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Chapter 1

Solutions

(1) The answers are all straightforward:

z12 = (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i − 1 = 2i
z1∗ = 1 − i
z1 z2∗ = (1 + i)(3 + 4i) = 3 + 3i + 4i − 4 = −1 + 7i
√ √ √
|z1 | = 1 + 1 = 2 and |z2 | = 9 + 16 = 5
√ √
|z1 z2 | = |(1 + i)(3 − 4i)| = |3 + 3i − 4i + 4| = |7 − i| = 49 + 1 = 5 2
= |z1 ||z2 |

(2) [P V ] = [Force]L−2 L3 = M LT −2 ]L−2 L3 = M L2 T −2 = [Energy]. From the ideal gas law,

since N is dimensionless, kT must have the dimensions of energy. The SI unit of energy is
Joule, so the units of k are Joule/K.
(3) First find [k] = [Force]/[Distance] = M LT −2 L−1 = M T −2 . (a) Write ϵ = mx k y Az ,
so
M L2 T −2 = M x M y T −2y Lz = M x+y T −2y Lz
and y = 1, z = 2, and x = 0. That is, the energy scale is ϵ = kA2 . You’ll recall that
the potential energy of a harmonic oscillator with amplitude A is kA2 /2 so the scale is the
correct energy to within a factor of two. (b) Write ϵ = mx k y ℏz , so
M L2 T −2 = M x M y T −2y L2z M z T −z = M x+y+z T −2y−z L2z
and z = 1, 2y + z = 2y + 1 = 2 so y = 1/2, and x + y + z = x + 3/2 = 1 so x = −1/2.
Therefore ϵ = ℏ(k/m)1/2 . In quantum mechanics you will learn that the energy spacing in
the harmonic oscillator is indeed ℏω where ω = (k/m)1/2 .
(4) The calculation is straightforward:
τ = mx ℓy g z

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 Chapter 1. Solutions 6

[τ ] = [m]x [ℓ]y [g]z

ssm
T = M x Ly Lz T −2z = M x Ly+z T −2z
Therefore x = 0, y + z = 0, z = −1/2, and so y = −z = +1/2. In other words
mtt
s
ℓ
τ = ℓ1/2 g −1/2 =
g

This agrees with what you

p know from your introductory physics course, namely the period
of a pendulum T = 2π ℓ/g. Dimensional analysis can’t, of course, predict the factor of
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2π.
(5) Newton’s gravitational law gives [G] = L3 M −1 T −2 , so write ℓP = Gx ℏy cz which
gives
L = L3x M −x T −2x L2y M y T −y Lz T −z = L3x+2y+z M −x+y T −2x−y−z
Therefore x = y, 2x + y + z = 3x + z = 0, and 3x + 2y + z = 5x + z = 1. Subtract the last
88@
two equations to get x = 1/2 = y, so z = −3x = −3/2 and ℓP = (Gℏ/c3 )1/2 . This works
out to be 1.6 × 10−35 m, 20 orders of magnitude smaller than the proton.
(6) The only parameter we have is H0 which has units of inverse time, so the age of the
universe would be 1/H0 = (1/70) 3.1 × 1019 = 4.4 × 1017 sec = 14 billion years.
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(7) Energy has dimensions M L2 T −2 and [ℏ] = M L2 T −1 so write E = mx ℏy az giving

M L2 T −2 = M x M y L2y T −y Lz = M x+y L2y+z T −y

so y = 2, z = 2 − 2y = −2, x = 1 − y = −1 and E = ℏ2 /ma2 = ℏ2 c2 /(mc2 )a2 . Therefore

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E = (200 MeV · fm)2 /(0.511 MeV(105 fm)2 ) = 7.8 × 10−6 MeV=7.8 eV, which is about
right.
(8) Write P = Gx M⊙y Rz . Now [P ] = M LT −2 /L2 = M L−1 T −2 , so
maa

M L−1 T −2 = M −x L3x T −2x M y Lz = M y−x L3x+z T −2x

and it follows that x = 1. Also y − x = 1 so y = 2, and 3x + z = −1 so z = −4 and we

find
M2 30 2
−11 (1.99 × 10 )
P =G ⊙ = 6.67 × 10 ≈ 1015 N/m2
R4 (6.96 × 108 )4
iill..cc

Now P V = nkT = (M⊙ /mp )kT so the temperature at the center is

1.67 × 10−27
 
4 3 mp 1 4 1
T =P πR = 1015 π(6.96 × 108 )3 30 −23
≈ 108 K
3 M⊙ k 3 1.99 × 10 1.38 × 10

(9) a) For n = 0, f (x) = 1 which does not change with x, so f ′ (x) = 0. (b) With
oom

m = −n,
mxm−1 ∆x + · · ·
 
′ 1 1 1
f (x) = lim − = − lim = −mx−m−1 = nxn−1
∆x→0 ∆x (x + ∆x)m xm ∆x→0 xm (x + ∆x)m
m

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 Chapter 1. Solutions 7

(c) Put y = f (x) so that y q = xp . Then qy q−1 dy = pxp−1 dx and

dy p p
1−q p p−1 p/q−p p p/q−1

f ′ (x) = = xp−1 y 1−q = xp−1 xp/q = x x = x
dx q q q q

(d) Any real number is infinitesimally close to a rational number on either side, so, sure, it
makes sense that this rule holds for any real number exponent.
(10) We don’t know the derivative of the cos−1 function, but we do know the derivative of
cos, so write cos(y) = x and therefore − sin(y) dy = dx which gives

dy 1 1 1
=− = −p = −√
dx sin(y) 2
1 − cos (y) 1 − x2

(11) Differentiating gives 2ax + 2by(dy/dx) = 0 so the points must satisfy y = −ax/b.
2 2 2 2 2
p equation gives ax + a x /b = (a + a /b)x = c. This gives the
Substituting into the ellipse
two solutions for x = ± c/(a + a2 /b) with the corresponding values for y.
(12) Let x be the width of the pen, and y be the length, with the long side parallel to the
wall. You have a constraint that 2x + y = 100. The area of the pen is A = xy. So, to
maximize A, calculate

dA d d
= x(100 − 2x) = (100x − 2x2 ) = 100 − 4x = 0
dx dx dx

Therefore x = 25 m, implying y = 50 m, maximizes the area of the pen.

(13) The volume is V = xy 2 and the area is A = 3xy + 2y 2 . We could solve for x in terms
of y and (the constant) A, and then find the derivative of V with respect to y, but I think
it is easier to use implicit differentiation, as we did in Problem (4) above. That is

dV dy dy dy
= y 2 + 2xy =0 with 0 = 3y + 3x + 4y
dx dx dx dx

We want the ratio r = x/y, so rewrite the second equation as

dy dy 3
3 + (3r + 4) =0 so =−
dx dx 3r + 4

and the first equation becomes

 
3 4
1 + 2r − =0 or 3r + 4 − 6r = 0 i.e. r=
3r + 4 3

(14) Refer to this annotated version of the figure:

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 Chapter 1. Solutions 8
ssm
mtt

The time it takes to get from point 1 to point 2 is

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1  1/2 1  1/2
T (x) = (x − x1 )2 + y12 + (x2 − x)2 + y22
v1 v2
In order to minimize T (x) we need
dT 1 2(x − x1 ) 1 2(x2 − x)
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= 1/2
− =0
dx v1 [(x − x1 )2 + y12 ] v2 [(x2 − x)2 + y22 ]1/2

We recognize the ratios as the sines of the two angles. That is

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1 1 sin θ1 v1
sin θ1 − sin θ2 or =
v1 v2 sin θ2 v2
In geometric optics, this is known as Snell’s Law of Refraction. In that case, the speed of
light is given by c/n in a medium with index of refraction n.
ggm

(15) To find the derivative of tan x, just use the chain rule, that is
 
d sin x cos x sin x (− sin x) 1
= − 2
= 2
= sec2 x
dx cos x cos x cos x cos x
maa

(16) ax = tan u means that x = 0 corresponds to u = 0 and x = ∞ to u = π/2. Also

1 1 cos2 u
= = = cos2 u
1 + a2 x 2 1 + tan2 u cos2 u + sin2 u
The integral then becomes simple. We have a dx = du/ cos2 u and
iill..cc

Z ∞
1 π/2
Z
1 du π
2 2
dx = cos2 u 2 =
0 1+a x a 0 cos u 2a

(17) The normal to the tangent line is just the line that goes from the center of the circle
to the point (cos θ, sin θ). The slope of this line is just ∆y/∆x = sin θ/ cos θ = tan θ.
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(18) The length of the arc is

Z a Z a p Z a p Z a p Z a
2 2
ds = dx2 + dy 2 = 1 + y ′ dx = 1 + sinh x dx = cosh(x) dx
x=0 x=0 0 0 0
m

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 Chapter 1. Solutions 9

which is just the same as the area under the curve.

(19) The equation of a circle is x2 + y 2 = R2 so 2x dx + 2y dy = 0. Dividing through
by 2dt tells us that xvx = −yvy . At the point (x, y) = (R, 0) the x-component of the
velocity is indeed zero, and at the point (x, y) = (0, R) the y-component of the velocity is
◦
also zero. Most
√ telling,
√ though is when the particle is at 45 in the first quadrant, that is
(x, y) = (R/ 2, R/ 2). Here, vx and vy are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, and
the relation still holds. Similarly in the other three quadrants.
(20) Newton’s Second Law is F = ma = mdv/dt and Hooke’s Law is F = −kx so
dE 1 dv 1 dx dv
= m(2v) + k(2x) = v m + kx v = v F + (−F ) v = 0
dt 2 dt 2 dt dt
The time T /4 is the integral of t from x = 0 to x = (2E/k)1/2 , so
Z (2E/k)1/2 Z (2E/k)1/2 Z (2E/k)1/2
dx dx
T =4 dt = 4 =4 p
x=0 0 v 0 (2/m)(E − kx2 /2)

Make the change of variables x = (2E/k)1/2 sin u in which case u runs from u = 0 to u = π/2.
Also E − kx2 /2 = E(1 − sin2 u) = E cos2 u, and dx = (2E/k)1/2 cos u du. Therefore
r r Z π/2 r
m 2E 1 cos u du mπ 2π
T =4 √ =4 =p
2 k E 0 cos u k 2 k/m

(21) The force dF on a horizontal strip of the dam is given by the product of the pressure
and the area of the strip. The area of the strip is w(y)dy where y = 0 at the lake’s surface
and y = D at the bottom of the lake. We need w(0) = W and w(D) = 0 where w(y) = ay+b
since the width varies linearly with depth. Therefore b = W and aD + b = aD + W = 0 so
a = −W/D giving w(y) = W (1 − y/D). Then
Z D Z D Z D
y2
 2
1 D3 ρgW D2
 
D
F = dF = p(y)w(y)dy = ρgW y− dy = ρgW − =
0 0 0 D 2 D 3 6
It is easy to see that this is dimensionally correct, since ρ has dimensions of mass per
unit volume and W D2 has dimensions of volume, so ρgW D2 has dimensions of mass times
acceleration, which is force.
In SI units, ρ = 103 kg/m3 , g = 9.8 m/s2 , and W D2 = 200 × 1602 = 5.1 × 106 m3 , so the
total force is 103 × 9.8 × 5.1 × 106 /6 = 8.4 × 109 N=2 × 109 pounds or a million tons.
(22) Use u = t/b, then split the integral and use f (1/a) = −f (a) to get
Z ab Z a Z a Z 1
1 1 1 1
f (ab) = dt = bdu = du + du = f (a) − f (1/b) = f (a) + f (b)
1 t 1/b bu 1 u 1/b u

Obviously, then, f (a2 ) = 2f (a) and so on for f (an ) for any positive integer n.

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 Chapter 1. Solutions 10

(23) Let y measure the vertical distance from the base to the tip. Then the radius ρ(y) of a
ssm
circular disk is ρ(y) = r − (r/h)y = r(1 − y/h). The volume of a circular disk is dV = πρ2 dy
so the volume of the cone is
Z h Z h Z h
h2 h3
  
2 2 2 1 2 2 1
V = dV = πρ dy = πr 1 − y + 2 y dy = πr h − + 2 = πr2 h
mtt
0 0 0 h h h 3h 3
To maximize the volume for fixed ℓ we write V = π(ℓ2 − h2 )h/3 and then find the derivative
with respect to h. We have
dV π d 2 π
= (ℓ − h2 )h = (ℓ2 − 3h2 ) = 0
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dh 3 dh 3
√
Therefore the volume is a maximum when h = ℓ/ 3, or
h h 1 1 1
=√ =p =√ =√
r ℓ2 − h2 ℓ2 /h2 − 1 3−1 2
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(24) See the accompanying Mathematica notebook.
(25) See the accompanying Mathematica notebook.
(26) See the accompanying Mathematica notebook.
@

(27) See the Mathematica notebook. The answers are

p !
2βv0 x0 + v02 + x20 (β 2 + ω 2 ) x0 ω
A= and ϕ = − cos−1 p
ω 2βv0 x0 + v02 + x20 (β 2 + ω 2 )
ggm

(28) I think it is easier to start with the right hand side and show that it equals the
left.
maa

sinh(x) cosh(y) + sinh(y) cosh(x)

ex − e−x ey + e−y ey − e−y ex + e−x
= +
2 2 2 2
ex+y + ex−y − e−x+y − e−x−y ex+y + e−x+y − ex−y − e−x−y
= +
4 4
x+y −x−y
e −e
= = sinh(x + y)
2
iill..cc

(29) Start with Z ∞ √ √

2
I(a) = e−ax dx = πa1/2 = πa−1/2
−∞
Now take the derivative with respect to a twice.
Z ∞
′ 2 √ 1 √ −3/2
I (a) = (−x2 )e−ax dx = πa1/2 = − πa
oom

−∞ 2
Z ∞
′′ 2 √ 1 3 √ −5/2
I (a) = x4 e−ax dx = πa1/2 = πa
−∞ 22
m
Chapter 1. Solutions 11

The integral we want is

∞
3√
Z
2 1
x4 e−ax dx = I ′′ (1) = π
0 2 8

(30) For (a), the mass density is λ = m/L, so dm = λdx = (m/L)dx and
L
1 L 1 x2 1 L2
Z
1
xCM = x dx = = = L
L 0 L 2 0 L 2 2
which is what you expect. For (b), we write λ = ax and to determine a we have
Z L Z L
L2 2m
m= λ dx = a x dx = a so a= 2
0 0 2 L
The center of mass is therefore
L L
2 x3
Z
1 2 2
xCM = ax dx = 2 = L
m 0 L 3 0 3
This makes sense. The rod gets heavier as you move to the right, so the center of mass
should be somewhat right of center.
(31) Build the cone out of thin disks (which we analyzed in class) of radius r(z) as shown
in the figure, each of which has mass dm = ρ × πr2 dz and moment of inertia dm r2 /2. The
mass density ρ is the cone mass m divided by its volume V . You can look up the volume
of a circular cone, but it’s easy enough to calculate, namely
Z h  2 Z h h
R2 z 3
Z
2 R 1
V = dV = πr dz = π z 2 dz = π 2 = πR2 h
O 0 h 0 h 3 0 3
Now calculate the moment of inertia by adding up the contributions from the little disks:
Z  4 Z h  4 5
1 2 1 R 4 1 R h
I = dm r = ρπ z dz = ρπ
O 2 2 h 0 2 h 5
4
1 m R h 3
= 2
π = mR2
2 πR h/3 5 10
This calculation is also carried out in Classical Mechanics, by John Taylor, as Example 10.3,
where the distinction is made that our I is the component Izz of the inertia tensor.
(32) The calculation is straightforward:
Z L Z L L L
m r3 m L3
Z
2 2 m 2 1
I= dm r = λ dr r = r dr = = = mL2
0 0 0 L L 3 0 L 3 3

(33) Build the annulus up from rings of density ρ and thickness dr, so
Z R2 Z R2 Z R2
2 2 1
r3 dr = πaρ R24 − R14
 
I= r dm = r 2πr dr a ρ = 2πaρ
R1 R1 R1 2
 Chapter 1. Solutions 12

To get the density, we need to know the volume V of the disk, so

ssm
Z R2 Z R2
r dr = πa R22 − R12
 
V = 2πr dr a = 2πa
R1 R1
mtt
Since M = ρV , we finally have
1 M  4  1 
R2 − R14 = M R22 + R12

I = πa 2 2
2 πa [R2 − R1 ] 2

which gives the correct answers in the limits R1 = 0 and R1 = R2 .

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88@
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ggm
maa
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