MATHS DICTIONARY

USEFUL FOR ALL COMPETITIVE EXAMS

 EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES
 CAREER OPTIONS
A
abstract algebra: the area of modern mathematics that
considers algebraic structures to be sets with operations
defined on them, and extends algebraic concepts usually
associated with the real number system to other more general
systems, such as groups, rings, fields, modules and vector
spaces
algebra: a branch of mathematics that uses symbols or letters
to represent variables, values or numbers, which can then be
used to express operations and relationships and to solve
equations
algebraic expression: a combination of numbers and letters
equivalent to a phrase in language, e.g. x2 + 3x - 4
algebraic equation: a combination of numbers and letters
equivalent to a sentence in language, e.g. y = x2 + 3x - 4
algorithm: a step by step procedure by which an operation
can be carried out
amicable numbers: pairs of numbers for which the sum of
the divisors of one number equals the other number, e.g. 220
and 284, 1184 and 1210
analytic (Cartesian) geometry: the study of geometry using
a coordinate system and the principles of algebra and analysis,
thus defining geometrical shapes in a numerical way and
extracting numerical information from that representation
analysis (mathematical analysis): grounded in the rigorous
formulation of calculus, analysis is the branch of pure
mathematics concerned with the notion of a limit (whether of
a sequence or of a function)
arithmetic: the part of mathematics that studies quantity,
especially as the result of combining numbers (as opposed to
variables) using the traditional operations of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division (the more advanced
manipulation of numbers is usually known as number theory)
associative property: property (which applies both to
multiplication and addition) by which numbers can be added
or multiplied in any order and still yield the same value, e.g.
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) or (ab)c = a(bc)
asymptote: a line that the curve of a function tends towards
as the independent variable of the curve approaches some
limit (usually infinity) i.e. the distance between the curve and
the line approaches zero
axiom: a proposition that is not actually proved or
demonstrated, but is considered to be self-evident and
universally accepted as a starting point for deducing and
inferring other truths and theorems, without any need of proof
B
base n: the number of unique digits (including zero) that a
positional numeral system uses to represent numbers, e.g.
base 10 (decimal) uses 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 in each
place value position; base 2 (binary) uses just 0 and 1; base 60
(sexagesimal, as used in ancient Mesopotamia) uses all the
numbers from 0 to 59; etc
Bayesian probability: a popular interpretation of probability
which evaluates the probability of a hypothesis by specifying
some prior probability, and then updating in the light of new
relevant data
bell curve: the shape of the graph that indicates a normal
distribution in probability and statistics
bijection: a one-to-one comparison or correspondence of the
members of two sets, so that there are no unmapped elements
in either set, which are therefore of the same size and
cardinality
binomial: a polynomial algebraic expression or equation with
just two terms, e.g. 2x3 - 3y = 7; x2 + 4x; etc
binomial coefficients: the coefficients of the polynomial
expansion of a binomial power of the form (x + y) n, which can
be arranged geometrically according to the binomioal theorem
as a symmetrical triangle of numbers known as Pascal’s
Triangle, e.g. (x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4 the
coefficients are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1
Boolean algebra or logic: a type of algebra which can be
applied to the solution of logical problems and mathematical
functions, in which the variables are logical rather than
numerical, and in which the only operators are AND, OR and
NOT
C
calculus (infinitesimal calculus): a branch of mathematics
involving derivatives and integrals, used to study motion and
changing values
calculus of variations: an extension of calculus used to
search for a function which minimizes a certain functional (a
functional is a function of a function)
cardinal numbers: numbers used to measure the cardinality
or size (but not the order) of sets - the cardinality of a finite
set is just a natural number indicating the number of elements
in the set; the sizes of infinite sets are described by transfinite
cardinal numbers, 0 (aleph-null), 1 (aleph-one), etc
Cartesian coordinates: a pair of numerical coordinates
which specify the position of a point on a plane based on its
distance from the the two fixed perpendicular axes (which,
with their positive and negative values, split the plane up into
four quadrants)
coefficients: the factors of the terms (i.e. the numbers in front
of the letters) in a mathematical expression or equation, e.g. in
the expression 4x + 5y2 + 3z, the coefficients for x, y2 and z are
4, 5 and 3 respectively
combinatorics: the study of different combinations and
groupings of numbers, often used in probability and statistics,
as well as in scheduling problems and Sudoku puzzles
complex dynamics: the study of mathematical models and
dynamical systems defined by iteration of functions on
complex number spaces
complex number: a number expressed as an ordered pair
comprising a real number and an imaginary number, written
in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the
imaginary unit (equal to the square root of -1)
composite number: a number with at least one other factor
besides itself and one, i.e. not a prime number
congruence: two geometrical figures are congruent to one
another if they have the same size and shape, and so one can
be transformed into the other by a combination of translation,
rotation and reflection
conic section: the section or curve formed by the intersection
of a plane and a cone (or conical surface), depending on the
angle of the plane it could be an ellipse, a hyperbola or a
parabola
continued fraction: a fraction whose denominator contains a
fraction, whose denominator in turn contains a fraction, etc,
etc
coordinate: the ordered pair that gives the location or
position of a point on a coordinate plane, determined by the
point’s distance from the x and y axes, e.g. (2, 3.7) or (-5, 4)
coordinate plane: a plane with two scaled perpendicular lines
that intersect at the origin, usually designated x(horizontal
axis) and y (vertical axis)
correlation: a measure of relationship between two variables
or sets of data, a positive correlation coefficient indicating that
one variable tends to increase or decrease as the other does,
and a negative correlation coefficient indicating that one
variable tends to increase as the other decreases and vice versa
cubic equation: a polynomial having a degree of 3 (i.e. the
highest power is 3), of the form ax3 + bx2 + cx + d= 0, which
can be solved by factorization or formula to find its three
roots
D
decimal number: a real number which expresses fractions on
the base 10 standard numbering system using place value,
e.g. 37⁄100 = 0.37
deductive reasoning or logic: a type of reasoning where the
truth of a conclusion necessarily follows from, or is a logical
consequence of, the truth of the premises (as opposed to
inductive reasoning)
derivative: a measure of how a function or curve changes as
its input changes, i.e. the best linear approximation of the
function at a particular input value, as represented by the
slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at that
point, found by the operation of differentiation
descriptive geometry: a method of representing three-
dimensional objects by projections on the two-dimensional
plane using a specific set of procedures
differential equation: an equation that expresses a
relationship between a function and its derivative, the solution
of which is not a single value but a function (has many
applications in engineering, physics economics, etc)
differential geometry: a field of mathematics that uses the
methods of differential and integral calculus (as well as linear
and multilinear algebra) to study the geometry of curves and
surfaces
differentiation: the operation in calculus (inverse to the
operation of integration) of finding the derivative of a
function or equation
Diophantine equation: a polynomial equation with integer
coefficients that also allows the variables and solutions to be
integers only
distributive property: property whereby summing two
numbers and then multiplying by another number yields the
same value as multiplying both values by the other value and
then adding them together, e.g. a(b + c) = ab + ac
E
element: a member of, or an object in, a set
ellipse: a plane curve resulting from the intersection of a cone
by a plane, that looks like a slightly flattened circle (a circle is
a special case of an ellipse)
elliptic geometry: a non-Euclidean geometry based (at its
simplest) on a spherical plane, in which there are no parallel
lines and the angles of a triangle sum to more than 180°
empty (null) set: a set that has no members, and therefore has
zero size, usually represented by {} or ø
Euclidean geometry: “normal” geometry based on a flat
plane, in which there are parallel lines and the angles of a
triangle sum to 180°
expected value: the amount predicted to be gained, using the
calculation for average expected payoff, which can be
calculated as the integral of a random variable with respect to
its probability measure (the expected value may not actually
be the most probable value and may not even exist, e.g. 2.5
children)
exponentiation: the mathematical operation where a number
(the base) is multiplied by itself a specified number of times
(the exponent), usually written as a superscript an, where a is
the base and n is the exponent, e.g. 43 = 4 x 4 x 4
F
factor: a number that will divide into another number exactly,
e.g. the factors of 10 are 1, 2 and 5
factorial: the product of all the consecutive integers up to a
given number (used to give the number of permutations of a
set of objects), denoted by n!, e.g. 5! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 = 120
Fermat primes: prime numbers that are one more than a
power of 2 (and where the exponent is itself a power of 2),
e.g. 3 (21 + 1), 5 (22 + 1), 17 (24 + 1), 257 (28 + 1), 65,537
(216 + 1), etc
Fibonacci numbers (series): a set of numbers formed by
adding the last two numbers to get the next in the series: 0, 1,
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
finite differences: a method of approximating the derivative
or slope of a function using approximately equivalent
difference quotients (the function difference divided by the
point difference) for small differences
formula: a rule or equation describing the relationship of two
or more variables or quantities, e.g. A = πr2
Fourier series: an approximation of more complex periodic
functions (such as square or saw-tooth functions) by adding
together various simple trigonometric functions (e.g. sine,
cosine, tangent, etc)
fraction: a way of writing rational numbers (numbers that are
not whole numbers), also used to represent ratios or division,
in the form of a numerator over a denominator, e.g. 3⁄5 (a unit
fraction is a fraction whose numerator is 1)
fractal: a self-similar geometric shape (one that appears
similar at all levels of magnification) produced by an equation
that undergoes repeated iterative steps or recursion
function: a relation or correspondence between two sets in
which one element of the second (codomain or range) set ƒ(x)
is assigned to each element of the first (domain) set x, e.g.
ƒ(x) = x2 or y = x2 assigns a value to ƒ(x) or y based on the
square of each value of x
G
game theory: a branch of mathematics that attempts to
mathematically capture behaviour in strategic situations, in
which an individual's success in making choices depends on
the choices of others, with applications in the areas of
economics, politics, biology, engineering, etc
Gaussian curvature: an intrinsic measure of the curvature of
a point on a surface, dependent only on how distances are
measured on the surface and not on the way it is embedded in
space
geometry: the part of mathematics concerned with the size,
shape and relative position of figures, or the study of lines,
angles, shapes and their properties
golden ratio (golden mean, divine proportion): the ratio of
two quantities (equivalent to approximately 1 : 1.6180339887)
where the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger
quantity equals the ratio of the larger quantity to the smaller
one, usually denoted by the Greek letter phi φ (phi)
graph theory: a branch of mathematics focusing on the
properties of a variety of graphs (meaning visual
representations of data and their relationships, as opposed to
graphs of functions on a Cartesian plane)
group: a mathematical structure consisting of a set together
with an operation that combines any two of its elements to
form a third element, e.g. the set of integers and the addition
operation form a group
group theory: the mathematical field that studies the
algebraic structures and properties of groups and the
mappings between them
H
Hilbert problems: an influential list of 23 open (unsolved)
problems in mathematics described by David Hilbert in 1900
hyperbola: a smooth symmetrical curve with two branches
produced by the section of a conical surface
hyperbolic geometry: a non-Euclidean geometry based on a
saddle-shaped plane, in which there are no parallel lines and
the angles of a triangle sum to less than 180°
I
identity: an equality that remains true regardless of the values
of any variables that appear within it, e.g. for multiplication,
the identity is one; for addition, the identity is zero
imaginary numbers: numbers in the form bi, where b is a
real number and i is the “imaginary unit”, equal to √-1
(i.e. i2 = -1)
inductive reasoning or logic: a type of reasoning that
involves moving from a set of specific facts to a general
conclusion, indicating some degree of support for the
conclusion without actually ensuring its truth
infinite series: the sum of an infinite sequence of numbers
(which are usually produced according to a certain rule,
formula or algorithm)
infinitesimal: quantities or objects so small that there is no
way to see them or to measure them, so that for all practical
purposes they approach zero as a limit (an idea used in the
developement of infinitesimal calculus)
infinity: a quantity or set of numbers without bound, limit or
end, whether countably infinite like the set of integers, or
uncountably infinite like the set of real numbers (represented
by the symbol ∞)
integers: whole numbers, both positive (natural numbers) and
negative, including zero
integral: the area bounded by a graph or curve of a function
and the x axis, between two given values of x(definite
integral), found by the operation of integration
integration: the operation in calculus (inverse to the
operation of differentiation) of finding the integral of a
function or equation
irrational numbers: numbers that can not be represented as
decimals (because they would contain an infinite number of
non-repeating digits) or as fractions of one integer over
another, e.g. π, √2, e
J
Julia set: the set of points for a function of the
form z2 + c (where c is a complex parameter), such that a
small perturbation can cause drastic changes in the sequence
of iterated function values and iterations will either approach
zero, approach infinity or get trapped in loop
K
knot theory: an area of topology that studies mathematical
knots (a knot is a closed curve in space formed by interlacing
a piece of “string” and joining the ends)
L
least squares method: a method of regression analysis used
in probability theory and statistics to fit a curve-of-best-fit to
observed data by minimizing the sum of the squares of the
differences between the observed values and the values
provided by the model
limit: the point towards which a series or function converges,
e.g. as x becomes closer and closer to zero, (sin x)⁄x becomes
closer and closer to the limit of 1
line: in geometry, a one-dimensional figure following a
continuous straight path joining two or more points, whether
infinite in both directions or just a line segment bounded by
two distinct end points
linear equation: an algebraic equation in which each term is
either a constant or the product of a constant and the first
power of a single variable, and whose graph is therefore a
straight line, e.g. y = 4, y = 5x + 3
linear regression: a technique in statistics and probability
theory for modelling scattered data by assuming an
approximate linear relationship between the dependent and
independent variables
logarithm: the inverse operation to exponentiation, the
exponent of a power to which a base (usually 10 or efor
natural logarithms) must be raised to produce a given number,
e.g. because 1,000 = 103, the log10 100 = 3
logic: the study of the formal laws of reasoning (mathematical
logic the application of the techniques of formal logic to
mathematics and mathematical reasoning, and vice versa)
logicism: the theory that mathematics is just an extension of
logic, and that therefore some or all mathematics is reducible
to logic
M
magic square: a square array of numbers where each row,
column and diagonal added up to the same total, known as the
magic sum or constant (a semi-magic square is a square
numbers where just the rows and columns, but not both
diagonals, sum to a constant)
Mandelbrot set: a set of points in the complex plane, the
boundary of which forms a fractal, based on all the
possible c points and Julia sets of a function of the
form z2 + c (where c is a complex parameter)
manifold: a topological space or surface which, on a small
enough scale, resembles the Euclidean space of a specific
dimension (called the dimension of the manifold), e.g. a line
and a circle are one-dimensional manifolds; a plane and the
surface of a sphere are two-dimensional manifolds; etc
matrix: a rectangular array of numbers, which can be added,
subtracted and multiplied, and used to represent linear
transformations and vectors, solve equations, etc
Mersenne number: numbers that are one less than 2 to the
power of a prime number, e.g. 3 (22 - 1); 7 (23 - 1); 31 (25 - 1);
127 (27 - 1); 8,191 (213 - 1); etc
Mersenne primes: prime numbers that are one less than a
power of 2, e.g. 3 (22 - 1); 7 (23 - 1); 31 (25 - 1); 127 (27 - 1);
8,191 (213 - 1); etc - many, but not all, Mersenne numbers are
primes, e.g. 2,047 = 211 - 1 = 23 x 89, so 2,047 is a Mersenne
number but not a Mersenne prime
method of exhaustion: a method of finding the area of a
shape by inscribing inside it a sequence of polygons whose
areas converge to the area of the containing shape (a precursor
to the methods of calculus)
modular arithmetic: a system of arithmetic for integers,
where numbers "wrap around" after they reach a certain value
(the modulus), e.g. on a 12-hour clock, 15 o’clock is actually
3 o’clock (15 = 3 mod 12)
modulus: a number by which two given numbers can be
divided by integer division, and produce the same remainder,
e.g. 38 ÷ 12 = 3 remainder 2, and 26 ÷ 12 = 2 remainder 2,
therefore 38 and 26 are congruent modulo 12, or (38 ≡ 26)
mod 12
monomial: an algebraic expression consisting of a single term
(although that term could be an exponent), e.g. y = 7x, y = 2x3
N
natural numbers: the set of positive integers (regular whole
counting numbers), sometimes including zero
negative numbers: any integer, ration or real number which
is less than 0, e.g. -743, -1.4, -√5 (but not √-1, which is an
imaginary or complex number)
non-commutative algebra: an algebra in which a x b does
not always equal b x a, such as that used by quaternions
non-Euclidean geometry: geometry based on a curved plane,
whether elliptic (spherical) or hyperbolic (saddle-shaped), in
which there are no parallel lines and the angles of a triangle
do not sum to 180°
normal (Gaussian) distribution: a continuous probability
distribution in probability theory and statistics that describes
data which clusters around the mean in a curved “bell curve”,
highest in the middle and quickly tapering off to each side
number line: a line on which all points correspond to real
numbers (a simple number line may only mark integers, but in
theory all real numbers to +/- infinity can be shown on a
number line)
number theory: the branch of pure mathematics concerned
with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in
particular
O
ordinal numbers: an extension of the natural numbers
(different from integers and from cardinal numbers) used to
describe the order type of sets i.e. the order of elements within
a set or series
P
parabola: a type of conic section curve, any point of which is
equally distant from a fixed focus point and a fixed straight
line
paradox: a statement that appears to contradict itself,
suggesting a solution which is actually impossible
partial differential equation: a relation involving an
unknown function with several independent variables and its
partial derivatives with respect to those variables
Pascal’s Triangle: a geometrical arrangement of the
coefficients of the polynomial expansion of a binomial power
of the form (x + y)n as a symmetrical triangle of numbers
perfect number: a number that is the sum of its divisors
(excluding the number itself), e.g. 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14
periodic function: a function that repeats its values in regular
intervals or periods, such as the trigonometric functions of
sine, cosine, tangent, etc
permutation: a particular ordering of a set of objects, e.g.
given the set {1, 2, 3}, there are six permutations: {1, 2, 3},
{1, 3, 2}, {2, 1, 3}, {2, 3, 1}, {3, 1, 2}, and {3, 2, 1}
pi (π): the ratio of a circumference of a circle to its diameter,
an irrational (and transcendental) number approximately equal
to 3.141593...
place value: positional notation for numbers, allowing the use
of the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, e.g. the
"one's place", "ten's place", "hundred's place", etc
Platonic solids: the five regular convex polyhedra
(symmetrical 3-dimensional shapes): the tetrahedron (made up
of 4 regular triangles), the octahedron (made up of 8
triangles), the icosahedron (made up of 20 triangles), the cube
(made up of 6 squares) and the dodecahedron (made up of 12
pentagons)
polar coordinates: a two-dimensional coordinate system in
which each point on a plane is determined by its
distance r from a fixed point (e.g. the origin) and its
angle θ (theta) from a fixed direction (e.g the x axis)
polynomial: an algebraic expression or equation with more
than one term, constructed from variables and constants using
only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and
non-negative whole-number exponents, e.g. 5x2 - 4x + 4y + 7
prime numbers: integers greater than 1 which are only
divisible by themselves and 1
projective geometry: a kind of non-Euclidean geometry
which considers what happens to shapes when they are
projected on to a non-parallel plane, e.g. a circle may be
projected into an ellipse or a hyperbola
plane: a flat two-dimensional surface (physical or theoretical)
with infinite width and length, zero thickness and zero
curvature
probability theory: the branch of mathematics concerned
with analysis of random variables and events, and with the
interpretation of probabilities (the likelihood of an event
happening)
Pythagoras’ (Pythagorean) theorem: the square of the
hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equal to the sum of the
squares of the two sides (a2 + b2 = c2)
Pythagorean triples: groups of three positive
integers a, b and c such that the a2 + b2 = c2 equation of
Pythagoras’ theorem, e.g. ( 3, 4, 5), ( 5, 12, 13), ( 7, 24, 25), (
8, 15, 17), etc
Q
quadratic equation: a polynomial equation with a degree of
2 (i.e. the highest power is 2), of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0,
which can be solved by various methods including factoring,
completing the square, graphing, Newton's method and the
quadratic formula
quadrature: the act of squaring, or finding a square equal in
area to a given figure, or finding the area of a geometrical
figure or the area under a curve (such as by a process of
numerical integration)
quartic equation: a polynomial having a degree of 4 (i.e. the
highest power is 4), of the form ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e = 0,
the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by
factorization into radicals by a general formula
quaternions: a number system that extends complex numbers
to four dimensions (so that an object is described by a real
number and three complex numbers, all mutually
perpendicular to each other), which can be used to represent a
three-dimensional rotation by just an angle and a vector
quintic equation: a polynomial having a degree of 5 (i.e. the
highest power is 5), of the
form ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2 + ex + f = 0, not solvable by
factorization into radicals for all rational numbers
R
rational numbers: numbers that can be expressed as a
fraction (or ratio) a⁄b of two integers (the integers are therefore
a subset of the rationals), or alternatively a decimal which
terminates after a finite number of digits or begins to repeat a
sequence
real numbers: all numbers (including natural numbers,
integers, decimals, rational numbers and irrational numbers)
which do not involve imaginary numbers (multiples of the
imaginary unit i, or the square root of -1), may be thought of
as all points on an infinitely long number line
reciprocal: a number which, when multiplied by x yields the
multiplicative identity 1, and can therefore be thought of as
the inverse of multiplication, e.g. the reciprocal of x is 1⁄x, the
reciprocal of 3⁄5 is 5⁄3
Riemannian geometry: a non-Euclidean geometry that
studies curved surfaces and differentiable manifolds in higher
dimensional spaces
right triangle: a triangle (three sided polygon) containing an
angle of 90°
S
self-similarity: object is exactly or approximately similar to a
part of itself (in fractals, the shapes of lines at different
iterations look like smaller versions of earlier shapes)
sequence: an ordered set whose elements are usually
determined based on some function of the counting numbers,
e.g. a geometric sequence is a set where each element is a
multiple of the previous element; an arithmetic sequence is a
set where each element is the previous element plus or minus
a number
set: a collection of distinct objects or numbers, without regard
to their order, considered as an object in its own right
significant digits: the number of digits to consider when
using measuring numbers, those digits that carry meaning
contributing to its precision (i.e. ignoring leading and trailing
zeros)
simultaneous equations: a set or system of equations
containing multiple variables which has a solution that
simultaneously satisfies all of the equations (e.g. the set of
simultaneous linear equations 2x + y = 8 and x + y= 6, has a
solution x = 2 and y = 4)
slope: the steepness or incline of a line, determined by
reference to two points on the line, e.g. the slope of the
line y = mx + b is m, and represents the rate at which y is
changing per unit of change in x
spherical geometry: a type of non-Euclidean (elliptic)
geometry using the two-dimensional surface of a sphere,
where a curved geodesic (not a straight line) is the shortest
paths between points
spherical trigonometry: a branch of spherical geometry
which deals with polygons (especially triangles) on the
sphere, and the relationships between their sides and angles
subset: a subsidiary collection of objects that all belong to, or
is contained in, an original given set, e.g. subsets of {a, b}
could include: {a}, {b}, {a, b} and {}
surd: the n-th root a number, such as √5, the cube root of 7,
etc
symmetry: the correspondence in size, form or arrangement
of parts on a plane or line (line symmetry is where each point
on one side of a line has a corresponding point on the opposite
side, e.g. a picture a butterfly with wings that are identical on
either side; plane symmetry refers to similar figures being
repeated at different but regular locations on the plane)
T
tensor: a collection of numbers at every point in space which
describe how much the space is curved, e.g. in four spatial
dimensions, a collection of ten numbers is needed at each
point to describe the properties of the mathematical space or
manifold, no matter how distorted it may be
term: in an algebraic expression or equation, either a single
number or variable, or the product of several numbers and
variables separated from another term by a + or - sign, e.g. in
the expression 3 + 4x + 5yzw, the 3, the 4x and the 5yzw are
all separate terms
theorem: a mathematical statement or hypothesis which has
been proved on the basis of previously established theorems
and previously accepted axioms, effectively the proof of the
truth of a statement or expression
topology: the field of mathematics concerned with spatial
properties that are preserved under continuous deformations
of objects (such as stretching, bending and morphing, but not
tearing or gluing)
transcendental number: an irrational number that is “not
algebraic”, i.e. no finite sequence of algebraic operations on
integers (such as powers, roots, sums, etc.) can be equal to its
value, examples being π and e. For example, √2 is irrational
but not transcendental because it is the solution to the
polynomial x2 = 2.
transfinite numbers: cardinal numbers or ordinal numbers
that are larger than all finite numbers, yet not necessarily
absolutely infinite
triangular number: a number which can be represented as an
equilateral triangle of dots, and is the sum of all the
consecutive numbers up to its largest prime factor - it can also
be calculated as n(n + 1)⁄2, e.g. 15 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 5(5 + 1)⁄2
trigonometry: the branch of mathematics that studies the
relationships between the sides and the angles of right
triangles, and deals with and with the trigonometric functions
(sine, cosine, tangent and their reciprocals)
trinomial: an algebraic equation with 3 terms, e.g. 3x + 5y +
8z; 3x3 + 2x2 + x; etc
type theory: an alternative to naive set theory in which all
mathematical entities are assigned to a type within a hierarchy
of types, so that objects of a given type are built exclusively
from objects of preceding types lower in the hierarchy, thus
preventing loops and paradoxes
V
vector: a physical quantity having magnitude and direction,
represented by a directed arrow indicating its orientation in
space
vector space: a three-dimensional area where vectors can be
plotted, or a mathematical structure formed by a collection of
vectors
Venn diagram: a diagram where sets are represented as
simple geometric figures (often circles), and overlapping and
similar sets are represented by intersections and unions of the
figures
Z
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory: the standard form of set
theory and the most common foundation of modern
mathematics, based on a list of nine axioms (usually modified
by a tenth, the axiom of choice) about what kinds of sets exist,
commonly abbreviated together as ZFC
Zeta function: A function based on an infinite series of
reciprocals of exponents (Riemann’s zeta function is the
extension of Euler’s simple zeta function into the domain of
complex numbers)
EDUCATIONAL WEBSITES
UNIVERSITY WEBSITES (INDIA)
1. www.braou.ac.in (Ambedhkar open University)
2. www.kuvenuuniversity.org (KUVEMPU university )
3. www.ignou.ac.in (Indira Gandhi National Open
University)
4. www.bangaloreuniversity.com
5. www.iitb.ernet.in (IIT Bombay)
6. www.iitm.ac.in (IIT Madras)
7. www.iitk.ac.in (IIT Kanpur)
8. www.iitd.ernet.in (IIT Delhi)
9. www.iitr.ac.in (IIT Roorkee)
10. www.iitkjp.ernet.in (IIT Kharagpur)
11. www.iimb.ernet.in (IIM Bangalore)
12. www.du.ac.in (University of Delhi)
13. www.alagappauniversity.ac.in (Alagappa University)
14. www.unipune.ac.in (University of Pune)
15. www.gnlu.ac.in (University of Gujarath)
16. www.bdu.ac.in (Bharathi dasan University)
17. www.annaunie.edu (Anna University
18. www.bhu.ac.in (Banaras University)
19. www.efluniversity.ac.in (CENTRAL INSTITUTE OF
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES)
20. www.msuniv.ac.in (MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR
UNIVERSITY) 21. www.ycmou.com
22. www.iisc.ernet.in
23. www.wbnsou.ac.in (NETAJI SUBHAS OPEN
UNIVERSITY)
24. www.tezu.ernet.in (Tejpur University)
25. www.kuk.ernet.in
26. www.gju.ernet.in
27. www.amrita.edu
28. www.universityofmadrasice.ac.in www.unom.ac.in
29. www.andhrauniversity.info
30. www.anu.ac.in
31. www.osmania.ac.in
32. www.cdeou.org
33. www.svu.ac.in
34. www.kuwarangal.com
35. www.skuniv.ap.nic.in
36. www.nalsallawuniv.org
37. www.rsvidyapeeth.edu
38. www.uohyd.ernet.in
39. www.padmavatiwomen-univ.org
40. www.ntruhs.ap.nic.in
41. www.jntu.ac.in
42. www.teluguuniversity.ac.in
43. www.iaseduniv.org
44. www.ksou.mysore.org
45. www.aaidudec.org
46. www.puchud.ac.in
47. www.pondiuni.org
48. www.vit.ac.in
49. www.ipu.ac.in
50. www.manit.ac.in
51. www.dauniv.ac.in
52. www.bits-pilani.ac.in
53. www.cic.nic.in
54. www.biharyugabharati.net
55. www.jnu.ac.in
56. www.icfre.org
57. www.rguhs.ac.in
58. www.nit.ac.in
59. www.ruraluniv.org
60. www.nis.ac.in
61. www.iitgn.ac.in
62. www.iitrpr.ac.in
63. www.iitp.ac.in
64. www.iith.ac.in
65. www.iitbbs.ac.in
66. www.iitj.ac.in
67. www.iisermohali.ac.in
68. www.iiserpune.ac.in
69. www.iisekol.ac.in
70. www.iiserbhopal.ac.in
71. www.iisertvm.ac.in
72. www.ugc.ac.in
UNIVERSITY WEBSITES (OTHER COUNTRIES)
1. www.collegeview.com
2. www.studyabroad.com
3. www.auap.com
4. www.dest.gov.in
5. www.studyabroadlinks.com
6. www.edna.edu.au
7. www.uq.edu.au
8. www.cqu.edu.au
9. www.usyd.edu.an
10. www.unsw.edu.au
11. www.studycanda.ca
12. www.dtaitmaeci.gc.ca
13. www.canadianuniversities.com
14. www.lifeeducation.org.uk
15. www.manchester.ac.uk
16. www.studyinbritain.com
17. www.educationuk.in.org
18. www.essen.ac.uk
19. www.britishcouncil.org
20. www.sunderland.ac.in
21. www.2aa.org.uk
22. www.wnductive-education.org.uk
23. www.glassgow.ac.uk
24. www.britishhighereducation.com
WEBSITES for Entrance Exams
1. www.aiims.edu
2. www.ielts.org
3. www.toefl.org
4. www.aima-ind.org
5. www.cetinformation.com
6. www.admission.manipal.edu
8. www.jntu.ac.in IIT-JEE & AIEEE
9. www.thelearningpoint.net
10. www.crackiitjee.com
11. www.simplylearnt.com
12. www.myengg.com
13. www.kshitij-iitjee.com
14. www.iitjee.com
15. www.allcoaching.com
16. www.allentrance.com
17. www.aieeelearnhub.com
18. www.goiit.com
19. www.giitjee.org
20. www.education.one.india.in
21. www.iitscholors.com
22. www.appexiit.com
23. www.examrace.com
24. www.enrancei.com
25. www.testbag.com
26. www.meritnation.com CAT, MAT & ICET 27.
www.winentrance.com
28. www.100percentile.com
29. www.mat-mba.learnhub.com
30. www.mbahitbullseye.com
31. www.play.google.com/store/apps/defails
32. www.studyadda.com
33. www.tcyonline.com
34. www.icet.learnhub.com
35. www.gyancentral.com
36. www.testbag.com
37. www.kinindia.com
38. www.fullysolved.com ENGINEERING-PLACEMENTS
GUIDANCE 39. www.btechguru.com
40. www.atechlad.com
41. www.allinterview.com
42. www.gate.iitkgp.ac.in
43. www.gatestudy.com
44. www.gate.examsavvy.com
45. www.helpzengg.com
46. www.onestopgate.com RMO, IMO, NSO, NSTSE, IEO,
UCO, NCO &JSO EXAMS
47. www.olympiads.hbcse.titr.res.in
48. www.icbse.com
49. www.studyforexams.blogspot.com
50. www.askiitians.com
51. www.icomplete.co.in
52. www.simoeducation.com
53. www.drasrac.org
54. www.amtionline.com
55. www.olympiadcorner.com
56. www.talentyexams.com
57. www.winuexams.com
58. www.testpapers.co.in
59. www.olympiadhelper.com
60. www.entrance-exam.net
61. www.sofworld.com
62. www.unifieldcouncil.com BANK PO’S, CLERKS & RRB
63. www.competitionmaster.com
64. www.gobookee.net
65. www.educationobserver.com
66. www.atozinbanking.com
67. www.onlinegk.org
68. www.gktoday.com
69. www.bankpoclerk.com
70. www.demrrb.blogspot.com
71. www.examguesspapers.com
72. www.resultduniya.com
73. www.way2sucess.com IAS, IES, ISS, GROUP – I, II, III,
IV 74. www.clvilservicesindia.com
75. www.upscportal.com
76. www.csmantra.com
77. www.ias100.in
78. www.iashelp.com
79. www.madeeasy.in
80. www.examcrazy.com
81. www.career-leaps.com
82. www.iesacademy.com
83. www.appscmaterial.blogspot.com
84. www.tncpcquesionpapers.com
85. www.edutipz.com
86. www.browse.freereader.com
87. www.books.google.com AIRFORCE, NAVY (CDS,
NDA)
88. www.mypracticetestprep.com
89. www.military.an
SUBJECT WISE WEBSITES
1. www.math.uakron.edu
2. www.webmath.com
3. www.math.hmc.edu
4. www.studys.net/equations.htm
5. www.wizig.com
6. www.mathvisuals.com
7. www.helpingwithmath.com
8. www.mathsisfun.com
9. www.mathworks.com
10. www.math.gatech.edu
11. www.mcnv.com/index.html
12. www.water-fendt.de/phiuep
CHEMISTRY
13. www.worldofmolecules.com
14. www.chemistrycoach.com
15. www.ellsalive.com
16. www.biology-online.org
COMMERCE
17. www.futureaccountant.com
18. www.managerialmarketing.com
19. www.bartleby.com
20. www.cia.gov.in
21. www.1911encyclopedia.org
JOBS WEBSITES
1. www.careerpath.com 2. www.go4careers.com
3. www.jobkhoj.com 4. www.oilcareer.com
5. www.sportscareer.com 6. www.telecomcareer.net
7. www.employercontact.com 8. www.naukri.com
9. www.indianjobsite.com 10. www.timejobs.com
11. www.employeeindia.com 12. www.careerjournal.com
13. www.jobsstreet.com 14. www.cioljobs.com
15. www.greatinsurance.jobs.com 16. www.winjobs.com
17. www.netlogics.com 18. www.navsena-bharatimail.in
19. www.worldbank.org 20. www.indianjobsites.com
21. www.alltimesjobs.com 22. www.cyberjobsonline.com
23. www.careeroinet.com 24. www.spacejobs.com
25. www.jobsahead.com 26. www.monster.com
27. www.jobsweb.com
28. www.surfyjobs.com
TO LEARN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
1. www.englishthome.com
2. www.learnenglish.de 3. www.intelindia.com
4. www.frenchlesson.org
5. www.lanuages-on-the-web.com
LIBRARIES
1. www.distancelearning.ufl.edu 2. www.library.ucsf.edu 3.
www.wiredlibrarian.com 4. www.libr.org
INDIA & STATES WEBSITES
1. www.aponline.gov.in 2. www.jarkhandgov.com
3. www.assamgovt.nic.in 4. www.karnataka.gov.in
5. www.maharastra.gov.in 6. www.kashmir.nic.in
7. www.himachal.gov.in 8. www.eci.gov.in
9. www.mizoram.nic.in
10. www.sikkim.nic.in 11. www.delhigovt.nic.in
CAREER OPTIONS
A
›› Accountancy
›› Actuarial Science
›› Acupressure Therapy
›› Acupuncture
›› Adventure Sports
›› Adventure Tourism
›› Advertising
›› Advocate General
›› Aeronautical Engineering
›› Agricultural Economics
›› Agricultural Engineering
›› Agricultural Science
›› Agronomist
›› Air Hostess Training
›› Air Traffic Control
›› Anchoring
›› Anesthesiology
›› Animal Training
›› Animation
›› Anthropology
›› Aqua Culture
›› Archaeology
›› Architectural Engineering
›› Archival Science
›› Aromatherapy
›› Assistant District Attorney
›› Astronomy
 ›› Attorney General
›› Audio Engineering
›› Auditing
›› Automobile Engineering
›› Ayurveda

B
›› Baking
›› Banking
›› Bartending
›› Beauty Care
›› Behavioral Science
›› Biochemistry
›› Bioinformatics
›› Biomedical Engineering
›› Biophysics
›› Biotechnology
›› Book Publishing
›› Border Security Force (BSF)
›› Botany
›› Brand Management
›› Broadcast Engineering
›› Business Administration

C
›› Call Centers
›› Calligraphy
›› Cardiology
›› Cartography
›› Catering Service
›› CBI Officer
›› Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
›› Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
›› Ceramic Engineering
›› Chartered Accountancy
›› Chef
›› Chemical Engineering
›› Chemistry
›› Chocolatier
›› Chromo Therapy
›› CID Officer
›› Cinematography
›› Civil Engineering
›› Civil Service
›› Clinical Research
›› Cloud Computing
›› Commercial Pilot
›› Company Secretary
›› Computer Aided Design (CAD)
›› Computer Engineering
›› Computer Systems Analyst
›› Corporate Communication
›› Corporate Training
›› Cosmetology
›› Counselling
›› Creative Writing
›› Criminology
›› Customer Relationship Management
D
›› Dairy Technology
›› Dance
›› Dance Choreography
›› Data Entry
›› Dental Assistant
›› Dental Hygienist
›› Dental Technology
›› Dentistry
›› Dermatology
›› Detectives/Private Investigators
›› Disaster Management
›› District Attorney
›› Disc Jockeying
›› Dubbing/ Voice Over

E
›› Ecology
›› Economics
›› Electrical Engineering
›› Electrician
›› Electrology/ Electrolysis
›› Electronics Engineering
›› Engineering
›› Entomology
›› Environmental Engineering
›› Environmental Science
›› Epidemiology
 ›› Ethical Hacking
›› Event Management

F
›› Fashion Choreography
›› Fashion Designing
›› Film Making
›› Finance Management
›› Fire Engineering
›› Fishery Science
›› Fitness Trainer
›› Floriculture
›› Food Critic
›› Food Flavorist/Flavor Chemist
›› Food Technology
›› Footwear Technology
›› Foreign Language
›› Forensic Accounting
›› Forensic Science
›› Forestry/ Wildlife
›› Fragrance Chemists/ Perfumers

G
›› Gaming Industry
›› Gastroenterology
›› Gemmology
›› Genetic Engineering
›› Geography
›› Geology
 ›› Geophysics
›› Gerontology
›› Graphic Designing
›› Graphology
›› Gynecology

H
›› Home Science
›› Horticulture
›› Hospital Management
›› Hotel Management
›› Human Resource Management
›› Hydrotherapy

I
›› IAF Air Man
›› IAF Officer
›› ICWAI (ICAI)
›› Image Consultant
›› Indian Air Force (IAF)
›› Indian Army
›› Indian Coast Guard
›› Indian Economic/Statistical Service
›› Indian Foreign Service
›› Indian Navy
›› Indian Postal Service
›› Indian Revenue Service
›› Indo Tibetan Border Police Force (ITBPF)
›› Industrial Engineering
 ›› Instrumentation Engineering
›› Insurance
›› Insurance Underwriters
›› Intellectual Property Attorney
›› Intelligence Service
›› Interior Designing
›› International Business/Foreign Trade
›› Investment Management

J
›› Jewellery Designing
›› Journalism / Mass Communication
›› Judge

L
›› Law
›› Leather Technology
›› Lexicography
›› Library Science
›› Lift Technology
›› Linguistics
›› Logistics

M
›› Magnetic Therapy
›› Makeup Artist
›› Marine Biology
›› Marine Engineering
›› Marketing Management
 ›› Mathematics
›› Mechanical Engineering
›› Mechatronics Engineering
›› Medical
›› Medical Laboratory Technology
›› Medical Tourism
›› Medical Transcription
›› Merchant Navy
›› Metallurgical Engineering
›› Meteorology
›› Microbiology
›› Mining Engineering
›› Modelling
›› Museology
›› Music
›› Music Composing
›› Music Therapy

N
›› Nanotechnology
›› National Security Guard (NSG)
›› Naturopathy
›› Nephrology
›› Neurology
›› Notary
›› Nuclear Engineering
›› Nursery Teachers Training
›› Nursing
›› Nutrition and Dietetics
O
›› Oath Commissioner
›› Occupational Therapy
›› Ocean Engineering
›› Oceanography
›› Oenology (Wine Making)
›› Online Tutoring
›› Optometry
›› Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
›› Orthodontics
›› Orthopaedics
›› Osteopathy
›› Otolaryngology (ENT)

P
›› Paint Technology
›› Painting
›› Paleontology
›› Paramilitary Forces
›› Patent Attorney
›› Pathology
›› Pediatrics
›› Perfusionist
›› Pet Grooming
›› Petroleum Engineering
›› Pharmaceutical Engineering/Technology
›› Pharmacy
›› Photography
 ›› Photojournalism
›› Photonics
›› Physics
›› Physiotherapy
›› Pisciculture
›› Plant Pathology
›› Plant Taxonomy
›› Plastic Surgery
›› Police Services
›› Political Science
›› Polymer/Plastic Engineering
›› Print Technology
›› Prosthetics and Orthotics
›› Psychiatry
›› Psychology
›› Public Health
›› Public Prosecutor
›› Public Relation
›› Purchase Management

Q
›› Quality Assurance Management

R
›› Radio Jockey
›› Radiography
›› Railway Protective Force (RPF)
›› Railway Services
›› Railway Ticket Collector
 ›› Real Estate Management
›› Reflexology
›› Rehabilitation
›› Respiratory Therapy
›› Retail Management
›› Rheumatology
›› Robotics
›› Rotoscoping
›› Rubber Technology
›› Rural Management

S
›› Safety Management
›› Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
›› Scuba Diving
›› Securities Analysts
›› Sericulture
›› Shipping and Port Management
›› Siddha
›› Social Work
›› Sociology
›› Sommelier / Wine Taster
›› Spa/ Massage Therapy
›› Special Education
›› Speech Pathology and Audiology
›› Sports Commentator
›› Sports Management
›› Sports/Physical Fitness
›› Statistician
 ›› Structural Engineering
›› Sugar Technology
›› Supply Chain Management
›› Surgical Technology
›› Surveying

T
›› Taxation
›› Tea Management
›› Teaching
›› Technical Trade (ITI)
›› Technical Writing
›› Telecommunication Engineering
›› Telemarketing
›› Textile Technology
›› Thermal Engineering
›› Tour Guiding
›› Tour Operator
›› Toxicology
›› Toy Designing
›› Trademark Attorney
›› Transportation Engineering
›› Travel and Tourism
›› Trichology

U
›› Unani
›› Urology
V
›› Veterinary Science
›› Video Editing
›› Video Jockey
›› Virtual Assistants (VAs)
›› Visual Merchandising
›› VLSI/ Chip Designing

W
›› Web Designing
›› Web Development
›› Wedding Planning
›› Wildlife/Nature Photography

Y
›› Yoga

Z
›› Zoology