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Lecture3 020724

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16 views27 pages

Lecture3 020724

Uploaded by

NNARII
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

ENE/EIE429
Antenna Theory

Lecture 3
Radiation properties I
Field regions, radiation power density, radiation
intensity
Reference: Antenna Theory, 3rd edition, by Constantine A. Balanis
2

Evolution of pattern from near to far


field
3

Reactive near-field
• In the reactive near-field, the relationship between the
strengths of the E and H fields is often too complex to predict.
• Either field component (E or H) may dominate at one point,
and the opposite relationship dominate at a point only a short
distance away.
• Phase of electric and magnetic fields are nearly quadrature thus
• Highly reactive wave impedance
• High content of non-propagating stored energy near
antenna
4

Radiating near-field

• Fields are predominantly in phase.


• Fields do not yet display a spherical wave front:
thus a pattern varies with distance.
• These are regions where near-field measurements
are made.
5

Far-field
! "#$%
• Fields exhibit spherical wavefront, ,
thus
&
ideally, the pattern does not vary with distance.
• E and H Fields are in time-phase and spatial
quadrature.
• Wave impedance is ideally real.
• Power predominantly real; propagating energy.
6

Identifying the near-far field region

Near the antenna,

http://www.tscm.com/antnrfld.pdf
7

In the parallel ray approximation for far


field calculations, the third term is
neglected.
This can be expanded by the
binomial theorem which for the
first three terms, reduces to:

The distance where the far field


begins (Rff) (or where the near
field ends) is the value of r when
the error in R due to neglecting
the third term of equation, equals
http://www.tscm.com/antnrfld.pdf
1/16 of a wavelength.
8

Rff is usually calculated on boresight, so q = 90° and the second


term equals zero (Cos 90° = 0), therefore Rff is found by equating
the third term to 1/16 wavelength.

http://www.tscm.com/antnrfld.pdf
9

General rule of thumbs

Far field conditions

r>> D or r >> l
10
11
12

The solid angle of a sphere is found by integrating dW such


that
2p p
W A = ò ò sin q dq df = 4p ( sr )
f =0 q =0

• An antenna’s pattern solid angle:

W A = òò Pn (q , f )d W

Comparing WA for two


radiation patterns.
13

Ex1 For a sphere of radius r, find the solid angle WA (in a


square radians or steradians) of a spherical cap on the
surface of the sphere over the north-pole region defined
by spherical angles
of 0£ q £ 30°, 0£ f £ 180°.
14

Radiation power density


15

Time and spatial variations


16

Time and spatial variations


17

Spatial variations in power density


18
19

Ex2 The radial component of the radiated power


density of an antenna is given by 𝑊&() = 𝑊& 𝑎,r =
/012
𝐴. 3 𝑎, r W/m2 , determine the total radiated
&
power.
20

Radiation intensity
Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.”
21

Radiation intensity definition


22

Isotropic source
23

Relation between radiation


intensity and power density
24
25

Ex3 The radial component of the radiated power


density of an antenna is given by 𝑊&() = 𝑊& 𝑎,r =
/012
𝐴. 3 𝑎, r W/m2 find the total radiated power
&
using the formula in the previous page.
26

Beamwidths
3D pattern Radiation intensity U
27

Ex4 The normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is


represented by U(q) = cos2(q)cos2(3q), (0 ≤ q ≤ 90◦, 0◦ ≤ f
≤ 360◦), find the

a. half-power beamwidth HPBW (in radians and degrees)


b. first-null beamwidth FNBW (in radians and degrees)

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