Battery (PPT 1)

11/2/2021
Lead acid battery
 Batteries used in cars are secondary

lead acid batteries (rechargeable)
 A car battery is designed to provide a

very large amount of current for short
time for starting
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Battery…
 A battery is an electrochemical cell or series  Galvanic cells derives its energy from
of cells spontaneous redox reactions. (a
 An electrochemical cell is a device capable spontaneous processes is one that
of either: occurs without the addition of external
 generating electrical energy from energy)
chemical reactions or
 Electrolytic cells involve non-
 using electrical energy to cause chemical
spontaneous reactions and thus require
reactions
an external electron source like a DC
 There are two types of electrochemical cells:
battery or an AC power source
 galvanic cell, also called Voltaic, and
 electrolytic cell.
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Components of
electrochemical cell
 The anode (-ve) where oxidation
occurs. (the electrode loses electron)
 The cathode (+ve) where reduction
occurs. (the electrode gains electrons)
 External pathway to allow the flow of
electrons.
 The electrolyte
 Separator
…
 The automotive battery produces DC current
Battery function  Most of the storage batteries that are
currently in use are constructed as 12 V
1. Supplies power to the starter motor
batteries.
and ignition system to start the engine
 In several motor bikes 6 V batteries are used.
2. Supplies the extra power necessary
when the vehicle's electrical load  Lorries with 24 V electrical systems are using
exceeds the supply from the charging two 12V batteries (connected in series).
system.
3. A car battery acts as a voltage
stabilizer in the electrical system 12V 6v
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Lead acid battery Component parts of a battery

types
 Flooded Lead Acid Batteries
 Sealed Lead Acid Batteries:

AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat ) Sealed
Lead Acid Battery, Gel Sealed Lead
Acid Types.
 Deep Cycle Lead Acid Batteries

Component parts… Nominal cell voltage: 2.1 V

 The battery cases are constructed of
polypropylene, a thin (approximately 0.02
mm thick), strong, and lightweight plastic.
 Built into the bottom of many batteries are
ribs that support the lead-alloy plates and
provide a space for sediment to settle, called
the Sediment Chamber.
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Grid …Grid (Lead alloy)

 The grid provides support for the plate
active material which is made primarily  A pure lead grid structure is not strong
of lead. enough by itself to stand vertically while
 The active battery materials are pasted” supporting the active material.
onto these grids.
 Other metals in small quantities are alloyed
with lead for added strength and improved
electrical properties.
 The two most common alloys used today to
harden the grid are antimony and calcium.
Lead-Antimony (pb/sb) Lead- Calcium grid alloys

 Used with maintenance free batteries
 Antimony is used to improve mechanical strength
 have less hydrogen evolution (less gassing i.e., less
 Positive and negative plates have a grid framework of
electrolyte loss) and thus lower maintenance
lead-antimony (8–12%) alloys to give the structures
overhead and lower watering requirements.
additional rigidity. Has longer service life.
 have a self discharge rate of 1% to 5% per month.
 However, high-antimony grids have higher hydrogen
evolution. This accelerates as the battery ages), and  Low internal leakage of currents. Self discharge rate
thus greater out gassing and higher maintenance is much slower. This increases shelf life by 50% or
costs. more.
 have a higher self discharge rate of 2% to 10% per  More resistant to corrosion
week.  With smaller quantities of antimony (4–6%). These
metallurgical improvements give the grid more
strength
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Maintenance-free Batteries Positive plates

 The active material on the positive plates is
lead peroxide (PbO2). (hard and brittle)
 Dark Brown in colour.
Negative plates
 The chemically active material in the negative
Separators
plates is porous lead (Pb).  Placed between each plate.
 Grayish (Grey in colour)
 Insulate plates electrically but are porous
 Since the lead on the plates is porous, the enough to let the passage through of the
battery acid easily penetrates the material. electrolyte.
 Made of materials that resist heat and acid.
(example: treated wooden separators,
Polyolefin (a type of polymer), resin
impregnated cellulose fiber, etc)
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Plate groups
The negative and positive plates are arranged
alternately in each cell element.
Each cell element can consist of 9 to 13
plates. Usually the negative plate groups
contain one more plate than the positive plate
groups to help equalize the chemical activity.
The positive and negative plates are insulated
from each other by separators made of
microspores materials.
Electrolyte
Cell arrangements  It is a mixture of sulphuric acid (35%) and
distilled water (65%) by weight. (75%
(water):25% by volume, i.e., 3:1)
 Distilled water is used because it does not
contain many of the impurities found in tap
water. These impurities can contaminate the
battery plates and reduce efficiency.
 It lengthens the battery life and improves
performance and efficiency.
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Element Chemical reaction in a

 It is made up of:
Positive plates,
battery
negative plates,  The phenomenon in which chemical energy is
straps, and converted into electrical energy is called
discharging, and
separators.
Cell  The opposite phenomenon in which electrical
 negative plate energy is converted into chemical energy is
 positive plate called charging (supplying electricity to the
 Separator discharged battery from outside.
 strap
 container
 electrolyte (battery acid)
Discharging Discharging
 Reaction at +ve plate
PbO2 + H2SO4  PbSO4 + H2O + O
 Reaction at –ve plate
Pb + H2SO4  PbSO4 + H2
 Overall reaction
PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb  2PbSO4 + 2H2O
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Charging As the battery is recharged
Reaction at +ve plate

PbSO4 + H2O  PbO2 +H2SO4 + H2
Reaction at –ve plate
PbSO4 + H2O  Pb +H2SO4 + O
Overall reaction
2PbSO4 + 2H2O  PbO2 +2H2SO4 + Pb
Battery ratings
The most commonly used ratings are:

 Reserve Capacity (RC)
 Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA)
 Cranking Ampere (CA)
As the battery is discharged, the acid content  Amp-Hours (AH)
decreases and the water increases.
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Reserve Capacity (RC) Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA)

 It is the length of time in minutes that a fully  It is the number of amperes that a fully
charged battery at 80oF (26.7oC) can deliver charged battery delivers for 30 seconds at
25 amperes while maintaining a voltage of at 00F with out the cell voltage falling below
least 1.75 volts per cell (10.5 volts total for a 1.2volt (a total of 7.2 volts for 12-volt
12-volt battery). battery).
 This shows for how long the battery can  The cold cranking rate requires a large
deliver the electrical operating load, should discharge in a short time.
the charging system fail. E.g (160 minutes  A vehicle's battery should have a CCA rating
reserve capacity at 25 amps) equal to or greater than engine
displacement in cubic inches
Cranking amperes (CA) Ampere hour capacity (Ah)

 This is the amount of current that a battery
can deliver for 20 hours with out the cell
 The designation CA refers to the number of voltage dropping below 1.75 volts (10.5 volts
amperes that can be supplied by a battery at total for a 12- volt battery) with an electrolyte
32°F (0°C). temperature 800F (26.7oC).
 This rating results in a higher number than the  This method of rating batteries is also called
more stringent CCA rating. the 20-hour discharge rating. Original
equipment batteries are rated in amp-hours.
 For example, a battery that will continuously
deliver 3 amperes for 20 hours is rated as 60
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Ah (i.e. 3 × 20) battery.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
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The actual output voltage of

Example 1
a battery
Example 2 Battery connecting methods

1. Series connection
 Several batteries may be connected in series
when a large voltage is needed ,but it keeps
the same amperage rating (also known as
Amp Hours
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Battery connection…
2. Parallel connection
 A parallel battery connection is used when
a great amount of current is needed
 The total electromotive force of batteries
connected in parallel is equal to the
electromotive force of only one battery.
 Parallel connections will increase your
current rating, but the voltage will stay the
same
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11/2/2021

Lead acid battery

 Batteries used in cars are secondary

 A car battery is designed to provide a

Lead acid battery Component parts of a battery

 Sealed Lead Acid Batteries:

 Deep Cycle Lead Acid Batteries

Component parts… Nominal cell voltage: 2.1 V

Grid …Grid (Lead alloy)

Lead-Antimony (pb/sb) Lead- Calcium grid alloys

Maintenance-free Batteries Positive plates

Element Chemical reaction in a

Charging As the battery is recharged

Reaction at +ve plate

The most commonly used ratings are:

Reserve Capacity (RC) Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA)

Cranking amperes (CA) Ampere hour capacity (Ah)

The actual output voltage of

Example 2 Battery connecting methods

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