Scribd
Upload
8 views

Lecture 10

Uploaded by

tasfia2829
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture 10

Uploaded by

tasfia2829
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

1 Central Dogma of life

Transcription and Translation


Lecture# 10
Central Dogma of life
2

 The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of


nucleotides
 The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the
synthesis of proteins
 Gene expression, the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis,
includes two stages: transcription and translation
 Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
 The central dogma of biology describes the flow of information from gene
sequence to protein product
An Analogy
3

 When you get to the library, you search through the shelves
until you find a book that has a good set of instructions for
making a table.
 The library doesn't have a photocopier, but you came well-
prepared and you whip out your pen and notebook and copy
down (or 'transcribe') the instructions.
 Satisfied, you take your notes and head back home.
 At home, you have all the wood and tools to make the table.
 You follow the instructions and make the table, effectively
'translating' the written words into a table which you can use in
your room.
An Analogy
4

 Library = Nucleus
 Books in the library = DNA in the form of chromosome
 One chapter = One gene ( contains instruction for one type of
protein)
 Notebook = Represents RNA, which is a smaller molecule that
can move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where proteins
are made
 Home = Cytoplasm
 Table = One protein product
 Wood to make the table = amino acids for building proteins
Basic Principles of Transcription and
5
Translation
 RNA is the bridge between genes and the proteins for which they code
 Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA
 Transcription produces messenger RNA (mRNA)
 Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the
mRNA
 Ribosomes are the sites of translation
Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Nuclear
envelope

DNA
TRANSCRIPTION

Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING

mRNA

TRANSLATION Ribosome

Polypeptide

(b) Eukaryotic cell


Transcription
 DNA sequence information is converted to mRNA in a
process called transcription
Steps:
1. The double-stranded DNA molecule is partially unzipped
2. An enzyme called RNA polymerase copies the gene's
nucleotides one by one into an mRNA molecule.
Like DNA, mRNA is made of a particular sequence of
nucleotides
Unlike DNA, mRNA has only a single strand, and the base
Thymine in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA
Very importantly, mRNA is small and can easily exit the
nucleus and go to the cytoplasm, where proteins are
RNA
made. Polymerase

9
Translation
 The sequence encoded in the mRNA molecule is decoded and
converted to an amino acid sequence in a process called
translation.
Steps:
1. After a mature mRNA leaves the nucleus of a cell, it heads for a
ribosome in the cell’s cytoplasm where the code it contains can be
translated to produce a protein
2. As the strand of mRNA slides through the ribosome, the code is
read three nucleotides at a time (called a codon).
3. Each codon specifies one amino acid in the polypeptide chain of a
protein which are linked together to form a protein.
10
Translation
11

copyright cmassengale
DNA
template 3 5 DNA
strand A C C A A A C C G A G T molecule

T G G T T T G G C T C A
3 Gene 1
5
TRANSCRIPTION
Gene 2
U G G U U U G G C U C A
mRNA 5 3
Codon
TRANSLATION

Protein Trp Phe Gly Ser


Gene 3
Amino acid
12
Comparison between translation and transcription

Transcription Translation
Purpose To make RNA copies of To synthesize proteins which are
individual genes used for cellular functions

Definition Transcription is the Translation is the synthesis of a


synthesis of RNA from a protein from an mRNA template.
DNA template. i.e., translating the DNA genetic
information carried by mRNA to
synthesize proteins. This is the
second step of gene expression.

Products mRNA Proteins


Location Nucleus Cytoplasm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY
13
QUESTIONS

14

You might also like