HUMAN ANATOMY

AND PHYSIOLOGY-II

UNIT 1 NOTES

NERVOUS SYSTEM -"

• NEURONS
• NEUROGLIA
f
• ACITON POTENTIAL IMPERFECT
• BRAIN PHARMACY
• SPINAL CORD

CONNECT WITH US ON :
[C!J] @IMPERFECTPHARMACV

e IMPERFECT PHARMACY
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
• 1ht ()etruous svstem IS -th~ roost complex svstem of huma.n ~
cont~·mn3 mtlhon'-> of ne-rue celfs network .
• ]- IS -\tie ro~mr controlling anq coorcHnaling ~vst€1Yl of huroo.n booy .
• ]- ,·s -fue bod,y 's ·commafld cent"6e .
• The nwous 5\/steffl is -the m~or amtrnn,·ns I r~utato~y and COmmurncoh~
5'1s\6n in the body_ .
• ] ts -\be C0'1 \fe. of oll -\he mento.J acl1vitfes i'nc\ud1n3 -tho':Qht ,
\earnin3 , rnem<m/ .
• ]J is also res~ns1bk for mat'nfo.J°nir~~l homrosfasis .

Or~anisatfon / C\asstf1cal1on of Nervoo.& Svstern

·. r
,•

NEffvous S'/SiEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS 5'1STEt1 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS S'ISTE~

B~o.in
Spinol C01d Autonomic NS Somo.h'c NS

5~mpattieHc
POJosympothehc
 CeHs of Nervous system
lhere Of! bast'cmty +wo t,pes of ceHs rn n~ous svsfem .
(D Neurons ( Nerve Cell~)
® Neuro_!llta ( 6'hot Cells)

I NEURONS I
• Neurons ore ihe basic strocturoJ and .-fundtonaJ urnl of nwous svstem .
• To~~ ~nero.\-es , co.rn, and 1mnsmi+ rlewe impulses .
• ]- ls also known as Neroe (ens .

S\rudore of Neurons
A Neuron ,·s basicoHv cornpo!af of -lhree parfs ·
CD (e\\ Bod~
® Dendrites ·
Dendrites Axon "amino.ts
@ Axon

NevroplOSf'\

Axo\ernma
t1'fe\in Shealh
Missie's
Cell Bochf Gtranoles Schu,ann CeH
Meurofemma
 ICELL 8oov I
•n tsalso "'1own as SomQ .
• The cell body 1s -fhc centfo.l r~i'on conta.t'nin9 nucleu'-> is the sik
of all m9io~ meto.bo\lic adfvrtt, of cell .
• Jt is approx i.- \OO mt'cromefetS" t'n dra~elf .
• lhe -o,top\osrn of neuron is known a~ Neoroplasm.
• The ribosomes of neuron~ ,·s ca1tEq Q~ Nissie's Gnonule& .
• Dendrites and Axons are nottiin_Q but th, eXfells,·on& of cell ~ .

IAXON I
• Axon ts Q#t'n , \on9 and cyl1od1rirol process/ e~ension that an·se. _
from -\he cell bod~ of Neuron .
• A~ons are the most t'mpodant p:irt of neuron -that can-y and
-kansmH nerue impulses from one neuroo to othe1r .
• G,eneroHy most of -the axons are cou~e~ by a -{atty substance called
Myelin Sheath which .,·s ·furftrer wrappeq by Schwonn C'etls .
• The area of axo·n where myeh'o shectH, is absen~ 1:S known as
Nodt of RClflvietr .
• 1rt stk from wht'ch axon i's extended from cell bcdy 1s known
a~ Axon Hillock .
lne. end ~ of axon 1s; R1own a~ Axon Terminal .

IDENDRITES I
• Dendrites ore o.lso the. exkns1ons .of ce\l bocJ.y tho.~ rece1\res sHmu.lus
or newe. impulses from other neuron.& and fends them fc the cell
body.
 CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS/ NERVE FIBRES

Neurons ·can be clossifreq on -the txlsis of 3 ~omes :

• On 4he basis of pala.dty / ex\-ension
• ·on -\he. basis of function
• On -the. basis of Mveh'n She~

IOn -the basis of ff>lamy I

On -the basis of Pola.rity , neurons are of ~ fvpes :
<D Unipola1f Neurons
® 6ipola.r Neurons
@ Pseudounr'pola-r Neurons
® Mulh'polao Neurons

UNIPOLAR 81PoLAA flsEUDOUNIPOLA R MULTIPOI.AR

These are th c lhese are those lhese neuroM ha~ These a.re \be
neurons 1n which neurons ,·n which Sin~te. process bu~ neurons in wh,'ch
Cell body hah cell beet y h~ fur\her this process cell oodv ha~
s,n~re process . two process dt'vided ,'nto two mul~'plc procesg .
oiher proce$ .
 IOn -\he basis of funcflan I
On -ttl!. basis -of funch'on Neuron can be <liv,'drd t'nto -three i'(pes ·.
CD Sensory (Afferent) N~urons
® Moto-r ( £fferent) Neurons
@ Intefneurons

Sensory Neurons
• The~ are also ~own o~ Afferenl Neurons .
• Tue~ carry nerue impulses from hssues anq o~ans to th~
.central nen.r.ous s~stem . ·

Motor Neurons
• They are also ~own M -~fFerent Neuron~ . ·
• They cony nwe impulses from Q!l\ml nwou,., ?.,lfslem to ~e
effeclor o~o.n'-> .

Intm,e~ons
• lhei, are otso Fnown a~ Assodotton neuron~ .
• lhey are found exdusive\y on Cenfrol Neruo~ System .
• The conneds sensory and moto1r n€uron~ .
 IOn -the basis of Myelin She,fh I
'O n -\he bost·s of presence. € obsenct of m~el,n shmtt, , neurons can
be further Qivideq into iwo iypes :
© M~etinoled N~rons
@ Non- m~eh'no.l-ed Neurons

Mvetinakd Neurons
• lhese neurons a.re coverEd by a -tn,·ck 1OJ/er ·qf myeh'n sheath .
• Impulse con~uetton in m~eh'no.ted neuron~ is very f~t compared -to
Non - m~ehno.l-ec\ neuron~ .

Non- Mvetino.led Neurons

• These neurons do not contain m~eli'n sheath . \

• Impulse [()ndudfon in non - rn~elinol-ed neuron~ 1s slow co~ to

rn~elinoJed neurons .

Special P-onpem1es of Neuron~

• It con\ni~ branches or process cot~ ~ndrite~ .

• I~ ·don't ha.ue. laltmsome~ , · hence tl cannoi be. fvrfhe.r svb d1\1ide
 I NeuROGiLIA I
• Thq are o.lso known a~ Non- neuronoJ or tn1r·a1 (ells .
• The&e are -the supp015h'n3 -cells of neuron~ but do not 3eneraJ-e.
o-r rondud nem,e 1'mpu lses .
• Unh'k~ neuron~ , -these cell~ ha.ue cell drv,·sion rn-ope~ty -

Fonc\tons of NeurO,Qr,a
• Th~ to
neuron .
pn-o\Jide. nutritton
• The~ p-o~ed neuron& from pathogen.& .
• They pmv,'de strudurnl and funchonoJ supporf to neuronJ1.
• The~ form M~elin 6heath
• lh~y also mat'ntot'n~ Homeoslost's .

lv~ of Neurogria

NEUROGtLIA

Central Neruous S stem Pe'(ri heral Neruou~ S stem

AstroC\/tes 5chwann Cells

Ependymal Cetrs 5ate,llite Cells
011·9odendroa,tes
M1cro31ia
 I ASTROC\/TES I
• These are the most abunqant neur9!]h'o.l cehi .
• lhev ore founq ,·n \arste number near blood
\Je.ssets .
• T~ ore of s\o.r stlapE:q .
• Thell form anq maJ'nrofn~ Slood Brain Barri~.

IOLtCn00EN0ROC\/TES I
• lhe~ are smalter ,compare to Astroc~~e~
• The\/ form m~e\in sheo.th in .\he neuron.& of
cen1tn.\ nwous s~.stem .
• lbq a.re -the. supp:,rh'rJ5l network ,of ~uron~ .

IEPENO'IMAL CELLS I
• lhev .furm epHheh'al h'ni~ of brru'n~ spt'~
cord ~ -\tla, are columnar epitt,elt'um .
• To~ secte\-es and absorbs CSF CCerebr~ro\
f\uid)
 I MtCAOGILIA I
• lhe~ pre -the smoHest neur~h'o! cell~ .
• Thett are cte1r1va::I from monoc~k'-> .
• lhe\f are pho900,ttc in nalure ~ help r'n
neuro;tlicu fe?Ot'r.

·1 ScHWANN CELLS I
• ~a, are -the.
m~o~ ,_Q\io\ cells t'n PNS .
• Tuel/ form myelin shealh 1n the neuron~
of P~iphe~-al Nervou~ Svsrem .
• Tua, are olso known .as NeuritemmQ (e\\s .

I SATELLITE (ELLS I
• lne~ form extrace\lutar space of ne?Nou~ system .
• To a, p]"ovi de pn~i'co.1 suppor~ io neuron~
 IPROPERTIES OF NEURONS/ NER'YE Ft8RES I
Neurons / Nerue ft'brec; pos-se~ / contains S>me special prnpe6tk~ ~
.follow~ :
• Con~udt'viftf
• ~xc,tabilihf
• RefrQdory P~cq
• Unfuligllbilihf
• AU ~ none \aw
• Acco010~0.hon

ExdtobH,~
TI- is the o.bili~ of neurons/ nwe fr·bres -to respond to van·ou~
sHrnuli and convert #)em t'nto nwe impulse .

Conduch"ihf
]- IS -\he ability of n~ve fib~e to corduc~ nwe t'mpul:Ses ( eJeclrica!
,·mpulses) 0Jon51 its \en,Qftl from one par~ to anofher . -

Re~acijve Peiiod
When the. nwe fitxe is once exc1leq , it w,U not resp:md fo
an~ O~e-6" shmu\u~ -for o ~lectt·"e Hme perrod ~ this ~·me period
is known Qs Rehadive period .
Unfiili3obih'+y
It t's -\he _ability of nem1e ti'bres -to -ne~ ~ fah~ued even if
ihev rerefves cnnh'nvou~ Sttmu h' .

f\11 or None LQw

It ,s one of -the mos~ ,·mfXlr~ont property ·of nwe -ftbres nw.e
I

tbres 3€1-s exdled . only at a parh·cular threshok1 s\refJ1i .

EHher -\hey wm ;live rno.xirnum respanse or -they ,511\Je no resrmse .

Accornoctahon
If ,the conhouo~ shmuli 1s appher1 to ,the nwe ttbres -then i~
will decrff!Se -ftie excilnbility of nme fibres .
 I ELECTROPHYSIOLOCnV I
• Neuron 1S q special h,pe of cell founcl fn our newou!!. 1:1.fsJ.em whcll is
oble to genero.t-e, cnrrv 011d fronsmit nwe frnpulse .
• Eteclroph~sio\o51~ is nothin_fl but -the study of eledricnl pr~tfrs of
neurons .
• .JnEtedroph~s{o1ogy toe b~icolt.y sw~y about :
- How Nerve Impulse generoJeq .
- How sHrnu1u1.:, chan_Qed membrone 10n con~nfratt'on .
- How rsHmutu~ COnverW r'nk, nemre i'rnpulse.

IACTION POTENTIAL I
An achon p<nenHol i's -the ,:x>tenh~ c{ifference ~erakq across the
rnemb~one of neuron due .to d1sbalance of pos1live and n~altve
ch~e which u\~'mol-etv _Qt\Je. rt'se. ftl generatton of Nenie. Impulse .

E"ents Ourina &eneroJion of Adton Poten'1°'

• Polo.ri'-zaho n
• Depolarization
• Repo\anioJfon
• Hyperpolarizo.tton
 POLA~ISATION
• n is_also known ~ Resh'n3 Siu3e .
• Pt -\h1s sta_Qe no sHmutu~ come~ hence no ony och·on patennal
genernted .
• A~ resh'n51 st0;te. : Insid'- Membrune : Negah'1e. Char~e ~ HfQh k+ ions
. Outside Membrane. : PosiHve Char_Qe < ~!Sh Nq+ ,·ons
• Res\mg membrane. Po•enh'o.l = - 'lo mv
r \/OL1'.Gtf 6tA1EO CtfA,_.ELS
"3NQt ~·~-... ~ kt
,,...,,_... LEkAGtE UMNNELS

2.K+

Inttacellular ·R~ion

++++++++++++++++ ++++++
Ex-kacellulor F.e,qi'on

0 EPOLARtZATION
• When s~·motu& (Om(~ it deadi\Jal-~ sodium ffossium pump .
• Now Not ions conh'ouou&(y increasins fnside cell membrone vra I ~
channe\s ~ u\Hmo!ely inside of mernbr~ berome~ pcst'hvely ch~
~ -tti,s s\af Is ©lie~ depoloriza~'on ( Vo1tocr, ~ate I-lat olso ap,n-s)
• Memb ranc fbtet1h'al nses to t 30 rn V

Pelttt·vates
5TIMuLus Co11es Na.. _..,. Depolawal
+ + + ... + + + . . + + + ... -t -t + + + +
--
 REPOLARIZATrON
• Now whefl wave of dep:>lar,'-za!ton passed from on~ po.rt -oP
membrone to anotti~ , vo\~~ e ,Qal-ed Na+ channel O,QDJ'n 3ef.s
c\o.sed a.nd now volto,ge _gated kt- channets Ope,vi .
• Nou,, , ~~ ions contt'nuougly poss,'~ oui fro~ th( cell .( ulHmo.tely
the · tns~d( of membrane ~ ·n been~ ne3Qhvef y ch~ -( tt, ,·s
sta!le IS coJleq Repalar;uilion , ATPase. P'Jfflp ~a.in acli\Jate~ .

kt
3No+

t + + t + + + t + + .. .... t+~ +

1-1 VPERPOLARIZATION
• Altho~h membrane a__gru'n bero ~ repofa.m.-ed but still t<J channels
C\lo\ta_9e Hol-ro) ~II remai'os opened .
• Now que 4o -\his ~♦ t'ons ~oijnues F.'ns
~v\aclt of membron< .
and _membrane. potentta.\ become~ - So mv which (O.U6e hypeq:tJl~~oo
• Whro po~h'ol reames - 90 mv l<f channets also Qet"s closes
Oild ft'natly membrane readlf~ fc restin3 sfoa,e .
Gt raphtcol RepresentoJton of £ven~s duri'n3 Ariton P~enhaj

La.J
1~ ... 55
~ -lo ----- ~ . . . . . . . . . ..... ,,_.....,..-"-
Sttmufus
-90 -~----- --H\fpd"p:>lan'udion
TIME

INERVE IMPULSE I
A Neive Jrnpulse is a rnessa3e in -\he form of eleclo'co.l s!Qnol1.,
9eneraled 1f1side -\tie ne1J100 as Q rerull of Adion fbtenlia.\ developed
due to arri\lal of sHmulus .
 I SYNAPSE I
. • A s~napse. ts Q ,,1undfon be\weet1 two neurons where transmission
of nwe t'mputses tokes place .
• svnap-se allow mmmunicoJfon be~ween two neuron~ -< o\he.r ceHs
throuJlh -\he use of neurofmnsmiHers .
• 6'enerally -this jundfon 1s f~rmed bclW£en axon ,errn,noJ of one
neuron and -\he dendrH-e ,of another neuron .
• Neoroh-ansmiHers · -transmits s~nols · fmm Presynap~·c neuron fo
Posts'f"apHc neuron .

C\Qsstft'cn\ion of Synapse
lhere are b~icoHy two types of Svnapsc .
© C~emical S~napse.
® Etedn'cal sv napse.

CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

• A chemtrol svnapse. is a juncHon betwea, two neurons -\hro~h wht'cn

signals are -\fansmiHed bv
-ttle releaie of chernico.J neurorrnnsmi#er~ .
• Tn -\ti~ chemico.l Stfnap.se. -there 1s no con~·nuify between fwo neuron~
~muse of presence of a £pOce, called 5ynapHc Clef+.
• Neurotransrnit+ers rel(ase -from v~ides due to aenerahon of Ac-hon
Poten~·oJ .
• A\most every svnapse. tn humall body is o ~pe of chemical s ropse .
 Ac\t'on ~ - Pre synaptic Neron
Polaih'al

(Q2t Channel
S'fnapHc Vessicles

5~napijc.,.__ _ _ _ _ _.,.• Reltase of N~rotronsmittErs

Cleft
~~r s

ros\ 5'fnapk C tlevron

(EHEHICAL SYN A~

ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

• fleclricot &fnapse is a 1vpe of synapse in which -Hiere fs o d,·rec+

conneclion between presvnapHc and pos\svnaph'c. neuron throu;ih fur
~unch·on.
• Tu e\eoo·cnt Sl/napse. transmission oru,r~ very rapidly.
• lno, ore very fewer in · number compare -fo chemicnl synapse .

PflSVnQfl\tc Neuron

....,__ _ _,.. G,ap ~uncHon

,__ _.....,. Pos\5\f naph' c

 I NEUROTRANSMITTERS I
• Neurotransrni\~ers are -the. chemiro.l messe'!9er~ tha} 4mnsmH S!Qnafs
from one neuron to anothe-r across a ~napse :~•
• Neuro\ron.smiHers are se~rouy packed i'n synoph·c vesskles .
• lhec., are _very im~r~ant for mpid transfer of nmre r'mpulse bek\Jeen
two neurons .

, vpes of Neurotransmi+lers
NeurotransmiHers can be clossitted on -the basis of two ca.tegories :
• On -\he basis of chemical nak,re
• On -\he blsis of .fundfon

On the basis of chemi'rol nature

On -\-he basis of chemi caJ prop~hes neuro\ronsmiffer.s can be
classtfted as fo\lows :

NEUROTRA HSM ITT ERS

Amr'no Acid Amines Others

6'ABA Adernotine Acehf lcholine.
Gtlu ~a mote. Nor - aderno.h'ne N,rn·c Oxide
GtltJdn Hrs\Qm,ne
Asper\-o.te Dopamio~
~
 On the basis of fimch'on
On -the. basis of function , it ron be Cl_!loin d-qssiGed into ltuee
fype.s :
<D Exd~ol-or~ N~ro+ransmi tters
® Inhibitory Nevro tmnsmiHers
@ Bott,

I ExcHalory Neurotrunsmitters I
• lhese neurolrcmsmiff-ers act- by stimulah'~ th~ tar)ld neum~
.
• Thev t'nqeases the ,'nflu)(' of sodium Ions ins,'de the cell ~
awse depo, urizoJion .
• £xampJes : Ace~ylchohne , AdernoUne, Sero~onin ek.

I Tohibitory Neurotransmitters
• These ,neuro \ransmit+ers ad by inhibH1n3 ~e -\or~et neuroM .
• They mcreases -the. outftu x of pot-asst'urn rons outs,'cfe #le cefl
-f muse repa\onzohon .
• Exaroph ·. GtABA , Gttvdne. Sero~on,ne ek.
I

I Bo\h C&dta.tory ~ Tnhibik>ry)

• Neurotro.nsroitters which c_ont-o.i~s both excitolory -e lnhibi~ory
P.roperlies ore classified rn -lh,s Jl!Oup .
• Examples : Acehf lchoh'ne , Dopam,'ne. .et-c .
 I CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM I
• lhe centrol neruou~ s~stern is mainly consis~ of Brain and
Spinal (01f~ .
• Both Brofn oncl Sp1'nc,J Cord is proteded by cio.n,'al ca.ui~y and
verhtro..\ Co\umn respec~'vely .
• The cen\ral nenrouP.. system is th~ rn~or ,contwH ,·03 , rEc]u1 oJ-ory
- and , cornmonicohng system 1'n our bo~V .
• TI 1s respansiblc fur every\hin3 we do, feel ~ think .

Ports of CNS
CD 8150.in
® 5pinol Cord

IM ENINGtES I
• Attho~h Brain and Spinal Cord i's pro~eded by ~anra/ bonf~
and \Jertebrol column but since -they are Very sens1ttve ~ i'mpcrfruit
o~on of our body , hence {hel/ ore fudher protede<I by fhree layer
or cov~1n5t calteq Mern'OJ!fS .
• Meni~es provide L\'.llh protedion -( nourishmen~ to brru'h f ~ inal coid •

LCUffls of Meni n3es

© Oum Mat-fer ( Outermost Lru,er)
® Arachnoiq Matte! ( Midctle Lrufer)
@ Pia .Mat\a ( Innermost L.rufer )
 I Dura Malter I
• If ,·s -thetou;ihesl and out-ermost lru,eir.
• It IS furlher divtd(d in~o two sub lru,ers ·
- Endoskot \cu,er : Outer IOJfer toward~ skull .
- Men,nge~ IOl(er : Inna la.yei toward~ Arachnoid malteo.

J Arachnoid Matta I
• It is ~ middk nbrou~ ICU(el'.
• I~ is ~pruol-ed from dura mo¼ta by Subdurol Space .
• TI ,·s separal-ec\ %om Pia mot-le~ by Subarachnoid space .
• Arachnoid mot-ter ond Pt'o molter are collecHvely known a~
Leptomenin~es.

IPia ~ alter I
• TI is -\he ,·nnermost fcu,er of rnenin3es .
• ]- ts ht~h\y vrurulo.r ronnec-Hve hssue laye1r.
• TI ccm,·es -\he blood vessels ;nto braJ'n .
• ] p\~ ml!ior role ,·n -the formolton of Choroid Plexus .

5ub Ouro.l Space : Space between Dura Matter ~ Arodlnotd ~after .

Sub Arachnoid Space : Space between Arachnoid Molter ~ Pio Mat~er.

: ~~~;:~~;=~~;~~,~=::
~ Oura Our~
Sub 5·
Mo.Ha
_ ____. Arachnoid Molts
........~u,·..-aiiiii.::_.~ ,;a~~~ .,_.,. Sub Arachnoid
' "'" 11~......,...._..__. Pia Mattu ·
Sn. ---
 I CnAEY MATTER cf. WHITE MATTER I
Tue or_9o.ns of Centro.\ NeNou~ svs~em i-~·, Brafo -f- Sp1'nal Co~
·- are composecl of two ~J'nd of Hssu~
• Gtrev Mo.l~er
• Whi~ MoJ+~-r

Gney Mattef
• 1t (s -\he. mg(or compcnent .of ~ ntra.t newou~ sys~em mainly consisr
of Neuronal Ce\\ body ~ dendrites .
• In brain it fs present on -the out~ side while r'n spina.\ card
it Is present in -the. 1'nneir side .

White Mo¼+e-6'
• The. white molter r's -the network of fibres rooo'n\y consis ~ ot
myl,'noJ-ed axons / nerve .fibres . .
• 1n brofn H is present in \he inner side whr'k i'n spino.J corcl Ir
;s prese1't on -\he outer side .

,.
 ITHE . BRAIN I
• B~run t's one of -the. largest or9an i'n fhe body which coord,na~es
most of -\he body ac~v·,h·es .
• It is -fuc coniml ren-\re of -the body .
• The adult human bro.in we~hs on overa3e abou~ i•i. -1 ·5 k3.
• To mo.\es -the aveta9e we~hf r's abou~ rsro 9 while i'n femoJ~
H is abou\ \100 ~mms .
• I~ (s mad( up of abou~ 100 billion neuron~ .
• 1t fs one of -the rnost complex h'vin3 structure in -this universe.

. VENTRICLES OF BRAIN
• lhe ventrides are coviHes Chollow spaces) .fr·ned w,·tt, (erebrospinaJ
Fluicl
• Toere are four ventricles in our brain -thnt ore i'nte"6conneded -to
each othe6' .
• Each vento"icks fs lined by ependymoJ (e\ls which formh Choroid
Plexus -thoJ produces Cerebrosp1'nol fluid .

Four Ventff"1'des of Brain

(DR~ht Weral \Jent~icles
@ Left Loter ol Ven~r'cles
® 1h i rd \Jentlick
® F-our#l \Jentiide.
 Lal-era\
Ventricles

w,.;,,-=.~-1--- lhiTcl
'Jenffic\t.

Fourlh
'J entricl e.

SIOE VIEW

I Weral- V~trides ( R(ght ~ · left). I.

• lhere are C} lateral v01tmcles fn our body ,aca.~ed 1'n e:tch ~,·s p~
of brrun .
• lney are ro~hly C shaped
• lhey are lined by ependymal cells and .fllled with CsF .
• Bo\h venrric\es are se~ed with each other by Seprum Luc,dum.

IThird V~icl e I
• ]- is locnted below lo.tero.l ven~ides
• 1t 1s narrow funne\ shaped cavi~y of bro.in tilted witti CSF
• ]- is connected with 1.f#i ve.ntn·cle by c~brat aquedud.

IFour-th Ventricle I
• Tt is diamond shaped cavity loml-ed below -third ven!m'cle . . - .
• ] is conneded wi»i ord ven\1Jfrle by raebraJ aq.oed uc~ .
 I (ERE8ROSPINAL FLUID ( C'iF) I
• (SF t's Qclear, co\oudess ~ transparent frui~ found in -fh<
venmdes , sub arachnoid space and centrol conoJ of sp1'na.l cord .
• Il is mrunly formo:J by choroid plexus of la~erol ventricles .

Choroid Plexus : Choroid Plexus ,·s a ndworlc. of blood vessels

lined bv ependvrt10t cells that produces CSF.

• The volume of CSF t's appro,< 100- tso ml.

• I~ ts SErre~ oJ a rate .of o-s ml / m,·n or 500 -100 m\ /day .
• I~ ptt 1s S1,!Qhtly oJl<ohne t ·3 .

Compasition of CSF
It is composec\ of :
• ss , . wo.teo
• 11. Soh'd Substances

-- O~&ANIC
INORGtANtC
5od1'um , Potass,·um Prokins
Calcium , Magnesium SuJ:lar
Bicorbonal-e.5 , Uric ado{
Chlorides e~c . Crroh'nin~ e~r .

n.mdion of CSF
• I~ suppor• , rroteds ~ act as shock absorben~ ~ CNS .
• I~ prov1'de nurnfents to bro.in -f- spfna.l cord .
 I PARTS OF BRAIN I
· The. Bro,'n cnn be divided ;nto Lt m~or par+s :
• CerebmJm
• Cerebe Ilum
• Brat'n Stern
• Drenceph°'on

Prw~
Gtland ~ ~ ~ ~ ~J.-------+ Mict Bro.t'n
___,;:~~ ~~ - - - - + Pons

8-roin ~ ,~ ~~~+-i~..,.~~ ~-____. MmuUa Oblonsam

S\em
...___ __. Cerebellum

(ERE8RUM
• TI is -th~ largest por~·on of brafo .
• Jl \S d,vided inlo two cerebral hem1'sphere l•e)
Rt~h~ Hemisr,ere ~ LeH Bemisphere .
• TI- ts loco.red 1'n -the upper pod·ion of broin
responsible. for teamin3 f senses .
• The. supeffto'al layer of -cerebrum is known as
Cerebral Co-o-~x.
• Bottl hemispheres conned-ed by Corpus Catlosum.
• R~hi Hem,·sphere : Control left side of boo.y .
• Lef\ Hemisphere : Control r~ht side of booy .
 I LOBES... OF CEREBRUM' I
The cerebrum of brru'n ,·s divt'ded into 4 mgtor lobes :
(D fron\o.t Lobe
® Pruie+al Lobe
@ Ternporo.1 l.nb e
® Occipital Lobe

Frontal lobe
• 1f ,·s o.Jso. known ai Motor Cortex .
• I+ con\rols ., motor fundfons Ii ke. person~ify , rv,ovem€fl~ , plami"8
derision rno.k103 , CrttC:tlivity , concentrethon , ·-ltlol!Slhfs ek.

Pcmd-o.l l.Dbe
• n ts o\so ~own o~ SenSJry ~rtex .
• 1+ is responsible. for conhul11n3 logical reasoni'ng , direch·on , distance
rerognihon I stnro~e of lan_!luar .

Tempcral lobe
• ]- is also known M Auditory Cortex
• ]- controls hetning , smell , drearni ek .

Occipirol Lobe.
• T~ is also -known a~ Vrsuo.l Coo-ex .
• TI receives input frorn eye~ ~ conkols vis,on .
 CEREBELLUM
• n IS -~ { second lar3est pcrtt'on of bro.fn .
• n is \oco.t-ed below the fX>st"atITT" Fi of ~ebrum .
• ] \S olso Known Q~ ' LHH'- ~ ·n ·
• Structuratty 1l resembles cerebrum , like c~etllXY1 i~ 1s also diV1'ded
fnto two c~ebellor Hem1·5 rh~ .
• lhe cerebellum conk-ols muscle contmctt'on , movemen~ , tb\ance. of
body ~ fX)slure ek .
• It oJso p\Clf> m~or role 1n co8ni~·on Cfeam1n3) .

BRAIN STEM
• lhe. brain stem ,·s a stem like part of -braJ'n -that ,·s conntded
wittl the. -spinal cord .
• It ,s mat'n\y composed of mfd broin , pons and medulla oblon_goJo .

IMid Sm.in I: • I~ ts one of the smatles~ porh:on of braJ'n .

• ]- rooin1v ·conh-o1s the fund1on of sengJry o~ant&
qe, eo.rs .
( Pons I: • Pons means bri~e. ·. I• connects cerebellum with brru'n .
• I~ con\ro\s steep C\(de . o.nd also rnona_se brroltu·~ roJe .
• 1he St~nals lc:'Och -fht. brain from txxiy -fhro~ -the p:,ns .
• F mointru'ns balance ~lween bcdy ~ rninci .

IMedu\ta Ob\on9o.l-Q I: • It fs lowermos~ part of br~'n .

• It is drreclty •COnrt'cled wi~ spt'na.l c01rq .
• It rnru'n\y controls i'nvoluntOit/ actfrms of body
\ike respt'rn.h'on , B\ood Ci6rulal-ron, Heart -~
'/awninn
~
, Bh'n"t'no(J , Vomih'no etc .
J
If r
MPERFECI
m:mm
 DIENCEPHELON
• 1f is -\h~ po~O'!f parl of b~'n thc,.t. connects rnidbr01'n wiih thtt
H Cer!bf\Jro .
• TI- mo.in\~ Cbmposed of lh~omus , H~pctt,oJamu9:. ~ Ep,thotorn~ .

(lt\alQmvs I • l\,alQmus IS -\he 9o.tewCUf of broJ'n os neartv all SR.~ry

inputs pass -\hrou~h it .
• TI rereivrs infmmahon from <JI\ the ~rv nwes and
Sends to -\h~ diff'eren\ r~t'ons of brw'n .

I\-\~potoolamus I • Hvpo\ho.lamus 1s small but on~ of #le most ,·mp)rtanl-

porH on of brain .
• n rnain\y conm,ls boru, temperct+ore .
• TI ts responsible .fur near\V alt t~pe of f~inf ~
emdfons ·\i~ An_Qer , feor, Love , Hate , Happir8.S
HobtJv , Hun;1er, Thrust etc .

r Epi\tlaJQmus I • Epi\-hl'l arous is a small re~t'on supen'or '! fX"5ten0o

to thalamus .
• I\- consist of ?ineo.l ~\onq Which ,·s a erdooo~
9\anq -\t1o.l- secre~~ Melol-onin.
 I SPINAL (ORO I
• Spinol Cord is Q -thin tube lil<e structure. s~arts from medo\lQ
Obloll5la.tQ of bra.1n -f exlends to 1s• ~ 2h~ Lumbar uenebfQ .
• 1t is a \Xlf ~ of Cemrol Neruous Svstem .
• In Men -ftle le~ of spinal cord is about ~ 5 cm while in
women it fs abou\ 4i cm .
• TI's we~hl is about 3S 9m .
• It contro\s and te8ulofes mos~ of Jeffex oclt'on .

Thorac;c Vedebroc
(T-t - T~)

J-. lumbar Vertebrru. (L1-Ls)

:J-..SaCT\JM (s-,-Ss)
ycoro,1<.
 ICoveR1NG1 OF SPINAL CoRo I
Spinot Cord is Q verv
sensih\,e 0(1an of ca,h"al nervous .sv~ ,
nence tt is protroec\ anq couered by -three IOJfer of Hssue coJleq
Mem'nl!es and bones of Vertebral column .

Menin.54es
Like brain spinC'I cord i's al.so protected and nourished by
thr~ lruters of membranes ~led Meni'n8es .
© Duro Matter
® Arachnoid Molter
@ p,·a Matteo

Vertebral (o\umn
• ]- is also known as sp1'~ol en\ umn or backbone .
• Toe oones of vertebral co\umn are coJled 'Ver~brae '.
• Toe\/ provide protection to spinol cnrd .
• lhe~ are d;uided into 5 -d;fFerent p:irts ,
(i) Ceruic~ Vertebrae : 1- ( C1 to C,)
@ lhorad c Vertebrat : t2. ( T-t to Tn)
@ Lumba.r Vert-ebrae 5 ( L1 +o Ls)
® Sacrum ·5 ( Fused)
® Cnccvx 4 CFused)
 I SPINAL Cor:m 5eGtMENTS I
Spinal cord ,·s dt'u,ded t'nto 31 segments from wh1dl 31
po.irs or spinol nerves an'ses .
<D Cerui cal S~men+ / · Cerni col Nerues 8
® lhoraci c Sejment / lhomcic Nerues : 12.
@ Lumbar Se_gment / Lumbar Neroes 5
® 5acrol S~meti\ I SacrctJ Neruecs
.. 5
® Co~8eo.l ~men~ I Coccn,~ Ner"es : 1

I SPINAL (ORD EN LARG!EMENTS I

There are two mgior enlargements in -th€ spinal cord ·
© Cervicnl. Enlar9ement
® lJJrnbar En\ar9emen ~

Ceru,ro.1 En iawemen ~
I~ is -the superior enrar9emen+ ex\-ends -from ~ftl ceruicol verteb(tlt
to -the 1st- -thoracic uert-ebrae [ (4 - T1 ] .

Lumbar Entru:qemen~
I~ is -\he t'nfeoor enfar_gemen~ e}(tends -from 9th to l<.l th
-thoroa'c uer\-etJfQ e . C Ts - Tt'l ] .
 I INTERNAL ANATOM~ OF I
5PtMAL CoRo I
• Spinal cord ts composed of an ,'nner cor, of 5ireJ./ rnolf q
suuoundecl by on outer couem·ng of whi~ moHn-.
• CJire\/ matter consist of neuronal Cefl tx>d1f
• Whtl-t matter consist of axon par~ .
• Exa~~ in the centre of 9rei, matter -ihere 1s o conoJ ©tied
Central Canal .
• The. posierior part of ~rev rnotter i's \Qiown a~ Dorsal ~ion
t'n which -\here ore two dor9.'.JJ hems .
• lhe onten·or part of gre, matter is ~awn ~ \Jentfol r~fon
fn whid'l -there are two ventrol homs .
• The Gtrft! matter fn sp,noJ cord resroibtes -the shape of Q

butterH~ .

WHtiE. DORSAL REGtlON

MATTER

G,RE'I
MATTER
----
_..--'Ill.......- - . VENTRAL RE6110N
 I REFLEX ACTIVIT'I I
• ReHex adiuihf con be
si01p1v defi·ned a~ an ,'nvolon~~ ond
immedioJe response of \K>tunto.ry mu~de~ to a ~~c sh'mufus .
• .Toe paltlwcu, fottowed bV nerue r'mpulses tha.t produces -\he
reflex acHvih/ is \<nown o& Refiex Pr.re .
• rr -\he reftex adfon rs .produced by b-6ain -\hen it r's RlOWn
as Cmniot Ref\e~
•n -\he reOex adfon is produced by spirnl cord -then ,tis
known as Spinol RefleJt.
• A ReRex Arc conta,·n 5 m_gior rorn~nents ·.
<D Recepto~
® Sensory Neurons
@ Contto\ Centre
® Motor Neurons
@ EW'edor
Spinal (or~

R~ar I . ·M
\ ,. otor
Neu~n

Efftcfor = Muscles
 t
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