MODULE 4

 Digital Voltmeter

 Digital Multimeter

 AC voltmeter with rectifier

 Magnetic tape recorder

 Printer and data logger

 Cathode ray tube (CRT)

 LEDs By Dr. Tapas Kr. Maji

 Analogue voltmeter Digital Voltmeter
A dial, needle, and a calibrated scale Shows the direct numerical values on the
display
Error during observation Free from observational error
Prone to resolution and accuracy error Superior accuracy
Less accuracy smaller voltage High accuracy for smaller voltage
measurement measurement
Cannot measure negative voltage Can provide negative voltage
 Digital Voltmeter
Versatile, and accurate instrument

Reduced size and lesser cost

Lesser power consumption

Digital Multimeter
Self study
The working and the advantages of digital
multimeter
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

1. Why?
2. What?
3. How?
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

Challenge in measuring very small magnitude of voltage

1. Why?
2. What?
3. How?
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

Challenge in measuring very small magnitude of voltage

1. Why?
2. What? It requires measuring device with high sensitivity

3. How?
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

Challenge in measuring very small magnitude of voltage

1. Why?
2. What? It requires measuring device with high sensitivity

3. How? *With very low magnitude of torque, there should be a

readable displacement in the pointer
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

Challenge in measuring very small magnitude of voltage

1. Why?
2. What? It requires measuring device with high sensitivity

3. How? *With very low magnitude of torque, there should be a

readable displacement in the pointer

PMMC
Need of AC voltmeter using rectifier

PMMC:
 Only measure DC
 It is more sensitive to low values of voltage and current, compared to other
measuring instrument.
EMMC:
 Only measure either DC or AC
 The sensitivity is not so high for low measurement.
MI:
 Principally, it can measure DC & AC but mainly AC due to retentivity issue in
DC.
 The sensitivity is not so high for low measurement.
 AC voltmeter using rectifier

Types

1. AC voltmeter using half-wave rectifier.

2. AC voltmeter using full-wave rectifier

AC voltmeter using half-wave rectifier
dωt
Example: How we can measure an AC voltage with a PMMC meter?
Example: How we can measure an AC voltage with a PMMC meter?
AC voltmeter using full-wave rectifier
 Magnetic Tape recorder
(recording/ Storage device)

READ KOLEY BOOK

Magnetic disc
CD & DVD Flash Drive
MAGNETIC RECORDING TAPE
Video
There are two parts to any audio magnetic recording system:
I. The recorder itself (which also acts as the playback device)
II. The tape it uses as the storage medium.
• The tape consists of a thin plastic base material
• Bonded with a coating of ferric oxide powder. The oxide is normally mixed with
a blinder to attach it to the plastic, and it also includes some sort of dry lubricant to
avoid wearing out the recorder.
• Iron oxide (FeO) is the red rust we commonly see.
• This oxide is a ferromagnetic material, means that if you expose it to a magnetic
field, it will be magnetized by the field.
That ability gives magnetic tape two of its most appealing features:
• You can record anything you want instantly and the tape will
remember what you recorded for playback at any time.
• You can erase the tape and record something else on it any time you
like.

o The original format was not tape at all, but actually was a thin steel wire. The wire
recorder was invented in 1900 by “Valdemar Poulsen”.
o German engineers perfected the first tape recorders using oxide tapes in the 1930s.
o The cassette was patented in 1964 and eventually beat out 8-track tapes.
Methods of recording
1. Direct recording.
2. Frequency modulation recording.
3. Pulse duration modulation recording.
 PRINTER

Impact Printer Non-Impact Printer

form images and characters by form characters and images

striking a mechanism such as a without direct physical contact
print hammer or wheel against an between the printing mechanism
inked ribbon, leaving an image on and the paper.
paper.
 PRINTER

Impact Printer Non-Impact Printer

1. Dot matrix printer 1. Ink-jet printer

2. Daisy wheel printer 2. Laser printer
3. Line printer 3. Plotter
a) Drum printer
b) Chain printer
Impact Printers
 Dot matrix printer

Dot
[5×7]; [7×9]; [9×7]; [9×9];
Daisy-wheel printer

Speed: 25 to 55 characters per second

 Line Printer
• Print one line at a time
• There are two types
a. Drum type
b. Chain type
• Drum printer is like drum in shape.
• The surface of the drum is divided into number of tracks.
• Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper width (i.e, if a paper width is 132
characters, drum will have 132 tracks).
• A character set is embossed on the track. One rotation of drum print one line.
• Fast in speed. Can print 300 to 2000 lines per minute.
• Drum printer
• Chain printer print the characters wrapped around the pulleys.
• Speed: 400 to 2500 characters per minute.
Non-Impact Printers
 Ink-jet Printer
• Print on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electric field.

• SPEED: 250 characters per second.

• Print head moves back and forth across the paper.

• During printing, print head places ink on paper in very tiny dots.

• Dots are smaller in diameter than human hair.

 Laser Printer
• Print on paper by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto
the drum.

• SPEED: 21000 lines per minute/ 8 pages per minute.

• Laser print comes with different sizes and provide high quality of print.

• More expensive than ink-jet.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwvmNv1leUo
 Plotter Printer

A plotter is a graphics printer that uses a pen or pencil to draw

images. Plotters differ from printers in that plotters use
continuous lines to create images while printers use a collection
of dots. Like printers, plotters are connected to computers and
are used to produce complex images and text. However, plotters
are much slower than printers because of the mechanical motion
necessary to draw detailed graphics using continuous lines.
Architects and product designers use plotters for technical
drawings and computer-aided design purposes since plotters
have the ability to create large images on oversized sheets of
paper. Additionally, many garment and sign manufacturers use
cutting plotters in which the plotter's pen is replaced with a
sharp razorblade.
Data logger
• Data logging can be done manually by constant human observation.

• For example, recording the temperature changes over the course of an hour in a
centrally heated room using a timer, thermometer, pen and paper. However, using
an electronic data logger, it is much more effective, accurate and reliable than
taking periodic manual readings. It does the job of all the tools mentioned above,
saving time and expense.
• What is a data logger?
Data loggers are electronic devices which automatically monitor and record
environmental parameters over time, allowing conditions to be measured,
documented, analyzed and validated.

The data logger contains a sensor to receive the information and a computer chip to
store it. Then the information stored in the data logger may or may not be
transferred to a computer for analysis.
The most common parameters include
• Pressure: Measures the pressure of gases and liquids, including atmospheric and
water pressure.
• Temperature: These loggers can be used to measure extremely high and low
temperatures as well as liquid temperatures.
• Humidity: Humidity loggers can collect data on relative humidity, dew point, and
water vapor concentration in standard or metric units.
• Voltage: Voltage data loggers can adapt to any voltage measurement, including
pressure to torque and load to force.
• Current: Current data loggers include a range of AC and DC data loggers and are
often used to monitor building equipment.
How does a data logger work?
• Data loggers use a microprocessor, an internal memory for data storage, and a
sensor to collect data.
• They are generally small and battery powered devices.
• Data loggers can either interface with a computer and use software to view and
analyze the collected data.
• Data loggers also can be used as a stand-alone device to operate independently of
a computer.
• Data loggers are available in various shapes and sizes. The range includes simple
economical single channel fixed function loggers to more powerful programmable
devices capable of handling hundreds of inputs.
Data Logger Operation
• For proper understanding of a Data Logger Operation, it is essential to understand
the difference between analog and digital signals.
• For example, measurement of temperature by a milli voltmeter, whose needle
shows a reading directly proportional to the emf generated by the thermocouple, is
an analog signal.
• However, digital equipment presents a digital output in terms of pulses and
involves an electronic pulse counting equipment which counts the number
of pulses. The pulses are generated such that each pulse corresponds to the
smallest value of the parameter being measured.
Input scanner: It is an automatic sequence switch which selects each signal
in turn. Low level signals, if any, are multiplied to bring them up to a level of
5 V. If the signals are not linearly proportional to the measured parameter,
these signals are linearized by the signal conditioner.
ADC: The analog signals are then converted to digital signals suitable for
driving the recording equipment.
Programmer (serializer): It is used to control the sequence operation of the
various items of the logger. It tells the scanner when to step to a new channel,
and receives information from the scanner, converter and recorder. The real
time clock is incorporated to automatic the system.
Clock: It commands the programmer to sequence one set of measurements at
the intervals selected by the user.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
(Display device)
What is CRT?
• Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a vacuum containing a electron gun or source of
electron and a fluorescent screen with an internal and external means to accelerate
and deflect the electron beam, used to create images in the form of light emitted
from fluorescent screen.
• The image may represents electrical waveform (oscilloscope), pictures (television,
computer monitor), radar targets and other,
Working
Working
Need to know
 The electron beams converged on to a point on the phosphor-coated face on the
CRT screen. For the phosphorescence, the dot glows but the intensity gradually
decreases. #Refresh Rate

 The time between the removal of excitation, and the moment when
phosphorescence decayed to 10% of its initial brightness is termed as persistence
of phosphor.
Need to know (Contd.)
 In a monochrome CRT, there is only one electron gun whereas; in colour CRT,
three electron guns each controlling the display of RED, GREEN and BLUE
lights respectively.
 Unlike the screen of monochrome CRT, which has uniform coating of phosphor,
the colour CRT has three phosphor dots (dot triad) - RED, GREEN and BLUE at
each point of the screen surface.
 When stuck by an electron beam, Red dot emits red light, green dots emits green
light and blue dots emit blue light.
• Self Study:
Advantages of CRT
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Digital frequency meter
Data logger