grassland) ecosystem
groups depending on the food that they
consume. These are:
 herbivores
Sun
S un
Animals which eat plants or plant
products e.g: cow, deer, goat and rat.
 carnivores
Animals that eat other animals e.g:

Lion, tiger, frog and owl. Plants Deer Tiger
 omnivores
E.g. Food chain in an aquatic (Lake)
Animals that eat both plants and
ecosystem
animals e.g: Humans, dog and crow
 decomposers
Micro-organisms that obtain energy

from the chemical breakdown of dead
organisms (both plants and animals).
They break complex organic substances
into simple organic substances that goes Energy flow
into the soil and are used by plants. (e.g)
The food chain begins with the
Bacterium, Fungi
energy given by the Sun. Sunlight triggers
Food chain photosynthesis in plants. The energy from
the Sun is stored in the plant parts. When
In a forest, deer eats grass, and in turn
the grasshopper eats the grass, the energy
tiger eats deers. In any ecosystem there
flows from grass to grasshopper. Frog gets
is a chain like relationship between the
energy by eating grasshopper. This energy
organisms that live there. The sequence
is transferred to a crow, when the frog is
of who eats whom in an ecosystem is
eaten by a crow. Thus we conclude the
called as food chain.
primary energy production in the world of
It describes how an organism gets food living things is produced by plants, that is
and nutrients by eating other organisms. by photosynthesis.
A food chain shows the relationship
between producers (e.g. grass), consumers
(e.g. deer, goat, cow and tiger) and
decomposer (Bacteria and Fungi)
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The micro organism degrade the Animals that eat the secondary
excreta and the dead bodies of animals consumers (mostly predators) are the
into primary simple components and puts tertiary consumers.
them back into soil. It is this material that
There may even be large predators that
help the plants to grow. Thus we can see
eat tertiary consumers. They are called as
that there is a cyclic movement of materials
quaternary consumers.
from primary producers to highest level
predators, then back to the soil. Each of these levels in the food chain is
called a trophic level.
Trophic levels
The energy is passed from the producer Quaternary

consumer
to the consumers. But, there are three
different consumers in any food chain. How Tertiary
consumer
can we distinguish different consumers?
Secondary
consumer
Animals that eat plants are primary
Primary
consumers. consumer
Producer
Animals that eat primary consumers
are called secondary consumers.
Organism uses up to 90% of its food

energy for its life processes. Only about
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10% of energy goes into new body cells A food web is very useful to show
and will be available to the next animal different feeding relationships between
when it gets eaten. This loss of energy different species within an ecosystem.
at each trophic level can be shown by an
energy pyramid.
Activity 2: Take a square paper. Fold
A rat eats grains; and in turn we know
its diagonals. Draw
snake eats rat. Now snake is a prey for Eag
three lines in three

le
Sn
peacock and in turn peacocks are easy

ake
s
M
triangles as shown in
Se ice
ed
prey for tigers and leopards. Now think?

so
fP
la
nt
the picture.
s
Do tigers have any natural predators?

Cut from the edge of
In all food chain there is a top level
the diagonal to the center as shown in
predator that has no natural predators. In
the picture.
an aquatic ecosystem there are no natural
predator for alligator; in a forest there are If you fold this triangle and paste behind
no natural predators for tigers. the third triangle you get a pyramidal
shape.
Importance of food chain
In one of the triangles, draw images of
1. Learning food chain help us to each of the organisms in the different
understand the feeding relationship levels.
and interaction between organisms in
In another triangle write the names
any ecosystem.
of the organisms. In the last triangle,
2. Understanding the food chain also write the energy level of the organism.
helps us to appreciate the energy Have a look at the following example.
flow and nutrient circulation in an You must come up with different
ecosystem. This is important because organisms!.
pollution impacts the ecosystem. The
Fo
Triangle 3
l d
food chain can be used to understand Producer

)
re
he
the movement of toxic substances and

ut
(c
Primary Consumer
their impacts.
Secondary Consumer
Glue triangle 4 to the
Food web
back of triangle 1
Tertiary
Consumer
Seeds of Plants
Triangle 2
Triangle 4
Snakes
Eagle
Mice
Consumers have different sources of

food in an ecosystem and do not rely on only
one species for their food. If we put all the
food chains within an ecosystem together,
then we end up with many interconnected
d
food chains. This is called a food web.

Triangle 1
Fo
l
Fo
ld
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Activity 3:
Take two mud pots or glass jars and fill

them up with garden soil. In the first
pot, mix wastes such as banana peel,
some vegetable peels and a few tree
leaves into the soil. In the second pot,
mix a piece of plastic carry bag, sweet
wrapper and metal foil into the soil.
What happen to the waste materials

placed in both pots? Do you notice a
4.3 Waste Management and difference between first and second pot?
Recycling
Observe the changes over two weeks
To protect our environment, it is very and discuss with your classmates.
important to reduce waste, manage it
properly and maximise recycling. Waste is
any substance or material that has been
Biodegradable waste
used but is not wanted anymore. This is
either because it is worn out, broken or The term ‘Biodegradable’ is used
no longer has any purpose. Everyone for those things that can be easily
produces waste which has an impact on all
ecosystems. However, most of us do not
know where our garbage goes. There are
many types of waste. There is liquid waste
(in our drains), there are gases hiding in
the air (like pollutants from factories) and
there is solid waste (garbage) we put in our
waste bins.
4.4 Biodegradable and Non-

biodegradable Waste
Solid waste we decomposed by natural agents like water,
generate can be classified oxygen, ultraviolet rays of the sun and
into two major types: micro-organisms, etc.
1. Biodegradable wastes One can notice that when a dead

leaf or a banana peel is thrown outside,
2. Non-biodegradable wastes
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it is acted upon by several micro- Give some examples for Biodegradable
organisms like bacteria, fungi or small and Non-biodegradable waste.
insects in a time period. Biodegradable
S. Biodegradable Non-bio-
waste includes vegetable and fruit peels,
No. waste degradable
leftover food and garden wastes (grass,
waste
leaves, weeds and twigs).
1. Food Waste Plastic Bottles
Natural elements like oxygen,
2.
water, moisture, and heat facilitate
3.
the decomposition thereby breaking
complex organic forms to simpler units. 4.
Decomposed matter eventually mixes
5.
or returns back to the soil and thus the
soil is once again nourished with various Discuss with your teacher and friends.
nutrients and minerals.
1. Are animal bones
Non-biodegradable waste biodegradable?
Those materials which cannot be

broken down or decomposed into the soil 2. Are all types
by micro-organisms and natural agents of clothes
are labeled as non-biodegradable. biodegradable?
These substances consist of plastic
Rani and her garbage
materials, metal scraps, aluminum cans
and bottles, etc. Rani gets home from school. She is
hungry. She eats a banana and a packet of
chips. She puts the banana peel and plastic
chips packet into the waste bin. In the
waste bin, the waste mixes together and
the banana peel and makes the plastic chips
packet dirty. The waste bin starts to smell
and Rani’s mother puts the waste outside
on the street. The municipality collects the
waste from outside Rani’s house and many
other houses in
a tractor. The
These things are practically immune
tractor drives to
to the natural processes and thus cannot
a big open dump
be fed upon or broken down even after
and leaves all
thousands of years.
mixed wastes
there.
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Sometimes, there are fires in the The waste hierarchy or pyramid shows
open dump. When waste like Rani’s the best ways to manage solid waste.
chips packet burns, unhealthy chemicals
pollute the ecosystem. These chemicals
are present in the air we breathe. The
leftover ash from burning waste pollutes
the soil.
When it rains, some of the dangerous

chemicals goes into the ground. Some
of the rain never reaches the ground as
it collects in the plastic garbage at the
dump. Little pools of water let mosquitoes
to breed and they can spread unwanted
diseases like dengue and malaria. Cows
and dogs go into the open dump looking 3R-Cycle
for food. As the waste is mixed, many 1. Avoid
things that are not good to eat such as
Avoid the usage of unwanted materials
plastics, smell like food. The animals
which create more debris. Before you buy
get confused and eat some plastics by
anything, think that “Do I really need it?”
accident. This makes them sick.
(e.g) Avoid buying packed foods. Refuse to
Rani is a student like you. She does buy use and throw plastic products.
not want to make animals sick. She does
2. Reduce
not want to pollute beautiful Town. She
does not like mosquitoes and wishes We can reduce the waste by using
that no one ever gets sick from them. So durable goods that last longer instead of
Rani takes this decision "I will dispose things that are used once and thrown away.
the waste property and reduce all type (e.g) Write on both sides of papers. Instead
of pollution". of unnecessary printing, use electronic
facilities. Share newspapers, magazines
Do you want to do the same as Rani
and other things with others.
does? Learn about the 3R's and how you
can start to solve these problems. 3. Reuse
4.5 Solid Waste Management Reuse means using a thing again and
again, rather than using and throwing after
It is our duty to reduce creating
a single use. (e.g) Instead of using plastic
waste and protect environment. 3R's are
bags, use and throw pens and batteries, use
important in protecting environment. The
cloth bags, fountain pens and rechargeable
first R is reduce and the second R is reuse
batteries. Reuse glass bottles for other
and the last R is recycle.
purposes. Repair foot wears and use them.
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4. Recycle
Creative reuse
The process by which waste materials
Creative reuse or Up-
are used to make new products is called
cycling is the process
recycling.(e.g) Using old clothes to make
of converting waste
paper and melting some plastics to make
materials or useless products into new
floor mats, plastic boards and hose pipes.
materials or products of better quality
or for better environmental value. When 5. Compost
you upcycle, you are giving an item a
The process of degradation of organic
new purpose. (e.g) Used tyres into
wastes into manure by the action of
chairs. Used PET bottle into penstand.
microorganism is called composting. The
manure thus obtained becomes natural
fertilizer for the plants as well as increases
the soil fertility.
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6. Incinerate 1. The first step should always be to
reduce waste. Think of the 3R’s and
The burning of solid waste in
the waste pyramid and remember the
incinerator is called incineration. (discarded
order of the levels.
medicines, toxic drugs, blood, pus). During
incineration, the enormous heat kills all 2. The second step is to keep waste
contagious disease-causing germs. separate. This way the waste will
remain clean and can be easily reused
or recycled. Mixing different types of
waste together (e.g. biodegradable
and non-biodegradable) makes that
place dirty.
Waste separation exercise
The Solid Waste Management (SWM)

rules, 2016 say that,
7. Landfill 1. Every Household should segregate

and store the waste generated by
Landfilling is a method in which wastes
them in three separate streams
are dumped into naturally occurring or
– namely bio-degradable, non
man-made pits and covered with soil.
bio-degradable and domestic
Garbage buried inside landfills remain here
hazardous waste in suitable bins
for a long time as they decompose very
and handover segregated wastes to
slowly and become manure. These places
authorised waste pickers or waste
can be converted into parks, gardens, etc.,
collector as per the direction or
notification by the local authorities
from time to time.
2. No body shall throw, burn, or bury the

solid waste on streets, open public
spaces outside their premises or in the
drain or water bodies.
Domestic hazardous waste means

discarded paint drums, pesticide cans,
Earlier in the lesson, you learn about CFL bulbs, tube lights, expired medicines,
Rani and how she did not want to cause broken mercury thermometers, used
pollution. Simple steps in your daily life can batteries, used needles and syringes and
make big differences. There are two steps contaminated gauge, etc., generated at the
you should remember. household level.
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Learn how to separate waste correctly into 3 waste bins so you can keep Tamilnadu clean
and beautiful!
How much waste does each person make around the world
every day?
The average person in India produces 0.45kg of waste every day. It may
be small amount of
waste. But, India has
a large population
and imagine you 0.30 kg 0.45 kg 0.63 kg 1.69 kg 2.58 kg
collected all the

waste today and put
Kenya Germany
it into tractors. You India China USA
would fill so many tractors that you could create a traffic jam
approximately 2,800 kilometres long. Imagine, a road all the
way from Kanyakumari to New Delhi completely blocked with
tractors carrying garbage and no space to walk in between.
This is how much waste we create in India each day! If we
reduce the waste, we reduce the pollution.
Every day 532 million kilos of solid waste is generated in India.
Activity 4: Preparation of Vermi compost

Dig a pit for about one feet depth in the
backyard or garden of your home or school.
Fill the pit by bio wastes, paper and food
wastes and place few earth worms in it,
sprinkle water and close the place with
jute or cardboard and ensure moisture all
the time.
After 45 days the vermi compost casting

layer formed just above the pit. These
compost can be applied to the plant, which contains water soluble nutrients. This type
of compost helps in plant growth as well as sustain the land is fertility.
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4.5 Pollution fine particles (such as ash and soot) into
the air causing air pollution. Air pollution
Pollution occurs
is also caused by burning solid wastes, like
when the environment
some plastics, gases or chemicals released
gets contaminated by
from factories and fumes from aerosols
wastes, chemicals and
(like deodorant spray cans) or paints.
harmful substances.
Certain toxic gases produced by
Pollution is the damage caused to the
industries mix with raindrops in the
environment mainly because of human
atmosphere and make rain unusually acidic.
activities. Any substance that causes
This is called acid rain. It damages plants,
pollution is known as a pollutant. Pollution
washes the nutrients out of soils and kills
is an unwanted change in the physical,
fish. Air pollution is harmful to all living
chemical and biological characteristics of
organisms including humans. Polluted air
our land, air and water.
affects skin, eyes and respiratory system.
4.6 Types of Pollution
How can we reduce air pollution?
There are four major kinds of pollution: 1. Cycle or walk short distances instead
of using a motor vehicle.
1. Air pollution
2. Travel by public transport (bus or train)
2. Water pollution 3. Do not burn solid waste.
3. Land (soil) pollution 4. Avoid fireworks.
4. Noise pollution 4.6.2 Water pollution
4.6.1 Air pollution
Water pollution occurs when wastes

from factories, houses and farms mixes
with the water in rivers, lakes, ponds, the
Most air pollution is caused by the
ocean or even groundwater. Contaminated
burning of fossil fuels (e.g. oil, petrol, coal
or polluted water can spread diseases
and natural gas). The are used in industries,
and chemicals which are not good for our
power plants and motor vehicles. Burning
health.
these fossil fuels release toxic gases and
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The most significant sources of and other materials), factories (industrial
water pollutants are waste) and the solid waste from our own
homes like plastics and broken electronics.
1. Sewage (water we use at home for
Soil pollution affects animals, humans and
bathing, cleaning, cooking).
even plants because soil or land acts like a
2. Industrial effluents (liquid wastes from sponge. When it rains, pollutant sinks into
factories). the soil. If we grow plants to eat in polluted
3. Agricultural pollutants (chemical soils, these dangerous chemicals can get
pesticides and fertilisers that get into our food.
washed from farms).
How can we reduce land pollution?
4. Solid waste (when waste gets dumped
1. First try to reduce waste, then recycle
into water bodies).
the rest.
How can we reduce water pollution? 2. Always use a waste bin and never litter.
1. Do not pour leftover oil, old medicines 3. Do not burn waste, the ash mixes
or waste down the drain or into the easily with soil.
toilet.
4.6.4 Noise pollution
2. Reduce the use of chemical pesticides
and fertilizers to grow crops.
3. Use waste water for garden in home.
4. Do not litter or dump waste – always

use a waste bin.
4.6.3 Land (soil) pollution
Noise pollution affects the environment.

We all like a quiet and peaceful place since
unpleasant or loud sounds disturb us. Loud
music, the sounds of motor vehicles, fire
works and machines cause noise pollution.
Continuous noise disturbs our sleep and
In the same way as water and air get does not allow to study. Noise pollution has
polluted, land or soil pollution happens been directly linked to stress and health
when toxic chemicals change the natural impacts such as high blood pressure and
balance in soil. Land pollution comes from hearing loss. Loud noise or even loud music
farming (Excess use of chemical pesticides can damage our ears. Noise pollution also
and fertilisers), mining (digging up metals
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disturb animals. Birds have to communicate quality of soil and even move chemicals
(talk) louder so that, they can hear each into plant parts which are eaten by
other in noisy areas. Even underwater noise people. I am _____ pollution.
pollution from ships, can make whales lose
Points to remember
their way as they use sounds to navigate.
 Living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)
How do we reduce noise pollution?
components interact with one another.
1. Turn off your electronics when you do
 There are two types of ecosystems
not use them.
terrestrial (on land) and aquatic (in
2. Lower the volume when you watch TV water).
or listen to music.
 The feeding relationship in an
3. Remind drivers not to use the horn too ecosystem is called a food chain.
much.
 Biodegradable and non-biodegradable
4. Avoid fireworks. waste should be kept separate
5. Speak, do not shout.  The 3R’s are in a certain order: First

reduce, then reuse and finally recycle.
Classroom Exercise
 Waste should never be burned as it
Identify who am I?
causes air and soil pollution.
1. I am the type of pollution caused by
 Pollution occurs when the environment
burning of fossil fuels like petrol or coal
gets contaminated by wastes,
and the smoke of burning garbage.
chemicals and harmful substances.
I float around and cause breathing
problems. I am __________ pollution.  Major types of pollution are four:
air pollution, water pollution, land
pollution, and noise pollution.
loud sounds and I can cause serious
damage to your ears and also affect  There are many small habits, any
sleep. In India, I am mainly caused by student can practice to reduce
loudspeakers and honking of air horns pollution, manage waste correctly and
of cars. I am ______ pollution. protect the environment.
3. I flow from homes and farms into

rivers and lakes. I kill fish and make
water unfit for drinking. I am _______
pollution.

using too much chemical fertilizers
and pesticides by farmers. I lower the
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ICT Corner
Our Environment
Through this activity you will be

able to understand the atomic level of
the process that plants use to convert
solar energy into chemical energy.
Step 1: Type the URL given or scan the QR code to launch the activity. Food chain
page will open.
Step 2: With the use of mouse drag the parts of the food chain - the animals or
plants given to their correct place - in the empty boxes.
Step 3: When the chain is complete you can watch the food chain in action.
Step 4: Continue the activity by click on the next icon. Play and observe the various
complex levels of food chain.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
Our Environment URL:

http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/games/
foodchaingame.htm
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3. __________ is the process of
Evaluation
converting waste materials into new
materials.
4. Water pollution can spread __________

diseases in man.
5. The 3R’s are Reduce, __________ and
1. Identify the fresh water ecosystem. Recycle.
a. Pond b. Lake III. True or False. If False, give the
c. River d. All of them correct statement
2. Producers are_______________ 1. The Pacific ocean is an example of an

marine ecosystem.
a. Animals b. Birds
2. Bacteria and fungi are called
c. Plants d. Snakes
decomposers.
3. It is a biodegradable waste.
3. Human and animal wastes are examples
a. Plastic b. Coconut Shell of non-biodegradable waste.
c. Glass d. Aluminium 4. Excessive use of pesticides leads to air

pollution.
4. It is an undesirable change that occurs
in air and water. 5. In schools, waste management rules
a. Recycling b. Reuse say that we should separate waste in
two categories.
c. Pollution d. Reduce
IV. Match the following
5. Usage of chemical pesticides and
fertilisers causes ________ pollution. 1. Biotic factor - Terrestrial
Ecosystem
a. Air pollution
2. Sewage - Land pollution
b. Water pollution
3. Fertilizers - Air pollution
c. Noise pollution
4. Desert - Water Pollution
d. None of the above
5. Smoke - Animals
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Primary consumers that eat plants are V. Arrange the following in a correct
called __________. sequence and form a food chain
2. Temperature, light and wind are 1. Rabbit Carrot Eagle Snake

________ factors. 2. Human Insect Algae Fish
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VI. Give very short answer X. See the diagram and answer the
following questions
1. Define ecosystem.
2. What are the two types of ecosystems?
3. Write any two things that can be

recycled.
4. What are the types of pollution.
5. Give one example of a food chain in an

aquatic ecosystem?
6. What are pollutants?
7. What are the pollutions caused by the 1. Explain what is happening in the
objects given below? picture?
a. Loud Speaker b. Plastic 2. What types of pollution are caused by

open dumps?
VII. Give short answer
1. What is biodegradable waste?
2. How can we reduce water pollution?
3. Write the importance of the food chain.
VIII. Answer in detail
1. Give two examples of how you can

avoid or reduce waste?
2. Write a short note on noise pollution.
IX. Question based on Higher Order

Thinking Skills
1. What would happen if an organism is

removed from the food chain?
2. Explain the link between waste and

dangerous diseases like dengue and
malaria?
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Unit
5 Plants in Daily Life
Learning Objectives
 Able to acquire knowledge about various types and uses of plants
 Able to understand the economic importance of plants
 Able to appreciate the interrelationship between plants and

animals and its economical importance
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Introduction 1. Why are the farmers harvesting paddy?
We are living in a green planet. Plenty 2. A woman makes rope using coir. Where
of natural plant resources are around us. does the raw material come from?
Economic botany basically deals with all 3. Neem leaves are being collected in a
pervading plants in relation to human plate. Do you know the uses of neem
welfare as food, clothing, shelter and leaves?
medicine either directly or indirectly.
4. What material is used by the man to
Indirect usage includes the needs make a chair?
of man’s livestock and the maintenance
of the environment; the benefits may be In this lesson, let us discuss about
domestic, commercial, environmental, or the different crop plants of economic uses
aesthetic. in relation to mankind. Based on their
economic values and uses, plants may be
Plants bring about economy to the
broadly classified as follows.
country in large extent and it is a fact that
the wealth of any country largely depends 1. Plants as Food
upon its agriculture and plant products. 2. Spice yielding plants
Economic botany is the study 3. Medicinal plants
of relationship between people
4. Fibre yielding plants
and plants and the uses of plants in
economy. 5. Timber yielding plants
From the earliest time rice, wheat and 6. Ornamental plants

millet have been the staple food of a vast
5.1 Plants as Food
population of India as indicated by the
presence of charred grains in most of the Plants are the main
excavation sites. In addition, references source of food for humans
are abundant in ancient literature about beings. These plants are
the existence and usage of several crops of known as food plants.
economic importance.
Do you have a
Observe the following pictures carefully. vegetable garden in your house? Have you
Can you identify what they are doing? ever seen harvesting of ripened vegetables?
Fig-1 Fig-2 Which part of the plants is used as

food for us?
We eat different parts of plants such

as root, stem, leaf, seed, unripe and ripe
Fig-3 Fig-4
fruits. We can classify the food plants as
follows.
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1. Vegetables
2. Cereals
3. Pulses
Plants also give us coffee, tea, sugar Bajra Ragi

Pulses
and raw materials for oil.
Pulses are edible seeds of plants in
Vegetables
the legume family. Pulses are produced in
We get vegetables from different parts of pods. eg: Bengal gram, Green mung bean.
the plants.
Roots: eg:
Beetroot,
Carrot.
Bengal gram Green mung bean
Leaves:
eg: Green Activity 1: Tabulate the names of
Vegetables vegetables, Cereals and pulses you know.
Curry Leaves, S.No. Vegetables Cereals Pulses
Cabbage.
1.
Stems: eg:
2.
Potato, Yam,
sugarcane. 3.
4.
Flowers: eg:
Banana flower, 5.
Cauliflower.
Fruits: eg:
Activity 2: How do Rava, Maida, Sago
Amla, Guava.
and Vermicelli are made? Discuss with
Cereals your friends.
Cereals are edible components of grain

of cultivated grass. Example Rice, Wheat,
Bajra, Millet and Ragi.
5.2 Spices
Spices are aromatic parts of tropical
plants traditionally used to flavour the
Rice Wheat food. Spices come from the bark or roots of
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India is the second World Food Day,
largest producer of October-16.
fruits and vegetables The aim of celebration
in the world. of this day is to promote
worldwide awareness and action for
certain plants, leaves, flowers or stems of those who suffer from hunger and for
plants primarily used for flavoring, coloring the need to ensure food security and
or preserving food. nutritious diets for all.
Spices used in India

Following spices are included in a
variety of Indian dishes:
Cardamom, black pepper, curry leaves,
fenugreek, fennel, ajwain, bay leaves,
cumin, coriander seeds, turmeric, cloves, Each year, World Food Day is celebrated
ginger, nutmeg and cinnamon. by the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO). World Food
Day adopts a different theme each year.
Ask your teacher about the theme of this
year.
Cardamom Black pepper Curry leaves Fenugreek Fennel
Ajwain Bay leaves Cummin Coriander seeds
Clove Nutmeg Cinnamon
INDIAN SPICES
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5.3 Medicinal plants 5.4 Fibre yielding plants
Some of the plants around us are good Plants which give us fibres necessary
in healing our diseases. We call these plants for our uses are called as Fibre yielding
as medicinal plants. They alleviate burns, plants. The fibre from these plants can
cut, cold, fever, sneezes and more. Some be spun into thread , rope and cloth. These
chemical compounds in the medicinal fibres are called as natural fibres.
plants act against insects, fungi and certain
We can classify the Fibre yielding plants
germs. Medicinal plants are considered as
into two types based on the uses and the
rich resources of ingredients which can be
parts of the plant from where we get the
used in drug preparation.
fibre.
Here is a list of plants that have the
Based on Use
highest medicinal value.
Plant Parts Medicinal use 1. Textile Fibres

name used (making cloth), eg:
Cotton
Amla Fruit Cure Vitamin ‘C”
deficiency diseases 2. Cordage Fibres
like Scurvy. (making rope) eg:
Improve immunity. Coconut Fibre
Tulsi Leaves, Cough, cold,
3. Filling Fibres (making mattresses).
seed bronchitis,
eg: Silk cotton
expectorant.
Aloe Leaves Laxative, wound Based on the plant parts
healing, skin burns 1. Plant Fibres include seed hairs eg:
and ulcer. cotton;
Neem Bark, Skin diseases
2. Stem (or bast) Fibres eg: flax, jute;
leaf and germicide
seed 3. Leaf Fibres eg: Agave,
Turmeric Rhizome Helps body to fight
foreign invaders, 4. Husk Fibres eg: coconut.
Activity 3: Ask your parents about In India, Jute crop is

the medicinal uses of plants such as grown in seven states
Phylanthus, Vallarai, Black nightshade, – West Bengal, Assam,
Tippili, Vettiver, Thuthuvalai and make Odisha, Bihar, Uttar
a write up. What are the other plants Pradesh, Tripura and
used for medicinal purpose in your Meghalaya. West Bengal alone accounts
area? for over 50% of raw jute production.
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Hardwoods
Activity 4: Take a small quantity of
cotton swap. Hold it between your Hardwoods come from angiosperms
thumb and fore finger. Now, gently (flowering plants), the largest group of
start pulling out the cotton, while land plants. High-quality furniture, desks,
continuously twisting the Fibres. flooring, and wooden construction are
being made only using hardwood. eg. Teak,
Are you able to make a yarn?
Jackfruit.
The process of making yarn from Fibres
is called Spinning. Softwoods
Softwoods come from gymnosperm

(non-flowering plants) trees. Certain
angiosperms also yield softwood.
Softwoods have a wide range of

applications such as making plywood,
wooden boxes, medium-density Fibreboard
(MDF) and paper making. eg: katampu,
Pine.
5.5 Timber yielding plants

The wood needed for the construction
of buildings and making of furniture are
obtained from certain plants. We use wood The finely cut wooden boards from the
for these purposes due to their features like wood are layered one above the other
durability, stylish finishing and resistance to to make plywood. This is a kind of
temperature changes. composite wood.
5.6 Ornamental plants

Plants which are grown for aesthetic
reasons are called as ornamental plants.
Producing flowers from floral plant is the
important section of horticulture. eg:
Jasmine, Rose, Chrysanthemum, Carnation,
Jerbara etc.
To decorate houses, gardens and parks

we are planting shrubs such as Hibiscus,
Timber Grape, Jasmine and Crotons and climbers
All commercial timbers are classified into like Mullai, Allamanda and Bougainvillea,
two classes as Hardwoods and softwoods trees such as Golden shower tree, Mandarai,
based essentially on their structure. Delonix tree (Flame of the forest) etc.
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What are the ornamental plants grown Bright colours of flowers, smell and
in your locality? honey attract insects. As the insects go
from one flower to another, they leave the
pollen grains from their body. This results
in cross-pollination and the formation of
vegetables and fruits.
Floriculture
5.7 Interrelationship between

plants and animals
Humming Bird
Animal-plant
Interactions These insect pollinators and birds need
to be protected to produce the best yield.
Animals rely on
plants for their food and Bees are the best pollinators. They
shelter. This relationship benefits not only also give us honey.
animals but also plants. Such relationship is
economically significant.
For example, silkworms feed on

mulberry leaves and live on mulberry
plants. This relationship between a worm
and a plant is economically useful for us in
silk production.
Honey bee
Plants and algae living in coral reefs

are the food for variety of fishes. Fisheries
work is done in these areas.
Silk worm
Animals, pests, and birds are essential
for cross-pollination of flowers.
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Animals and birds play an important Pala spinach
role in spreading seeds of various plants.
The digestive enzymes in the digestive Osteo arthritis is a joint
system of the birds soften the protective disease affecting joints
layer of the seeds and make it easier to and knee of any age
germinate. people. Currently Indian scientists at
CDRI (Central Drug Research Institute –
If these natural relationship between Lucknow) have made a nano formulation
animals and plants are affected, it shows from the Palak (Pala spinach) to cure
its impact on economy too. this disease.
Other uses of plants
4. Rubber and Natural plastic
1. Maintain soil fertility
We obtain rubber for tyre, wiring,
Plants maintain
seats etc from plants. Natural plastics
soil fertility. Their
are also produced from plants which are
droppings and shedding
biodegradable. So it does not do harm to
of leaves, fruits and
our environment.
other parts degrade
in the soil to form humus. This humus
increases soil fertility. Eg. Plants like blue
green algae and bacteria Pseudomonas are
extensively used to fix nitrogen in the soil
for agriculture.
2. Prevent soil erosion
Plants when grown in dense will prevent

soil erosion (ie) in times of wind or flood, 5. Neem Oil coated Urea
the fertile top layer of soil is carried away
Farmers in India uses urea as a fertilizer
by air or water. This is prevented by plants
to increase the agricultural productivity.
if grown around.
Indian Scientists made Neem Coated
3. Bio – fuels urea which releases nitrogen gradualy
and helps the plants to absorb maximum
Some plants are also grown for the
nitrogen. It reduces the impact of urea on
sake of bio - fuels. Plant fuel is less toxic
an environment.
as it does not emit harmful gases and also
less expensive. Eg. Jatropha. Even the
plant waste is used to generate electricity.
eg: Sugar mills
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Points to remember
 Human beings directly or indirectly depend on plants for food, clothes, shelter and
medicine.
 The branch of science which deals with the relationship between plants and human
beings and the economical usages of plants is called economic botany.
 Plants are the main sources of food for human beings. The plants which give food to
us are called food plants.
 Pulses are the edible seeds of plants in the legume family.
 Spices are the aromatic parts of tropical plants traditionally used to flavour food.
 Some chemcial compounds in some plants act against insects, fungi and certain germs.
They are called as medicinal plants
 Plant fibres are classified into Textile Fibres, Cordage Fibres and Filling Fibres based on
usage.
 Timbers are classified as hard wood and soft wood depending on their strength and
structure.
 Plants grown for decorative purposes are called as ornamental plants.
 When the interrelationship between animals and plants are affected, our economy is
also affected.
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Kill or Cure?
ICT Corner
Through this activity you will be able to learn about

medicinal properties of plants.
Step 1: Type the following URL in the browser. ‘Kill or Cure?' activity page will open.
Step 2: Click the ' PLAY ' button then ' START ' button given in the activity window
to start the activity.
Step 3: A small Figure of a Doctor will asking for a medicine/ drug by giving some
clue.
Step 4: Click and Select the correct plant given at the bottom , from which the
drug is extracted. For more information about the drug click the ' i ' icon at
the top right of the activity window. Repeat the process to answer all the
questions.
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3 Step 4
kill or cure URL:

http://www.rigb.org/education/games/natural-world/kill-or-cure
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5. The edible seeds of leguminous plants
Evaluation
are called
III. True or False – If false give the

I . Choose the correct
correct answer
answer
1. Plants grown for decorative purposes
1. One of the following birds is an example
are called as softwood.
of plant pollinator
2. Silkworm eats mulberry leaves.
a. Duck b. Parrot
3. Cauliflower is used for ornamental
c. Humming bird d. Dove
purpose.
2. Natural Mosquito repellant is
4. Cotton cloth is not suitable for summer
a. Nutmag b. Bamboo season.
c. Ginger d. Neem 5. Sugarcane is used as bio fuel.
3. Which of the following is not a root ? IV. Match the following
a. Potato b. Carrot 1. Fibre yielding plant - Chloramine
c. Radish d. Turnip 2. Hardwood - Spice
3. Neem - Hemp
4. Which of the following medicinal plants
4. Clove - Cereals
has anticancer properties?
5. Millet - Teakwood
a. Amla b. Tulasi
V. Analogy
c. Turmeric d. Aloe
1. mango : fruit :: maize : _______
5. Which is the national tree of India?
2. coconut : fibre :: rose : _______
a. Neem tree b. Jack tree
3. bees : pollinators :: earthworms :
c. Banyan tree d. Mango tree
_______
II Fill in the Blanks VI. Give very short answer
1. Every year, October is
1. What is food ?
celebrated as world food day.
2. What are medicinal plants?
2. is an example of textile
fibre. 3. How hard wood differ from soft wood?
3. I am the state tree of Tamilnadu . Who 4. What is a spice?

am I ? 5. Name any three medicinal plants,
4. The juice of the leaves of which are available in your area?
plant relieves cough and bronchitis. 6. What are the uses of timber?
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VII. Give short answer b. Honey bees are essential for the
reproduction of the plants Why?
1. What is a symbiotic relationship?
2. Write the uses of neem?
3. Name any five plants and their parts

that we eat.
VIII. Answer in detail
1 Write short notes on – Timber yielding

plants.
2. Comment on importance of plant

animal interaction.
IX. Questions based on Higher Order

Thinking Skills
1. Desert does not have water. Why? Give

the reason.
2. Kavitha said “ Palm tree is a tall tree,

so it gives hard wood”! Do you agree
with her statement or not ? Explain
Why?
3. Look at the diagram given below and

answer the following questions.
a. Soil fertility is increased by bacteria

How?
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Unit
6 Hardware and Software
Learning Objectives
 To identify Software and Hardware of a computer
 To distinguish the features of Hardware and software
 To recognize different types of software
 To identify some Open source software and utilize them

effectively
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Introduction possible but we can see the functions of
the software in the form of output.
Computer is a device comprising both
hardware and software. The functions
of hardware and software combines
together to make the Computer functional.
A hardware device helps to enter input
information. The software processes the
input data and gives the output in the
monitor, a hardware device. Thus computer
is like a human body, where human body is
the hardware and soul is the software.
6.1 Hardware
Software
Email existed before

the World Wide Web.
6.3 Types of Software

The software is divided into two types
based on the process. They are
Hardware
1. System Software (Operating System)
Hardware is the parts of the computer
which we can touch and feel. Hardware 2. Application software
includes Input and Output devices, Cabinet,
6.3.1 System Software
Hard Disk, Mother Board, SMPS, CPU, RAM,
CD Drive and Graphics Card. System Software (Operating system)
is software that makes the hardware
6.2 Software
devices process the data inputted by
Hardware is lifeless without software the user and to display the result on the
in a computer. Software are programmed output devices like Monitor. Without
and coded applications to process the input the operating system, computer cannot
information. The software processes the function on its own. Some of the popular
data by converting the input information operating system are Linux, Windows,
into coding or programmed language. Mac, Android etc.
Touching and feeling the software is not
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6.3.2 Application Software
Application software is a program or a group of programs designed for the benefit of
end user to work on computer. The application programs can be installed in the hard disk for
the usage on a particular computer. This type of application program completes one or more
than two works of the end user. The following are the examples of application program:
Video player, Audio player, Word processing software, Drawing tools, Editing software, etc.
6.4 System and Application Software types

The operating system and application software are available in two forms. They are:
1. Free and Open source
2. Paid and Proprietary Software
6.4.1 Free and Open source

Free and open software is available at free of cost and can be shared to many end
users. Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation
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or development of new software. Examples d. Passive and Traditional source
of Free and Open source software: LINUX,
3. LINUX is a
Open office, Operating System, Geogebra
etc. a. Paid Software
6.4.2 Paid and Proprietary b. Licensed Software
Software c. Free and Proprietary software
There is software that is to be paid d. Free and Open source software
to use either permanently or temporarily, 4. Find out Paid and Proprietary software
these types of software are paid and need from the given list
The Open Source
a. Windows b. MAC OS
Initiative (OSI) is an
c. Adobe Photoshop d. All the above
organization dedicated
to promote Open 5. is a Operating System
Source Software.
a. Android b. Chrome
a license to use it. The license of the c. Internet d. Pendrive
software would not be provided unless it
II. Match the following
is purchased. Similarly the end users are
legally prohibited to steal the software 1. MAC OS - Free and Open source
program or to use the pirated version of the Software
Paid and Proprietary Software. Some of the 2. Software - Paid and Proprietary
examples of Paid & Proprietary Software Software
are: Windows, Microsoft office, Adobe 3. Hardware - Input Device
Photoshop, etc.
4. Keyboard - RAM
Evaluation 5. LINUX - Geogebra
I. Choose the correct III. Short answer

answer
1. What is Hardware and Software?
1. Find out the part that
is not found in CPU? 2. What do you mean by Operating
System? How it Works?
a. Mother Board b. SMPS
c. RAM d. Mouse 3. What is Free and Open Source
Software? Give any two examples?
2. Which of the following is correct?
a. Free and Open source

b. Free and Traditional software
c. Passive and Open source
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Artificial magnet - செயற்கை காந்தம் Magnetic attraction - காந்த ஈர்ப்பு
Adhesives - ஒட்டும்பொருள்கள் Magnetic repulsion - காந்த விலகல்
Aloe - ச�ோற்று கற்றாழை Non – Magnetic - காந்த தன்மையற்ற
substances ப�ொருள்கள்
Bio degradable - உயிரினச் சிதைவிற்கு
waste உள்ளாகும் கழிவுகள் North pole - வட துருவம்
Bio - fuel - உயிரி எரிப�ொருள் South pole - தென் துருவம்
Consumers - நுகர்வோர்கள் Natural Indicator - இயற்கை நிறங்காட்டி
Compost - மட்கிய உரம் Non Bio degradable - உயிரினச் சிதைவிற்கு
Cereal - தானியம்
waste உள்ளாகாத கழிவுகள்
Natural pesticides - இயற்கை
Decomposers - சிதைப்பான்கள்
களைக்கொல்லி
Disinfectant - கிருமி நாசினி Organic fertilizer - கரிம உரம்
Electromagnet - மின் காந்தம் Ornamental Plant - அலங்காரத்
Estuary - முகத்துவாரம் தாவரங்கள்
Producers - தயாரிப்பாளர்கள்
Ecosystem - சூழ்நிலை மண்டலம்
Pollution - மாசுபாடு
Food Chain - உணவுச் சங்கிலி
Pulses - பருப்பு வகைகள்
Food web - உணவு வலை
Pollinators - மகரந்தச்
Ground water - நிலத்தடி நீர்
சேர்க்கையாளர்கள்
Herbivore - தாவர உண்ணி Surface water - மேற்பரப்பு நீர்
Hard wood - வன்கட்டை Synthetic - செயற்கை
Incinerate - எரித்துச் Swamp - சதுப்பு

சாம்பலாக்குதல் Soft wood - மென்கட்டை
Inorganic fertilizer - கனிம உரம்
Spices - மசாலாப் ப�ொருள்கள்
Land Fill - நிலத்தில் நிரப்புதல்
Turmeric Powder - மஞ்சள் தூள்
Like poles - ஒத்த துருவங்கள்
Timber - மரக்கட்டைகள்
Magnet - காந்தம்
Unlike poles - எதிரெதிர் துருவங்கள்
Magnetic Material - காந்தத்தன்மையுடைய
Vermi Compost - மண்புழுஉரம்
ப�ொருள்
Magnetic Compass - காந்த ஊசிப்பெட்டி Water cycle - நீர் சுழற்சி
Magnetization - காந்தமாக்கல் Water treatment - நீர் சுத்திகரிப்பு
plant நிலையம்
83
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Authors List - VI Science
Advisory Committee & Chairperson Experts & Coordinators

Dr. T.V. Venkateswaran
D. Prabakaran
Scientist, DST, Vigyanaprasar,
Assistant Professor,
New Delhi.
SCERT, Chennai.
Dr. Mazher Sulthana
S. Rajesh
Professor & Head (Rtd.),
B.T. Asst. GHSS, Vanganoor,
P.G. Department of Zoology,
Thiruvallur.
Presidency College, Chennai.
Authors
Reviewers
D. Perumal Raj
Dr. V. Sivamadavi
BT Asst.,
Associate Professor,
PUMS, Manickamangalam, Valaingaiman Block, Thiruvarur.
Bharathi Women's College, Chennai.
Dr. G. Ramesh Dr. M.N. Thanuja
Assistant Professor, BT Asst., GHSS, Devarsholai, The Nilgiris.
Dr. Ambedkar Govt. Arts College, Vyasarpadi, Chennai. M. Mohanapriya
Dr. G. Rajalakshmi PGT. Asst., GHSS, Govindakudi, Thiruvarur Dt.
Assistant Professor,
Dr. N. Vidhyageetha
Department of Botany,
Lecturer - DIET Aduthurai, Thanjavur.
Bharathi Women's College, Chennai.
M. Ananthan
Content Readers BT Asst., GHS, Servaikaranpatti, Dindigul.
N. Thamaraikannan
P.G. Asst. Jai Gopal Karodia Hr. Sec. School, S. Shyamala
Tambaram, Chennai. BT Asst., GADWHS, Pulianthoppu, Chennai.
Dr. S. Ravi Kasi Venkataraman N. Manikandan

HM, Govt. G. Hr. Sec. School, BT Asst., GHS, Rasingapuram, Theni.
Dhesur, Thiruvannamalai Dist.
N. Balusamy
ICT Coordinators HM (Retd.), Corporation Hr. Sec. School, Peelamedu, Coimbatore.
D. Vijay Ananth M. Tamilarasi
B.T Asst., (Eng.) PGT (Retd.), St. Joseph GHSS, Vadugarpet, Lalgudi, Trichy.
P.U.M.S. Attayampattayan Vattam,
Tharamangalam Block, Salem. Mr. Ribhu Vohra
Waste less, Auroville, Puduchery.
V. Suresh
B.T Asst., Dr. R. Asir Julius
P.U.M.S, Kallikudi, Assistant Professor, SCERT, Chennai.
Muthupettai Block, Thiruvarur Dt.
G. Dhavamani Maheswari
Senior Lecturer, DIET,
Tirur.
Art and Design Team EMIS Technology Team

Illustration R.M. Satheesh
K. Mathiyazhagan, Pramoth, Velmurugan, Gopu Rasuvel. State Coordinator Technical,
TN EMIS, Samagra Shiksha.
Layout Design
V.S. Johnsmith K.P. Sathya Narayana
T.Nagar, Chennai IT Consultant,
TN EMIS, Samagra Shikaha
Info Graph R. Arun Maruthi Selvan
V. Srinivasan Technical Project Consultant,
Valasaravakkam, Chennai. TN EMIS, Samagra Shiksha
Wrapper Design
Kathir Arumugam
QC
Manohar Radhakrishnan
Co-ordination
Ramesh munisamy
Typing
M. Sathya
New Perunkalathoor.
84
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6th STD Term III Science EM - V22

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GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department of School Education

First Edition - 2018

(Published under New Syllabus

NOT FOR SALE

State Council of Educational Research

Printing & Publishing

Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

 The Third term VI science book has six

Lets use the QR code in the text books ! How ?

4. Our Environment 46 February

5. Plants in Daily Life 66 March

6. Hardware and Software 79 April

1.1 Discovery of Magnets

Natural magnets do not have a definite shape. Since, they are

1.2 Magnet of different shapes

Bar-magnet Horseshoe magnet Ring magnet Needle magnet

Oval-shape, Disc shape, Cylindrical magnets are also available.

Oval-shape Disc shape Cylindrical shape

What happens? Observe and note.

The objects attracted by the magnet :

The objects, not attracted by the magnet :

Substances which are not attracted

If you have a horseshoe magnet, or any

1.5 Finding directions with a

The parts of the magnet those attract the

This is roughly the north-south

A freely suspended magnet The compass has a magnetic needle

The navigators of that country used to

mist, they used the lode stone to locate

When do the magnets repel each other?

Unlike poles (S-N, N-S) attract each

Activity 2: LET US MAKE MAGNETS

Take a nail / a piece of Iron and place

Bring a pin or some iron filings near

Magnets lose their

Note: If you don't have styrofoam

1.9 Storage of Magnets

should be kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the

wood and two pieces of soft iron should be placed

1.10 Usage of Magnets

In speakers In small electric motors In some door locks Bags

In some toys In compasses In pencil boxes Stickers on refrigerators

Phone covers Pin holders Magnetic crane

What do you observe?

By using repulsion we can levitate a magnetic

Have you enjoyed with this toy?

Electromagnetic train is called as

Driver cabin Maglev = Magnetic Levitation

up to Unlike poles attracts Like poles repel

China Japan South Korea

Through this activity you'll

5. A magnet always has __________

c. eraser d. a piece of paper 1. A cylindrical magnet has only one pole.

a. North - East b. South - West 5. Rubber is a magnetic material.

c. East - West d. North - South IV. Match the following

c. direction d. motion V. Circle the odd ones and give

N S N S N S S N X. Questions based on Higher Order

2.1 Where do we get water 2.3 Availability