BATCH 11 Project Report
BATCH 11 Project Report
191EE77A-PROJECT WORK-PHASE-II
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted
YOGESH S (113120UG05322)
VINODHINI U (113120UG05021)
JAIANAND K (113120UG05311)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
VELTECH MULTI TECH Dr.RANGARAJAN Dr.SAKUNTHALA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AVADI, CHENNAI.
(An Autonomous Institution)
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project “ AIR POLLUTION MONITORING USING IOT "
is the bonafide work of the following students.
YOGESH S (113120UG05322)
VINODHINI N (113120UG05021)
(113120UG05311)
JAIANAND K
who carried out the project work under my supervision. Certified further that to the
best of knowledge, the work reported herein does not form part of any other project
report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an
earlier occasion this or any other candidate.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. Deepthi Joseph, M.Tech., Ph.D. Mrs.P.Gajalaxmi,M.Tech.
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT INTERNAL GUIDE
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics
Engineering.
191EE77A - PROJECT WORK-PHASE-II
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We take this opportunity to acknowledge all the people who helped us to do our
project a successful one.
We greatly convey our sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to our beloved chairman
Col. Prof. Dr. Shri. Vel. R. RANGARAJAN, B.E (Elec.,), B.E (Mech.,),M.S (Auto.,),
D.Sc. Vice chairman Dr. (Mrs.). SAKUNTHALA RANGARAJAN, M.B.B.S., for their
support through the institution.
We are very much in debited to our beloved principal Dr. V. RAJAMANI, Ph.D.
giving us necessary permission and coordination to do our project.
We wish to express our profound gratitude to our Head of the Department, Mrs. Dr.
Deepthi Joseph, M.Tech., Ph.D. for her guidance encouragement for accomplishing the
project work.
We wish to convey our thanks to Mr.S.Dhanajeyan,M.E. Project coordinator who is
supporting and helping us to make this project as successful one.
We also wish to convey our heartfelt thanks to Mrs.P.Gajalaxmi,M.Tech. project
internal guide who is supporting and helping us to make this project a successful one.
We also extend our thanks to all of the staff members of the EEE department who
gave us the moral support and encouragement for preceding the project in the right way
for the completion of the project in successful way.
We bestow our thanks to friends and family for their motivation and encouragement at
all time we thank each and every one who helped us for the successful completion of the
project.
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ABSTRACT:
We live in a time of industrial boom. With the rapid development of technology, the
rapidly every day. Continuous monitoring is necessary to control pollution in the air or in
the environment. However, most existing systems are expensive and complicated.
However, the slow increase in low-cost air quality monitoring systems is responsible for
system that has a simple design, is mobile, and has a low cost. Our proposed monitoring
system embodies a device composed of various gas sensors, a NodeMcu Wi-Fi module, a
cloud server, and a cloud server monitoring application. In our implemented device, the
data from the air pollution monitoring server can be easily accessed. It also consists of a
warning system that will send an alert to the responsible officials if the pollution parameter
exceeds the standard permissible limit. The total cost of our implemented system is BDT,
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LIST OF TABLES
ABSTRACT 01
TABLE OF CONTENT 02
LIST OF FIGURES 04
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 05
LIST OF TABLES 06
1 INTRODUCTION 07
2 EXISTINGSYSTEM 08
3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 10
4 LITERATURE SURVEY 11
PIN CONFIGURATION 1
5.3 SPECIFICATION
5
5.4 APPLICATION
6 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
6.1.1 Specifications
6.1.2 Applications
6.2.3 Features
6.2.4 Applications
6.3.2 Features
6.3.3 Applications
7 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
7.1 EMBEDDED C
7.1.1 Description
6
7.1.3 Named registers
7.4.6 Summary
08 REFERENCES
09 CONCLUSION
7
LIST OF FIGURES
5.1 ATMEGA328 17
8
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Control Address
9
LIST OF TABLES
10
CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is the most important problem of each nation, whether or not it's
miles advanced or growing. health troubles were growing at a quicker price in particular in
city regions of growing countries where industrialization and the growing quantity of
motors result in launch of lot of gaseous pollutants. harmful outcomes of pollution consist
of slight hypersensitive reactions along with inflammation of the throat, eyes and nose as
well as a few critical problems like bronchitis, heart sicknesses, pneumonia, lung and
annoyed bronchial asthma. in keeping with a survey, because of air pollution 50,000 to
100,000 premature deaths according to 12 months occur inside the U.S. on my own. while
in the ecu the wide variety reaches three hundred,000 and over 3,000,000 international.
IOT based totally Air pollutants tracking gadget video display units the Air
satisfactory over a web server using internet and could trigger an alarm when the air
exceptional is going down past a certain threshold stage, approach while there are
sufficient number of harmful gases gift in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3,
LPG and NOx. it's going to show the air first-rate in PPM at the lcd and as well as on
website in order that it can display it very effortlessly. LPG sensor is brought on this
system that is used by and large in homes. The system will display temperature and
humidity. The system can be hooked up anywhere however commonly in industries and
houses in which gases are primarily to be located and gives an alert message when the
system crosses threshold limit.
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CHAPTER 02
EXISTING SYSTEM
In existing machine, the drawbacks of the traditional tracking gadgets are their big size,
heavy weight and first-rate expensiveness. these lead to sparse deployment of the
monitoring stations. so that it will be effective, the places of the tracking stations want
cautious placement due to the fact the air pollution scenario in urban regions is enormously
related to human sports (e.g. construction activities) and region-dependent (e.g., the traffic
chokepoints have tons worse air satisfactory than average). IOT based totally Air pollution
monitoring gadget video display units the Air first-rate over a webserver the usage of net
and will cause an alarm when the air nice goes down beyond a certain level, method whilst
there are range of harmful gases present inside the air.
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2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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CHAPTER 03
PROPOSED SYSTEM
This paper presents real-time standalone air quality monitoring. Internet of Things (IoT)is
nowadays finding profound use in every sector, plays a key role in our air quality
monitoring system too. The setup will show the air quality in PPM on the webpage so that
we can monitor it very easily. In this IoT project, we can monitor the pollution level from
anywhere using your computer or mobile.
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CHAPTER 04
LITERATURE SURVEY
the explanation of the Air wi-fine Index (AQI) and its popular levels are describedwireless
in. From 0-100 ppm the atmosphere is safe for living. If the ppm stage will increase above
100 then it movements out of the protection quarter.
If the ppm fee rises above 200 then it becomes extremely risky for human life.
The DHT11 sensor module is used to measure the temperature and the humidity of the
surroundings.
The MQ-135 gasoline sensor is used to degree the air wi-fiwireless of the surroundings. it
can be calibrated with appreciate to clean air, alcohol, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen and methane. in this task, it's been calibrated with appreciate to clean air.
The controlling movement of Arduino and NodeMcu has been describedwireless. This
studies has proven the uses of C++ because the programming language for scripting
software code. It has an in- constructed c084d04ddacadd4b971ae3d98fecfb2a module
which permits the mission to put into effect IoT effortlessly.
Arduino IDE is used to enforce the coding a part of the task [5], [8]. IOT cloud is used for
the cloud carrier. It has a free model which requires a put off of 15 seconds to add an entry
in the cloud [6], [7].
As this mission uses sensors, each of them have inner heater factors and withdraw greater
energy(P=V*I), so though each sensors are became ON, their output voltage tiers range
and display unpredictable values because of wi-fi in wireless energy pressure. So, we used
a separate strength supply for the sensors as NodeMcu alone isn't wireless to power two
sensors.
15 | P a
CHAPTER 05
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA328
5.1 ARDUINO:
Arduino ATMEGA-328 microcontroller encompass 14 enter and output analog and virtual
pins (from this 6 pins are considered to be a PWM pins), 6 analog inputs and ultimate
virtual inputs. electricity jack cable is used to connect arduino board with the computer.
Externally battery is hooked up with the arduino microcontroller for the power deliver.
Arduino is an open supply microcontroller from which there is no comments present
within the microcontroller. This arduino board consist of I2C bus that can be capable of
transfer the information from arduino board to the output devices. those arduino forums
are programmed over RS232 serial interface connections with ATmega arduino
microcontrollers. The operating volt ranges from 5v. The enter voltage endorsed for
arduino microcontroller is from 7v and the maximum of 12v. The DC enter current given
to the arduino board is in the variety of 40mA.
It is composed of different forms of recollections together with flash memory, EEPROM,
SRAM. The period of the arduino board is nearly approximately 68.64mm and the width
of the microcontroller is set 53.4mm. the weight of the arduino microcontroller is ready
20g. we will use diverse varieties of microcontroller which include eight bit AVL Atmel
microcontroller and 32 bit Atmel arm microprocessor. From these one-of-a-kind styles of
processors, we can use the ones processors for numerous engineering initiatives in addition
to commercial programs. a number of the examples of the use of the arduino inside the
business programs are controlling the actuators and sensors. some of the examples of
arduino microcontrollers are Arduino Duemilanove, Arduino UNO, Arduino Leonardo,
Arduino Mega, and Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino MEGA 2560 R3, Arduino Nano,
Arduino Due, LilyPadArduino, micro arduino. we have already noted, arduino has been
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programmed through the use of c and c++ programming language. these c and c++ are
high level languages. normally it has 18 variety of enter and output pins. among those 6
pins are considered to be an analog inputs.From those analog inputs, we can be capable of
paintings the arduino microcontroller the usage of analog inputs deliver. commonly analog
inputs may be in the variety of 0-5V. much like that digital inputs are present within the
microcontroller that can act the use of microcontroller the use of virtual inputs. digital
inputs may be within the variety of 5V.
PIN DIAGRAM
ATMEGA 328 microcontroller, which acts as a processor for the ardubuilt-ino board.
nearly it consists ofintegrated 28 pintegrateds. From those 28 pbuilt-ins, the built-inputs
may be managed built-ingintegrated transmittbuilt-ing and receivintegratedg the
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integratedputs to the external device. It also built-in pulse width modulation (PWM). these
PWM are used to transmit the complete signal integrated a pulse modulation.
enterintegrated electricity deliver built-inintegrated Vcc and Gnd are used. those IC built-
inespecially consists ofintegrated analog and digital integratedputs. those analog and
digital built-inputs are used for the process of built-in programs.
The power pbuilt-ins are as follows:
● VIN: The built-input voltage to the Arduintegratedo board while it's built-ing an external
strength source (built-in place ofintegrated five volts from the USB connection or other
regulated strength supply). you can supply voltage through this pintegrated, or, if
impartbuiltintegrated voltage through the strength jack, get right of entry to it via this
pintegrated.
● 5V: The regulated strength deliver used to electricity the microcontroller and other
components on the board. this may come either from VIN through an on-board regulator,
or be supplied by way of USB or every other regulated 5V supply.
● 3V3: A 3.3 volt deliver generated built-in the on-board regulator. most built-in draw is
50 mA.
● GND: floor pintegrateds.
each of the 14 digital pintegrateds on the Uno may be used as an integrated or output,
integrated pintegratedMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() features. They perform at 5
volts. each pintegrated can provide or acquire a most of 40 mA and has an built-
inbuiltintegrated pull-up resistor (disconnected through default) of 20-50 kOhms. further,
some pbuilt-ins have specialised functions:
● Serial: zero (RX) and 1 (TX): Used to obtabuiltintegrated (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL
serial built-inintegrated. those pbuilt-ins are related to the correspondbuilt-ing pintegrateds
of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
● external Interrupts: 2 and 3. those pintegrateds may be configured to cause an
integratedterrupt on a low cost, a integrated or fallbuilt-ing edge, or a change integrated
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cost. See the attachInterrupt() function for built-info.
● PWM: 3, 5, 6, nine, 10, and eleven. provide eight-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() characteristic.
● SPI: 10 (SS), eleven (MOSI), 12 (MISO), thirteen (SCK). these pbuilt-ins assist SPI
verbal exchange, which, although supplied through the underlybuilt-ing hardware, isn't
always currently protected built-inbuiltintegrated Ardubuilt-ino language.
● LED: 13. there may be a 7fd5144c552f19a3546408d3b9cfb251 LED linked to virtual
pintegrated 13. while the pbuilt-in is high fee, the LED is on, when the pbuilt-in is LOW,
it's off.
● 2C: four (SDA) and five (SCL). support I2C (TWI) conversation built-in the
twbuiltintegrated library.
● AREF. Reference voltage for the analog integratedputs. Used with analogReference().
● Reset. carryintegrated this lintegratede LOW to reset the microcontroller. commonly
used to feature a reset button to shields which block the one at the board
Analog Input:
Arduino atmega-328 microcontroller board include 6 analog inputs pins. these analog
inputs may be named from A0 to A5. From these 6 analog inputs pins, we can do the
method by the usage of analog inputs. Analog inputs can be used in the running variety of
zero to 5V. Analog sign is considered because the continuous time sign, from which these
analog signal may be used for certain programs. these also are referred to as as non-
discrete time sign. Inputs which include voltage, cutting-edge and so forth.., are taken into
consideration to beeither analog sign or digital sign most effective with the aid of
analysing thetime sign properties. diverse applications of arduinomicrocontroller can use
best an analog enter as opposed to virtual inputs. For these programs, analog enter ports or
pins may be used.
Digital Input:
virtual inputs can be defined because the non-non-stop time sign with discrete input
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pulses. it could be represented as zero’s and 1’s. these virtual inputs may be either on
nation or in off kingdom. Arduino atmega328 microcontroller also includes 12 digital enter
pins. it is able to be stated as D0 to D11. nearly 12 inputs can be used for virtual
input/output programs. The working of the virtual enter ports is in which the discrete enter
pulses may be prompted and supplied to the ports. those ports acquire the input and
therefore the port can be used for both enter and output procedure. these digital pins can
access only the digital inputs.
Architecture Diagram:
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AVR provides a rich set of instructions and 32 target market records. All 32 registers are
simultaneously connected to the Mathematical Logic Unit (ALU), allowing individual
registers to input a single instruction in one clock cycle. The result is more green code
21
while being delivered 10 times faster than traditional CISC microcontrollers.
ATmega48PA / 88PA / 168PA / 328P provides the following functions: 4/8/16/32K bytes
on-device programmable flash memory (including read and write function),
256/512/512/1K bytes EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 commonly used I/O
modes, 32 target function registers, three time switches/counters with detection, internal
and external interrupts, serial Programmed USART, byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface,
one SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
applications), programmable gateway controller with internal oscillator Dog timer and five
software programs to select energy saving mode. Idle mode halts the CPU while allowing
the SRAM, timer/counters, USART, 2-pin serial interface, SPI port, and interrupt handling
devices to operate. Power down mode saves the recording but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all the different chips until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In power saving
mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to control the timer base
even when the device is in sleep mode. ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU,
asynchronous timers, and all I/O modules other than the ADC to reduce conversion noise
when certain ADC levels are converted. In standby mode, the crystal/resonator oscillator is
in motion while the device is at rest. This allows you to get started very quickly and
effortlessly. The device was synthesized using Atmel's high-density non-volatile memory.
On-chip ISP flash memory allows on-machine reprogramming of memory via the SPI
serial interface using a conventional risk-free memory programmer or on-chip boot
software running in the AVR hub. Boot programs can use any connection to download
application software from application Flash memory. When the software flash level is
updated, the software at the boot flash level persists, allowing correct write-in-control
operation. The Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P combines an 8-bit RISC CPU
with in-system self-programming flash memory on a single chip, resulting in a powerful
microcontroller that provides flexibility for many control applications.
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COMMUNICATION:
Arduino Uno has some interfaces to communicate with laptop, other Arduino or
different microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication located on virtual pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). The onboard ATmega8U2 takes
the USB communication interface and exposes it as a virtual port for software on the PC.
'8U2 firmware uses a standard USB COM driver, no external driver is needed.
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CHAPTER 06
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
MQ-2 gas sensor is designed with sensitive material of sno2, which with lower
conductivity in clean air. When the target combustible gas exists, the sensor’s
conductivity is higher. Signal conditioning circuit is used to convert the change of
conductivity to correspond output signal with the input gas concentration. MQ-2 gas
sensor has high sensitivity to LPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could be used to
Methane and other combustible steam, it is with low cost and suitable for different
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GAS SENSOR MQ-8
DESCRIPTION
MQ-8 gas sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2)
sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic
and stainless steel net. MQ-8 gas sensor has high sensitivity to hydrogen gas and has
anti-interference to gases. The enveloped MQ-8 have 6 pin , 4 of them are used to fetch
signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.
FEATURES
Operating voltage: 5VDC
Operating current:100-150mA
Both analog and digital output
Simple drive circuit
APPLICATIONS
Hydrogen gas leakage detection
Portable gas detector
Fire safety detection system
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mounted on a pcb board which has an operating voltage of 5VDC. The sensor output
values can be get by means of both analog and digital.
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
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GAS SENSOR MQ-4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This hearing carries current through the connection. This current is called
heating current and through this current, the gas close to the sensor is ionized and
absorbed by the sensing element. This changes the resistance of the sensor, so the
amount of current coming out of the sensor also changes. Since the sensor connection is
thick, the sensor can be fixed to the circuit and sufficient heat can be generated inside.
They are cast from copper and coated with tin..
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
MQ-4 gas sensor detects the concentration of methane gas in the environmental
air and output the reading as an analog voltage. The concentration sensing range of 300
ppm to 10,000 ppm is suitable for leak detection. Signal conditioning circuit is used to
convert the change of conductivity to correspond output signal with the input gas
concentration. MQ-4 gas sensor has high sensitivity to Methane, also to Propane and
Butane. The sensor could be used to detect different combustible gas, especially
Methane; it
27
is with low cost and suitable for different application. The MQ-4 gas module is mounted
on a pcb board which has an operating voltage of 5V DC. The sensor output values can be
get by means of both analog and digital.
FEATURES
APPLICATIONS
FEATURES
Operating voltage: 5VDC
Operating current:100-150mA
Both analog and digital output
Simple drive circuit
APPLICATIONS
Hydrogen gas leakage detection
Portable gas detector
Fire safety detection system
DC FAN
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
DC Brushless cooling fans have a long history of being an effective method of
cooling electronic circuits. Today, DC brushless cooling fans are found in new
applications and are being evaluated by engineers that may not have previously used fans
in their products. These engineers may not be familiar with all of the “undocumented
features” that are inherent to these types of fans.
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If the engineer is not familiar with all the characteristics of air moving devices, they could
be in for a nasty surprise. Fan manufacturers typically specify the nominal speed of the
fan, as well as an operating voltage range.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
A DC fan is a device used for cooling purpose in many systems. when a supply is
given to a device it starts rotating. The direction of the fan can be changed by reversing the
supply. DC or direct current fan works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move.
The fan has a DC brushless motor, with an operating voltage of 5V, and is rated at 360mA.
Keeping the temperature down in your project can often be a necessity, and this fan can
definitely help. When designing the electronics that interface to a DC brushless cooling
fan, it is critically important to be aware of this behavior.
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6.3 16×2 LCD
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
LCD stands for liquid crystal display. They come in many sizes 8x1, 8x2, 10x2,
16x1, 16x2, 16x4, 20x2, 20x4,24x2, 30x2, 32x2, 40x2 etc. Many multinational
companies like Philips Hitachi Panasonic make their own special kind of
LCD'S to be used in their products. All the LCD'S performs the same functions
(display characters numbers special characters ASCII characters etc). Their
programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or 16 pins (0
to 15). Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications,
including palmtop computers, word processors, photocopiers, point of sale
terminals, medical instruments, cellular phones, etc.
This is a special LCD screen designed for electronic products. It is a 16-character, 2-line
alphanumeric LCD display connected to a 9-way D-type connector. This allows devices to
be connected tomost E-Block I/O ports. The LCD screen requires data in serial format
which is detailed in the user manual below. The monitor also needs 5V power supply.
Please be careful not to exceed 5V, otherwise the device will be damaged. 19 5V is best
developed by E-blocks multi-function programmer or 5V constant control power supply.
16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display is capable of displaying 224 characters
and symbols. The full list of 9 symbols and symbols is printed on page 7/8 (please note
that these symbols may differ depending on the type of LCD used). This manual contains
all the specifications for connecting the device that requires a power supply (+5V).
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6.3.2 FEATURES:
Input voltage: 5v
E-blocks compatible
Low cost
Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range
6.3.3 APPLICATIONS:
Monitoring
Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically.
Relays consist of a n electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is
carried out with the help of the electromagnet. The main operation of a relay comes in
places where only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit.
It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of
circuits. They were used to switch the signal coming from one source to another
destination. The high end applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric
32
motors and so on. Such relays are called contactors.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
A relay is an electromechanical switch which is activated by an electric current. A
single relay board arrangement contains driver circuit, power supply circuit and isolation
circuit. A relay is assembled with that circuit. The driver circuit contains transistors for
switching operations. The transistor is use for switching the relay.
An isolation circuit prevents reverse voltage from the relay which protects the
controller and transistor from damage. The input pulse for switching the transistor is given
from the microcontroller uni t. It is used for switching of a single device.
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CHAPTER 07
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION EMBEDDED C
34
A in addition specialization of the data course is the coupling of
multiplication and addition to form a single cycle Multiply-gather unit (MAC).
it's far mixed with unique-cause accumulator registers, which are separate from
the general-cause registers. statistics memory is segmentedandplaced
near the MAC to gain the high bandwidths required to hold up with the
streamlined facts direction. Limits are frequently placed at the quantity of
memory-addressing operations. The localization of assets in the data direction
saves many information actions that commonly take vicinity in a Load-shop
architecture.
X int a[25] ;
X int * Y p ;
Means that the pointer p is stored in the Y memory. This pointer points to
integer data that is located in the X memory. If no memory qualifiers are used,
the data is stored into unqualified memory.
38
if the same device is connected. I/O hardware access fundamentals aim to create a set that
abstracts system-specific access methods from access devices. The ultimate goal is to
allow code portability between device drivers on different systems. In the design of the I/O
hardware address interface we must follow the following:
39
All of these interfaces take the I/O descriptor ioreg_designator as one of the
parameters. These registry generators are an abstract version of the actual
registry provided by the system and hide the access process from the driver's
source code. Three functions are defined to manage I/O scratchpad indicators.
While these are abstract settings for the device driver, the driver is responsible
for initiating and releasing the logon process. These functions do not enter or
initialize the device itself, as this is the responsibility of the driver. For
example, they allow the operating system to map the device's memory to the
user's address..
40
example, suppose an application requires 24-bit fixed-point arithmetic and the
embedded C implementation provides only 16 bits because that is the native
size of the processor. When the algorithm is expressed in embedded C, it will
not produce outputs of the correct precision.
41
7.4 ARDUINO SOFTWARE (IDE)
Get the latest version from the download page. You can choose between the installer
(.exe) and the Zip package. We recommend using the first one, which directly installs
everything you need using the Arduino software (IDE), including drivers. To use the zip
package, you must install the driver manually. Zip archives are also useful if you want to
create a portable installation.
After the download is completed, start the installation and please allow the driver
installation when you receive a transaction notification.
42
Choose the components to install
Choose the installation directory (we suggest to keep the default one)
43
extract and install all the required files to execute properly the Arduino
Software (IDE)
The current boot loader burned onto the Arduino UNO is not compatible
with ROBOTC. In its current form, you will be able to download the ROBOTC
Firmware to the Arduino UNO, but you will not able to download any user
programs.
The reason for this is because there is a bug in the Arduino UNO
firmware that does not allow flash write commands to start at anywhere but the
beginning of flash memory (0x000000). See the bottom of this page for more
technical details.
44
bootloader file to re-burn your bootloader on your Arduino UNO boards. The
enhanced bootloader
is backwards compatible with the original one. That means you'll still be able to
program it through the Arduino programming environment as before, in
addition to ROBOTC for Arduino.
To burn a new version of the Arduino boot loader to your UNO, you'll
need an AVR ISP Compatible downloader.
If you have extra Arduino boards, but no ISP programmer, SparkFun.com has a
cool tutorial on how to flash a bootloader using an Arduino as an ISP.
In addition, you'll need the ROBOTC modified bootloader. You can download
that here:
Download the Arduino Open Source Software and a copy of the Modified
Bootloader File
Copy the Modified Bootloader File into the /Arduino-
1.0/hardware/arduino/bootloaders/stk500v2/ and overwrite the existing
bootloader.
Power up your Arduino UNO (either via USB or external power) Plug in your
AVR ISP Programmer to your computer (make sure you have any required
46
drivers installed)
Connect your AVR ISP Programmer into your Arduino UNO Board via the
ISP Header (the 2x3 header pins right above the Arduino Logo)
Launch the Arduino Open-Source Software
Change your settings in the Arduino Software to look for an Arduino UNO
Change your settings in the Arduino Software to select your ISP Programmer
Type (Check your programmer's documentation for the exact model)
47
Select the "Burn Bootloader" option under the "Tools" menu. The modified
bootloader will now be sent to your Arduino. This typically take a minute or so.
You should be all set to download ROBOTC firmware and start using your
Arduino UNO with ROBOTC.
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7.4.6 Summary
SRAM 8KB
EEPROM 4KB
The Arduino UNO can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non- USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive
plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the
Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and
theboard may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
49
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
They differ from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-
serial driver chip. Instead, it features the programmed as a USB-to-serial
converter.
Arduino UNO features a resettable polysilicon fuse that protects the computer's
USB port from short circuits and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own
internal protection, fuses provide an additional layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will trip until the short circuit or overload is resolved.
The maximum length and width of UNO PCB are 4 inches and 2.1 inches
respectively; The USB connector and power input are connected to the first.
Three screw holes allow the plate to be fixed to a location or building. Note that the
distance between pins 7 and 8 is 160 mils (0.16"), not the 100 mils between the other pins.
UNO's design is compatible with most shields.
Designed for Diecimila Dumiranov. Pins 0 through 13 (and the adjacent AREF
and GND pins), analog inputs 0 through 5, the power connector, and the ICSP connector
are all in the same place.
Also, the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1) as the
external interface 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is available in the ICSP header
of Mega and Duemilanove/Diecimila. Please note that I2C has different pins on the Mega
(20 and 21) than Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).
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7.5.1 How to use Arduino
Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from various
sensors and influence he environment by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development
environment (based on Processing). Arduino projects can be stand-alone or
they can communicate with software on running on your computer (e.g. Flash,
Processing, MaxMSP).
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CHAPTER 08
CONCLUSION
The system to monitor the air of environment using Arduino microcontroller, IOT
Technology is proposed to improve quality of air. The use of IOT technology enhances the
process of monitoring various aspects of environment such as air quality monitoring issue
proposed in this paper. Here, using the MQ135 and MQ6 gas sensor gives the sense of
different types of dangerous gas and Arduino is the heart of this project. Which controls
the entire process. Wi-Fi module connects the whole process to internet and LCD is used
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CHAPTER 09
REFERENCE
[1] Arun Raj V., Priya R.M.P., and Meenakshi, V., "Air Pollution Monitoring In Urban Area,"
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2020 .
[2] Matthews V.O., Uzairue S.I., Noma-Osaghae E., and Nwukor F., Design and Simulation of a
Smart Automated Traffic System in a Campus Community.", International Journal of Emerging
Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org | UGC and issn Approved), ISSN:2349-5162,
5 (8), 2018, pp. 492-497, Available at :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1807794.pdf.
[3] Priyanka, V., "Review: Air Quality Monitoring System," International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 5(6), 2019.
[4] Matthews, V. O., Noma-Osaghae, E., and Uzairue, S. I., "An Analytics Enabled Wireless Anti-
Intruder Monitoring and Alarm System," International Journal of Scientific Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology, 4, 2018, pp. 5-11.
[5] Nghi Dam, Andrew Ricketts, Benjamin Catlett, Justin Henriques , "Wearable Sensors for
Analyzing Personal Exposure to Air Pollution," IEEE , 2017.
[6] Etinosa, N.-O., Okereke, C., Robert, O., Okesola, O. J., and Okokpujie, K. O., "Design and
Implementation of an Iris Biometric Door Access Control System," in Computational Science and
Computational Intelligence (CSCI), 2017, Las Vegas, USA, 2017
[7] Al-Ali, A.R., Zualkernan, I. and Aloul, F., 2010. A mobile GPRS-sensors array for air pollution
monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(10), pp.1666-1671.
[8] Snyder, E.G., Watkins, T.H., Solomon, P.A., Thoma, E.D., Williams, R.W., Hagler, G.S.,
Shelow, D., Hindin, D.A., Kilaru, V.J. and Preuss, P.W., 2013. The changing paradigm of air
pollution monitoring.
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