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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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N.C.V & G.C.V

A sample of coal contains 𝐂 = 𝟔𝟏%, 𝐎 = 𝟑𝟐%, 𝑯 = 𝟔%, 𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟓%, 𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟐% and 𝒂sh = 𝟎. 𝟑%.
Calculate its G.C.V and N.C.V by Dulong and Petits formula.

1 O
H.C.V = [8080C + 34500 (H − ) + 2240 S]
100 8
1 32
= [8080 × 61 + 34500 (6 − ) + 2240 × 0.5]
100 8
1
= [492880 + 34500(6 − 4) + 2240 × 0.5]
100
1 1
= [492880 + 69000 + 1120] = [563000]
100 100
∴ H. C. V = 5630.00 kcal/kg.
9
L.C.V. = [ H.C.V − H × 587] kcal/kg.
100
9
= [5630.00 − × 6 × 587] = [5630.00 − 316.98]
100
∴ L.C.V = 5313.02 kcal/kg
H.C.V = 5630.00 kcal/kg
𝐿. 𝐶. 𝑉 = 5313.02 kcal/kg

A coal is having the following composition by weight, 𝐂 = 𝟗𝟎%; 𝐎 = 𝟎. 𝟑%; 𝐒 = 𝟎. 𝟓%; 𝐍 = 𝟎. 𝟓%,
Ash = 𝟐. 𝟓%. Net calorific value was found to be 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝐤𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐤𝐠. Calculate the percentage of
hydropen and higher calorific value of coal
Soln.:

9
N.C.V. = G.C.V. − [ × 𝐻 × Latent heat ]
100
1 𝑂 9𝐻
N.C.V. = [8080𝐶 + 34500 (𝐻 − ) + 2240 S] − × Latent heat
100 8 100

Thus,

1 0.3 9
∴ 8965.28 = [(8080 × 90) + 34500 (H − ) + (2240 × 0.5)] − × H × 587
100 8 100

Solved to find the value of hydrogen. After solving you will get value of hydrogen as follows.

% of hydrogen = 6.2%
G.C.V. = 9292.88kcal/kg
Calculate the Gross and Net calorific value of coal sample having the following composition : 𝑪 =
𝟖𝟓%. 𝐇 = 𝟕%, 𝐎 = 𝟑%, 𝐒 = 𝟑. 𝟓%, 𝐍 = 𝟐. 𝟏% and 𝐀sh = 𝟒. 𝟒%.
Soln.:
Given data

C = 85%, S = 3.5%
H = 7%, N = 2.1%
O = 3%, Ash = 4.4%

To calculate G.C.V and N.C.V of coal sample,

1 O
G.C.V = [8080C + 34500 (H − ) + 22405]
100 8
1 3
= [8080 × 85 + 34500 (7 − ) + 2240 × 3.5]
100 8
1
= [686800 + 228562.5 + 7840]
100
1
= [923202.5] = 9232.025
100
∴ G. C. V = 9232.03kcal/kg
Now.N.C.V = G. C. V − (0.09 × %H × 587)
= 9232.03 − (0.09 × 7 × 587)
∴ N.C.V = 9232.03 − 369.81
N.C.V = 8862.22 kcal/kg
G.C.V = 9232.03 kcal/kg

A sample of coal has the following composition by mass:

𝑪 = 𝟕𝟎%, 𝑯 = 𝟏𝟎% 𝐎 = 𝟒%
𝑺 = 𝟐%, 𝑵 = 𝟐% and Ash = 𝟏𝟐%. Calculate Gross and Net calorific value using Dulong's formula.

Soln. :
Given data

C = 70%, S = 2%
H = 10%, N = 2%
O = 4%, Ash = 12%

To calculate G.C.V and N.C.V of coal sample

1 O
G.C.V = [8080C + 34500 (H − ) + 22405]
100 8
1
= [8080 × 70 + 34500(10 − 4/8) + 2240 × 2]
100
1 1
= [565600 + 327750 + 4480] = [897830]
100 100
= 8978.30kcal/kg
∴ G.C.V = 8978.30kcal/kg
Now N.C.V = G.C.V − (0.09 × %H × 587)
= 8978.30 − (0.09 × 10 × 587)
= 8978.30 − 528.7
∴ N.C.V = 8449.6kcal/kg.
G.C.V = 8978.30kcal/kg
N.C.V = 8449.6kcal/kg
 Numerical On Ultimate Analysis
A coal sample was subjected to ultimate analysis −𝟏. 𝟔𝐠𝐦 of coal on combustion in a Bomb
calorimeter gave 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝐠𝐦 of 𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 Calculate % of sulphur in the coal sample

Ans. :
Given data
Weight of BaSO4 ppt = 0.47gms
Weight of coal sample = 1.6gms

Weight of BaSO4 32
%S = × × 100
Weight of Coal 233
0.47 32
= × × 100
1.6 233
∴%S = 4.04%

A coal sample was subjected to ultimate analysis. 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐠 of coal on combustion in a Bomb

calorimeter gave 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝐠 of 𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 . Calculate percentage sulphur in the coal sample.
Soln. :

Weight of Coal Sample = 1.5 gms.

Weight of BaSO4 ppt = 0.42 gms.

To calculate % S in coal sample,

Weight of BaSO4 ppt 32

%S = × × 100
Weight of coal sample 233
0.42 32
= × × 100
1.5 233
13.44
= × 100
349.5
∴%S = 3.85%

A coal sample was subjected to ultimate analysis, 𝟎. 𝟔𝐠𝐦 of coal on combustion in a Bomb
colorimeter, produces 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐠𝐦 𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 . Calculate the percentage of ' 𝑺 ' in coal sample.
Soln. :
Weight of coal sample = 0.6gms.
Weight of BaSO4 = 0.05 gms.

To calculate % S

Weight of BaSO4 ppt 32

%S = × × 100
Weight of Coal Sample 233
0.05 32 1.6
= × × 100 = × 100
0.6 233 139.8
∴%S = 1.14%
%S = 1.14%
𝟏. 𝟓 𝐠 of a coal sample was analysed for nitrogen content by Kjeldahl's method. The liberated
ammonia required 𝟏𝟒𝐦𝐥 of 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐍 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 solution for neutralization. In a separate experiment using
Bomb Calorimeter, 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐠 of the same sample gave 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐠 of 𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 . Calculate percentage nitrogen and
sulphur in the sample.
Soln. :
Given Data
Weight of coal sample for Nitrogen analysis = 1.5gm
Volume of H2 SO4 = 14ml
Normality of H2 SO4 = 0.1 N
Weight of coal sample = 1.5gms in Bomb calorimeter
Weight of BaSO4 = 0.3gms
To calculate N%

Volume of acid consumed × N acid × 1.4

N% =
Weight of coal sample
= [14 × 0.1 × 1.4 ÷ 1.5]
∴ N% = 1.30%
Weight of BaSO 4 ppt. × 32 × 100
S% =
weight of coal sample × 233
= [0.3 × 32 × 100] ÷ [1.5 × 233]
= [960 ÷ 349.5]
S% = 2.74%

By Kjeldahl's method 𝟏. 𝟓𝐠𝐦. of a sample of coal was analyzed. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in
50 𝐦𝐥. of 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐍𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 . After absorption the excess 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 required 𝟑𝟓𝐦𝐥 of 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐍 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 Nor
neutralization. Calculate the percentage nitrogen.
Soln. :
Given data

Weight of sample = 1.5gms

NaOH consumed = 35ml
Normality of H2 SO4 and KOH = 0.1 N

Quantity of H2 SO4 = 50ml.

Amount of H2 SO4 used = (50 − 35)ml. = 15ml.

Equivalents of H2 SO4 = 15 × 0.1 = 1.5 = 1.5 × 10−3 milli equivalents
∴ Weight of Nitrogen = 1.5 × 10−3 × 14 = 0.0021gms
Weight of Nitrogen
∴ % Nitrogen = × 100
Weight of Coal sample
0.0021
= × 100
1.5
= 1.4%.

Percentage of nitrogen in coal sample = 𝟏. 𝟒%

By Kjeldahl's method, 𝟏. 𝟓𝟔𝐠𝐦 of the coal and 𝐍𝐇𝟑 gas thus evolved was absorbed in 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝐦𝐥 of
𝟎. 𝟏 𝐍 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 . After absorption the excess (residual) acid required 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝐦𝐥 of 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐍𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 for exact
neutralization. 𝟐. 𝟔𝟎𝐠𝐦 of the coal sample in a qualitative analysis gave 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟓𝟓𝐠𝐦 of 𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒 .
Calculate the percentage of 𝐍 and 𝐒 in the coal sample.
Soln. :
(a) Calculation of % Nitrogen
Given data
Weight of coal = 1.56gm.
Volume of H2 SO4 = 50ml.
Volume of NaOH = 6.25ml.
Normality of H2 SO4 and NaOH = 0.1 N.
H2 SO4 consumed = 50 − 6.25 = 43.75ml.
Equivalents of H2 SO4 = 43.75 × 0.1 = 4.375 × 10−3 milli equivalent

% Nitrogen = N2 = 4.375 × 10−3 × 14gm.

Weight of Nitrogen
= × 100
Weight of coal sample
4.375 × 10−3 × 14
= × 100 = 3.93%
1.56
(b) Calculation of % sulphur
Given data

Weight of coal = 2.60gm

Weight of BaSO Bormed4 = 0.1755gm
Wt, of BaSO formed 32
%S = × × 100
Wt. of coal sample 288
0.1755 32 561.6
= × × 100 = = 0.93%
2.60 233 605.8

By Kjeldahle's method, 2.3gms of coal sample was analysed for nitrogen content. The liberated ammonia
was neutralized by 12.5ml. of 0.5 N H2 SO4 solution. The same weight of sample gave 0.64gms of BaSO4
precipitate. Calculate percentage of nitrogen and sulphur in the sample.
Soln. :
To calculate Percentage of N
Method 1
Normality of H2 SO4 = 0.5 N
Volume of H2 SO4 used = 12.5ml.

∴ Meq. of H2SO4 = (12.5 × 0.5 × 10−3 ) = 6.25 × 10−3Meq.

∴ Weight of N2 = (6.25 × 10−3 × 14)gms
= (87.5 × 10−3)gms
Weight of Nitrogen
∴%N = × 100
Weight of coal
87.5 × 10−3
= × 100 = 3.80%
2.3
Method 2

Volume of H2 SO4 used = 12.5%.

Normality of H2 SO4 = 0.5 N
Volume of H2 SO4 used × NH2SO4 × 1.4
∴%N=
Weight of coal sample
12.5 × 0.5 × 1.4
= = 3.08%
2.3
Weight of BaSO4 32
%S= × × 100
Weight of coal sample 233

0.64 32
= × × 100
2.3 233
20.48
= × 100
535.9
∴%S = 3.82%

𝟏. 𝟓 𝐠 of a coal sample was bumt in a combustion apparatus and the products of Combustion were
collected in previously weighted 𝐊𝐎𝐇 bulb and 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 tube. The increase in Weights of 𝐊𝐎𝐇 bulb and
𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 tube were found to be 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 𝐠 and 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝐠 respectively. Calculate percentage carbon and
rydrogen in the sample.
 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
𝟐. 𝟓 of air dried coal sample was taken in a silica crucible, after heating it in an electric oven at 𝟏𝟎𝟓∘ −
𝟏𝟏𝟎∘ 𝐂 for 1 hour, the residue was weighed 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝐠. The residue was heated in a silica crucible
covered with vented lid at a temperature 𝟗𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟐𝟎∘ 𝐂 for exactly 7 minutes. After cooling the weight
𝒐𝒇 residue was found to be 𝟏. 𝟕𝟖 𝐠. The residue was then ignited at 𝟕𝟓𝟎∘ 𝐂 to a constant weight of
𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟔g Calculate the percentage of fixed carbon in a coal sample.

Weight of coal taken = 2.5 g

Mass of moisture in coal = 2.5 − 2.415
= 0.085 g.
Loss in weight of coal 0.085 × 100
∴ % of moisture = × 100 =
Weight of coal taken 2.5
= 3.4%
Mass of U. Matter = 2.415 − 1.78 = 0.635 g
0.635 × 100
% of volume Matter =
2.5
= 25.4%
Mass of residue after ignition = 0.246 g

Weight of ash left 0.246 × 100

% of Ash = × 100 =
Weight of coal taken 2.5
= 9.8%

% of Fixed Carbon

= 100 − (% Moisture + V.M + Ash )

= 100 − (3.4 + 25.4 + 9.8)
= 100 − 38.6
= 61.4%
= 3.4%

2.499gms of coal sample was taken in silica crucible and heated in oven maintained at 110∘ C for one
hour. The weight after heating was 2.368gms. The same sample was analysed for volatle matter and
weigt obtained was 1.75 g, the sample as further treated to get fixed weight of 0.95gms. Calculate the
percentage of moisture, volatile matter, ash and fixed carbon for this sample.

Given data
Weight of coal Sample = 2.499gmss = 𝑤1
Weight of coal after heating at 110∘ C = 2.388gms, = 𝑤2
Weight of coal after heating for V.M. = 1.75gms, = 𝑤3
Fixed weight obtained = 0.95 gms = 𝑤4

Loss in Weight
To calculate % moisture = × 100
Weight of coal
𝑤1 − 𝑤2
= × 100
𝑤1
0.111
= × 100 = 4.44%
2.499
Loss in weight due to V.M.
To calculate % V.M. = × 100
Weight of coal
 𝑤2 − 𝑤3
= × 100
𝑤1
2.388 − 1.75
= × 100 = 25.53%
2.499
Constant weight
% Ash = × 100
Weight of coal
0.95
= × 100 = 38%
2.499
Fixed carbon = 100 − [% moisture + % V.M. + % Ash ]
= 100 − [4.44 + 25.53 + 38]
= 100 − [68.97]

∴ % Fixed carbon = 31.03%

𝟐. 𝟓𝐠𝐦𝐬 of coal sample was taken in silica crucible and heated in oven maintained at 𝟏𝟏𝟎∘ 𝐂 for
for 1 hr the residue was weighed 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝐠𝐦. The residue was heated in sica crucble of a temporaty with
anted contain 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝐠𝐦. The residue was thenacty 7 minutes, After cocing the weight of rusidue was
found to Soln. : above analysis

1 Weight of coal taken = 2.5 g

Pe Report the result of
Mass of moisture in coal = 2.5 − 2.41
= 0.09 g.
Loss in weight of coal
∴ % of moisture = × 100
Weight of coal taken
= [0.09 × 100 ÷ 2.5]% = 3.6%

2.
Mass of Volatile Matter = 2.41 − 1.78 = 0.63 g
% of volume Matter = [0.635 × 100 ÷ 2.5] = 25.4%

3.
Mass of residue after ignition = 0.246 g
Weight of ash left 0.246 × 100
Fo Ash = × 100 =
Weight of coal taken 2.5
= 9.8%

4.
of of Fixed Carbon = 100 − (% Moisture + V. M + Ash)
= 100 − (3.6 + 25.4 + 9.8) = 100 − 38.8 = 61.25
 Calculate weight/volume of air/oxygen
A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume : 𝐇𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎%, 𝐂𝐎 = 𝟏𝟎%, 𝐂𝐇𝟒 =
𝟑𝟎%, 𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 = 𝟓%, 𝐍𝟐 = 𝟏%, 𝐎𝟐 = 𝟐% and 𝐂𝐎𝟐 = 𝟐%. Caiculate volume and weight of air required
for complete combustion of 𝟏 𝐦𝟑 of fuel. (Molecular weight of air = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟗 )

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A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume.
𝐂𝐇𝟒 = 𝟑𝟓%, 𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 = 𝟓%, 𝐂𝐎 = 𝟏𝟓%, 𝐇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎% 𝐍𝟐 = 𝟏% water vapour = 𝟒% Calculate volume and
weight of air required for complete combustion of 𝟏 𝐦𝟐 of fuel. [molecular weight of air = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟒 ]
Soln. :
Given data

CH4 = 35%, C2 H4 = 5%, CO = 15%, O2 = Nil

H2 = 40%, CO2 = 2%, N2 = 1%,
Water Vapours = 4%

Calculate of quantity of O2

Component Reaction Volume of O2

CH4 = 0.35 m3 CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O 0.35 × 2 = 0.7 m3
C2 H4 = 0.05 m3 C2 H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2 O 0.05 × 3 = 0.15 m3
1 1
CO = 0.15 m3 CO + O2 → CO2 0.15 × = 0.075 m3
2 2
1 1
H2 = 0.4 m3 H2 + O2 → H2 O 0.4 × = 0.2 m3
2 2
Volume of (Total) O2 required = 1.125 m3

O2 available in fuel = 0.00

∴ Net O2 required = 1.125 m3
∴ Volume of air required = 1.125 × 100/21 m3

= 5.357 m3
= 5357 liters
= 5357 liters

∴ Weight of air

∴ 22.4 litres = 28.94 kg air

∴ 5357 litres = 5357 × 28.94/22.4 J kg of air
= 6921 kg of air O2 available in fuel = 0.00

∴ Net O2 required = 1.125 m3

∴ Volume of air required = 1.125 × 100/21 m3

= 5.357 m2

= 5357 liters

.. Weight of air

∴ 22.4 litres = 28.94 kg air

∴ 5357 litres = 5357 × 28.94/22.4]kg of air
= 6921 kg of air
Volume of air = 5.357 m2 or 5357 litres
Weight of air = 6921 kg
A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume: : 𝐇𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓%, 𝐂𝐇𝟒 = 𝟒𝟓%𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟔 = 𝟔%, 𝐂𝐎 =
𝟏𝟐% & remaining 𝐍𝟐 . Calculate the minimum amount of air required at 27 degree Celsius and 760 mm
of Hg Pressure for the complete combustion of 𝟏𝐜𝐮.m of the fuel.
Soln. :
Given data

H2 = 0.35 m3 , C2 H6 = 0.06 m3
CH4 = 0.45 m3 , CO = 0.12 m3

Calculate of O2 required

100
∴ Volume of air required = Volume of O2 ×
21
100 3
= (1.345 × )m
21
= 6.4048 m3
= 6.4048 litres of air
∴ Weight of air =∵ 22.4 litres air ≡ 28.94 kg

∴ 6.4048 litres air ≡ 8.274 kg

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Now, =
𝑇1 𝑇2
760 × 6.4048 760 × 𝑉2
∴ =
273 273
6.4048 × 300
∴ 𝑉2 = = 7.038 litres air
273
∴ Weight of air at 760 mm and 27∘ C :
∵ 22.4 litres air = 28.94 kg
∴ 7.038 litres air = 9.092 kg

A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume.

𝐂𝐎 = 𝟒𝟎%, 𝐇𝟐 = 𝟒𝟐%, 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 = 𝟒%, 𝐂𝐇𝟒 = 𝟒%, 𝐍𝟐 = 𝟒% and 𝐎𝟐 = 𝟔%. Caiculate volume and
weight of aie required for complete combustion of 1 𝐦𝟑 of fuel (Molecular weight of air = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟒𝟗 )

Soln. :
Calculation of volume of O2 in m3 for 1 m3 of gaseous fuel

100 3
∴ Volume of air needed = ( Volume of O2 needed × )m
21
100
= 0.63 ×
21
= 3.00 m3 = 3000 litres
∴ Weight of air

∵ 22.4 litres air = 28.94 kg

∴ 3000 litres air = 3000 × 28.94/22.4 kg air.
= 3875 kg air
Volume of air needed = 3000 litres
Weight of air needed = 3875 kg
A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume.

𝐂𝐎 = 𝟒𝟔%, 𝐇𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎%
𝐂𝐇𝟒 = 𝟏𝟎%
𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟒 = 𝟒%, 𝐍𝟐 = 𝟏%
𝐂𝐎𝟐 = 𝟐% and 𝐎𝟐 = 𝟕%

Calculate volume and weight of air required for complete combustion of 𝟏 𝐦𝟑 of fuel. (Mol Wt 𝒐𝒇
air=28.949).

Soln:
Calculation of volume of O2 in m3 for 1 m3 of gaseous fuel

100 3
∴ Volume of air needed = ( Volume of O2 needed × )m
21
100
= 0.63 ×
21
3
= 3.00 m = 3000 litres
∴ Weight of air

∵ 22.4 litres air = 28.94 kg

∴ 3000 litres air = 3000 × 28.94/22.4 kg air.
= 3875 kg air
Volume of air needed = 3000 litres
Weight of air needed = 3875 kg
 Numerical on Atom economy
Calculate percentage atom economy for the following reaction with respect to acetophenone:
AlCl3
C6 H6 + CH2 COCl ⟶ C6 H5 COCH3 + HCl

Benzene Acetophenone
Soin:

C6 H6 + CH3 COCl C6 H5 COCl + HCl

AlCl2
Benzene +Acetyl Chloride ⟶
Mol Wt. = 78 78.5 Acetophenone
140.5

To Calculate % atom economy for reaction,

Molecular weight of product

% Atom Eeonomy = × 100
Total molecular weight of reactants
140.5
= × 100
78 + 78.5
= 89.78%

% Atom Economy = 89.78%

Calculate percentage atom economy for the following reaction w.r. methyl iso-cyanate

CH3 NH2 + COCl2 → CH3 − N = C = O + 2HCl

Methyt iso-cynate

Soln. :

CH3NH2 + COCl3 ⟶ CH3 − N = C = O + 2HCl

Mol.Wt 31 99

Molecular weight of product

% Atom economy = × 100
Total molecular weight of reactants
57
= × 100
31 + 99
= 44%
Calculate percentage atom economy for the following reaction with respect to benzanilide ?
Soln. :
C6 H5 NH2 + . C6 H5 COCl C6 H5 NHCOC6 H5 + HCl
Mol. wt. 93 140.5 Benzanilide
196
To Calculate % atom economy for reaction,

Molecular weight of product

% Atom economy = × 100
Total molecular weight of reactants
196
= × 100
93 + 140.5
= 83.9%
% Atom economy = 83.9%

NOTE: SIMILAR QUESTIONS WILL COME IN EXAM, JUST REMEMBER ATMIC WT. OF C,H,N,O,CL,

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