Computers, Materials & Continua Tech Science Press

DOI: 10.32604/cmc.2022.022648
Article

Design of Machine Learning Based Smart Irrigation System for Precision

Agriculture
Khalil Ibrahim Mohammad Abuzanouneh1 , Fahd N. Al-Wesabi2 , Amani Abdulrahman Albraikan3 ,
Mesfer Al Duhayyim4 , M. Al-Shabi5 , Anwer Mustafa Hilal6 , Manar Ahmed Hamza6, *,
Abu Sarwar Zamani6 and K. Muthulakshmi7

1
Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Al-Bukairiyah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Muhayel Aseer, 62529, Saudi Arabia & Faculty of Computer
and IT, Sana’a University, Sana’a, 61101, Yemen
3
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman
University, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Community - Aflaj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,
Al-Kharj, 16278, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Management Information System, College of Business and Administrative, Taibah University, Medina,
42353, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,
Al-Kharj, 16278, Saudi Arabia
7
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology, Coimbatore,
641048, India
*Corresponding Author: Manar Ahmed Hamza. Email: [email protected]
Received: 14 August 2021; Accepted: 29 September 2021

Abstract: Agriculture 4.0, as the future of farming technology, comprises

numerous key enabling technologies towards sustainable agriculture. The use
of state-of-the-art technologies, such as the Internet of Things, transform tra-
ditional cultivation practices, like irrigation, to modern solutions of precision
agriculture. To achieve effective water resource usage and automated irrigation
in precision agriculture, recent technologies like machine learning (ML) can
be employed. With this motivation, this paper design an IoT and ML enabled
smart irrigation system (IoTML-SIS) for precision agriculture. The proposed
IoTML-SIS technique allows to sense the parameters of the farmland and
make appropriate decisions for irrigation. The proposed IoTML-SIS model
involves different IoT based sensors for soil moisture, humidity, temperature
sensor, and light. Besides, the sensed data are transmitted to the cloud
server for processing and decision making. Moreover, artificial algae algo-
rithm (AAA) with least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) model is
employed for the classification process to determine the need for irrigation.
Furthermore, the AAA is applied to optimally tune the parameters involved
in the LS-SVM model, and thereby the classification efficiency is significantly
increased. The performance validation of the proposed IoTML-SIS technique
ensured better performance over the compared methods with the maximum
accuracy of 0.975.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
110 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

Keywords: Automatic irrigation; precision agriculture; smart farming;

machine learning; cloud computing; decision making; internet of things

1 Introduction
The effects of global warming and growing droughts lead to the scarcity on the continuous
availability of water resource. It has a risk for water crises and food security due to the predictable rise
from population to 9.8 billion in 2050. As irrigation is a substantial user of freshwater, excess resources
from this region can have significant effects on food security [1]. Subsequently, for increasing the
performance of water usage by the accuracy irrigation, the combination of cutting edge technologies
like control strategies for optimization & prediction, IoT, identification, irrigation management are
utilized by considering the dependence in the environment and improve accuracy of irrigation system
[2,3]. Accuracy irrigation system performs a major part in offering substantial contribution to the
food production and decrease the stress faced by the farmer. Thus, there is requirement for accurately
designing an irrigation system which could adapt, deliver and predict the proper quantity of water
to the crops when and where it is required regarding the altering dynamics of the plant, weather, and
soil [4].
Information and communication technology (ICT) has presented to the sustained management
of water in agriculture. The placement of WSN from crops via IoT technology and the remote
management of data using CC has enabled huge monitoring of agricultural parameters that create
a huge number of data [5,6]. Additionally, the democratization of IoT technology to monitor weather
and soil parameters are enabling extensive distribution of water saving tool in home context [7]. But,
the continual modernization of irrigation system should execute equipment’s which enables automatic
scheduling of irrigation. It should have sensors for providing distinct variables. Conventionally, these
variables are compared with environmental conditions and provide the data regarding whole crop
water necessities by means of weather station and soil water status/volumetric content, indicates water
availability for the plant. Mostly, they utilize soil variable sensors for dielectric properties, as they are
flexible and cheap [8], though its accurate operation needs complex calibration, considering aspects
like water salinity, soil texture & structure, and temperature also the spatial variability of the soil
condition. Other sensors like infrared radiometers (IR), satellites, multispectral & thermal cameras,
are utilized for estimating water crop needs. For handling this difficult problem, several sensor based
smart irrigation systems using mobile applications are implemented at distinct times. As in previous
study, the temperature, input variables humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture, have been utilized,
and a decision of watering plants are created based on fuzzy logic (FL) [9]. A similar FL was employed
for several healthcare schemes, where the utilization of biosensors assists in monitoring blood pressure,
temperature, infection status of the wound, and oxygen.
Recently, with growing computer processors, many artificial intelligences based approaches like
LSSVM, ANN, NF-SC, and NF-FCM are established as beneficial methods for modelling difficult
problems. These modules have been extended for simulating and solving the challenges in distinct
regions because of a huge amount of efficient variables, interaction among the higher uncertainty,
parameters, and difficulty of the solution. Several applications of AI model have been stated until now
in the region of irrigation, for example, evaluation of the nutrient and water distribution regularity
in the soil, evaluating soil moisture distribution, simulates water distribution regularity of sprinkler
irrigation system. Distinct methods are utilized for water need estimation in automated irrigation
CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 111

system deepening upon ML, ANN, and SVR methods are extensively utilized to DSS growth. In
KNN and AdaBoost methods have been related to ANN to evaluation of potato water necessities.
The researchers in related SVR to MARS and M5Tree in modelling ETo. GA and RFR are utilized
for water need estimations.
This paper design an IoT and ML enabled smart irrigation system (IoTML-SIS) for precision
agriculture. The proposed IoTML-SIS technique senses the parameters of the farmland and makes
appropriate decisions for irrigation. The proposed IoTML-SIS model allows different IoT based
sensors for soil moisture, humidity, temperature sensor, and light data collection. In addition, artificial
algae algorithm (AAA) with least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) model is employed for
the classification process to determine the need for irrigation. For optimally adjusting the parameters
involved in LS-SVM method, AAA is employed and thereby the classification performance gets
improved. For ensuring the improved classification efficiency of the presented IoTML-SIS technique,
extensive experimental analysis is carried out and the results are examined interms of different aspects.

2 Literature Review
Ahmed et al. [10] presented the implementation and design of smart irrigation scheme with help of
IoT technique that is utilized to automate the irrigation procedure from agricultural fields. It can be
predictable that scheme will make the best change for the farmers to irrigate their field effectively,
and eliminate the field in watering, that can stress the plant. The established scheme is classified
into 3 portions: user side, sensing side, and cloud side. They utilized Microsoft Azure IoT Hub as
a fundamental framework for coordinating the communication among the 3 sides. Blasi et al. [11]
improved the irrigation procedure and provides irrigation water to the maximum range using AI for
constructing smart irrigation schemes. The sensor measures the temperature & humidity from the soil
each 10 min. It can be prevented the automated irrigation procedure when the humidity was higher and
allows it when the humidity was lower. The smart automated irrigation scheme is made by DT method
that is an ML technique which trains the scheme based on gathered data for creating the module which
would be utilized for examining and predicting the residual data.
The projected solution would be established by developing a distributed WSN, where all the
regions of farm will be enclosed with several sensor models that would be transferring data on a
standard server. The ML method would assist prediction of the irrigation pattern depending upon
weather conditions and crops. Hence, a sustained method for irrigation is given in [12]. Hassan-
Esfahani et al. [13] introduced a modelling method for an optimum water distribution relation to
maximize irrigation regularity and minimize yield decrease. Local weather data, field measurements,
and Landsat images have been utilized for developing a module which defines the field condition
by a soil water balance method. This method has predicted the elements of soil water balance and
optimization of water allocation module. Every module includes 2 sub components which consider 2
purposes. The optimization sub module utilizes GA for identifying optimum crop water application
rates depending upon sensitivity, crop type, and growth stage to water stress.
In Shen et al. [14], the water saving irrigation scheme for winter wheat depending upon the DSSAT
module and GA is improved for distinct historical years (1970–2017). Hence, a decision making
technique to defining either for irrigating development phase of winter wheat was established by SVM
method depending upon quantity of precipitations in the initial phase of winter wheat and the quantity
of irrigations. Navarro-Hellín et al. [15] allow a closed loop control system for adapting the DSS for
estimation errors and local perturbations. The 2 ML methods, ANFIS & PLSR, are presented as
reasoning engine of this SIDSS. Cardoso et al. [16] presented ML methods using the aim of forecasting
112 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

the appropriate time of day for water administration to agricultural fields. Using higher quantity
of data formerly gathered by WSN in agricultural fields it can examine techniques that permit for
predicting the optimal time to water management for eliminating scheduled irrigation which always
results in excess of water being the major goal of the scheme for saving these similar natural resources.
For adapting water management, ML methods have been investigated for predicting the optimal
time of day for water administration [17]. The research methods like DT, SVM, RF, and NN are
the most attained outcomes was RF, giving 84.6% accuracy. Also the ML solution, a technique
was established for calculating the quantity of water required for managing the field in analyses.
Munir et al. [18] used a smart method that can professionally utilize ontology for making 50% of
decision and another 50% of decision based on sensor information values. The decision in ontology
and sensor value cooperatively becomes the source of last decision that is the outcome of an ML
method KNN. This technique avoids the overburden of the IoT server for processing data however it
decreases the latency rate. The goal of [19] is the research of many learning methods for determining the
goodness and error comparative for expert decisions. The 9 orchards have been verified in 2018 by LR,
RFR, and SVR approaches as engine of the IDSS presented. In Abioye et al. [20], an enhanced data
driven and monitoring modelling of the dynamics of variables affected the irrigation of mustard leaf
plants is proposed.

3 The Proposed Model

Fig. 1 demonstrates the overall working process of the proposed IoTML-SIS model. This pre-
sented framework of IoT has perception layer, application layer, processing layer, and transport layer.
The perception layer is called as physical layer that implies it can be sensor to the data assembling. It
has been senses temperature, soil moisture, and humidity in air. The transport layer was the source of
transporting sensed information gathered formerly to processing layer via networks like LAN, wireless,
2G, and 3G. The processing layer scrutinizes, saves, and developments large number of data that comes
in transport layer. It uses techniques like edge computing, databases, and CC. The application layer is
to provide application particular service for end user.

Figure 1: Overall process of IoTML-SIS model

CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 113

3.1 Sensor Data

Initially, data is collected by the sensors. Temperature, Soil moisture, and humidity data are
gathered in this stage. The perception layer contains microcontroller, actuator, and sensor. Rest is
the portion of residual 3 layers. Processing and Transport layers cooperatively offer schedules to water
crops, other suggestions, and their supervision. Afterward collecting the data, the following phase
is for collecting data in data centres for analysis. The complete design investigation of the physical
component utilized is proposed in the figure. Every element is without trouble existing from market
and inexpensive. Hence, the device that exists placed from the real environment could be created
easily existing. These implantable devices have the layer of sensor utilized that is, light, moisture, and
humidity sensors. The microcontroller set from Arduino board attains analog signal in this sensor, and
for all thirty seconds, this value is transported to data centre via GSM model SIM808. The last result
from this decision making procedure could be visualized with the client completely by an android
application, then the client could direct this system actuator, and later, water is discharged in the
valve/closed.

3.1.1 HL-69 Soil Hygrometer Sensor

For detecting humidness of the soil, they utilized HL-69 soil hygrometer moisture sensors. The
fundamental objective to utilize for the HL-69 soil hygrometer moisture sensor is given an optimal
reading compared to another soil moisture sensor. The sensors are utilized to monitor real world soil
moisture of plants from tunnel farm. The voltage of sensors output changes consequently to water
contents from soil. It has few main aspects of HL-69 soil hygrometer sensors. When the soil moisture
was higher, next the output voltage reduces, however when the soil was dry, afterward the output
voltage rises. The hygrometer soil moisture sensors give an analog signal as output that should be
transformed to digital using Arduino. These sensors have electronic board and 2 pads which detecting
the water contents. LM393 comparator chip is placed on electronic board. It has green and red lights;
red light displays the power indicators, and green light displays the digital switching output indicators.

3.1.2 AM2302 DHT11 Sensor

The DHT22 sensor is standard temperature-humidity sensors which is utilized for determining
the humidness and temperature in air. The DHT22 sensor is composed of thermistor and humidity
sensor. It has few major aspects of the DHT22 sensor that is given by: the cost of DHT22 sensor is
lower. The Input or Output voltage to DHT22 sensors are among [3, 5 V]. When apply for the data,
the maximal present usage in the transformation is 2.5 mA. DHT22 sensor has four pins alongside 0.1
spacing among them. The body sizes of DHT22 sensor is around 15.1 ∗ 25 ∗ 7.7 mm.

3.1.3 BH1750 FVI Light Sensor

BH1750 is a standard digital light sensor which could define the light intensities. BH1750 is a
calibrated digital light sensor, and it could measure smaller trace of light and could transform to a
16-digit numerical value. It can be generally utilized from mobile phones for exploiting the screen
brightness depending upon lighting environment. BH1750 measure the light intensities at the range
of [0–65,535] lux (L). It has few main aspects of BH1750 sensor that is given by: the chip of BH1750
sensor has BH1750FVI. The power supply of BH1750 sensor was [3.3–5 V]. The BH1750 sensor was
in-built 16 bits AD converter which transforms detection of light to 16 digit numerical values.
114 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

3.2 LS-SVM Based Classification

Once the sensor related data are collected, they are fed into the LS-SVM model to perform
classification process. SVM is determined as a new ML and provides maximal benefit for solving
the problems such as over fitting and local optimal. SVM module is efficient and utilized in several
applications such as pattern recognition, regression analysis, and so on. LS-SVM was expanded
module of regular SVM that transforms a quadratic programming (QP) problem to linear equation,
fast solution speed, and strong real time functions could be obtained. Consider D = {(xu , yu )|u =
1, 2, 3, . . . , N} represents training data, whereas xi denotes input and yu indicates outcome. In the
event of non-linear regression, LS-SVM is labelled by:
y(x) = ωT ϕ(xu ) + b + eu , (1)
whereas ω stands for weight vector, ϕ(xu ) indicates non-linear function, b implies the deviation, and
eu signifies appropriate error [21] that is an error amongst the actual trained and computed outputs of
the data group u. ω and b is attained in the provided optimization problems.
1 2
N
1 T
min J(w, e) = ω ω + γ e , (2)
2 2 u=1 u
Eq. (2) meet the constraints:
yi = ωT ϕ(xu ) + b + eu , u = 1, 2, 3, . . . , N, (3)
In Eq. (2), a main part is to alter the weight and decrease huge weights, and later succeeding part
denotes training error. Eq. (2), determines the Lagrange function L:

N

L(w, b, e, α) = I(w, e) − αu {ωT ϕ(xu ) + b + eu − yu }, (4)

u=1

In Eq. (4), αu denotes Lagrange multiplier and γ indicates penalty parameter that estimates the
complexity of LS-SVM methods like y(x) and trained error. Eq. (4) is employed for attaining the
partial derivatives of w, b, e and αu and turn into 0, and attain an optimization state.
∂L  N
∂L  ∂L
N
∂L
{ =0 → w = αu ϕ(xu ) =0→ αu = 0 = 0 → αu = Λeu = 0 → ωT ϕ(xu )
∂w u=1
∂b u=1
∂eu ∂α u

+ b + eu − yu = 0 (5)
The ω is eliminated and the LS-SVM regression module was attained.

N

y(x) = αu K(x, xu ) + b, (6)

u=1

where K(x, xu ) implies the kernel function, that is defined as follows

 
||x − x2 ||2
K(x, xu ) = exp − , (7)
2σ 2
where σ 2 denotes kernel variable. Penalty variable γ and kernel variables σ 2 are limited by the
accuracy of LS-SVM method. The generalized ability of a method could be enhanced by decreasing
γ , simultaneously training error enhances. Since the kernel variable is minimal, and later the model’s
CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 115

complexity is enhanced, if kernel variable is high, later it outcomes from lack of learning. Therefore,
a substantial γ and σ 2 measures are the major goal for attaining remarkable effectiveness.

3.3 Parameter Optimization Using AAA clustering analysis

For optimally adjusting the parameters γ and σ involved in the LS-SVM method, AAA is
employed, and thereby the classification performance gets improved. Here, 10-fold cross validation
approach is employed and a fitness function is derived based on the error rate, as given below.
 K 

fitness = testErrori /k (8)
i=1

where test Errori stands for the average test error rates obtained by the LS-SVM model. The AAA
provides an optimal solution by the stimulation of algae feature [22]. Related to actual algae, AAA
moves to the light source for photosynthesis using the application of helical swimming, and it is
adaptable to the whole environment, that is appropriate to adjust the primary species and recreated
by mitotic separation. Henceforth, the AA method has “helical movement”, “evolutionary process”
and “adaptation”. Everyone is determined as a group of algal cells that lives in set (Eqs. (9) and (10)).
If a single algal cell is categorized for generating 2 novel algal cells that are nearby in nature and
the additional classification generates four cells. The algal colony act as a single cell, that is moved
together, and cells in a colony pass away in unfavorable situation. The physical applications like shear
force share the colonies and parts that are handled as novel colonies. It is existing at an optimal point
is named a colony of optimal and has optimum algal cells.
. . .
Population of Algal colony = [x11 · · · xD1 .. . . .. x1N · · · xDN ] (9)

ith algal colony = [x1i , x2i . . . xDi ] (10)

Whereas xji denotes algal cell in j th dimensional of i th algal colony.
With sufficient nutrient case the algal colony attains sufficient light, it starts to improve and
regenerated as two novel algal cells in time t, that is comparable to real mitotic separation. However,
the algal colony doesn’t adapt to sufficient light and gradually passes away. The development kinetics
of algal colony is defined by Monod method as provided whereas, μ represents specific growth rate,
μmax indicates high growth rate, S denotes nutrient focus that is called as fitness value (f t (xi )) at time t
and K represents substrate half saturation constant of algal colony. μmax is considered as 1. K is defined
as a growth rate at half nutrient state of algal colony at time t. The size of i th algal colony from time
t + 1 in Monod function as provided by Eq. (11):
Git+1 = μti Git i = 1, 2, . . . N (11)
Whereas Git denotes size of i th algal colony in time t, N indicates algae colony amount. Algal
colony provides optimal solutions to develop maximal nutrients since it achieves an optimum one. For
algal cells of smaller algal colonies in an evolution procedure, algal cell of main algal colony is equated
by Eqs. (12)–(14).
biggestt = max Git i = 1, 2, . . . N (12)

smallestt = Git i = 1, 2, . . . N (13)

116 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

smallesttm = biggesttm m = 1, 2, . . . N (14)

Whereas D represents dimension, high the maximal algal colony and small is the minimal one.
In AAA, algal colony is organized based on sizes in time t. From arbitrarily determining
dimensional, algal cell of minimal algal colony died and algal cell of higher colony is simulated. Fig. 2
exhibited the process flow of AAA. The algal colony is not appropriate for developing in sufficient
environment, that tries to accept in a platform and lastly, the main species are altered. Adaptation
is determined as procedure in which inadequate algal colony imitates the largest algal colony. It is
decided with the modification in starvation level in this module. Firstly, the starvation value is 0 to
entire artificial alga. Starvation value is improved by time t, if an algal cell attains insufficient light
source.
stravingt = max Ati i = 1, 2, . . . N (15)

stravingt+1 = stravingt + (biggestt − stravingt ) × rand (16)

whereas Ati denotes starvation measure of i th algal colony in time t, stravingt represents algal
colony using maximal starvation value at time t. The adaptation variable (Ap ) calculates either the
modification task may be utilized at time t or not. Ap refer the constant from zero and one.

Figure 2: Process flow of AAA

Colonies swim & Algal cells attempt to exist in adjacent water surfaces because of the sufficient
light for survival rate. It swims in helical architecture in liquid by flagella. The movement of algal cells
is distinct. As it is a friction surface, the evolution of algal cells is established quickly and frequency of
helical actions are improved by enhancing the local search capability. The power of algal cell in time
t is equivalent to amount of nutrients spent in the time. Henceforth, maximal algal cell is nearby to
CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 117

surface, it has high energy level that moves in the liquid. Later, friction surface turns into minimal and
motion distance of liquid becomes expanded consequently. Therefore, the global search potency was
improved. Thus, it moves to the lowest energy proportion. The motion of an algal cell was executed
helically. Likewise, it can be spherical in shape, and volume is denoted by size. Therefore, friction
surface is deliberated as surface area of hemisphere (Eqs. (17) and (18)).
τ (xi ) = 2πr2 (17)

 2
3Gi
τ (xi ) = 2π
3
(18)
4π
where τ (xi ) denotes friction surface. The three dimension structure for helical motion of an algal
cell is calculated in arbitrary way. It offers linear motion in Eq. (19) and residual 2 dimensional give
angular effort from Eqs. (20) and (21). Eq. (20) is employed to 1 dimension problem and algal cell is
moved in one way. In event of 2 dimension problems, algal movement is denoted by sinusoidal, and
so the Eqs. (19) and (21) were employed. For huge dimensions, algal motion is executed helically and
Eqs. (19)–(21) are utilized. Friction surface and distance to light source estimates the step size of every
motion:
im = xim + (xjm − xim )(
xt+1 − τ i (xi ))p
t t t
(19)

ik = xik + (xjk − xik )(

xt+1 − τ i (xi ))cosα
t t t
(20)

xt+1
il = xtil + (xtjl − xtil )( − τ i (xi ))sinβ (21)
whereas Xikt , Xilt and Ximt are x, y and z coordinate point of ith algal cell in time t; α, β ∈ [0, 2π ];
p ∈ [−1, 1]; indicates shear force; τ i (xi ) represents friction surface area of i th algal cell.

4 Performance Validation
This section validates the performance of the presented IoML-SIS technique. The presented model
is tested using three sensor data namely soil moisture, temperature, and humidity. The dataset holds
five class labels namely high needed, needed, average, not needed, and highly not needed. The data
ranges of the sensor data and its respective labels are given in Fig. 3.

Figure 3: Dataset descriptions

118 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

A set of confusion matrices generated by the IoTML-SIS technique under different test runs are
given in Fig. 4. On the execution run-1, the IoTML-SIS technique has classified 90 samples under
Highly Not Needed, 92 samples under Not Needed, 92 samples under average, 91 samples under
Needed, and 93 images under Highly Needed. Meanwhile, on the execution run-2, the IoTML-SIS
approach has ordered 91 samples under Highly Not Needed, 93 samples under Not Needed, 94
samples under average, 93 samples under Needed, and 94 images under Highly Needed.

Figure 4: Confusion matrix of proposed IoTML-SIS method on different runs (a) Run-1, (b) Run-2,
(c) Run-3, (d) Run-4, and (e) Run-5

Eventually, on the execution run-3, the IoTML-SIS method has ordered 93 samples under Highly
Not Needed, 95 samples under Not Needed, 94 samples under average, 94 samples under Needed,
and 94 images under Highly Needed. Concurrently, on the execution run-4, the IoTML-SIS manner
has classified 94 samples under Highly Not Needed, 96 samples under Not Needed, 96 samples under
average, 92 samples under Needed, and 94 images under Highly Needed. Lastly, on the execution
run-5, the IoTML-SIS methodology has ordered 94 samples under Highly Not Needed, 96 samples
under Not Needed, 98 samples under average, 93 samples under Needed, and 95 images under Highly
Needed.
A detailed classification results analysis of the IoTML-SIS technique takes place interms of
different measures in Tab. 1. Besides, the results are examined under varying number of runs. The
experimental results stated that the IoTML-SIS technique has accomplished effective outcomes under
all the applied runs.
CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 119

Table 1: Results analysis of proposed IoTML-SIS method in terms of different runs

Measures Precision Recall Accuracy F-Score MCC
Run-1

Highly NN 0.989 0.900 0.978 0.942 0.930

Not Needed 0.893 0.920 0.962 0.906 0.883
Average 0.920 0.920 0.968 0.920 0.900
Needed 0.859 0.910 0.952 0.884 0.854
Highly Needed 0.930 0.930 0.972 0.930 0.913

Run-2

Highly NN 0.989 0.910 0.980 0.948 0.937

Not Needed 0.912 0.930 0.968 0.921 0.901
Average 0.940 0.940 0.976 0.940 0.925
Needed 0.869 0.930 0.958 0.899 0.873
Highly Needed 0.950 0.940 0.978 0.945 0.931

Run-3

Highly NN 1.000 0.930 0.986 0.964 0.956

Not Needed 0.931 0.950 0.976 0.941 0.926
Average 0.940 0.940 0.976 0.940 0.925
Needed 0.895 0.940 0.966 0.917 0.896
Highly Needed 0.940 0.940 0.976 0.940 0.925

Run-4

Highly NN 0.969 0.940 0.982 0.954 0.943

Not Needed 0.960 0.960 0.984 0.960 0.950
Average 0.881 0.960 0.966 0.919 0.899
Needed 0.939 0.920 0.972 0.929 0.912
Highly Needed 0.979 0.940 0.984 0.959 0.950

Run-5

Highly NN 0.969 0.940 0.982 0.954 0.943

Not Needed 0.980 0.960 0.988 0.970 0.962
Average 0.883 0.980 0.970 0.929 0.912
Needed 0.949 0.930 0.976 0.939 0.925
Highly Needed 0.990 0.950 0.988 0.969 0.962

Tab. 2 offers a brief average results analysis of the IoTML-SIS technique interms of distinct mea-
sures. The experimental outcomes showcased that the presented IoTML-SIS technique has obtained
120 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

maximum performance. For instance, the IoTML-SIS technique has attained an average precision of
0.918, recall of 0.916, accuracy of 0.966, F-score of 0.916, and MCC of 0.896. Simultaneously, the
IoTML-SIS manner has achieved an average precision of 0.932, recall of 0.930, accuracy of 0.972,
F-score of 0.931, and MCC of 0.913. Eventually, the IoTML-SIS manner has reached an average
precision of 0.941, recall of 0.940, accuracy of 0.976, F-score of 0.940, and MCC of 0.926. Along with
that, the IoTML-SIS technique has obtained an average precision of 0.946, recall of 0.944, accuracy
of 0.978, F-score of 0.944, and MCC of 0.931. Finally, the IoTML-SIS methodology has achieved an
average precision of 0.954, recall of 0.952, accuracy of 0.981, F-score of 0.952, and MCC of 0.941.

Table 2: Average analysis of proposed IoTML-SIS method in terms of different runs

No. of Runs Precision Recall Accuracy F-Score MCC
Run_1 0.918 0.916 0.966 0.916 0.896
Run_2 0.932 0.930 0.972 0.931 0.913
Run_3 0.941 0.940 0.976 0.940 0.926
Run_4 0.946 0.944 0.978 0.944 0.931
Run_5 0.954 0.952 0.981 0.952 0.941
Average 0.938 0.936 0.975 0.937 0.921

In order to highlight the enhanced performance of the IoTML-SIS approach, an extensive

comparative result analysis is made in Tab. 3 [18]. Fig. 5 examines the precision analysis of the
IoTML-SIS technique with other existing techniques. The figure stated that the KNN-5 and KNN-
11 techniques have offered lower precision values of 0.480 and 0.590 respectively. Followed by, the
SVM and LR techniques have gained slightly enhanced outcomes with the precision of 0.629 and
0.721. Likewise, the MLP and ELM techniques have portrayed competitive results with the precision
of 0.842 and 0.876 respectively. However, the proposed IoTML-SIS technique has outperformed the
existing techniques with a maximum precision of 0.938.

Table 3: Comparative analysis of proposed IoTML-SIS method with respect to different measures
Methods Precision Recall Accuracy F-Score
IoTML-SIS 0.938 0.936 0.975 0.937
MLP 0.842 0.874 0.862 0.845
ELM 0.876 0.891 0.870 0.868
KNN-5 0.480 0.410 0.450 0.480
KNN-11 0.590 0.670 0.650 0.580
SVM 0.629 0.671 0.665 0.618
Logistic Regression 0.721 0.763 0.754 0.732
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Figure 5: Precision analysis of IoTML-SIS model with existing techniques

Fig. 6 inspects the recall analysis of the IoTML-SIS manner with other existing methods. The
figure note that the KNN-5 and KNN-11 approaches have offered lesser recall values of 0.410
and 0.670 correspondingly. Likewise, the SVM and LR manners have reached somewhat improved
outcomes with the recall of 0.671 and 0.763. Also, the MLP and ELM algorithms have outperformed
competitive outcomes with the recall of 0.874 and 0.891 correspondingly. But, the presented IoTML-
SIS method has showcased the existing techniques with a maximal recall of 0.936.

Figure 6: Recall analysis of IoTML-SIS model with existing techniques

Fig. 7 observes the accuracy analysis of the IoTML-SIS method with other recent algorithms.
The figure specified that the KNN-5 and KNN-11 techniques have offered minimum accuracy values
of 0.450 and 0.650 correspondingly. Similarly, the SVM and LR techniques have attained slightly
increased results with the accuracy of 0.665 and 0.754. At the same time, the MLP and ELM manners
have demonstrated competitive results with the accuracy of 0.862 and 0.870 correspondingly. Finally,
the projected IoTML-SIS method has exhibited the existing approaches with a superior accuracy of
0.975.
122 CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1

Figure 7: Accuracy analysis of IoTML-SIS model with existing techniques

Finally, Fig. 8 determines the F-score analysis of the IoTML-SIS manner with other existing
approaches. The figure clear that the KNN-5 and KNN-11 methods have offered least F-score values
of 0.480 and 0.580 respectively. Also, the SVM and LR techniques have achieved somewhat increased
results with the F-score of 0.618 and 0.732. Besides, the MLP and ELM approaches have depicted
competitive outcomes with the F-score of 0.845 and 0.868 correspondingly. Eventually, the presented
IoTML-SIS methodology has demonstrated the recent methods with the higher F-score of 0.937.

Figure 8: F-Score analysis of IoTML-SIS model with existing techniques

5 Conclusion
This paper has introduced a new IoTML-SIS for precision agriculture in order to effectively use
the water resources in farmland. The proposed model involves three different processes namely data
collection, LS-SVM based classification, and AAA based parameter tuning. During data collection
phase, a set of sensors measure the farmland parameters and are fed into the ML model for
classification purposes. The LS-SVM model is applied as a classifier to determine the required level of
the water. Besides, the parameters involved in the LS-SVM model are tuned optimally using AAA
CMC, 2022, vol.72, no.1 123

to enhance the classification performance. The performance validation of the proposed IoTML-
SIS technique ensured better performance over the compared methods interms of several evaluation
parameters. The experimental results ensured that the IoTML-SIS technique is found to be an
appropriate tool for smart irrigation in precision agriculture. In future, it can be deployed in real time
environment.

Funding Statement: The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at
King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number (RGP 2/209/42). This research
was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University
through the Fast-Track Research Funding Program.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the
present study.

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