A Project Report

on
Heart Disease Prediction System
Submitted to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering
In partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In

Computer Science and Engineering

by
2000140100026 | Ayush Tyagi

2000140100027 | Diya Agarwal

2000140100027 | Prashant Bhalla

2000140100027 | Rituraj Shirotriya

Group No. 1

Under Supervision of

Dr. Jyoti Agarwal

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology, Bareilly
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow
March, 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................iv

LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... v

DECLARATION ........................................................................................................vi

CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................ vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................... viii

ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT...................................................................................................... 2

1.2 MOTIVATION ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ................................................................................................... 5

1.4 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY .................................................................................................. 5

1.5 BEHAVIORAL FEASIBILITY .............................................................................................. 5

1.6 OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.7 SCOPE.................................................................................................................................... 7

1.8 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS..................................................................................... 8

1.9 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS .............................................................................................. 10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY ................................................................... 17

CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED WORK ........................................................................... 19

3.1 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED WORK .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

2
 3.2 ALGORITHMS ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 FRONT-END .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5 BACK-END ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ........................................................................................... 20

4.1 HOMEPAGE ........................................................................................................................ 20

4.2 INPUT PAGES ..................................................................................................................... 23

4.3 OUTPUT PAGE ................................................................................................................... 26

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ............................................ 27

5.1 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 27

5.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS .............................................................................................. 28

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 30

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 31

3
 LIST OF FIGURES

6.1 Home Page ...................................................................................... 21

6.2 Input Page ....................................................................................... 23

6.3 Input Page ....................................................................................... 24

6.4 Input Page ....................................................................................... 24

6.5 Input Page ....................................................................................... 25

6.6 Result Page...................................................................................... 26

 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and
belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which
to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made
in the text.

Name - Rituraj Shirotriya Name - Prashant Bhalla

Roll No- 2000140100073 Roll No- 2000140100061

Name - Diya Agarwal Name - Ayush Tyagi

Roll No- 2000140100027 Roll No- 2000140100026

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “Quiz Application” which is
submitted by Ayush Tyagi (2000140100026), Diya Agarwal (2000140100027),
Prashant Bhalla (2000140100061), Rituraj Shirotriya (2000140100073) is a
record of the candidates own work carried out by them under my supervision. The
matter embodied in this work is original and has not been submitted for the award
of any other work or degree.

HOD (CSE) MINI PROJECT INCHARGE SUPERVISOR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during
B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to HOD Hiresh Kumar Gupta, Computer
Science and Engineering,S.R.M.S.C.E.T, Bareilly for his constant support and guidance
throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a
constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen
light of the day.We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Head of
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, S.R.M.S.C.E.T. We acknowledge our friends
for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Name - Rituraj Shirotriya Name - Prashant Bhalla

Roll No- 2000140100073 Roll No- 2000140100061

Name - Diya Agarwal Name - Ayush Tyagi

Roll No- 2000140100027 Roll No- 2000140100026

4
 ABSTRACT

The project involves the collection and analysis of a comprehensive dataset that includes
demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors obtained from a diverse patient population. Advanced
machine learning techniques, including decision trees, logistic regression, and ensemble methods,
are employed to construct a predictive model that assesses an individual's risk of developing heart
disease.

The system's primary objectives are to assist medical professionals in making timely and informed
decisions regarding patient care and to empower individuals with personalized insights into their
heart disease risk. Users will input relevant health information, and the system will generate a risk
score and provide interpretable recommendations based on the data

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Heart disease, encompassing various cardiovascular disorders, continues to be a pervasive and life-
threatening health issue globally. As a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, it presents a
significant challenge to public health systems worldwide. Timely risk assessment and early
intervention are paramount in mitigating the impact of heart disease. This introduction sets the
stage for the "Heart Disease Prediction System Project," a groundbreaking initiative designed to
develop a sophisticated machine learning-based tool for early detection and risk assessment of
heart disease.

The prevalence of heart disease is driven by a complex interplay of factors, including genetics,
lifestyle, and clinical history. Consequently, a comprehensive approach to prediction is essential.
This project seeksto harnessthe power of advanced machine learning techniques and data analysis
to create a predictive model that takes into account a multitude of patientspecific variables. These
encompass demographic data, clinical metrics, and behavioral aspects, including lifestyle choices
and family history.

Heart disease describes a range of conditions that affect your heart. Today, cardiovascular diseases
are the leading cause of death worldwide with 17.9 million deaths annually, as per the World
Health Organization reports. Various unhealthy activities are the reason for the increase in the risk
of heart disease like high cholesterol, obesity, increase in triglycerides levels, hypertension, etc.
are certain signs which the American Heart Association lists like the persons having sleep issues,
a certain increase and decrease in heart rate (ir regular heart beat), swollen legs, and in some cases
weight gain occurring quite fast; it can be 1-2 kg daily. All these symptoms resemble different
diseases also like it occurs in the aging persons, so it becomes a difficult task to get a correct
diagnosis, which results in fatality in near future. But as time is passing, a lot of research data and
patients records of hospitals are available. There are many open sources for accessing the patient’s
records and researches can be conducted so that various computer technologies could be used for
doing the correct diagnosis of the patients and detect this disease to stop it from becoming fatal.

6
The "Heart Disease Prediction System Project" recognizes the importance of not only assisting
medical professionals in making informed decisions but also empowering individuals with critical
insights into their own health. By leveraging the collective intelligence of machine learning and a
vast dataset, this system will provide users with personalized risk assessments, actionable
recommendations, and early warnings, thereby bridging the gap between datadriven healthcare
and improved patient outcomes.

The primary goal of this project is to provide healthcare professionals with a valuable decision
support tool, aiding in early diagnosis and targeted intervention. Simultaneously, the project aims
to empower individuals to take a proactive role in their health by offering personalized risk
assessments and actionable insights based on their data.

This introduction outlines the critical need for effective heart disease prediction and sets the
context for the project. By addressing the formidable challenge of heart disease through data driven
technology, the "Heart Disease Prediction System Project" is poised to revolutionize preventive
healthcare and contribute to saving countless lives worldwide.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The problem statement for a heart disease prediction system typically revolves around developing
a model or system that can accurately predict the likelihood of an individual having heart disease
based on various medical and demographic factors. Here's a more detailed problem statement:
"Develop a heart disease prediction system that utilizes a dataset of medical and demographic
information to accurately assess an individual's risk of developing heart disease. The system should
provide healthcare professionals with a tool to identify potential cardiac issues in patients and aid
in making timely and informed decisions regarding their treatment and lifestyle
recommendations.”

1.2 MOTIVATION
The development of a heart disease prediction system utilizing machine learning techniques stems
from a crucial need within the healthcare sector. This project focuses on providing a practical tool
for clinicians and patients alike to assess the likelihood of an individual developing heart disease
based on their personal health data. By harnessing the power of predictive modelling, this system

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aims to offer early insights into potential cardiovascular risks, enabling timely interventions and
proactive management strategies. The motivation behind this endeavor lies in its potential to
revolutionize preventive healthcare by empowering individuals to take proactive steps towards
mitigating their risk of heart disease and improving overall cardiovascular health outcomes.

Personalized Risk Assessment:

 The heart disease prediction system utilizes machine learning algorithms to analyze input
data provided by the patient, including demographic information, medical history, lifestyle
factors, and clinical indicators.
 By incorporating a diverse range of variables, the system generates a personalized risk
assessment tailored to the individual's unique health profile, allowing for more accurate
predictions compared to traditional risk scoring methods.

Early Intervention Opportunities:

 One of the primary objectives of the system is to identify individuals at heightened risk of
developing heart disease at an early stage, before symptoms manifest or complications
arise.
 Early detection of risk factors enables healthcare providers to initiate targeted
interventions, such as lifestyle modifications, medication management, and referral to
specialized care, with the goal of preventing or delaying the onset of heart disease.

User-Friendly Interface:

 The system features an intuitive and user-friendly interface that facilitates seamless
interaction between patients and healthcare providers.
 Patients can easily input their health data into the system, which then generates a
comprehensive risk report outlining their likelihood of developing heart disease and
highlighting key areas for intervention.

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Data-Driven Insights:

 Leveraging machine learning algorithms, the system analyzes large volumes of patient data
to uncover hidden patterns and relationships that may contribute to the development of
heart disease.
 By continuously learning from new data inputs and refining its predictive models, the
system adapts to evolving healthcare trends and patient demographics, ensuring its
relevance and accuracy over time.

Empowering Patients:

 In addition to providing healthcare providers with valuable insights for clinical decision-
making, the system empowers patients to take an active role in managing their
cardiovascular health.
 By gaining a better understanding of their individual risk factors and potential health
outcomes, patients are motivated to adopt healthier behaviors and adhere to preventive care
recommendations.

Scalability and Accessibility:

 Designed with scalability and accessibility in mind, the heart disease prediction system can
be easily integrated into existing healthcare workflows and deployed across diverse clinical
settings.

 Its modular architecture allows for seamless integration with electronic health record
systems, mobile health applications, and telehealth platforms, maximizing its reach and
impact on patient care.

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1.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
Developing a heart disease prediction system using machine learning represents a significant
investment, but it offers considerable long-term economic benefits. Initially, the project requires
funding for research, development, and implementation, including data collection, algorithm
development, and software engineering. However, the potential cost savings from early disease
detection and prevention of complications can justify these expenses. By identifying individuals
at high risk of heart disease before symptoms manifest, the system enables timely interventions
that can mitigate the need for costly treatments and hospitalizations associated with advanced
stages of the disease. Moreover, the scalability of the system allows for widespread adoption,
maximizing its economic impact over time. The return on investment (ROI) of the project is
substantial, considering both the direct healthcare cost savings and the indirect benefits such as
improved productivity and quality of life for patients.

1.4 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

The technical feasibility of the heart disease prediction system hinges on several key factors.
Firstly, access to comprehensive and high-quality health data is essential for developing accurate
predictive models. This includes electronic health records, diagnostic test results, lifestyle data,
and patient-reported information. However, ensuring data privacy and security are paramount
considerations in accessing and utilizing this data. Secondly, advances in machine learning
techniques, particularly supervised learning algorithms, make it feasible to develop accurate
predictive models for heart disease risk assessment. Model training and validation processes are
crucial to ensure the reliability and performance of the system. Additionally, the system must be
seamlessly integrated with existing healthcare systems, including electronic health record
platforms, clinical decision support tools, and telehealth applications. Compatibility with industry
standards and interoperability frameworks facilitates smooth data exchange and workflow
integration, ensuring the system's usability and effectiveness in real-world clinical settings.

1.5 BEHAVIOURAL FEASIBILITY

Behavioural feasibility focuses on the acceptance and adoption of the heart disease prediction
system by both healthcare providers and patients. Healthcare providers must trust the accuracy and
reliability of the system's predictions to incorporate them into clinical decision-making processes

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effectively. This requires clear communication of the system's capabilities and limitations, as well
as ongoing training and support for healthcare professionals. Patients, on the other hand, need to
be willing to participate in data collection and to follow through with recommended interventions
based on the system's predictions. Providing patients with understandable risk assessments and
actionable recommendations is essential for motivating behavior change and promoting adherence
to preventive measures. Moreover, addressing concerns related to data privacy and security is
crucial for building trust and confidence among both providers and patients. Ultimately, the
success of the heart disease prediction system depends on its ability to align with existing
workflows, meet user needs, and engender trust and cooperation among all stakeholders involved
in cardiovascular care.

1.6 OBJECTIVE
The Heart Disease Prediction Project seeks to address the above-stated problems by achieving the
following objectives:

● Develop a machine learning-based predictive model that accurately assesses an individual's risk
of developing heart disease by considering a wide range of relevant factors.

● Mitigate data imbalance issues to ensure that the predictive model provides reliable and unbiased
results for both healthcare professionals and individuals.

● Create a user-friendly interface for healthcare practitioners to integrate the prediction system
into their clinical decision-making processes, enabling early intervention and personalized care.

● Provide individuals with easy-to-understand risk assessments and recommendations based on

their health data, empowering them to make informed decisions about their well-being.

● Ensure the ethical use of data and the privacy of individuals, adhering to ethical guidelines and
data protection regulations throughout the project.

By tackling these challenges and achieving the stated objectives, the Heart Disease Prediction
Project aims to contribute to improved heart disease prediction, early intervention, and 6
ultimately, better health outcomes for individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases.

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1.7 SCOPE
The scope of the heart disease prediction system using machine learning is broad and multifaceted,
encompassing various aspects of healthcare delivery, disease prevention, and technological
innovation. At its core, the system aims to revolutionize cardiovascular care by providing accurate
and personalized risk assessments for individuals, enabling early detection of heart disease and
facilitating targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes. Beyond its clinical applications,
the system has the potential to drive advancements in data analytics, predictive modeling, and
healthcare informatics, shaping the future of preventive medicine and precision healthcare
delivery.

Clinical Applications: The heart disease prediction system offers valuable tools and insights for
healthcare providers to assess patients' cardiovascular risk profiles and tailor interventions
accordingly. From primary care settings to specialized cardiology clinics, the system can support
clinical decision-making processes, optimize resource allocation, and improve patient engagement
and satisfaction.

Preventive Medicine: By identifying individuals at high risk of developing heart disease before
symptoms manifest, the system empowers patients to take proactive steps towards improving their
cardiovascular health. Lifestyle modifications, medication management, and behavioral
interventions can be initiated early, potentially preventing or delaying the onset of heart disease
and its associated complications.

Public Health Impact: The widespread adoption of the heart disease prediction system has the
potential to have a significant public health impact by reducing the burden of cardiovascular
disease on individuals, healthcare systems, and society as a whole. By targeting high-risk
populations and promoting preventive measures, the system contributes to the overall reduction of
heart disease prevalence and mortality rates.

Technological Innovation: The development and implementation of the heart disease prediction
system drive advancements in machine learning, data analytics, and healthcare informatics. By
leveraging large volumes of health data and sophisticated algorithms, the system continuously

12
improves its predictive accuracy and performance, paving the way for future innovations in
predictive medicine and precision healthcare delivery.

Research Opportunities: The heart disease prediction system opens up new avenues for
interdisciplinary research and collaboration, bringing together experts from healthcare, data
science, epidemiology, and public health. Research studies leveraging the system's data and
insights can yield valuable discoveries, inform clinical guidelines, and shape healthcare policy and
practice.

Global Reach: As a scalable and adaptable solution, the heart disease prediction system has the
potential to benefit diverse populations worldwide, regardless of geographical location or
socioeconomic status. Its modular architecture and interoperability with existing healthcare
systems enable seamless deployment and integration across different healthcare settings and
regions.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations are integral to the scope of the heart disease
prediction system, encompassing issues such as data privacy and security, transparency in
algorithmic decision-making, equity in access to healthcare services, and informed consent.
Addressing these ethical considerations ensures the responsible development and deployment of
the system while safeguarding the rights and interests of patients and healthcare stakeholders.

1.8 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

1.8.1 Hardware Requirements

PROCESSOR PENTIUM III or Above

CLOCK SPEED 800 MHZ

SYSTEM BUS 32 BIT

RAM 256MB or more

HDD 40GB

MONITOR SVGA COLOR

KEY BOARD 101 KEYS

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 MODEM 56 KBPS/ADSL Broadband

MOUSE PS2/ Serial

FDD 1.44 MB

1.8.2 Software Requirements

OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS 10/ WINDOWS 7

BROWSER INTERNET EXPLORER 5.5 OR ANY

HTTP BROWSER

FRONT END HTML, CSS

WEB SERVER IIS 5 or above

SERVER SIDE SCRIPTING PYTHON

CLIENT SIDE SCRIPTING JAVASCRIPT

1.9 REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

1.9.1 Functional Requirements:

Data Input Module:

 Allow patients to input relevant health data including demographics, medical history,
lifestyle factors, and clinical indicators.
 Validate and preprocess input data to ensure accuracy and consistency.

Prediction Algorithm:

 Implement machine learning algorithms to analyze input data and generate personalized
risk assessments for heart disease.
 Continuously update and refine prediction models based on new data inputs and emerging
research.

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Risk Assessment Report:

 Generate a comprehensive risk assessment report for each patient, summarizing their
likelihood of developing heart disease and identifying key risk factors.
 Provide actionable recommendations for preventive interventions and lifestyle
modifications based on individual risk profiles.

User Interface:

 Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface for patients and healthcare providers to
interact with the system.
 Ensure accessibility and usability across different devices and platforms, including desktop
computers, tablets, and mobile phones.

1.9.2 Non-Functional Requirements:

Accuracy and Reliability:

 Ensure that the prediction models exhibit high accuracy and reliability in assessing
individual risk of heart disease.
 Minimize false positives and false negatives to avoid unnecessary anxiety or missed
opportunities for intervention.

Scalability and Performance:

 Design the system to handle large volumes of patient data and accommodate a growing
user base.
 Optimize system performance to deliver timely risk assessments and generate reports
efficiently.

Security and Privacy:

 Implement robust security measures to protect patient data from unauthorized access,
disclosure, or tampering.

Usability and Accessibility:

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  Design the user interface to be intuitive, easy to navigate, and accessible to users with
diverse needs and abilities.
 Provide adequate documentation, training, and support resources to assist users in
effectively utilizing the system.

1.9.3 Technical Requirements:

Programming Languages and Frameworks:

 Utilize programming languages such as Python or R for algorithm development and data
processing.

Database Management:

 Employ database management systems (DBMS) such as MongoDB for storing and
managing patient data.
 Implement efficient data retrieval and indexing mechanisms to support fast query
processing and analysis.

Security Measures:

 Implement encryption techniques for securing data transmission and storage, including
SSL/TLS for network communication and AES for data encryption.
 Configure access controls and authentication mechanisms to restrict unauthorized access
to system resources and sensitive data.

Quality Assurance and Testing:

 Conduct thorough testing of the system components, including unit testing, integration
testing, and system testing, to ensure functionality and reliability.
 Implement continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD) pipelines for automated testing
and deployment of new features and updates.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

Hayeri et al. [3] proposed the idea to introduce any device which can be weared by anyone to
predict the disease such as wrist watches for real time monitoring. This could generate more
accurate and precise results.

Ahmad et al. [4] suggested the preventive measures against the diseases and ways to prevent it. It
also defined the life taking risk of heart failure and blockage inside heart. The use of cluster
analysis and the novel analytic approach is also discussed in it.

Stewart et al. [5] gave the idea of usage of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools to
deal with heart disease especially in emergency cases. First aid or timely action with the help of
artificial intelligence is the main concern of it.

Stone et al. [6] examined the consequences and analysis of calcium formation, as well as the ways
in which the formation of calcium might obstruct coronary arteries, leading to the emergence of
different illnesses. It is challenging to both diagnose and treat the condition. Blocking a channel
can have a lot of negative impacts or, in rare cases, even result in human death.

Edelson et al. [7] formatted a new machine learning based model which took only three parameters
to train the new model. These three parameters are heart rate, age factor and underlying respiratory
diseases.

There is also a research paper which emphasized on Weighted Association rule based Classifier.
Using it, progress was done to make a User Interface which will take inputs and predict whether a
person is suffering from heart disease or not.

Senthilkumar Mohan et al. [8] used Cleveland data set to implement a machine learning model for
CVD prediction. The combination of Random Forest (RF) and Linear Method (LM) was
introduced and named as Hybrid Random Forest Linear Method. This algorithm involves each
step from accessing input dataset, dividing the data into leaf nodes by using decision tree, applying
rules, reducing errors and finally applying the Classifier to the data.

Patil and Kumaraswamy et al. gave an artificial neural network and data mining-based intelligent
heart attack prediction system was proposed. Using the K-means clustering technique on the

17
supplied data, this method calculates the parameters that are critical to a heart attack. The Maximal
Frequent Itemset Algorithm is used to mine the data for these recurring patterns. Subsequently, the
patterns are chosen according to the calculated significant weight age. The prediction accuracy for
the work was not disclosed, despite the aforementioned study's claim that this technology can
predict heart attacks using the Maximal Frequent Itemset Algorithm.

In another study MOHAN et al. [1] designed a HD prediction method by using hybrid machine
learning techniques. He also proposed a new method for significant feature selection from the data
for effective training and testing of machine learning classifier. They have been recorded 88.07%
classification accuracy.

Alizadeh Sani et al. [2] employed a rule-based classifier, a cost-sensitive method, and Sequential
minimum optimization to identify coronary artery disease (SMO).

To sum up, the development of cardiovascular disease prediction systems indicates a move toward
progressively complex and customized methods that make use of machine learning and incorporate
a wide range of variables. There is still hope that these systems can transform cardiovascular
healthcare as long as research addresses barriers and moral issues. Subsequent research endeavors
ought to concentrate on enhancing models, verifying forecasts across heterogeneous populations,
and guaranteeing the conscientious implementation of these advancements in medical settings.

The integration of heart disease prediction systems with electronic health records (EHR) presents
an opportunity for seamless implementation in healthcare settings. Access to comprehensive
patient histories enables more accurate predictions and facilitates proactive intervention strategies.

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 CHAPTER 3: PROPOSED WORK

3.1 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED WORK

This section depicts the overview of the proposed system and illustrates all of the components,
techniques and tools are used for developing the entire system. To develop an intelligent and user-
friendly heart disease prediction system, an efficient software tool is needed in order to train huge
datasets and compare multiple machine learning algorithms. After choosing the robust algorithm
with best accuracy and performance measures, it will be implemented on the development of the
smart phone-based application for detecting and predicting heart disease risk level. Hardware
components like Arduino/Raspberry Pi, different biomedical sensors, display monitor, buzzer etc.
are needed to build the continuous patient monitoring system.

3.2 ALGORITHMS

3.2.1 Logistic Regression

A popular statistical technique to predict binomial outcomes (y = 0 or 1) is Logistic Regression.

Logistic regression predicts categorical outcomes (binomial / multinomial values of y). The
predictions of Logistic Regression (henceforth, LogR in this article) are in the form of probabilities
of an event occurring, i.e. the probability of y=1, given certain values of input variables x. Thus,
the results of LogR range between 0-1. LogR models the data points using the standard logistic
function, which is an S-shaped curve also called as sigmoid curve.

3.2.2 Random Forest

Random forest is a supervised learning algorithm which is used for both classification as well as
regression. But however ,it is mainly used for classification problems .As we know that a forest is
made up of trees and more trees means more robust forest . Similarly, random forest creates
decision trees on data samples and then gets the prediction from each of them and finally selects
the best solution by means of voting .It is ensemble method which is better than a single decision
tree because it reduces the over-fitting by averaging the result.

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Working of Random Forest with the help of following steps:

• First ,start with the selection of random samples from a given dataset.

• Next ,this algorithm will construct a decision tree for every sample .Then it will get the prediction
result from every decision tree .

• In this step, voting will be performed for every predicted result.

• At last ,select the most voted prediction results as the final prediction result.

3.2.3 Decision Tree

A decision tree is a popular machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
It recursively splits the data into subsets based on the value of input features, with the goal of
maximizing the homogeneity of the target variable within each subset.

y^(X)=∣L∣1∑i∈Lyi⋅Ni(X)

where ∣𝐿∣∣L∣ is the total number of leaf nodes and 𝑁𝑖(𝑋)Ni(X) is the indicator function as described
earlier.

These formulas demonstrate how decision trees make predictions based on the features of the input
instances and the structure of the tree learned during the training phase.

3.2.4 Comparison

P = TP / (TP + FP)

R = TP / (TP + FN)

FM = (2 ∗ P ∗ R) / (P + R)

A= (TP + TN) / Total No. of Instances

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Where, TP stands for True Positive, FP stands for False Positive, FN stands for False Negative,
and TN stands for True Negative.

Classification(based KNN DT SVM

On algorithm)
TP 34 29 36
TN 8 17 1
FP 3 6 0
FN 14 5 22
P 90.5 80.67 97.24
R 71.23 88.91 62.54
FM 80.2 84.50 76.84
Accuracy (in %) 70.86 82.03 61.65

3.3 METHODOLOGY
The Heart Disease Prediction Project will employ a structured methodology to develop an accurate
and robust predictive system for heart disease risk assessment. The following steps outline the
methodology:

Data Collection : Collect a diverse and comprehensive dataset comprising patient information,
including demographics, clinical measurements (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol levels), lifestyle
data, and historical health records. The data is collectively gathered from UCI Repository and
SRMS, Institute of Medical Science.

Data Preprocessing : After assortment of various records, heart Disease information is pre-
processed. There are a sum of 303 patient records were loaded in the dataset, but 6 records were
found with some missing qualities hence they expelled from the dataset. The preprocessing has
been performed on the remaining 297 patient records.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA): Conduct EDA to gain insights into the dataset, identify
correlations between variables, and understand the distribution of risk factors. Visualize the data
to reveal patterns and potential relationships.

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Feature Selection and Engineering: In order to recognize the individual data of the patient, two
parameters relating to age and sex are utilized among the 13 qualities of the informational
collection, The remaining 11 properties are considered important as they contain significant
clinical records. These Clinical Records are used for the diagnosis and for learning the severity of
heart disease. Engineer new features, if necessary, to capture complex relationships between
variables.

Data Splitting: Divide the dataset into training, validation, and test sets to facilitate model
development and evaluation. Use the train_test_split function from scikit-learn to split the data
into training, validation, and test sets.

Model Selection: Experiment with various machine learning models such as logistic regression,
decision trees, random forests, support vector machines, and neural networks. Decision Tree, SVM
and some more are the model(s) that demonstrate the best performance on validation data.

Model Training: Train the selected model(s) on the training dataset, optimizing hyperparameters
through techniques like grid search or random search.

Model Evaluation: Assess the model's performance on the validation dataset using appropriate
evaluation metrics (e.g., accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC). Address any issues of
data imbalance through techniques like oversampling or undersampling, or by applying cost-
sensitive learning.

Model Interpretability: Enhance model interpretability by using techniques like feature importance
analysis, SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations), or LIME (Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic
Explanations).

Clinical Decision Support Integration: Develop a user-friendly interface using ReactJS for
healthcare professionals that integrates the predictive model to aid in clinical decision-making.
Ensure seamless communication between the predictive system and electronic health records
(EHRs) if applicable.

Individual Empowerment: Create a user interface for individuals to input their health information
and receive personalized risk assessments and lifestyle recommendations. Design user-friendly
visualizations to enhance understanding.

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Ethical Considerations: Ensure ethical use of data and maintain data privacy in accordance with
applicable regulations and best practices. Implement transparency and fairness in the predictive
model.

Validation and Testing: Validate the final predictive model on a separate test dataset to assess its
real-world performance. Conduct rigorous testing and validation to ensure the system's accuracy
and reliability.

Continuous Improvement: Continuously collect and update patient data to keep the predictive
system relevant and effective. Periodically retrain the model to adapt to changing trends and risk
factors.

Documentation and Reporting: Document the entire methodology, including data sources,
preprocessing steps, model selection, and results. Prepare detailed reports and findings to
communicate the project's outcomes.

By following this methodology, the Heart Disease Prediction Project aims to develop an accurate
and ethically sound system for heart disease risk assessment that benefits both healthcare
professionals and individuals, contributing to improved public health and individual well-being.

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3.4 FRONT-END
HTML: - The HyperText Markup Language, or HTML is the standard markup language for
documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as
Cascading Style Sheets(CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript. Web browsers receive
HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into
multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally
included cues for the appearance of the document.

CSS:- Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation
of a document written in a markup language such as HTML.CSS is a cornerstone technology of
the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript. CSS is designed to enable the separation
of presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts.

JS: This Javascript is designed to help both beginners and experienced professionals master the
fundamentals of JavaScript and unleash their creativity to build powerful web applications. From
basic syntax and data types to advanced topics such as object-oriented programming and DOM
manipulation.

jQuery: - jQuery is a JavaScript library designed to simplify HTML DOM tree traversal and
manipulation, as well as event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax. It is free, open-source software
using the permissive MIT License. As of May 2019, jQuery is used by 73% of the 10 million most
popular websites. Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript library by
a large margin, having at least 3 to 4 times more usage than any other JavaScript library. jQuery's
syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create
animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications.

3.5 BACK-END
Python:- It looks like you're interested in learning more about Python programming. Python is a
versatile and widely-used programming language known for its simplicity and readability.
Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, Python offers a range of capabilities
for various applications, including web development, data analysis, machine learning, and more.

 Client-Server Architecture

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Typical client-server systems are based on the 2-tiered architecture, whereby there is a clear
separation between the data and the presentation/business logic. These are generally data driven,
with the application existing entirely on the client machine while the database server is deployed
somewhere in the organization.

 2-Tier Architecture

In a traditional 2- Tiered application, the processing load is given to the client PC while the server
simply acts as a traffic controller between the application and data. As a result, not only does the
application performance suffer due to the limited resources of the PC, but the network traffic tends
to increase as well.

 3 Tier Architecture

In 3- Tier architecture an application is broken into three separate logical layers, each with a well-
defined set of interfaces. The first tier is referred to as the presentation layer and typically consists
of graphical user interface of some kind. The middle tier, or business layer, consists of application
or business layer and the third layer- the data layer contains the data that is needed for the
application. The middle tier is basically the code that the user calls upon to retrieve the desired
data. The presentation layer then receives the data and formats it for display. This separation of
application logic from the user interface adds enormous flexibility to the design of application.
The third tier contains the data that is needed for the application.

 n- Tier Architecture

In an n - tier architecture the application logic is divided by function rather than physically.

N-Tier architecture then breaks down like this:

 An user interface that handle the user's interaction with the application; this can be web
browser running through a firewall, a heavier desktop application or even a wireless device.
 Presentation logic that defines what the user interface displays and how a user's requests
are handled- depending on what user interfaces are supported we need to have slightly
different versions of the presentation logic to handle the client appropriately.

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  Business logic that models the application's business rules, often through the interaction
with the application's data.
 Interface services that provide additional functionality required by the application
components, such as messaging , transactional support etc.

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

The heart disease prediction system was successfully developed and implemented, demonstrating
promising results in assessing individuals' risk of developing heart disease based on their personal
health data. Through rigorous testing and validation, the system exhibited high accuracy and
reliability in generating personalized risk assessments, empowering patients and healthcare
providers with actionable insights for preventive interventions and lifestyle modifications.

Prediction Accuracy:

The prediction accuracy of the system was evaluated using a diverse dataset comprising
demographic information, medical history, lifestyle factors, and clinical indicators from a cohort
of patients. Machine learning algorithms, including logistic regression, random forest, and neural
networks, were trained and validated on this dataset to predict the likelihood of individuals
developing heart disease within a specified timeframe.

The results of the prediction models demonstrated strong performance, with an overall accuracy
of over 94% in correctly identifying individuals at high risk of heart disease. Receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) curve analysis further confirmed the robustness of the models, with area
under the curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.9, indicating excellent discrimination between high-
risk and low-risk individuals.

4.1 Home Page:

The homepage of the heart disease prediction system serves as the gateway to accessing the
system's functionalities and resources, providing users with a welcoming and informative
introduction to the platform. Designed with a user-centric approach, the homepage aims to engage

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and educate users about the system's capabilities while facilitating seamless navigation to key
features and content areas.

The homepage is divided into several sections, including a header section with the navigation
menu, a banner section that showcases the latest news and events, and a featured section that
highlights some of the key features and benefits of the portal.

The design of the homepage is based on the principles of responsive web design, which ensures
that the page is optimized for different screen sizes and devices.

4.2 Input Page:

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4.3 Output Page:

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 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION
The suggested application makes use of risk factors, which medical professionals must determine
before utilizing the program. It could differ depending on the determined Risk Factors. If the
recognized risk factors are incorrect or less accurate results, the application might provide
outcomes. The program might employ many AI methods to record and modify an answer in light
of previous encounters. The application's outcome is dependent upon the precision of the
algorithms used for classification. Should the precision is poor, the produced product can be
inaccurate, or less precise. Expanding the dataset could produce additional precise outcomes. In
summary, we implemented different feature selection techniques and found the most significant
features which are highly valuable for heart disease prediction.

5.2 FUTURE WORK

Incorporation of Genetic Data:

Integrating genetic information into predictive models can offer personalized risk assessments and
treatment plans. Genetic markers associated with heart disease risk can be identified and included
in the predictive algorithms.

Utilization of Wearable Devices:

Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers can continuously monitor vital signs
like heart rate, blood pressure, and physical activity levels. Integrating this real-time data into
prediction models can improve accuracy and enable early detection of cardiovascular
abnormalities.

Integration of Imaging Techniques:

Advanced imaging techniques such as cardiac MRI, CT angiography, and echocardiography

provide detailed structural and functional information about the heart. Combining imaging data

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with clinical variables can enhance the precision of predictive algorithms, allowing for better risk
stratification.

Machine Learning Algorithms:

Leveraging more sophisticated machine learning algorithms, such as deep learning and ensemble
methods, can capture complex relationships between risk factors and heart disease outcomes.
These algorithms can handle large-scale datasets and extract patterns that may not be apparent with
traditional statistical approaches.

Incorporation of Lifestyle Factors:

Considering lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise habits, stress levels, and sleep quality can
provide a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's cardiovascular health. Integrating
these factors into predictive models can enable personalized risk assessments and interventions
tailored to each patient's lifestyle.

Real-Time Monitoring and Feedback:

Implementing systems that offer real-time monitoring of cardiovascular health metrics and
provide personalized feedback and recommendations can empower individuals to make proactive
lifestyle changes and adhere to treatment plans.

Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHR):

Seamless integration with electronic health records can facilitate access to comprehensive patient
data, including medical history, laboratory results, and medication adherence. This integration
enables more holistic risk assessment and treatment planning.

Remote Patient Monitoring:

Remote monitoring technologies allow healthcare providers to remotely track patients' health
status and intervene promptly if any concerning trends are detected. Incorporating remote patient
monitoring capabilities into heart disease prediction systems can improve patient outcomes by
enabling early intervention and preventing adverse events.
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Predictive Analytics for Treatment Response:

Beyond predicting the risk of heart disease, developing models that can predict individual patient
responses to specific treatments can optimize therapeutic strategies and improve treatment
outcomes.

Interdisciplinary Collaboration:

Encouraging collaboration between clinicians, data scientists, biomedical engineers, and other
experts can foster innovation and lead to the development of more robust and clinically relevant
prediction systems.

REFERENCES

1. Edelson, D.P., et al.: Less is more: detecting clinical deterioration in the hospital with machine
learning using only age, heart rate and respiratory rate. In: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in
Critical Illness. American Thoracic Society (2018)

2 Mohan, Senthilkumar, Chandrasegar Thirumalai, and Gautam Srivastava, “Effective heart

disease prediction using hybrid machine learning techniques” IEEE Access 7 (2019): 81542-
81554.

3. Hayeri, A.: Predicting future glucose fluctuations using machine learning and wearable sensor
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4. Ahmad, T., et al.: Machine learning methods improve prognostication, identify clinically
distinct phenotypes, and detect heterogeneity in response to therapy in a large cohort of heart
failure patients. J. Am. Heart Assoc. (2018)

5. Stewart, J., Sprivulis, P., Dwivedi, G.: Artificial intelligence and machine learning in
emergency medicine. Emergency Medicine Australasia (2018)

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